1
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Aminadav G, Shoseyov O, Belsey S, Voignac D, Yochelis S, Levi-Kalisman Y, Yan B, Shoseyov O, Paltiel Y. Chiral Nematic Cellulose Nanocrystal Films for Enhanced Charge Separation and Quantum-Confined Stark Effect. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 39381943 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c04727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2024]
Abstract
Efficient charge separation is essential in various optoelectronic systems, yet it continues to pose substantial challenges. Building upon the recent evidence that chiral biomolecules can function as electron spin filters, this study aims to extend the application of chirality-driven charge separation from the molecular level to the mesoscale and supramolecular scale. Utilizing cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) derived from cellulose, the most abundant biomaterial on Earth, this research leverages their self-assembly into chiral nematic structures and their dielectric properties. A device is introduced featuring a chiral nematic hybrid film composed of CNCs and quantum dots (QDs), decorated with iron oxide nanoparticles. Using the quantum-confined Stark effect (QCSE) to probe charge separation, we reveal significant sensitivity to the circular polarization of light and the chiral nematic structure of the film. This approach achieves effective, long-lasting charge separation, both locally and across length scales exceeding 1 μm, enabling potential applications such as self-assembled devices that combine photovoltaic cells with electric capacitance as well as optical electric-field hybrid biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gur Aminadav
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
- Department of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7612001, Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Omer Shoseyov
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Shylee Belsey
- Department of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7612001, Israel
| | - Daniel Voignac
- Department of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7612001, Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Shira Yochelis
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Yael Levi-Kalisman
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Binghai Yan
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Oded Shoseyov
- Department of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7612001, Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Yossi Paltiel
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
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2
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Wang C, Liang ZR, Chen XF, Guo AM, Ji G, Sun QF, Yan Y. Transverse Spin Selectivity in Helical Nanofibers Prepared without Any Chiral Molecule. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 133:108001. [PMID: 39303270 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.133.108001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
In the last decade, chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) has undergone intensive study. However, there remain several critical issues, such as the microscopic mechanism of CISS, especially transverse CISS where electrons are injected perpendicular to the helix axis of chiral molecules, quantitative agreement between experiments and theory, and at which level the molecular handedness is key to the CISS. Here, we address these issues by performing a combined experimental and theoretical study on conducting polyaniline helical nanofibers which are synthesized in the absence of any chiral species. Large spin polarization is measured in both left- and right-handed nanofibers for electrons injected perpendicular to their helix axis, and it will be reversed by switching the nanofiber handedness. We first develop a theoretical model to study this transverse CISS and quantitatively explain the experiment. Our results reveal that our theory provides a unifying scheme to interpret a number of CISS experiments, quantitative agreement between experiments and numerical calculations can be achieved by weak spin-orbit coupling, and the supramolecular handedness is sufficient for spin selectivity without any chiral species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Qing-Feng Sun
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Yong Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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3
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Bloom BP, Chen Z, Lu H, Waldeck DH. A chemical perspective on the chiral induced spin selectivity effect. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwae212. [PMID: 39144747 PMCID: PMC11321253 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwae212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This review discusses opportunities in chemistry that are enabled by the chiral induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect. First, the review begins with a brief overview of the seminal studies on CISS. Next, we discuss different chiral material systems whose properties can be tailored through chemical means, with a special emphasis on hybrid organic-inorganic layered materials that exhibit some of the largest spin filtering properties to date. Then, we discuss the promise of CISS for chemical reactions and enantioseparation before concluding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Bloom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh 15260, USA
| | - Zhongwei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Haipeng Lu
