1
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Xu Q, Xiao F, Xu H. Fluorescent detection of emerging virus based on nanoparticles: From synthesis to application. Trends Analyt Chem 2023; 161:116999. [PMID: 36852170 PMCID: PMC9946731 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The spread of COVID-19 has caused huge economic losses and irreversible social impact. Therefore, to successfully prevent the spread of the virus and solve public health problems, it is urgent to develop detection methods with high sensitivity and accuracy. However, existing detection methods are time-consuming, rely on instruments, and require skilled operators, making rapid detection challenging to implement. Biosensors based on fluorescent nanoparticles have attracted interest in the field of detection because of their advantages, such as high sensitivity, low detection limit, and simple result readout. In this review, we systematically describe the synthesis, intrinsic advantages, and applications of organic dye-doped fluorescent nanoparticles, metal nanoclusters, up-conversion particles, quantum dots, carbon dots, and others for virus detection. Furthermore, future research initiatives are highlighted, including green production of fluorescent nanoparticles with high quantum yield, speedy signal reading by integrating with intelligent information, and error reduction by coupling with numerous fluorescent nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, PR China
| | - Fangbin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, PR China
| | - Hengyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, PR China
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2
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Li X, Wang J, Geng J, Xiao L, Wang H. Emerging Landscape of SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Detection Technologies. Mol Diagn Ther 2023; 27:159-177. [PMID: 36577887 PMCID: PMC9797111 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-022-00631-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In 2019, a new coronavirus was identified that has caused significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Like all RNA viruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) evolves over time through random mutation resulting in genetic variations in the population. Although the currently approved coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines can be given to those over 5 years of age and older in most countries, strikingly, the number of people diagnosed positive for SARS-Cov-2 is still increasing. Therefore, to prevent and control this epidemic, early diagnosis of infected individuals is of great importance. The current detection of SARS-Cov-2 coronavirus variants are mainly based on reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Although the sensitivity of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction is high, it has some disadvantages, for example, multiple temperature changes, long detection time, complicated operation, expensive instruments, and the need for professional personnel, which brings considerable inconvenience to the early diagnosis of this virus. This review comprehensively summarizes the development and application of various current detection technologies for novel coronaviruses, including isothermal amplification, CRISPR-Cas detection, serological detection, biosensor, ensemble, and microfluidic technology, along with next-generation sequencing. Those findings offer us a great potential to replace or combine with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction detection to achieve the purpose of allowing predictive diagnostics and targeted prevention of SARS-Cov-2 in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghui Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jingping Geng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Liming Xiao
- Institute of Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hu Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China.
- Institute of Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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3
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He J, Zhu S, Zhou J, Jiang W, Yin L, Su L, Zhang X, Chen Q, Li X. Rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2: The gradual boom of lateral flow immunoassay. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 10:1090281. [PMID: 36704307 PMCID: PMC9871317 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1090281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is still in an epidemic situation, which poses a serious threat to the safety of people and property. Rapid diagnosis and isolation of infected individuals are one of the important methods to control virus transmission. Existing lateral flow immunoassay techniques have the advantages of rapid, sensitive, and easy operation, and some new options have emerged with the continuous development of nanotechnology. Such as lateral flow immunoassay test strips based on colorimetric-fluorescent dual-mode and gold nanoparticles, Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering, etc., these technologies have played an important role in the rapid diagnosis of COVID-19. In this paper, we summarize the current research progress of lateral flow immunoassay in the field of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 infection diagnosis, analyze the performance of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 lateral flow immunoassay products, review the advantages and limitations of different detection methods and markers, and then explore the competitive CRISPR-based nucleic acid chromatography detection method. This method combines the advantages of gene editing and lateral flow immunoassay and can achieve rapid and highly sensitive lateral flow immunoassay detection of target nucleic acids, which is expected to be the most representative method for community and clinical point-of-care testing. We hope that researchers will be inspired by this review and strive to solve the problems in the design of highly sensitive targets, the selection of detection methods, and the enhancement of CRISPR technology, to truly achieve rapid, sensitive, convenient, and specific detection of novel coronaviruses, thus promoting the development of novel coronavirus diagnosis and contributing our modest contribution to the world's fight against epidemics.
