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Rahman M, Al Mamun MS. Future prospects of MXenes: synthesis, functionalization, properties, and application in field effect transistors. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:367-385. [PMID: 38235082 PMCID: PMC10790980 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00874f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
MXenes are a family of two-dimensional (2D) materials that have drawn a lot of interest recently because of their distinctive characteristics and possible uses in a variety of industries. This review emphasizes the bright future prospects of MXene materials in the realm of FETs. Their remarkable properties, coupled with their tunability and compatibility, position MXenes as promising candidates for the development of high-performance electronic devices. As research in this field continues to evolve, the potential of MXenes to drive innovation in electronics becomes increasingly evident, fostering excitement for their role in shaping the future of electronic technology. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of MXene materials, focusing on their synthesis methods, functionalization strategies, intrinsic properties, and their promising application in Field Effect Transistors (FETs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisha Rahman
- Chemistry Discipline, Khulna University Khulna-9208 Bangladesh
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2
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Kharlamova MV. Filled Carbon Nanotubes: Promising Material for Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2472. [PMID: 37686980 PMCID: PMC10490404 DOI: 10.3390/nano13172472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were first filled with a number of metals starting in 1993 [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna V. Kharlamova
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Strudlhofgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 9 Institutskiy Per., 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
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3
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Ai Y, Wang C, Videen G, Pan YL. Optically levitated, single-particle reactor for the study of surface and heterogeneous chemistry--reactions of particulate-bound mercury with ozone in air. Chem Phys Lett 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2023.140428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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4
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Kharlamova MV, Kramberger C. Phemenology of Filling, Investigation of Growth Kinetics and Electronic Properties for Applications of Filled Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13020314. [PMID: 36678067 PMCID: PMC9862314 DOI: 10.3390/nano13020314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses the phemenology of filling, the investigation of kinetics, and the electronic properties for applications of filled single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), and summarizes five main achievements that were obtained in processing the spectroscopic data of SWCNTs filled with metal halogenide, metal chalcogenide, metal and metallocenes. First, the methods of processing kinetic data were developed to reveal precise trends in growth rates and activation energies of the growth of SWCNTs. Second, the metal-dependence of kinetics was revealed. Third, metallicity-sorted (metallic and semiconducting) SWCNTs were filled with a range of substances and the electronic properties were investigated. Fourth, new approaches to processing the data of spectroscopic investigations of filled SWCNTs were developed, which allowed more reliable and precise analysis of the experimental results. Fifth, the correlation between the physical and chemical properties of encapsulated substances and the electronic properties of SWCNTs were elucidated. These points are highlighted in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna V. Kharlamova
- Centre for Advanced Materials Application (CEMEA), Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 5807/9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Christian Kramberger
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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5
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Kharlamova MV, Kramberger C. Metal and Metal Halogenide-Filled Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: Kinetics, Electronic Properties, Engineering the Fermi Level. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:180. [PMID: 36616090 PMCID: PMC9823655 DOI: 10.3390/nano13010180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Here, we present a review of the major achievements in kinetics, electronic properties, and engineering in the Fermi level of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Firstly, the kinetics of metal-filled SWCNTs were revealed with precision over several minutes. Secondly, the growth rates of nanotubes were calculated. Thirdly, the activation energies of nanotubes were measured. Fourthly, the methods of the quantitative analysis of the doping level were developed. Indeed, only qualitative analysis has been previously performed. The quantitative analysis allowed us to obtain quantitative data on charge transfer. Fifthly, the correlation between the physical properties, chemical properties, electronic properties of SWCNTs was elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna V. Kharlamova
- Centre for Advanced Materials Application (CEMEA), Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 5807/9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Christian Kramberger
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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6