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - David H Waldeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh 15260, USA
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4
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Chen S, Wu R, Fu HH. Persistent Chirality-Induced Spin-Selectivity Effect in Circular Helix Molecules. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:6210-6217. [PMID: 38709107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The spin-orbit coupling (SOC), the dynamics of the nonequilibrium transport process, and the breaking of time-reversal and space-inversion symmetries have been regarded as key factors for the emergence of chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) and chirality-dependent spin currents in helix molecules. In this work, we demonstrated the generation of persistent CISS currents in various circular single-stranded DNAs and 310-helix proteins for the first time, regardless of whether an external magnetic flux is applied or not. This new CISS effect presents only in equilibrium transport processes, distinct from the traditional CISS observed in nonequilibrium transport processes and linear helix molecules; we term it as the PCISS effect. Notably, PCISS manifests irrespective of whether the SOC is chirality-driven or stems from heavy-metal substrates, making it an efficient way to generate chirality-locked pure spin currents. Our research establishes a novel paradigm for examining the underlying physics of the CISS effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Chen
- School of Physics and Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruqian Wu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4575, United States
| | - Hua-Hua Fu
- School of Physics and Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
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5
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Guo L, Hu S, Gu X, Zhang R, Wang K, Yan W, Sun X. Emerging Spintronic Materials and Functionalities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2301854. [PMID: 37309258 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The explosive growth of the information era has put forward urgent requirements for ultrahigh-speed and extremely efficient computations. In direct contrary to charge-based computations, spintronics aims to use spins as information carriers for data storage, transmission, and decoding, to help fully realize electronic device miniaturization and high integration for next-generation computing technologies. Currently, many novel spintronic materials have been developed with unique properties and multifunctionalities, including organic semiconductors (OSCs), organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites (OIHPs), and 2D materials (2DMs). These materials are useful to fulfill the demand for developing diverse and advanced spintronic devices. Herein, these promising materials are systematically reviewed for advanced spintronic applications. Due to the distinct chemical and physical structures of OSCs, OIHPs, and 2DMs, their spintronic properties (spin transport and spin manipulation) are discussed separately. In addition, some multifunctionalities due to photoelectric and chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS) are overviewed, including the spin-filter effect, spin-photovoltaics, spin-light emitting devices, and spin-transistor functions. Subsequently, challenges and future perspectives of using these multifunctional materials for the development of advanced spintronics are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Shunhua Hu
- Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xianrong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Kai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, School of Physical Science and Engineering, Institute of Optoelectronics Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Yan
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG9 2RD, UK
| | - Xiangnan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
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6
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Mishra S, Bowes EG, Majumder S, Hollingsworth JA, Htoon H, Jones AC. Inducing Circularly Polarized Single-Photon Emission via Chiral-Induced Spin Selectivity. ACS NANO 2024; 18:8663-8672. [PMID: 38484339 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c08676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
One of the central aims of the field of spintronics is the control of individual electron spins to effectively manage the transmission of quantized data. One well-known mechanism for controlling electronic spin transport is the chiral-induced spin-selectivity (CISS) effect in which a helical nanostructure imparts a preferential spin orientation on the electronic transport. One potential application of the CISS effect is as a transduction pathway between electronic spin and circularly polarized light within nonreciprocal photonic devices. In this work, we identify and quantify the degree of chiral-induced spin-selective electronic transport in helical polyaniline films using magnetoconductive atomic force microscopy (mcAFM). We then induce circularly polarized quantum light emission from CdSe/CdS core/shell quantum dots placed on these films, demonstrating a degree of circular polarization of up to ∼21%. Utilizing time-resolved photoluminescence microscopy, we measure the radiative lifetime difference associated with left- and right-handed circular polarizations of single emitters. These lifetime differences, in combination with Kelvin probe mapping of the variation of surface potential with magnetization of the substrate, help establish an energy level diagram describing the spin-dependent transport pathways that enable the circularly polarized photoluminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryakant Mishra
