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Mariyappan V, Munuswamy-Ramanujam G, Ramasamy M. Synthesis of novel rapanone derivatives via organocatalytic reductive C-alkylation: biological evaluation of antioxidant properties, in vivo zebrafish embryo toxicity, and docking studies. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:623-635. [PMID: 38389875 PMCID: PMC10880907 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00564j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
A biologically crucial natural product rapanone 1 was isolated from Embelia ribes at the gram scale with excellent purity. Semi-synthetic analogs of 1 semi-synthesized through reductive C-alkylation could increase the therapeutic value of the compounds. Herein, a new synthetic methodology was developed as a single-step reductive C-alkylation protocol using a metal-free, room-temperature-based reaction condition that can be scaled up to gram-scale synthesis with an excellent yield of up to 93%. A straightforward purification protocol was employed for the product obtained by this method. The derivatives of 1 showed antioxidant activity, which was evaluated using DPPH and ABTS scavenging assays. Compounds 5a-5ze showed an IC50 value of 2.48-3.37 μM and 1.81-3.12 μM. Substitution by electron-donating groups on the quinone moiety seems to play an essential role in the increased antioxidant activity of compounds 5a-5i, 5v, 5w, 5zc, and 5z. Further, the in vivo embryotoxicity of 1 and its derivatives was analyzed in a zebrafish-based aquatic toxicology model. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to 1 and 5a-5ze at 20 to 160 μM concentrations. They showed reduced toxicity and a survival rate of 90-98% after 96 hpf of treatment; similarly, the compounds 5a-5i, 5v, 5w, 5zc, and 5zd did not significantly affect the hatching rates of 75.66-85.33% or developmental abnormalities of the embryos after 48 hpf of treatment. In silico molecular docking studies for the parent compound, along with its derivatives 5a-5i, 5v-5w, 5zc-5zd, and standard l-ascorbic acid (l-Aa) indicated favorable interactions with the active site of the crystal structure, coupled with the assay protein PDB:1ZB6, which was responsible for the observed biological understanding and potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaithiyalingam Mariyappan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology SRM-Nagar Kattankulathur - 603 203 Chengalpattu District Tamil Nadu India https://srmist.irins.org/profile/307007
| | - Ganesh Munuswamy-Ramanujam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology SRM-Nagar Kattankulathur - 603 203 Chengalpattu District Tamil Nadu India https://srmist.irins.org/profile/307007
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM), SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar Kattankulathur - 603 203 Chengalpattu District Tamil Nadu India
| | - Mohankumar Ramasamy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology SRM-Nagar Kattankulathur - 603 203 Chengalpattu District Tamil Nadu India https://srmist.irins.org/profile/307007
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM), SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar Kattankulathur - 603 203 Chengalpattu District Tamil Nadu India
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2
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Singh G, Singh R, Monga V, Mehan S. 3,5-Disubstituted-thiazolidine-2,4-dione hybrids as antidiabetic agents: Design, synthesis, in-vitro and In vivo evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 266:116139. [PMID: 38252989 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the fastest-growing metabolic disorders, nearly doubling the number of patients each year. There are different treatment approaches available for the management of diabetes, which lacks due to their side effects. The inhibition of enzymes involved in the metabolism of complex polysaccharides to monosaccharides has proven beneficial in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Two enzymes, α-amylase and α-glucosidase, have emerged as potential drug targets and are widely explored for drug development against type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this context, thiazolidine-2,4-diones (TZDs) have emerged as potential drug candidates for developing newer molecules against α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Nineteen TZD-hybrids were synthesized and evaluated in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The compounds 7i, 7k, and 7p have emerged as the best dual inhibitors with IC50 of 10.33 ± 0.11-20.94 ± 0.76 μM and 10.19 ± 0.25-24.07 ± 1.56 μM against α-glucosidase and α-amylase, respectively. The derivatives had good anti-oxidant activity, displaying IC50 = 14.95 ± 0.65-23.27 ± 0.99 μM. The compounds 7k and 7p showed the best inhibition of reactive oxygen species in the PNAC-1 cells. The molecules exhibit good binding within the active site of α-amylase (PDB id: 1B2Y) and α-glucosidase (PDB id: 3W37), displaying binding energies of -7.5 to -10.7 kcal/mol and -7.4 to -10.3 kcal/mol, respectively. Further, the compounds were nontoxic (LD50 = 500-1311 mg/kg) and possessed good GI absorption. The compounds 7i, 7k, and 7p were evaluated in vivo antidiabetic activity in an STZ-induced diabetic model in Wistar rats. The compound 7p emerged as the best compound in the in vivo studies; however, the activity was lesser than that of the standard drug pioglitazone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpreet Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, Punjab, India; Research Scholar, IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Rajveer Singh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Vikramdeep Monga
- Drug Design and Molecular Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, VPO-Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India.