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Kharlamova MV. Kinetics, Electronic Properties of Filled Carbon Nanotubes Investigated with Spectroscopy for Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:176. [PMID: 36616086 PMCID: PMC9823493 DOI: 10.3390/nano13010176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The paper is dedicated to the discussion of kinetics of growth, and electronic properties of filled carbon nanotubes investigated by spectroscopy for applications. The paper starts with discussion of growth of carbon nanotubes inside metallocene-filled carbon nanotubes. Nickelocene, cobaltocene are considered for growth of carbon nanotubes. Then, the investigations of filled carbon nanotubes by four spectroscopic techniques are discussed. Among them are Raman spectroscopy, near edge X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy, photoemission spectroscopy, optical absorption spectroscopy. It is discussed that metal halogenides, metal chalcogenides, metals lead to changes in electronic structure of nanotubes with n- or p-doping. The filling of carbon nanotubes with different organic and inorganic substances results in many promising applications. This review adds significant contribution to understanding of the kinetics and electronic properties of filled SWCNTs with considering new results of recent investigations. Challenges in various fields are analyzed and summarized, which shows the author's viewpoint of progress in the spectroscopy of filled SWCNTs. This is a valuable step toward applications of filled SWCNTs and transfer of existing ideas from lab to industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna V Kharlamova
- Centre for Advanced Materials Application (CEMEA), Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 5807/9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
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7
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Marforio TD, Tomasini M, Bottoni A, Zerbetto F, Mattioli EJ, Calvaresi M. Deciphering the Reactive Pathways of Competitive Reactions inside Carbon Nanotubes. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:8. [PMID: 36615918 PMCID: PMC9823513 DOI: 10.3390/nano13010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale control of chemical reactivity, manipulation of reaction pathways, and ultimately driving the outcome of chemical reactions are quickly becoming reality. A variety of tools are concurring to establish such capability. The confinement of guest molecules inside nanoreactors, such as the hollow nanostructures of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), is a straightforward and highly fascinating approach. It mechanically hinders some molecular movements but also decreases the free energy of translation of the system with respect to that of a macroscopic solution. Here, we examined, at the quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) level, the effect of confinement inside CNTs on nucleophilic substitution (SN2) and elimination (syn-E2 and anti-E2) using as a model system the reaction between ethyl chloride and chloride. Our results show that the three reaction mechanisms are kinetically and thermodynamically affected by the CNT host. The size of the nanoreactor, i.e., the CNT diameter, represents the key factor to control the energy profiles of the reactions. A careful analysis of the interactions between the CNTs and the reactive system allowed us to identify the driving force of the catalytic process. The electrostatic term controls the reaction kinetics in the SN2 and syn/anti-E2 reactions. The van der Waals interactions play an important role in the stabilization of the product of the elimination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tainah Dorina Marforio
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis—C3, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Tomasini
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Bottoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Zerbetto
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Edoardo Jun Mattioli
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis—C3, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Calvaresi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis—C3, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Vorfolomeeva AA, Pushkarevsky NA, Koroteev VO, Surovtsev NV, Chuvilin AL, Shlyakhova EV, Plyusnin PE, Makarova AA, Okotrub AV, Bulusheva LG. Doping of Carbon Nanotubes with Encapsulated Phosphorus Chains. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:9605-9614. [PMID: 35696678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are a perfect host for the formation of one-dimensional phosphorus structures and to obtain hybrid materials with a large P-C ratio. This work presents a procedure for high-yield phosphorus filling of commercial Tuball SWCNTs and efficient removal of phosphorus deposits from the external nanotube surface. We probed white and red phosphorus as precursors, varied the synthesis temperature and the ampoule shape, and tested three solvents for sample purification. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy indicated crystallization of interior phosphorus in a form resembling fibrous red phosphorus. An aqueous sodium hydroxide solution allowed removing the majority of external phosphorus particles. Thermogravimetric analysis of the product determined ∼23 wt % (∼10 atom %) of phosphorus, and the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data showed that ca. 80% of it is in the form of elemental phosphorus. Externally purified SWCNTs filled with phosphorus were used to study the interaction between the components. Raman spectroscopy and core-level XPS revealed p-type SWCNT doping. Valence-band XPS data and density functional theory calculations confirmed the transfer of the SWCNT electron density to the encapsulated phosphorus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Vorfolomeeva
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 Acad. Lavrentiev Avenue, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikolay A Pushkarevsky