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Eric G Bowes
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Somak Majumder
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Jennifer A Hollingsworth
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Han Htoon
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Andrew C Jones
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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7
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Bloom BP, Paltiel Y, Naaman R, Waldeck DH. Chiral Induced Spin Selectivity. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1950-1991. [PMID: 38364021 PMCID: PMC10906005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Since the initial landmark study on the chiral induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect in 1999, considerable experimental and theoretical efforts have been made to understand the physical underpinnings and mechanistic features of this interesting phenomenon. As first formulated, the CISS effect refers to the innate ability of chiral materials to act as spin filters for electron transport; however, more recent experiments demonstrate that displacement currents arising from charge polarization of chiral molecules lead to spin polarization without the need for net charge flow. With its identification of a fundamental connection between chiral symmetry and electron spin in molecules and materials, CISS promises profound and ubiquitous implications for existing technologies and new approaches to answering age old questions, such as the homochiral nature of life. This review begins with a discussion of the different methods for measuring CISS and then provides a comprehensive overview of molecules and materials known to exhibit CISS-based phenomena before proceeding to identify structure-property relations and to delineate the leading theoretical models for the CISS effect. Next, it identifies some implications of CISS in physics, chemistry, and biology. The discussion ends with a critical assessment of the CISS field and some comments on its future outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P. Bloom
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Yossi Paltiel
- Applied
Physics Department and Center for Nano-Science and Nano-Technology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Ron Naaman
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - David H. Waldeck
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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8
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Chen S, Fu HH. Spin-Dependent Destructive and Constructive Quantum Interference Associated with Chirality-Induced Spin Selectivity in Single Circular Helix Molecules. J Phys Chem Lett 2023:11076-11083. [PMID: 38048754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect in straight helical molecules has received intense studies in past decade; however, the CISS effect in circular helical molecules (CHMs) has still rarely been explored. Here, we have constructed single CHMs having chirality-induced spin-orbit coupling (SOC) and connected by two nonmagnetic leads and successfully gained the required conditions for CISS effect occurring in CHMs for the first time. Our results uncover that only when the CHMs form a closed loop and when the lattice positions are coupled asymmetrically with both leads does the CISS effect occur. More importantly, the CISS-associated spin-dependent destructive and constructive quantum interference (QI) together with their phase transition appears in CHMs. The combination of CISS effect and spin-dependent QI phenomena opens up a new door to understand the underlying physics of the CISS effect in helical molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Chen
- School of Physics and Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua-Hua Fu
- School of Physics and Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People's Republic of China
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People's Republic of China
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9
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Liu T, Weiss PS. Spin Polarization in Transport Studies of Chirality-Induced Spin Selectivity. ACS NANO 2023; 17:19502-19507. [PMID: 37793070 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) is a recently discovered effect in which structural chirality can result in different conductivities for electrons with opposite spins. In the CISS community, the degree of spin polarization is commonly used to describe the efficiency of the spin filtering/polarizing process, as it represents the fraction of spins aligned along the chiral axis of chiral materials originating from non-spin-polarized currents. However, the methods of defining, calculating, and analyzing spin polarization have been inconsistent across various studies, hindering advances in this field. In this Perspective, we connect the relevant background and the definition of spin polarization, discuss its calculation in different contexts in the CISS, and propose a practical and meaningful figure of merit by quantitative analysis of magnetoresistance in CISS transport studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Paul S Weiss
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bioengineering, and Materials Science and Engineering and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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10