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4
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Iqbal R, Khan S, Ali HM, Khan M, Wahab S, Khan T. Application of nanomaterials against SARS-CoV-2: An emphasis on their usefulness against emerging variants of concern. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2022.1060756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers are now looking to nanomaterials to fight serious infectious diseases that cause outbreaks and even pandemics. SARS-CoV-2 brought chaos to almost every walk of life in the past 2 years and has challenged every available treatment method. Although vaccines were developed in no time against it, the most pressing issue was the emergence of variants of concern arising because of the rapidly evolving viral strains. The higher pathogenicity and, in turn, the higher mortality rate of infections caused by these variants renders the existing vaccines less effective and the effort to produce further vaccines a costly endeavor. While several techniques, such as immunotherapy and repurposed pharmaceutical research, are being studied to minimize viral infection, the fundamentals of nanotechnology must also be considered to enhance the anti-SARS-CoV-2 efforts. For instance, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been applied against SARS-CoV-2 effectively. Similarly, nanomaterials have been tested in masks, gloves, and disinfectants to aid in controlling SARS-CoV-2. Nanotechnology has also contributed to diagnoses such as rapid and accurate detection and treatment such as the delivery of mRNA vaccines and other antiviral agents into the body. The development of polymeric nanoparticles has been dubbed a strategy of choice over traditional drugs because of their tunable release kinetics, specificity, and multimodal drug composition. Our article explores the potential of nanomaterials in managing the variants of concern. This will be achieved by highlighting the inherent ability of nanomaterials to act against the virus on fronts such as inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 entry, inhibition of RNA replication in SARS-CoV-2, and finally, inhibition of their release. In this review, a detailed discussion on the potential of nanomaterials in these areas will be tallied with their potential against the current and emerging future variants of concern.
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Valenzuela-Fernández A, Cabrera-Rodriguez R, Ciuffreda L, Perez-Yanes S, Estevez-Herrera J, González-Montelongo R, Alcoba-Florez J, Trujillo-González R, García-Martínez de Artola D, Gil-Campesino H, Díez-Gil O, Lorenzo-Salazar JM, Flores C, Garcia-Luis J. Nanomaterials to combat SARS-CoV-2: Strategies to prevent, diagnose and treat COVID-19. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1052436. [PMID: 36507266 PMCID: PMC9732709 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1052436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the associated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which severely affect the respiratory system and several organs and tissues, and may lead to death, have shown how science can respond when challenged by a global emergency, offering as a response a myriad of rapid technological developments. Development of vaccines at lightning speed is one of them. SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks have stressed healthcare systems, questioning patients care by using standard non-adapted therapies and diagnostic tools. In this scenario, nanotechnology has offered new tools, techniques and opportunities for prevention, for rapid, accurate and sensitive diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19. In this review, we focus on the nanotechnological applications and nano-based materials (i.e., personal protective equipment) to combat SARS-CoV-2 transmission, infection, organ damage and for the development of new tools for virosurveillance, diagnose and immune protection by mRNA and other nano-based vaccines. All the nano-based developed tools have allowed a historical, unprecedented, real time epidemiological surveillance and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection, at community and international levels. The nano-based technology has help to predict and detect how this Sarbecovirus is mutating and the severity of the associated COVID-19 disease, thereby assisting the administration and public health services to make decisions and measures for preparedness against the emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2 and severe or lethal COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Valenzuela-Fernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Romina Cabrera-Rodriguez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Laura Ciuffreda
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario N. S. de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Silvia Perez-Yanes
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Judith Estevez-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | | | - Julia Alcoba-Florez
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario N. S. de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Trujillo-González