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 Acad. Lavrentiev Avenue, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Victor O Koroteev
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 Acad. Lavrentiev Avenue, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikolay V Surovtsev
- Institute of Automation and Electrometry, SB RAS, 1 Koptyug Avenue, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Andrey L Chuvilin
- CIC NanoGUNE BRTA, Tolosa Hiribidea 76, E-20018 Donostia─San Sebastian, Spain.,Basque Foundation of Science, IKERBASQUE, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Elena V Shlyakhova
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 Acad. Lavrentiev Avenue, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Pavel E Plyusnin
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 Acad. Lavrentiev Avenue, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anna A Makarova
- Physikalische Chemie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander V Okotrub
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 Acad. Lavrentiev Avenue, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Lyubov G Bulusheva
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 Acad. Lavrentiev Avenue, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Chakraborty P, Ahamed ST, Mandal P, Mondal A, Banerjee D. Polypyrrole and a polypyrrole/nickel oxide composite – single-walled carbon nanotube enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02336a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel NiO/PPy/SWCNT composite for removal of organic dyes with an emphasis on the effect of photocatalytic charge carrier transport and photoluminescence properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Chakraborty
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Engineering Science & Technology, Shibpur, Howrah 711103, India
| | - Sk. Taheruddin Ahamed
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science & Technology, Shibpur, Howrah 711103, India
| | - Pinaki Mandal
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Engineering Science & Technology, Shibpur, Howrah 711103, India
| | - Anup Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science & Technology, Shibpur, Howrah 711103, India
| | - Dipali Banerjee
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Engineering Science & Technology, Shibpur, Howrah 711103, India
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10
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Shao S, Cui J, Li L, Wang M, Zhang P, Cui J, Hu C, Zhao Y. Rapid pollutant degradation by peroxymonosulfate via an unusual mediated-electron transfer pathway under spatial-confinement. RSC Adv 2022; 12:5236-5244. [PMID: 35425551 PMCID: PMC8981504 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08954d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nano-confinement systems offer various extraordinary chemical/physical properties, due to the spatial restriction and the electronic interaction between the confined species and the surrounding medium. They are, therefore, providing rich opportunities for the design of efficient catalytic reaction systems for pollutant removal. Herein, a highly efficient mediated-electron transfer pathway is identified on a spatially-confined zero valent cobalt for abatement of the organic pollutants by PMS. The catalyst showed efficient catalytic performance in both batch and a flow reactor for degradation of various pollutants, e.g., a degradation reaction constant of 0.052 s−1 for sulfamethoxazole and 0.041 s−1 for BPA. Regulated by the spatial-confinement, a distinctive inverse relationship between PMS decomposition rate and the electron density of the pollutant molecule was experimentally substantiated, e.g., in the presence of the electron-rich sulfamethoxazole, PMS decomposed slower than that with BPA, while in the presence of electron deficient diphenhydramine, PMS decomposed faster than that with BPA. The unique reaction mechanism endows the spatially-confined cobalt with the capability of eliminating the priority pollutants in the complex water matrix with pervasive halide ions and natural organic matter (NOM) via PMS activation. A highly efficient mediated-electron transfer process of PMS activation on Co was achieved by construction of a spatially-confined reaction environment.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Siting Shao
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jiahao Cui
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lina Li
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Mingqi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jianguo Cui
- Baotou Research Institute of Rare Earths, 014030 Baotou, P. R. China
| | - Chun Hu
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yubao Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou University, 510006 Guangzhou, P. R. China
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11
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Kharlamova MV, Kramberger C. Spectroscopy of Filled Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 12:42. [PMID: 35009991 PMCID: PMC8746535 DOI: 10.3390/nano12010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Many envisaged applications, such as nanoelectronics, photovoltaics, thermoelectric power generation, light-emission devices, energy storage and biomedicine, necessitate single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) samples with specific uniform electronic properties. The precise investigation of the electronic properties of filled SWCNTs on a qualitative and quantitative level is conducted by optical absorption spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, photoemission spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. This review is dedicated to the description of the spectroscopic methods for the analysis of the electronic properties of filled SWCNTs. The basic principle and main features of SWCNTs as well as signatures of doping-induced modifications of the spectra of filled SWCNTs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna V. Kharlamova
