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Gass DT, Quintero AV, Hatvany JB, Gallagher ES. Metal adduction in mass spectrometric analyses of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:615-659. [PMID: 36005212 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glycans, carbohydrates, and glycoconjugates are involved in many crucial biological processes, such as disease development, immune responses, and cell-cell recognition. Glycans and carbohydrates are known for the large number of isomeric features associated with their structures, making analysis challenging compared with other biomolecules. Mass spectrometry has become the primary method of structural characterization for carbohydrates, glycans, and glycoconjugates. Metal adduction is especially important for the mass spectrometric analysis of carbohydrates and glycans. Metal-ion adduction to carbohydrates and glycoconjugates affects ion formation and the three-dimensional, gas-phase structures. Herein, we discuss how metal-ion adduction impacts ionization, ion mobility, ion activation and dissociation, and hydrogen/deuterium exchange for carbohydrates and glycoconjugates. We also compare the use of different metals for these various techniques and highlight the value in using metals as charge carriers for these analyses. Finally, we provide recommendations for selecting a metal for analysis of carbohydrate adducts and describe areas for continued research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren T Gass
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Ana V Quintero
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Jacob B Hatvany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Elyssia S Gallagher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
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2
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Attanayake K, Mahmud S, Banerjee C, Sharif D, Rahman M, Majuta S, DeBastiani A, Sultana MN, Foroushani SH, Li C, Li P, Valentine SJ. Examining DNA Structures with In-droplet Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 499:117231. [PMID: 38854816 PMCID: PMC11156224 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2024.117231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Capillary vibrating sharp-edge spray ionization (cVSSI) combined with hydrogen/deuterium exchange-mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) has been utilized to characterize different solution-phase DNA conformers including DNA G-quadruplex topologies as well as triplex DNA and duplex DNA. In general, G-quadruplex DNA shows a wide range of protection of hydrogens extending from ~12% to ~21% deuterium incorporation. Additionally, the DNA sequences selected to represent parallel, antiparallel, and hybrid G-quadruplex topologies exhibit slight differences in deuterium uptake levels which appear to loosely relate to overall conformer stability. Notably, the exchange level for one of the hybrid sequence sub topologies of G-quadruplex DNA (24 TTG) is significantly different (compared with the others studied here) despite the DNA sequences being highly comparable. For the quadruplex-forming sequences, correlation analysis suggests protection of base hydrogens involved in tetrad hydrogen bonding. For duplex DNA ~19% deuterium incorporation is observed while only ~16% is observed for triplex DNA. This increased protection of hydrogens may be due to the added backbone scaffolding and Hoogsteen base pairing of the latter species. These experiments lay the groundwork for future studies aimed at determining the structural source of this protection as well as the applicability of the approach for ascertaining different oligonucleotide folds, co-existing conformations, and/or overall conformer flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kushani Attanayake
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Sultan Mahmud
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Chandrima Banerjee
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Daud Sharif
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Mohammad Rahman
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Sandra Majuta
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Anthony DeBastiani
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Mst Nigar Sultana
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | - Chong Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Peng Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Stephen J Valentine
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Wojtkiewicz M, Subramanian SP, Gundry RL. Multinozzle Emitter for Improved Negative Mode Analysis of Reduced Native N-Glycans by Microflow Porous Graphitized Carbon Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2024; 96:5746-5751. [PMID: 38556995 PMCID: PMC11024887 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Microflow porous graphitized carbon liquid chromatography (PGC-LC) combined with negative mode ionization mass spectrometry (MS) provides high resolution separation and identification of reduced native N-glycan structural isomers. However, insufficient spray quality and low ionization efficiency of N-glycans present challenges for negative mode electrospray. Here, we evaluated the performance of a recently developed multinozzle electrospray source (MnESI) and accompanying M3 emitter for microflow PGC-LC-MS analysis of N-glycans in negative mode. In comparison to a standard electrospray ionization source, the MnESI with an M3 emitter improves signal intensity, identification, quantification, and resolution of structural isomers to accommodate low-input samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Wojtkiewicz