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
- Departamento de Análisis Matemático, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - Helena Gil-Campesino
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario N. S. de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Oscar Díez-Gil
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario N. S. de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - José M. Lorenzo-Salazar
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Carlos Flores
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario N. S. de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Jonay Garcia-Luis
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
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6
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Morajkar RV, Kumar AS, Kunkalekar RK, Vernekar AA. Advances in nanotechnology application in biosafety materials: A crucial response to COVID-19 pandemic. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2022; 4:347-363. [PMID: 35765656 PMCID: PMC9225943 DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has adversely affected the public domain causing unprecedented cases and high mortality across the globe. This has brought back the concept of biosafety into the spotlight to solve biosafety problems in developing diagnostics and therapeutics to treat COVID-19. The advances in nanotechnology and material science in combination with medicinal chemistry have provided a new perspective to overcome this crisis. Herein, we discuss the efforts of researchers in the field of material science in developing personal protective equipment (PPE), detection devices, vaccines, drug delivery systems, and medical equipment. Such a synergistic approach of disciplines can strengthen the research to develop biosafety products in solving biosafety problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmi V. Morajkar
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Adyar, Chennai 600020, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Akhil S. Kumar
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Adyar, Chennai 600020, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rohan K. Kunkalekar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau 403206, Goa, India,Corresponding authors: Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Adyar, Chennai 600020, Tamil Nadu, India (A.A. Vernekar); School of Chemical Sciences, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau 403206, Goa, India (R.K. Kunkalekar)
| | - Amit A. Vernekar
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Adyar, Chennai 600020, Tamil Nadu, India,Corresponding authors: Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Adyar, Chennai 600020, Tamil Nadu, India (A.A. Vernekar); School of Chemical Sciences, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau 403206, Goa, India (R.K. Kunkalekar)
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7
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Rabiee N, Ahmadi S, Soufi GJ, Hekmatnia A, Khatami M, Fatahi Y, Iravani S, Varma RS. Quantum dots against SARS-CoV-2: diagnostic and therapeutic potentials. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (OXFORD, OXFORDSHIRE : 1986) 2022; 97:1640-1654. [PMID: 35463806 PMCID: PMC9015521 DOI: 10.1002/jctb.7036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The application of quantum dots (QDs) for detecting and treating various types of coronaviruses is very promising, as their low toxicity and high surface performance make them superior among other nanomaterials; in conjugation with fluorescent probes they are promising semiconductor nanomaterials for the detection of various cellular processes and viral infections. In view of the successful results for inhibiting SARS-CoV-2, functional QDs could serve eminent role in the growth of safe nanotherapy for the cure of viral infections in the near future; their large surface areas help bind numerous molecules post-synthetically. Functionalized QDs with high functionality, targeted selectivity, stability and less cytotoxicity can be employed for highly sensitive co-delivery and imaging/diagnosis. Besides, due to the importance of safety and toxicity issues, QDs prepared from plant sources (e.g. curcumin) are much more attractive, as they provide good biocompatibility and low toxicity. In this review, the recent developments pertaining to the diagnostic and inhibitory potentials of QDs against SARS-CoV-2 are deliberated including important challenges and future outlooks. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Rabiee
- Department of PhysicsSharif University of TechnologyTehranIran
- School of EngineeringMacquarie UniversitySydneyAustralia
| | - Sepideh Ahmadi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research CenterShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | | | - Ali Hekmatnia
- School of MedicineIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Mehrdad Khatami
- Non‐communicable Diseases Research CenterBam University of Medical SciencesBamIran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