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/BC/2, 1060 Vienna, Austria
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institutskii Pereulok 9, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Centre for Advanced Material Application (CEMEA) of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 5807/9, 854 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Christian Kramberger
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Strudlhofgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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12
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Hao S, Liu C, Chen X, Zong B, Wei X, Li Q, Qin H, Mao S. Ti 3C 2T x MXene sensor for rapid Hg 2+ analysis in high salinity environment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 418:126301. [PMID: 34116272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mercury is one of the leading chemicals of concern and receives much attention in environmental safety. It is of great necessity to develop advanced Hg2+ analysis method for rapid detection and monitoring. Field-effect transistor (FET) sensor, an emerging electronic sensor, has received great attention in environmental analysis since it has unique advantages in achieving rapid analysis of chemicals. Herein, an FET sensor is constructed with Ti3C2Tx MXene as the channel material to detect Hg2+ in water. The sensor displays rapid and selective response to Hg2+. Moreover, the sensor achieves satisfactory performance in Hg2+ detection in high salinity environment (1 M NaCl), which benefits its applications in real water analysis. Based on the investigation of sensing mechanism, the strong response of Ti3C2Tx MXene FET sensor to Hg2+ is due to the adsorption and reduction of Hg2+ to Hg+ on the Ti3C2Tx surface. This reported label-free Ti3C2Tx MXene platform can detect Hg2+ in high salinity environment with high specificity, which has significant application potential for on-site monitoring and risk assessment of Hg2+ in aqueous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibei Hao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Biomedical Multidisciplinary Innovation Research Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chengbin Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Biomedical Multidisciplinary Innovation Research Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Biomedical Multidisciplinary Innovation Research Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Boyang Zong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Biomedical Multidisciplinary Innovation Research Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaojie Wei
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Biomedical Multidisciplinary Innovation Research Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Qiuju Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Biomedical Multidisciplinary Innovation Research Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hehe Qin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Biomedical Multidisciplinary Innovation Research Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shun Mao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Biomedical Multidisciplinary Innovation Research Institute, Shanghai East Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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13
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Wang N, Cao P, Sun S, Ma H, Lin M. Hollow Multiple Noble Metallic Nanoalloys by Mercury-Assisted Galvanic Replacement Reaction for Hydrogen Evolution. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:3471-3478. [PMID: 33591166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hollow multimetallic noble nanoalloys with high surface area/volume ratio, abundant active sites, and relatively effective catalytic activity have attracted considerable research interest. Traditional noble nanoalloys fabricated by hydro-/solvothermal methods usually involve harsh synthetic conditions such as high temperatures and intricate processing. We proposed a simple and mild strategy to synthesize platinum- and palladium-decorated hollow gold-based nanoalloys by the galvanic replacement reaction (GRR) at room temperature using hollow gold nanoparticles as templates and mercury as an intermediate. The hollow gold nanoparticles were essential for increasing the number of surface-active sites of the obtained multimetallic nanoalloys, and the introduction of mercury can eliminate the influence of the electrochemical potential of Pt/Pd with Au in the GRRs, increase alloying degrees, and maintain the nanoalloys that exhibit the hollow nanostructures. The structural characterizations of the hollow nanoalloys were studied by means of high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. On the basis of the electrochemical catalytic measurements, the platinum-exposed nanoalloys were found to have excellent electrocatalytic activities. Especially in the presence of palladium, owing to the synergistic effect, the quaternary AuHgPdPt hollow nanoalloy displayed a low overpotential of 38 mV at 10 mA cm-2 with a small Tafel slope of 56.23 mV dec-1 for the alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction. In addition, this approach not only expands the application range of the galvanic replacement reaction but also provides new ideas for the preparation of multialloys and even high-entropy alloys at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Pengfei Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shengjun Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, College of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, China
| | - Houyi Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Meng Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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14