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Volpi M, Jouclas R, Liu J, Liu G, Catalano L, McIntosh N, Bardini M, Gatsios C, Modesti F, Turetta N, Beljonne D, Cornil J, Kennedy AR, Koch N, Erk P, Samorì P, Schweicher G, Geerts YH. Enantiopure Dinaphtho[2,3-b:2,3-f]thieno[3,2-b]thiophenes: Reaching High Magnetoresistance Effect in OFETs. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301914. [PMID: 37424043 PMCID: PMC10502826 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Chiral molecules are known to behave as spin filters due to the chiral induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect. Chirality can be implemented in molecular semiconductors in order to study the role of the CISS effect in charge transport and to find new materials for spintronic applications. In this study, the design and synthesis of a new class of enantiopure chiral organic semiconductors based on the well-known dinaphtho[2,3-b:2,3-f]thieno[3,2-b]thiophene (DNTT) core functionalized with chiral alkyl side chains is presented. When introduced in an organic field-effect transistor (OFET) with magnetic contacts, the two enantiomers, (R)-DNTT and (S)-DNTT, show an opposite behavior with respect to the relative direction of the magnetization of the contacts, oriented by an external magnetic field. Each enantiomer displays an unexpectedly high magnetoresistance over one preferred orientation of the spin current injected from the magnetic contacts. The result is the first reported OFET in which the current can be switched on and off upon inversion of the direction of the applied external magnetic field. This work contributes to the general understanding of the CISS effect and opens new avenues for the introduction of organic materials in spintronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Volpi
- Laboratoire de Chimie des PolymèresFaculté des SciencesUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)Boulevard du Triomphe, CP 206/01Bruxelles1050Belgium
| | - Rémy Jouclas
- Laboratoire de Chimie des PolymèresFaculté des SciencesUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)Boulevard du Triomphe, CP 206/01Bruxelles1050Belgium
| | - Jie Liu
- Laboratoire de Chimie des PolymèresFaculté des SciencesUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)Boulevard du Triomphe, CP 206/01Bruxelles1050Belgium
| | - Guangfeng Liu
- Laboratoire de Chimie des PolymèresFaculté des SciencesUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)Boulevard du Triomphe, CP 206/01Bruxelles1050Belgium
| | - Luca Catalano
- Laboratoire de Chimie des PolymèresFaculté des SciencesUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)Boulevard du Triomphe, CP 206/01Bruxelles1050Belgium
| | - Nemo McIntosh
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel MaterialsCenter for Research in Molecular Electronics and PhotonicsUniversity of MonsPlace du Parc 23MonsB‐7000Belgium
| | - Marco Bardini
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel MaterialsCenter for Research in Molecular Electronics and PhotonicsUniversity of MonsPlace du Parc 23MonsB‐7000Belgium
| | - Christos Gatsios
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH12489BerlinGermany
- Institut für Physik and IRIS AdlershofHumboldt‐Universitat zu Berlin12489BerlinGermany
| | | | - Nicholas Turetta
- CNRSUniversity of StrasbourgISIS UMR 7006, 8 Alleé Gaspard MongeStrasbourgF‐67000France
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel MaterialsCenter for Research in Molecular Electronics and PhotonicsUniversity of MonsPlace du Parc 23MonsB‐7000Belgium
| | - Jérôme Cornil
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel MaterialsCenter for Research in Molecular Electronics and PhotonicsUniversity of MonsPlace du Parc 23MonsB‐7000Belgium
| | - Alan R. Kennedy
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of StrathclydeCathedral Street 295GlasgowG1 1XLUK
| | - Norbert Koch
- Helmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH12489BerlinGermany
- Institut für Physik and IRIS AdlershofHumboldt‐Universitat zu Berlin12489BerlinGermany
| | - Peter Erk
- BASF SERGD – J542S67056Ludwigshafen am RheinGermany
| | - Paolo Samorì
- CNRSUniversity of StrasbourgISIS UMR 7006, 8 Alleé Gaspard MongeStrasbourgF‐67000France
| | - Guillaume Schweicher
- Laboratoire de Chimie des PolymèresFaculté des SciencesUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)Boulevard du Triomphe, CP 206/01Bruxelles1050Belgium
| | - Yves H. Geerts
- Laboratoire de Chimie des PolymèresFaculté des SciencesUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)Boulevard du Triomphe, CP 206/01Bruxelles1050Belgium
- International Solvay Institutes for Physics and ChemistryUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)Boulevard du Triomphe, CP 231Bruxelles1050Belgium
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11