| | - Yousef Fatahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of PharmacyTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of PharmacyTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Siavash Iravani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Rajender S Varma
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and MaterialsCzech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University in OlomoucOlomoucCzech Republic
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8
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Mittal D, Ali SA. Use of Nanomaterials for Diagnosis and Treatment: The Advancement of Next-Generation Antiviral Therapy. Microb Drug Resist 2022; 28:670-697. [PMID: 35696335 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2021.0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, viral illness propagation is the leading cause of morbidity and death, causing wreaking havoc on socioeconomic development and health care systems. The rise of infected individuals has outpaced the existing critical care facilities. Early and sophisticated methods are desperately required in this respect to halt the spread of the infection. Therefore, early detection of infectious agents and an early treatment approach may help minimize viral outbreaks. Conventional point-of-care diagnostic techniques such as computed tomography scan, quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), X-ray, and immunoassay are still deemed valuable. However, the labor demanding, low sensitivity, and complex infrastructure needed for these methods preclude their use in distant areas. Nanotechnology has emerged as a potentially transformative technology due to its promise as an effective theranostic platform for diagnosing and treating viral infection, circumventing the limits of traditional techniques. Their unique physical and chemical characteristics make nanoparticles (NPs) advantageous for drug delivery platforms due to their size, encapsulation efficiency, improved bioavailability, effectiveness, immunogenicity, and antiviral response. This study discusses the recent research on nanotechnology-based treatments designed to combat new viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Mittal
- Nanosafety Lab, Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-NDRI, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Syed Azmal Ali
- Cell Biology and Proteomics Lab, Animal Biotechnology Center, ICAR-NDRI, Karnal, Haryana, India
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9
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Kiremitler NB, Kemerli MZ, Kayaci N, Karagoz S, Pekdemir S, Sarp G, Sanduvac S, Onses MS, Yilmaz E. Nanostructures for the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of SARS-CoV-2: A Review. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2022; 5:6029-6054. [PMID: 37552745 PMCID: PMC8905929 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.2c00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Scientists, doctors, engineers, and even entire societies have become aware of the seriousness of the COVID-19 infection and are taking action quickly, using all the tools from protection to treatment against coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Especially in this sense, scientific approaches and materials using nanotechnology are frequently preferred. In this review, we focus on how nanoscience and nanotechnology approaches can be used for protective equipment, diagnostic and treatment methods, medicine, and vaccine applications to stop the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and prevent its spread. SARS-CoV-2, which itself can be considered as a core-shell nanoparticle, can interact with various materials around it and remain bound for variable periods of time while maintaining its bioactivity. These applications are especially critical for the controlled use of disinfection systems. One of the most important processes in the fight against coronavirus is the rapid diagnosis of the virus in humans and the initiation of isolation and treatment processes. The development of nanotechnology-based test and diagnostic kits is another important research thrust. Nanotechnological therapeutics based on antiviral drug design and nanoarchitecture vaccines have been vital. Nanotechnology plays critical roles in the production of protective film surfaces for self-cleaning and antiviral masks, gloves, and laboratory clothes. An overview of literature studies highlighting nanotechnology and nanomaterial-based approaches to combat SARS-CoV-2 is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuri Burak Kiremitler
- ERNAM-Erciyes University Nanotechnology
Application and Research Center, 38039 Kayseri,
Turkey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri,
Turkey
| | - Munteha Zeynep Kemerli
- Drug Application and Research Center,
Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri,
Turkey
- Department of Health Services, Halil Bayraktar
Vocational College, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri,
Turkey
| | - Nilgun Kayaci
- ERNAM-Erciyes University Nanotechnology
Application and Research Center, 38039 Kayseri,
Turkey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri,
Turkey
| | - Sultan Karagoz
- ERNAM-Erciyes University Nanotechnology