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Fu K, Liu X, Yu D, Luo J, Wang Z, Crittenden JC. Highly Efficient and Selective Hg(II) Removal from Water Using Multilayered Ti 3C 2O x MXene via Adsorption Coupled with Catalytic Reduction Mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:16212-16220. [PMID: 33259196 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) removal is crucial to the safety of water resources, yet it lacks an effective removal technology, especially for emergency on-site remediation. Herein, multilayered oxygen-functionalized Ti3C2 (Ti3C2Ox) (abbreviated as M-Ti3C2) nanosheets were prepared to remove Hg(II) from water. The M-Ti3C2 has demonstrated ultrafast adsorption kinetics (the concentration decreased from 10 400 to 33 μg L-1 in 10 s), impressively high capacity (4806 mg g-1), high selectivity, and broad working pH range (3-12). The density functional theory (DFT) calculations and experimental characterizations unveil that this exceptional Hg(II) removal is owing to the distinct interaction (e.g., adsorption coupled with catalytic reduction). Specifically, Ti atoms on the {001} facets of M-Ti3C2 prefer to adsorb Hg(II) in the form of HgClOH, which subsequently undergoes homolytic cleavage to form radical species (e.g., •OH and •HgCl). Immediately, the •HgCl radicals dimerize and form crystalline Hg2Cl2 on the edges of M-Ti3C2. Up to ∼95% of dimeric Hg2Cl2 can be efficiently recovered via facile thermal treatment. Notably, owing to the adsorbed •OH and energy released during the distinct interaction, M-Ti3C2 has been oxidized to TiO2/C nanocomposites. And the TiO2/C nanocomposites have shown to have better performance on the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants than Degussa P25. These exceptional features coupled with mercuric recyclable nature make M-Ti3C2 an outstanding candidate for rapid/urgent Hg(II) removal and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixing Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Xia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Deyou Yu
- Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jinming Luo
- Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - John C Crittenden
- Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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15
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Candeago R, Kim K, Vapnik H, Cotty S, Aubin M, Berensmeier S, Kushima A, Su X. Semiconducting Polymer Interfaces for Electrochemically Assisted Mercury Remediation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:49713-49722. [PMID: 33079513 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured polymer interfaces can play a key role in addressing urgent challenges in water purification and advanced separations. Conventional technologies for mercury remediation often necessitate large energetic inputs, produce significant secondary waste, or when electrochemical, lead to strong irreversibility. Here, we propose the reversible, electrochemical capture and release of mercury, by modulating interfacial mercury deposition through a sulfur-containing, semiconducting redox polymer. Electrodeposition/stripping of mercury was carried out with a nanostructured poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl)-carbon nanotube composite electrode, coated on titanium (P3HT-CNT/Ti). During electrochemical release, mercury was reversibly stripped in a non-acid electrolyte with 12-fold higher release kinetics compared to nonfunctionalized electrodes. In situ optical microscopy confirmed the rapid, reversible nature of the electrodeposition/stripping process with P3HT-CNT/Ti, indicating the key role of redox processes in mediating the mercury phase transition. The polymer-functionalized system exhibited high mercury removal efficiencies (>97%) in real wastewater matrices while bringing the final mercury concentrations down to <2 μg L-1. Moreover, an energy consumption analysis highlighted a 3-fold increase in efficiency with P3HT-CNT/Ti compared to titanium. Our study demonstrates the effectiveness of semiconducting redox polymers for reversible mercury deposition and points to future applications in mediating electrochemical stripping for various environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Candeago
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kwiyong Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Haley Vapnik
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Stephen Cotty
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Megan Aubin
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Sonja Berensmeier
- Bioseparation Engineering Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmanstrasse 15, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Akihiro Kushima
- Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Xiao Su
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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16
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Magnetic Fe3O4-Ag0 Nanocomposites for Effective Mercury Removal from Water. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12135489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, magnetic Fe3O4 particles and Fe3O4-Ag0 nanocomposites were prepared by a facile and green method, fully characterized and used for the removal of Hg2+ from water. Characterizations showed that the Fe3O4 particles are quasi-spherical with an average diameter of 217 nm and metallic silver nanoparticles formed on the surface with a size of 23–41 nm. The initial Hg2+ removal rate was very fast followed by a slow increase and the maximum solid phase loading was 71.3 mg/g for the Fe3O4-Ag0 and 28 mg/g for the bare Fe3O4. The removal mechanism is complex, involving Hg2+ adsorption and reduction, Fe2+ and Ag0 oxidation accompanied with reactions of Cl− with Hg+ and Ag+. The facile and green synthesis process, the fast kinetics and high removal capacity and the possibility of magnetic separation make Fe3O4-Ag0 nanocomposites attractive materials for the removal of Hg2+ from water.