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Meng K, Guo L, Sun X. Strategies and applications of generating spin polarization in organic semiconductors. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2023; 8:1132-1154. [PMID: 37424331 DOI: 10.1039/d3nh00101f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The advent of spintronics has undoubtedly revolutionized data storage, processing, and sensing applications. Organic semiconductors (OSCs), characterized by long spin relaxation times (>μs) and abundant spin-dependent properties, have emerged as promising materials for advanced spintronic applications. To successfully implement spin-related functions in organic spintronic devices, the four fundamental processes of spin generation, transport, manipulation, and detection form the main building blocks and are commonly in demand. Thereinto, the effective generation of spin polarization in OSCs is a precondition, but in practice, this has not been an easy task. In this context, considerable efforts have been made on this topic, covering novel materials systems, spin-dependent theories, and device fabrication technologies. In this review, we underline recent advances in external spin injection and organic property-induced spin polarization, according to the distinction between the sources of spin polarization. We focused mainly on summarizing and discussing both the physical mechanism and representative research on spin generation in OSCs, especially for various spin injection methods, organic magnetic materials, the chiral-induced spin selectivity effect, and the spinterface effect. Finally, the challenges and prospects that allow this topic to continue to be dynamic were outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Meng
- Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lidan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Xiangnan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
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12
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Thanh Phuc N. Chiral-Induced Spin Selectivity in Photon-Coupled Achiral Matters. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:1626-1632. [PMID: 36750980 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chiral-induced spin selectivity is a phenomenon in which electron spins are polarized as they are transported through chiral molecules, and the spin polarization depends on the handedness of the chiral molecule. In this study, we show that spin selectivity can be realized in achiral materials by strongly coupling electrons to a circularly polarized mode of an optical cavity or waveguide. Through the investigation of spin-dependent electron transport in a two-terminal setup using the nonequilibrium Green's function approach, it is found that a large spin polarization can be obtained if the rate of dephasing is sufficiently small and the average chemical potential of the two leads is within an appropriate range of values, which is narrow because of the high frequency of the optical mode. To obtain a wider range of energies for a large spin polarization, chiral molecules can be combined with light-matter interactions. To demonstrate this, the spin polarization of electrons transported through a helical molecule strongly coupled to a circularly polarized optical mode is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thanh Phuc
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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13
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Naaman R, Waldeck DH, Fransson J. New Perspective on Electron Transfer through Molecules. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:11753-11759. [PMID: 36516240 PMCID: PMC9791659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Motivated by experiments which display unusual length and temperature effects for electron transfer in the nanometer length regime, we propose a new approach for describing long-range electron transfer (ET) processes through molecules. We posit that the electron reorganization in the molecules (e.g., the electronic polarization of a macromolecule or organic film by an applied electric potential, or the injected charge generating a dipole moment) should be included in the description. We numerically solve a one-dimensional model for the electron transport, which includes electron-electron interactions explicitly, and we show that it generates a power law distance dependence for electron transport similar to that observed in experiments. The model does not include vibrations explicitly and should be consistent with the weak temperature dependences observed experimentally. This approach emphasizes the need to treat the electronic changes in the molecule(s) more explicitly to understand the behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Naaman
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot76100, Israel
| | - David H. Waldeck
- Chemistry
Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania15260, United States
| | - Jonas Fransson
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 21Uppsala, Sweden
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14
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Wang Q, Lu Y, He RL, Chen R, Qiao L, Pan F, Yang Z, Song C. Spin Selectivity in Chiral Hybrid Cobalt Halide Films with Ultrasmooth Surface. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2201048. [PMID: 36403249 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Introducing chirality into low-dimensional hybrid organic-inorganic halides (HOIHs) creates brand-new opportunities for HOIHs in spintronics and spin-related optoelectronics owing to chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS). However, preparing smooth films of low-dimensional HOIHs with small roughness is still a great challenge due to the hybrid and complex crystal structure, which severely inhibits their applications in spintronic devices. Exploring new lead-free chiral HOIHs with both efficient spin selectivity and excellent film quality is urgently desired. Here, cobalt-based chiral metal halide crystals (R/S-NEA)2 CoCl4 constructed by 0D [CoCl4 ] tetrahedrons and 1-(1-naphtyl)ethylamine (NEA) are synthesized. The orderly configuration of NEA molecules stabilized by noncovalent CH···π interaction endows (NEA)2 CoCl4 with good film-forming ability. (NEA)2 CoCl4 films exhibit strong chiroptical activity (gCD ≈ 0.05) and significant spin-polarized transport (CISS efficiency up to 90%). Furthermore, ultrasmooth films (roughness ∼ 0.3 nm) with enhanced crystallinity can be achieved by incorporating tiny amount tris(8-oxoquinoline)aluminum that has analogous conjugated structure to NEA. The realization of highly efficient spin selectivity and sub-nanometer roughness in lead-free chiral halides can boost the practical process of low-dimensional HOIHs in spintronics and other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Rui-Lin He