Application and Research Center, 38039 Kayseri,
Turkey
- Department of Textile Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri,
Turkey
| | - Sami Pekdemir
- ERNAM-Erciyes University Nanotechnology
Application and Research Center, 38039 Kayseri,
Turkey
- Department of Airframes and Powerplants, Erciyes
University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Sarp
- ERNAM-Erciyes University Nanotechnology
Application and Research Center, 38039 Kayseri,
Turkey
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes
University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Senem Sanduvac
- ERNAM-Erciyes University Nanotechnology
Application and Research Center, 38039 Kayseri,
Turkey
- Bünyan Vocational College, Kayseri
University, 38280 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Serdar Onses
- ERNAM-Erciyes University Nanotechnology
Application and Research Center, 38039 Kayseri,
Turkey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri,
Turkey
| | - Erkan Yilmaz
- ERNAM-Erciyes University Nanotechnology
Application and Research Center, 38039 Kayseri,
Turkey
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes
University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
- Technology Research & Application
Center (TAUM), Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri,
Turkey
- ChemicaMed Chemical Inc., Erciyes
University Technology Development Zone, 38039 Kayseri,
Turkey
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10
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Li J, Fan YY, Wen J, Zhang J, Zhang ZQ. Metal-Enhanced Aggregation-Induced Emission Strategy for the HIV-I RNA-Binding Ligand Assay. Anal Chem 2022; 94:4695-4702. [PMID: 35258935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-Ι trans-activation responsive (TAR) RNA-trans-activator of transcription (Tat) protein complex is crucial for the efficient transcription of the integrated human immunodeficiency virus-I genome and is an established therapeutic target for AIDS diagnosis and treatment. Developing a sensitive strategy for the TAR RNA-binding ligand assay could provide antiviral leads with a radically new mechanism for the treatment of AIDS. Herein, a new TAR RNA-binding ligand assay platform was established using a signal amplification strategy that combines aggregation-induced emission (AIE) with a metal-enhanced fluorescence (MEF) concept. The tetraphenylethylene (TPE) derivative was labeled on the Tat peptide as a fluorescent molecule, while the TAR RNA was immobilized on the surface of the Fe3O4@Au@Ag@SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) to specifically bind the TPE-Tat peptide. The TPE-Tat peptide was weakly emissive itself while emitting strongly in the NP-TAR-TPE-Tat complex by the AIE and MEF signal amplification effect. It was confirmed by known Tat peptide competitors that this system could be applied to the screening and detection of TAR RNA-binding ligands because they could replace the TPE-Tat peptide from the complex and make the system fluorescence decrease. When this system was adopted to test four candidate ligands, it was found that bisantrene had a favorable TAR RNA-binding ability. The proposed AIE-MEF strategy not only provides a sensitive and reliable method for the TAR RNA-binding ligand assay but also can avoid the influence of ligands on fluorescent detection in the conventional displacement assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yao-Yao Fan
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Jie Wen
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Zhi-Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
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11
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Tiwari AK, Mishra A, Pandey G, Gupta MK, Pandey PC. Nanotechnology: A Potential Weapon to Fight against COVID-19. PARTICLE & PARTICLE SYSTEMS CHARACTERIZATION : MEASUREMENT AND DESCRIPTION OF PARTICLE PROPERTIES AND BEHAVIOR IN POWDERS AND OTHER DISPERSE SYSTEMS 2022; 39:2100159. [PMID: 35440846 PMCID: PMC9011707 DOI: 10.1002/ppsc.202100159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 infections have posed an unprecedented global health emergency, with nearly three million deaths to date, and have caused substantial economic loss globally. Hence, an urgent exploration of effective and safe diagnostic/therapeutic approaches for minimizing the threat of this highly pathogenic coronavirus infection is needed. As an alternative to conventional diagnosis and antiviral agents, nanomaterials have a great potential to cope with the current or even future health emergency situation with a wide range of applications. Fundamentally, nanomaterials are physically and chemically tunable and can be employed for the next generation nanomaterial-based detection of viral antigens and host antibodies in body fluids as antiviral agents, nanovaccine, suppressant of cytokine storm, nanocarrier for efficient delivery of antiviral drugs at infection site or inside the host cells, and can also be a significant tool for better understanding of the gut microbiome and SARS-CoV-2 interaction. The applicability of nanomaterial-based therapeutic options to cope with the current and possible future pandemic is discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul K. Tiwari