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Sedelnikova OV, Gurova OA, Makarova AA, Fedorenko AD, Nikolenko AD, Plyusnin PE, Arenal R, Bulusheva LG, Okotrub AV. Light-Induced Sulfur Transport inside Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10050818. [PMID: 32344811 PMCID: PMC7281721 DOI: 10.3390/nano10050818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Filling of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and extraction of the encapsulated species from their cavities are perspective treatments for tuning the functional properties of SWCNT-based materials. Here, we have investigated sulfur-modified SWCNTs synthesized by the ampoule method. The morphology and chemical states of carbon and sulfur were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy, Raman scattering, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray photoelectron and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopies. Successful encapsulation of sulfur inside SWCNTs cavities was demonstrated. The peculiarities of interactions of SWCNTs with encapsulated and external sulfur species were analyzed in details. In particular, the donor-acceptor interaction between encapsulated sulfur and host SWCNT is experimentally demonstrated. The sulfur-filled SWCNTs were continuously irradiated in situ with polychromatic photon beam of high intensity. Comparison of X-ray spectra of the samples before and after the treatment revealed sulfur transport from the interior to the surface of SWCNTs bundles, in particular extraction of sulfur from the SWCNT cavity. These results show that the moderate heating of filled nanotubes could be used to de-encapsulate the guest species tuning the local composition, and hence, the functional properties of SWCNT-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V. Sedelnikova
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (O.A.G.); (A.D.F.); (P.E.P.); (A.V.O.)
- Correspondence: (O.V.S.); (L.G.B.)
| | - Olga A. Gurova
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (O.A.G.); (A.D.F.); (P.E.P.); (A.V.O.)
| | - Anna A. Makarova
- Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University of Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Anastasiya D. Fedorenko
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (O.A.G.); (A.D.F.); (P.E.P.); (A.V.O.)
| | | | - Pavel E. Plyusnin
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (O.A.G.); (A.D.F.); (P.E.P.); (A.V.O.)
| | - Raul Arenal
- Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas, Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Research & Development Agency of Aragon ARAID Foundation, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Ciencias de Materiales de Aragon, CSIC-U. de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Lyubov G. Bulusheva
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (O.A.G.); (A.D.F.); (P.E.P.); (A.V.O.)
- Correspondence: (O.V.S.); (L.G.B.)
| | - Alexander V. Okotrub
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (O.A.G.); (A.D.F.); (P.E.P.); (A.V.O.)
- Laboratory of Carbon Nanomaterials, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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18
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Jeon C, Solis KL, An HR, Hong Y, Igalavithana AD, Ok YS. Sustainable removal of Hg(II) by sulfur-modified pine-needle biochar. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 388:122048. [PMID: 31955026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur-modified pine-needle biochar (BC-S) was produced for the removal of Hg(II) in aqueous media via post-pyrolysis S stream exposure. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the addition of S(0) groups on the surface of BC-S. Hg(II) adsorption on BC-S was best described by the Freundlich isotherm with a KF of 21.0 mg L g-1 and a pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetics model with a rate of 0.35 g mg-1 min-1. Hg(II) removal on BC-S was found to be an endothermic process that relied on C-Hg and S-Hg interactions rather than reduction by S(0) groups. The adsorption increased with increasing solution pH and decreased with increasing dissolved organic matter concentration, but was unaffected by increasing salt concentrations. BC-S showed a maximum of 3 % S leaching in aqueous media after 28-d exposure time, and exposure to aqueous media did not convert Hg(II) to elemental Hg. Overall, BC-S exhibited superior Hg(II) removal performance over unmodified BC, thus having potential applications in natural water and wastewater treatment with no significant threat of secondary pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheolho Jeon
- Research Center for Materials Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 34133, Republic of Korea
| | - Kurt Louis Solis
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong City, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Rim An
- Research Center for Materials Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 34133, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongseok Hong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea University Sejong Campus, Sejong City, Republic of Korea.
| | - Avanthi Deshani Igalavithana
- Korea Biochar Research Center & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center & Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Abstract
The unique morphological characteristics of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) present the intriguing opportunity of exploiting the inner cavity for carrying out chemical reactions. Such reactions are catalysed either by the individual tubes that function both as catalysts and nanoreactors or by additional catalytic species that are confined within the channel. Such confinement creates what is called “confinement effect”, which can result in different catalytic features affecting activity, stability and selectivity. The review highlights the recent major advancements of catalysis conducted within the CNTs, starting from the synthesis of the catalytic composite, and discussing the most notable catalytic processes that have been reported in the last decade.