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga, Punjab, India, (Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India).
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3
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Chung NT, Dung VC, Duc DX. Recent achievements in the synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives. RSC Adv 2023; 13:32734-32771. [PMID: 37942457 PMCID: PMC10628531 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05960j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzimidazoles are a class of heterocyclic compounds in which a benzene ring is fused to the 4 and 5 positions of an imidazole ring. Benzimidazole refers to the parent compound, while benzimidazoles are a class of heterocyclic compounds having similar ring structures, but different substituents. Benzimidazole derivatives possess a wide range of bioactivities including antimicrobial, anthelmintic, antiviral, anticancer, and antihypertensive activities. Many compounds possessing a benzimidazole skeleton have been employed as drugs in the market. The application of benzimidazoles in other fields has also been documented. The synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives has attracted much attention from chemists and numerous articles on the synthesis of this class of heterocyclic compound have been reported over the years. The condensation between 1,2-benzenediamine and aldehydes has received intensive interest, while many novel methods have been developed. In this article, we will give a comprehensive review of studies on the synthesis of benzimidazole, which date back to 2013. We have also tried to describe reaction mechanisms as much as we can. The work might be useful for chemists who work in the synthesis of heterocycles or drug chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Chung
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Education, Vinh University 182 Le Duan Street Nghe An 430000 Vietnam
| | - Vo Cong Dung
- Centre for Education Accreditation, Vinh University 182 Le Duan Street Nghe An 430000 Vietnam
| | - Dau Xuan Duc
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Education, Vinh University 182 Le Duan Street Nghe An 430000 Vietnam
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4
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Devi M, Kumar P, Singh R, Sindhu J, Kumar A, Lal S, Singh D, Kumar H. α-amylase inhibition and in silico studies of novel naphtho[2,3- d]imidazole-4,9-dione linked N-acyl hydrazones. Future Med Chem 2023; 15:1511-1525. [PMID: 37610859 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2023-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To enrich the pool of α-amylase inhibitors to manage Type 2 diabetes. Methods: Synthesis, conformational study, α-amylase inhibitory action and various in silico studies of novel N'-(arylbenzylidene)-2-(4,9-dioxo-4,9-dihydro-1H-naphtho[2,3-d]imidazol-1-yl)acetohydrazides carried out. Results: Compound H6 demonstrated the highest activity (IC50 = 0.0437 μmol mL-1) among the tested compounds. Structure-activity relationship study suggested that variable substitution at the aryl ring has a pivotal role in determining the inhibitory action of tested compounds. Docking simulations of the most active compound (H6) confirmed its interaction potential with active site residues of A. oryzae α-amylase. The root-mean-square deviation fluctuations substantiated the stability of protein-ligand complex. Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion prediction revealed optimal values for absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion parameters. Conclusion: The developed molecules could be beneficial for the development of novel α-amylase inhibitors to treat Type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meena Devi
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119, India
| | - Parvin Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119, India
| | - Rahul Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119, India
| | - Jayant Sindhu
- Department of Chemistry, COBS&H, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, GJUS&T, Hisar, 125001, India
| | - Sohan Lal
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119, India
| | - Devender Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, India
| | - Harish Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Central University Haryana, Mahendergarh, 123031, India
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Ali A, Shah MIA, Fu C, Hussain Z, Qureshi MN, Farman S, Parveen Z, Zada A, Nayab S, Fazil P, Ateeq M, Rehman G, Naeem M, Ibrahim M, Khan M, Khan W. Dihydropyrazole Derivatives Act as Potent α-Amylase Inhibitors and Free Radical Scavengers: Synthesis, Bioactivity Evaluation, Structure-Activity Relationship, ADMET, and Molecular Docking Studies. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:20412-20422. [PMID: 37332823 PMCID: PMC10268634 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Dihydropyrazole (1-22) derivatives were synthesized from already synthesized chalcones. The structures of all of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by elemental analysis and various spectroscopic techniques. Furthermore, the synthesized compounds were screened against α amylase as well as investigated for antioxidant activities. The synthesized compounds demonstrate good to excellent antioxidant activities with IC50 values ranging between 30.03 and 913.58 μM. Among the 22 evaluated compounds, 11 compounds exhibit excellent activity relative to the standard ascorbic acid IC50 = 287.30 μM. Interestingly, all of the evaluated compounds show good to excellent α amylase activity with IC50 values lying in the range between 0.5509 and 810.73 μM as compared to the standard acarbose IC50 = 73.12 μM. Among the investigated compounds, five compounds demonstrate better activity compared to the standard. In order to investigate the binding interactions of the evaluated compounds with amylase protein, molecular docking studies were conducted, which show an excellent docking score as compared to the standard. Furthermore, the physiochemical properties, drug likeness, and ADMET were investigated, and it was found that none of the compounds violate Lipiniski's rule of five, which shows that this class of compounds has enough potential to be used as a drug candidate in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Ali