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology (BHU)VaranasiUttar Pradesh221005India
| | - Anupa Mishra
- Department of MicrobiologyDr. R.M.L. Awadh UniversityAyodhyaUttar Pradesh224001India
- Department of MicrobiologySri Raghukul Mahila Vidya PeethCivil Line GondaUttar Pradesh271001India
| | - Govind Pandey
- Department of PaediatricsKing George Medical UniversityLucknowUttar Pradesh226003India
| | - Munesh K. Gupta
- Department of MicrobiologyInstitute of Medical SciencesBanaras Hindu UniversityVaranasiUttar Pradesh221005India
| | - Prem C. Pandey
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology (BHU)VaranasiUttar Pradesh221005India
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12
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Moabelo KL, Martin DR, Fadaka AO, Sibuyi NRS, Meyer M, Madiehe AM. Nanotechnology-Based Strategies for Effective and Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:7851. [PMID: 34947447 PMCID: PMC8703409 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has gained worldwide attention and has prompted the development of innovative diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines to mitigate the pandemic. Diagnostic methods based on reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technology are the gold standard in the fight against COVID-19. However, this test might not be easily accessible in low-resource settings for the early detection and diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The lack of access to well-equipped clinical laboratories, requirement for the high level of technical competence, and the cost of the RT-PCR test are the major limitations. Moreover, RT-PCR is unsuitable for application at the point-of-care testing (PoCT) as it is time-consuming and lab-based. Due to emerging mutations of the virus and the burden it has placed on the health care systems, there is a growing urgency to develop sensitive, selective, and rapid diagnostic devices for COVID-19. Nanotechnology has emerged as a versatile technology in the production of reliable diagnostic tools for various diseases and offers new opportunities for the development of COVID-19 diagnostic systems. This review summarizes some of the nano-enabled diagnostic systems that were explored for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. It highlights how the unique physicochemical properties of nanoparticles were exploited in the development of novel colorimetric assays and biosensors for COVID-19 at the PoCT. The potential to improve the efficiency of the current assays, as well as the challenges associated with the development of these innovative diagnostic tools, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mervin Meyer
- Department of Science and Innovation (DSI)/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre (NIC), Biolabels Research Node, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape (UWC), Bellville 7535, South Africa; (K.L.M.); (D.R.M.); (A.O.F.); (N.R.S.S.)
| | - Abram M. Madiehe
- Department of Science and Innovation (DSI)/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre (NIC), Biolabels Research Node, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape (UWC), Bellville 7535, South Africa; (K.L.M.); (D.R.M.); (A.O.F.); (N.R.S.S.)
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13
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Krishnan S, Dusane A, Morajkar R, Venkat A, Vernekar AA. Deciphering the role of nanostructured materials in the point-of-care diagnostics for COVID-19: a comprehensive review. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:5967-5981. [PMID: 34254626 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01182k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The infamous COVID-19 outbreak has left a crippling impact on the economy, healthcare infrastructure, and lives of the general working class, with all the scientists determined to find suitable and efficient diagnostic techniques and therapies to contain its ramifications. This article presents the complete outline of the diagnostic platforms developed using nanoparticles in the detection of SARS-CoV-2, delineating the direct and indirect use of nanomaterials in COVID-19 diagnosis. The properties of nanostructured materials and their relevance in the development of novel point-of-care diagnostic approaches for COVID-19 are highlighted. More importantly, the advantages of nanotechnologies over conventional reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction technique and few other methods used in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 along with the viewpoints are discussed. Also, the future perspectives highlighting the commercial aspects of the nanotechnology-based diagnostic tools developed to combat the COVID-19 pandemic are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Apurva Dusane
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai 600 020, India.
| | - Rasmi Morajkar
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai 600 020, India.
| | - Akila Venkat
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai 600 020, India.