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20
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The origin of the extraordinary stability of mercury catalysts on the carbon support: the synergy effects between oxygen groups and defects revealed from a combined experimental and DFT study. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(19)63271-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Spanu D, Bestetti A, Hildebrand H, Schmuki P, Altomare M, Recchia S. Photocatalytic reduction and scavenging of Hg(ii) over templated-dewetted Au on TiO 2 nanotubes. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:1046-1055. [PMID: 30534751 DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00424b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gold-decorated TiO2 nanotubes were used for the photocatalytic abatement of Hg(ii) in aqueous solutions. The presence of dewetted Au nanoparticles induces a strong enhancement of photocatalytic reduction and scavenging performances, with respect to naked TiO2. In the presence of chlorides, a massive formation of Hg2Cl2 nanowires, produced from Au nanoparticles, was observed using highly Au loaded photocatalysts to treat a 10 ppm Hg(ii) solution. EDS and XPS confirmed the nature of the photo-produced nanowires. In the absence of chlorides and/or at lower Hg(ii) starting concentrations, the scavenging of mercury proceeds through the formation of Hg-Au amalgams. Solar light driven Hg(ii) abatements up to 90% were observed after 24 h. ICP-MS analysis revealed that the removed Hg(ii) is accumulated on the photocatalyst surface. Regeneration of Hg-loaded exhaust photocatalysts was easily performed by anodic stripping of Hg(0) and Hg(i) to Hg(ii). After four catalytic-regeneration cycles, only a 10% decrease of activity was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Spanu
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy.
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22
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Duan Z, Zhang X, Ye T, Zhang X, Dong S, Liu J, Xiao X, Jiang C. Ultrasensitive Au Nanooctahedron Micropinball Sensor for Mercury Ions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:25737-25743. [PMID: 29978695 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b04414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mercury ion (Hg2+) is one of the most toxic heavy metals that has severe adverse effects on the environment and human organs even at very low concentrations. Therefore, highly sensitive and selective detection of Hg2+ is desirable. Here, we introduce plasmonic micropinball constructed from Au nanooctahedron as a three-dimensional surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) platform, enabling ultrasensitive detection of trace Hg2+ ions. Typically, strong SERS signals could be obtained when the single-stranded DNA structure converts to the hairpin structure in the presence of Hg2+ ions, due to the formation of thymine (T)-Hg2+-T. As a result, the detection limit of Hg2+ ions is as low as 1 × 10-16 M, which is far below compared to that reported for conventional analytical strategies. Moreover, to achieve rapid multiple detection, we combine the micropinball sensors with microflow tube online detection. Our platform prevents cross-talk and tube contamination, allowing multiassay analysis, rapid identification, and quantification of different analytes and concentrations across separate phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanxin Duan
- Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Hubei Nuclear Solid Physics Key Laboratory and Center for Ion Beam Application , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , P. R. China
| | - Xingang Zhang
- Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Hubei Nuclear Solid Physics Key Laboratory and Center for Ion Beam Application , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , P. R. China
| | - Tianyu Ye
- Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Hubei Nuclear Solid Physics Key Laboratory and Center for Ion Beam Application , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Hubei Nuclear Solid Physics Key Laboratory and Center for Ion Beam Application , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , P. R. China
| | - Shilian Dong
- Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Hubei Nuclear Solid Physics Key Laboratory and Center for Ion Beam Application , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , P. R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Hubei Nuclear Solid Physics Key Laboratory and Center for Ion Beam Application , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , P. R. China
| | - Xiangheng Xiao
- Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Hubei Nuclear Solid Physics Key Laboratory and Center for Ion Beam Application , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , P. R. China
| | - Changzhong Jiang
- Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of Ministry of Education, Hubei Nuclear Solid Physics Key Laboratory and Center for Ion Beam Application , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , P. R. China
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