- CardiOmics
Program, Center for Heart and Vascular Research, and Department of
Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University
of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Sabarinath Peruvemba Subramanian
- CardiOmics
Program, Center for Heart and Vascular Research, and Department of
Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University
of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Rebekah L. Gundry
- CardiOmics
Program, Center for Heart and Vascular Research, and Department of
Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University
of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
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Hatvany JB, Liyanage OT, Gallagher ES. Effect of pH on In-Electrospray Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange of Carbohydrates and Peptides. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:441-448. [PMID: 38323552 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are critical for cellular functions as well as an important class of metabolites. Characterizing carbohydrate structures is a difficult analytical challenge due to the presence of isomers. In-electrospray hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (in-ESI HDX-MS) is a method of HDX that samples the solvated structure of carbohydrates during the ESI process and requires little to no instrument modification. Traditionally, solution-phase HDX is utilized with proteins to sample conformational differences, and pH is a critical parameter to monitor and control due to the presence of both acid- and base-catalyzed mechanisms of exchange. For In-ESI HDX, the pH surrounding the analyte changes before and during labeling, which has the potential to affect the rate of labeling for analytes. Herein, we alter the pH of spray solutions containing model carbohydrates and peptides, perform in-ESI HDX-MS, and characterize the deuterium uptake trends. Varying pH results in altered D uptake, though the overall trends differ from the expected bulk-solution trends due to the electrospray process. These findings show the utility of varying pH prior to in-ESI HDX-MS for establishing different extents of HDX as well as distinguishing labile functional groups that are present in different analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob B Hatvany
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - O Tara Liyanage
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Elyssia S Gallagher
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
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Sharif D, Rahman M, Mahmud S, Sultana MN, Attanayake K, DeBastiani A, Foroushani SH, Li P, Valentine SJ. In-droplet hydrogen-deuterium exchange to examine protein/peptide solution conformer heterogeneity. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9593. [PMID: 37430450 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Many different structure analysis techniques are not capable of probing the heterogeneity of solution conformations. Here, we examine the ability of in-droplet hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX) to directly probe solution conformer heterogeneity of a protein with mass spectrometry (MS) detection. METHODS Two vibrating capillary vibrating sharp-edge spray ionization (cVSSI) devices have been arranged such that they generate microdroplet plumes of the analyte and D2 O reagent, which coalesce to form reaction droplets where HDX takes place in the solution environment. The native HDX-MS setup has been first explored for two model peptides that have distinct structural compositions in solution. The effectiveness of the multidevice cVSSI-HDX in illustrating structural details has been further exploited to investigate coexisting solution-phase conformations of the protein ubiquitin. RESULTS In-droplet HDX reveals decreased backbone exchange for a model peptide that has a greater helix-forming propensity. Differences in intrinsic rates of the alanine and serine residues may account for much of the observed protection. The data allow the first estimates of backbone exchange rates for peptides undergoing in-droplet HDX. That said, the approach may hold greater potential for investigating the tertiary structure and structural transitions of proteins. For ubiquitin protein, HDX reactivity differences suggest that multiple conformers are present in native solutions. The addition of methanol to buffered aqueous solutions of ubiquitin results in increased populations of solution conformers of higher reactivity. Data analysis suggests that partially folded conformers such as the A-state of ubiquitin increase with methanol content; the native state may be preserved to a limited degree even under stronger denaturation conditions. CONCLUSION The deuterium uptake after in-droplet HDX has been observed to correspond to some degree with peptide backbone hydrogen protection based on differences in intrinsic rates of exchange. The presence of coexisting protein solution structures under native and denaturing solution conditions has been distinguished by the isotopic distributions of deuterated ubiquitin ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daud Sharif
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Mohammad Rahman
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Sultan Mahmud
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Mst Nigar Sultana
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Kushani Attanayake