| | - Amit A Vernekar
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Laboratory, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai 600 020, India. and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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14
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Courrol LC, de Oliveira Silva FR, Masilamani V. SARS-CoV-2, hemoglobin and protoporphyrin IX: Interactions and perspectives. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 34:102324. [PMID: 33965601 PMCID: PMC8123386 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background SARS-CoV-2 attacks hemoglobin through its structural protein ORF3a, dissociating the iron from the heme, as iron is necessary by cell machinery for virus replication. In this process protoporphyrin (PpIX) is released. Methods The decrease in the hemoglobin levels observed in patients with Covid-19 is frequently accompanied by an increase in PpIX levels. This evidence was confirmed by the quantification of PpIX by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). PpIX emission is observed in its two characteristic bands at approximately 635 nm and 705 nm. Results This paper searches to understand the role of heme and PpIX inside the cells. Perspectives on the use of PpIX fluorescence as a sensor to monitor the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the tissue, blood, urine, or feces to map the evolution and severity of the disease or to monitor the response of the Covid-19 treatment modalities were described. Conclusion Fluorescence spectroscopy could be adopted as an excellent diagnostic technique for Covid-19, of low cost and high sensitivity. This method can potentially be used as a marker to monitor the response to the treatments. Photodynamic and sonodynamic therapies using the endogenous PpIX increased in the acute phase of the disease, could be employed for Covid-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Valdivel Masilamani
- King Saud University, Physics and Astronomy Department, Laser Group, College of Science, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Overview of COVID-19 Disease: Virology, Epidemiology, Prevention Diagnosis, Treatment, and Vaccines. Biologics 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/biologics1010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses belong to the “Coronaviridae family”, which causes various diseases, from the common cold to SARS and MERS. The coronavirus is naturally prevalent in mammals and birds. So far, six human-transmitted coronaviruses have been discovered. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first reported in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. Common symptoms include fever, dry cough, and fatigue, but in acute cases, the disease can lead to severe shortness of breath, hypoxia, and death. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the three main transmission routes, such as droplet and contact routes, airborne transmission and fecal and oral for COVID-19, have been identified. So far, no definitive curative treatment has been discovered for COVID-19, and the available treatments are only to reduce the complications of the disease. According to the World Health Organization, preventive measures at the public health level such as quarantine of the infected person, identification and monitoring of contacts, disinfection of the environment, and personal protective equipment can significantly prevent the outbreak COVID-19. Currently, based on the urgent needs of the community to control this pandemic, the BNT162b2 (Pfizer), mRNA-1273 (Moderna), CoronaVac (Sinovac), Sputnik V (Gamaleya Research Institute, Acellena Contract Drug Research, and Development), BBIBP-CorV (Sinofarm), and AZD1222 (The University of Oxford; AstraZeneca) vaccines have received emergency vaccination licenses from health organizations in vaccine-producing countries. Vasso Apostolopoulos, Majid Hassanzadeganroudsari
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16
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Giovannini G, Haick H, Garoli D. Detecting COVID-19 from Breath: A Game Changer for a Big Challenge. ACS Sens 2021; 6:1408-1417. [PMID: 33825440 PMCID: PMC8043202 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is probably the most commonly heard word of the last 12 months. The outbreak of this virus (SARS-CoV-2) is strongly compromising worldwide healthcare systems, social behavior, and everyone's lives. The early diagnosis of COVID-19 and isolation of positive cases has proven to be fundamental in containing the spread of the infection. Even though the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based methods remain the gold standard for SARS-CoV-2 detection, the urgent demand for rapid and wide-scale diagnosis precipitated the development of alternative diagnostic approaches. The millions of tests performed every day worldwide are still insufficient to achieve the desired goal, that of screening the population during daily life. Probably the most appealing approach to consistently monitor COVID-19 spread is the direct detection of SARS-CoV-2 from exhaled breath. For instance, the challenging incorporation of reliable, highly sensitive, and cost-efficient detection methods in masks could represent a breakthrough in the development of portable and noninvasive point-of-care diagnosis for COVID-19. In this perspective paper, we discuss the critical technical aspects related to the application of breath analysis in the diagnosis of viral infection. We believe that, if achieved, it could represent a game-changer in containing the pandemic spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Giovannini