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University Beijing, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ruyi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Leilei Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Feng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Cheng Song
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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15
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Liu Z, Yao Y, Tao X, Wei J, Lin S. Helical supramolecular nanorods via sequential meticulous tailoring of noncovalent interaction and light irradiation. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1286-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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16
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Shang Z, Liu T, Yang Q, Cui S, Xu K, Zhang Y, Deng J, Zhai T, Wang X. Chiral-Molecule-Based Spintronic Devices. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2203015. [PMID: 35836101 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202203015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Spintronics and molecular chemistry have achieved remarkable achievements separately. Their combination can apply the superiority of molecular diversity to intervene or manipulate the spin-related properties. It inevitably brings in a new type of functional devices with a molecular interface, which has become an emerging field in information storage and processing. Normally, spin polarization has to be realized by magnetic materials as manipulated by magnetic fields. Recently, chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS) was discovered surprisingly that non-magnetic chiral molecules can generate spin polarization through their structural chirality. Here, the recent progress of integrating the strengths of molecular chemistry and spintronics is reviewed by introducing the experimental results, theoretical models, and device performances of the CISS effect. Compared to normal ferromagnetic metals, CISS originating from a chiral structure has great advantages of high spin polarization, excellent interface, simple preparation process, and low cost. It has the potential to obtain high efficiency of spin injection into metals and semiconductors, getting rid of magnetic fields and ferromagnetic electrodes. The physical mechanisms, unique advantages, and device performances of CISS are sequentially clarified, revealing important issues to current scientific research and industrial applications. This mini-review points out a key technology of information storage for future spintronic devices without magnetic components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Shang
- Department of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Tianhan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Qianqian Yang
- Department of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Shuainan Cui
- Department of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Kailin Xu
- Department of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Jinxiang Deng
- Department of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Tianrui Zhai
- Department of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Department of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
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17
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Control of light, spin and charge with chiral metal halide semiconductors. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:470-485. [PMID: 37117313 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00399-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between the structural asymmetry and optoelectronic properties of functional materials is an active area of research. The movement of charges through an oriented chiral medium depends on the spin configuration of the charges, and such systems can be used to control spin populations without magnetic components - termed the chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect. CISS has mainly been studied in chiral organic molecules and their assemblies. Semiconductors are non-magnetic extended systems that allow for the control of charge transport, as well as the absorption and emission of light. Therefore, introducing chirality into semiconductors would enable control over charge, spin and light without magnetic components. Chiral metal halide semiconductors (MHSs) are hybrid organic-inorganic materials that combine the properties of small chiral organic molecules with those of extended inorganic semiconductors. Reports of CISS in chiral MHSs have resulted in breakthroughs in our understanding of CISS and in the realization of spin-dependent optoelectronic properties. This Review examines the fundamentals and applications of CISS in chiral MHSs. The structural diversity and key structure-property relationships, such as chiral transfer from the organic to the inorganic components, are summarized. With a focus on the underlying chemistry and physics, the control of spin, light and charge in these semiconductors is explored.