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Anthony DeBastiani
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Samira Hajian Foroushani
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Peng Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Stephen J Valentine
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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Hatvany JB, Gallagher ES. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange for the analysis of carbohydrates. Carbohydr Res 2023; 530:108859. [PMID: 37290371 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates and glycans are integral to many biological processes, including cell-cell recognition and energy storage. However, carbohydrates are often difficult to analyze due to the high degree of isomerism present. One method being developed to distinguish these isomeric species is hydrogen/deuterium exchange-mass spectrometry (HDX-MS). In HDX-MS, carbohydrates are exposed to a deuterated reagent and the functional groups with labile hydrogen atoms, including hydroxyls and amides, exchange with the 1 amu heavier isotope, deuterium. These labels can then be detected by MS, which monitors the mass increase with the addition of D-labels. The observed rate of exchange is dependent on the exchanging functional group, the accessibility of the exchanging functional group, and the presence of hydrogen bonds. Herein, we discuss how HDX has been applied in the solution-phase, gas-phase, and during MS ionization to label carbohydrates and glycans. Additionally, we compare differences in the conformations that are labeled, the labeling timeframes, and applications of each of these methods. Finally, we comment on future opportunities for development and use of HDX-MS to analyze glycans and glycoconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob B Hatvany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Elyssia S Gallagher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, TX, 76798, USA.
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Elshamy YS, Strein TG, Holland LA, Li C, DeBastiani A, Valentine SJ, Li P, Lucas JA, Shaffer TA. Nanoflow Sheath Voltage-Free Interfacing of Capillary Electrophoresis and Mass Spectrometry for the Detection of Small Molecules. Anal Chem 2022; 94:11329-11336. [PMID: 35913997 PMCID: PMC9387528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Coupling capillary electrophoresis (CE) to mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful strategy to leverage a high separation efficiency with structural identification. Traditional CE-MS interfacing relies upon voltage to drive this process. Additionally, sheathless interfacing requires that the electrophoresis generates a sufficient volumetric flow to sustain the ionization process. Vibrating sharp-edge spray ionization (VSSI) is a new method to interface capillary electrophoresis to mass analyzers. In contrast to traditional interfacing, VSSI is voltage-free, making it straightforward for CE and MS. New nanoflow sheath CE-VSSI-MS is introduced in this work to reduce the reliance on the separation flow rate to facilitate the transfer of analyte to the MS. The nanoflow sheath VSSI spray ionization functions from 400 to 900 nL/min. Using the new nanoflow sheath reported here, volumetric flow rate through the separation capillary is less critical, allowing the use of a small (i.e., 20 to 25 μm) inner diameter separation capillary and enabling the use of higher separation voltages and faster analysis. Moreover, the use of a nanoflow sheath enables greater flexibility in the separation conditions. The nanoflow sheath is operated using aqueous solutions in the background electrolyte and in the sheath, demonstrating the separation can be performed under normal and reversed polarity in the presence or absence of electroosmotic flow. This includes the use of a wider pH range as well. The versatility of nanoflow sheath CE-VSSI-MS is demonstrated by separating cationic, anionic, and zwitterionic molecules under a variety of separation conditions. The detection sensitivity observed with nanoflow sheath CE-VSSI-MS is comparable to that obtained with sheathless CE-VSSI-MS as well as CE-MS separations with electrospray ionization interfacing. A bare fused silica capillary is used to separate cationic β-blockers with a near-neutral background electrolyte at concentrations ranging from 1.0 nM to 1.0 μM. Under acidic conditions, 13 amino acids are separated with normal polarity at a concentration ranging from 0.25 to 5 μM. Finally, separations of anionic compounds are demonstrated using reversed polarity under conditions of suppressed electroosmotic flow through the use of a semipermanent surface coating. With a near-neutral separation electrolyte, anionic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are detected over a concentration range of 0.1 to 5.0 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef S Elshamy
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Timothy G Strein
- Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
| | - Lisa A Holland
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Chong Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Anthony DeBastiani
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Stephen J Valentine
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Peng Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - John A Lucas
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
| | - Tyler A Shaffer
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, United States
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