- Empa,
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Hossam Haick
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering
& The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute (RBNI) Technion
− Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000003, Israel
| | - Denis Garoli
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, I-16163, Genova, Italy
- Faculty
of Science and Technology, Free University
of Bozen, Piazza Università
5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
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17
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Derakhshan MA, Amani A, Faridi-Majidi R. State-of-the-Art of Nanodiagnostics and Nanotherapeutics against SARS-CoV-2. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:14816-14843. [PMID: 33779135 PMCID: PMC8028022 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c22381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, with millions of infected patients worldwide, has severely challenged all aspects of public health. In this regard, early and rapid detection of infected cases and providing effective therapeutics against the virus are in urgent demand. Along with conventional clinical protocols, nanomaterial-based diagnostics and therapeutics hold a great potential against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Indeed, nanoparticles with their outstanding characteristics would render additional advantages to the current approaches for rapid and accurate diagnosis and also developing prophylactic vaccines or antiviral therapeutics. In this review, besides presenting an overview of the coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2, we discuss the introduced nanomaterial-based detection assays and devices and also antiviral formulations and vaccines for coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Derakhshan
- Department
of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and
Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical
Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Nanomedicine
and Nanobiology Research Center, Shiraz
University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz Iran
| | - Amir Amani
- Natural
Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Reza Faridi-Majidi
- Department
of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Wang H, Li X, Li T, Wang L, Wang L, Lin J, Zhang S, Xu Y, Wei W. Development of a SARS-CoV-2 rapid antibody detection kit and study on dynamic changes in antibodies in infected patients. CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2021; 15:499-505. [PMID: 33484220 PMCID: PMC8014806 DOI: 10.1111/crj.13331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has spread rapidly to 185 regions and countries around the world with more than 2.8 million confirmed infections and 203,044 deaths. Respiratory diseases caused by SARS‐CoV‐2 are serious threats to human health. Objectives To develop a rapid detection kit for new coronavirus antibodies and use it to study the dynamic changes in antibodies in clinically confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2‐infected patients. Methods The SARS‐CoV‐2 IgM/IgG antibody test kit (colloidal gold method) was developed. Serum SARS‐CoV‐2 IgM and IgG antibodies were tested in SARS‐CoV‐2‐ and non‐SARS‐CoV‐2‐infected persons, respectively. Results and conclusion The sensitivities of the SARS‐CoV‐2 IgM/IgG antibody test kit (colloidal gold method) were 50%, 70%, 92.5% and 97.5% after 1–3 days, 4–6 days, 7–9 days and >9 days of admission, respectively, and the specificities of the IgM, IgG and IgM + IgG antibodies were all 100%. Using the SARS‐CoV‐2 IgM/IgG antibody test kit (colloidal gold method), the positive rates of SARS‐CoV‐2 IgM and IgG antibodies increased from 50% to 92.5% after 1–3 days, 4–6 days and 7–9 days of admission, which showed an increasing trend. The titers of the SARS‐CoV‐2 IgM and IgG antibodies in the positive specimens increased with the length of admission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xuemei Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine Innovation Team, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lianzi Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Li Wang
- Biohit Healthcare (Hefei) Co., Ltd, Hefei, China
| | - Jiawang Lin
- Biohit Healthcare (Hefei) Co., Ltd, Hefei, China
| | - Shubing Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuanhong Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine Innovation Team, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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19
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Mallakpour S, Azadi E, Hussain CM. The latest strategies in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic: the role of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00047k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we summarize and highlight the latest achievements based on nanoparticles in the fight against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadpour Mallakpour
- Organic Polymer Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Isfahan University of Technology
- Isfahan
- Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Elham Azadi
- Organic Polymer Chemistry Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Isfahan University of Technology
- Isfahan
- Islamic Republic of Iran
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