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18
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Evers F, Aharony A, Bar-Gill N, Entin-Wohlman O, Hedegård P, Hod O, Jelinek P, Kamieniarz G, Lemeshko M, Michaeli K, Mujica V, Naaman R, Paltiel Y, Refaely-Abramson S, Tal O, Thijssen J, Thoss M, van Ruitenbeek JM, Venkataraman L, Waldeck DH, Yan B, Kronik L. Theory of Chirality Induced Spin Selectivity: Progress and Challenges. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2106629. [PMID: 35064943 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A critical overview of the theory of the chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect, that is, phenomena in which the chirality of molecular species imparts significant spin selectivity to various electron processes, is provided. Based on discussions in a recently held workshop, and further work published since, the status of CISS effects-in electron transmission, electron transport, and chemical reactions-is reviewed. For each, a detailed discussion of the state-of-the-art in theoretical understanding is provided and remaining challenges and research opportunities are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Evers
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Amnon Aharony
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Nir Bar-Gill
- Department of Applied Physics, Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Ora Entin-Wohlman
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Per Hedegård
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Oded Hod
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and The Sackler Center for Computational Molecular and Materials Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Pavel Jelinek
- Nanosurf Lab, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, CZ 162 00, Czech Republic
| | | | - Mikhail Lemeshko
- IST Austria (Institute of Science and Technology Austria), Am Campus 1, Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria
| | - Karen Michaeli
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovoth, 7610001, Israel
| | - Vladimiro Mujica
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1604, USA
| | - Ron Naaman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovoth, 76100, Israel
| | - Yossi Paltiel
- Department of Applied Physics, Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Sivan Refaely-Abramson
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovoth, 76100, Israel
| | - Oren Tal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovoth, 76100, Israel
| | - Jos Thijssen
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, Delft, 2628 CJ, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Thoss
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan M van Ruitenbeek
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, Leiden, 2333 CA, Netherlands
| | - Latha Venkataraman
- Department of Applied Physics and Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - David H Waldeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Binghai Yan
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovoth, 7610001, Israel
| | - Leeor Kronik
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovoth, 76100, Israel
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19
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Wang C, Guo AM, Sun QF, Yan Y. Efficient Spin-Dependent Charge Transmission and Improved Enantioselective Discrimination Capability in Self-Assembled Chiral Coordinated Monolayers. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:10262-10269. [PMID: 34652163 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Spin-dependent charge transmission or the so-called chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect was demonstrated in self-assembled chiral coordinated monolayers. Distinct from the previous CISS phenomenon observed mainly on pure biomolecules, here we expanded this effect to the coordinated complex of chiral biomolecules and metal cations, specifically, cysteine-Cu2+-alanine (Cys/Cu/Ala), in which the complex itself was redox-active. However, the coordinated self-assembled monolayers of cysteine-Cu2+-cysteine did not show any spin-dependent effect. In addition, this phenomenon was explained by developing a theoretical model with spin-orbit coupling. The alanine molecules contributed to multiple transport pathways, leading to experimentally observable spin polarization. Finally, this CISS effect in Cys/Cu/Ala complex was demonstrated to amplify the sensing signal. The enantioselective discrimination efficiency could be improved by controlling the orientation of the external magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ai-Min Guo
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Super-Microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Qing-Feng Sun
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yong Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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20
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Liu T, Wang X, Wang H, Shi G, Gao F, Feng H, Deng H, Hu L, Lochner E, Schlottmann P, von Molnár S, Li Y, Zhao J, Xiong P. Linear and Nonlinear Two-Terminal Spin-Valve Effect from Chirality-Induced Spin Selectivity. ACS NANO 2020; 14:15983-15991. [PMID: 33136367 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Various mechanisms of electrical generation of spin polarization in nonmagnetic materials have been a subject of broad interest for their underlying physics and device potential in spintronics. One such scheme is chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS), with which structural chirality leads to different electric conductivities for electrons of opposite spins. The resulting effect of spin filtering has been reported for a number of chiral molecules assembled on different surfaces. However, the microscopic origin and transport mechanisms remain controversial. In particular, the fundamental Onsager relation was argued to preclude linear-response detection of CISS by a ferromagnet. Here, we report definitive observation of CISS-induced magnetoconductance in vertical heterojunctions of (Ga,Mn)As/AHPA-L molecules/Au, directly verifying spin filtering by the AHPA-L molecules via spin detection by the (Ga,Mn)As. The pronounced and robust magnetoconductance signals resulting from the use of a magnetic semiconductor enable a rigorous examination of its bias dependence, which shows both linear- and nonlinear-response components. The definitive identification of the linear-response CISS-induced two-terminal spin-valve effect places an important constraint for a viable theory of CISS and its device manifestations. The results present a promising route to spin injection and detection in semiconductors without using any magnetic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhan Liu
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Gang Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Fan Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Honglei Feng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Haoyun Deng
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Longqian Hu
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Eric Lochner
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Pedro Schlottmann
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Stephan von Molnár
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Yongqing Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jianhua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Science, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Peng Xiong
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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