- Department
of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ishaq Ali Shah
- Department
of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Chaoping Fu
- Institute
of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Zubair Hussain
- National
Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Faisalabad 44000, Pakistan
| | | | - Saira Farman
- Department
of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Zahida Parveen
- Department
of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Amir Zada
- Department
of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Saira Nayab
- Department
of Chemistry, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal 18050, Upper Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,Pakistan
| | - Perveen Fazil
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ateeq
- Department
of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Gauhar Rehman
- Department
of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Naeem
- Department
of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Ibrahim
- Department
of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Momin Khan
- Department
of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Waliullah Khan
- Department
of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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Design, synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, single crystal X-ray analysis, in vitro α-amylase inhibition assay, DPPH free radical evaluation and computational studies of naphtho[2,3-d]imidazole-4,9-dione appended 1,2,3-triazoles. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 250:115230. [PMID: 36863227 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
In our quest to design and develop N/O-containing inhibitors of α-amylase, we have tried to synergize the inhibitory action of 1,4-naphthoquinone, imidazole and 1,2,3-triazole motifs by incorporating these structures into a single matrix. For this, a series of novel naphtho[2,3-d]imidazole-4,9-dione appended 1,2,3-triazoles is synthesized by a sequential approach involving [3 + 2] cycloaddition of 2-aryl-1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)-1H-naphtho[2,3-d]imidazole-4,9-diones with substituted azides. The chemical structures of all the compounds are established with the help of 1D-NMR, 2D-NMR, IR, mass and X-ray studies. The developed molecular hybrids are screened for their inhibitory action on the α-amylase enzyme using the reference drug, acarbose. Different substituents present on the attached aryl part of the target compounds show amazing variations in inhibitory action against the α-amylase enzyme. Based on the type of substituents and their respective positions, it is observed that compounds containing -OCH3 and -NO2 groups show more inhibition potential than others. All the tested derivatives display α-amylase inhibitory activity with IC50 values in the range of 17.83 ± 0.14 to 26.00 ± 0.17 μg/mL. Compound 2-(2,3,4-trimethoxyphenyl)-1-{[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl]methyl}-1H-naphtho[2,3-d]imidazole-4,9-dione (10y) show maximum inhibition of amylase activity with IC50 value 17.83 ± 0.14 μg/mL as compared to reference drug acarbose (18.81 ± 0.05 μg/mL). A molecular docking study of the most active derivative (10y) is performed with A. oryzae α-amylase (PDB ID: 7TAA) and it unveils favourable binding interactions within the active site of the receptor molecule. The dynamic studies reveal that the receptor-ligand complex is stable as the RMSD of less than 2 is observed in 100 ns molecular dynamic simulation. Also, the designed derivatives are assayed for their DPPH free radical scavenging ability and all of them exhibit comparable radical scavenging activity with the standard, BHT. Further, to assess their drug-likeness properties, ADME properties are also evaluated and all of them demonstrate worthy in silico ADME results.
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7
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Acar Çevik U, Celik I, Paşayeva L, Fatullayev H, Bostancı HE, Özkay Y, Kaplancıklı ZA. New benzimidazole-oxadiazole derivatives: Synthesis, α-glucosidase, α-amylase activity, and molecular modeling studies as potential antidiabetic agents. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2200663. [PMID: 36760015 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Benzimidazole-1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives (5a-z) were synthesized and characterized with different spectroscopic techniques such as 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, and HRMS. The synthesized analogs were examined against α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes to determine their antidiabetic potential. Compounds 5g and 5q showed the most activity with 35.04 ± 1.28 and 47.60 ± 2.16 µg/mL when compared with the reference drug acarbose (IC50 = 54.63 ± 1.95 µg/mL). Compounds 5g, 5o, 5s, and 5x were screened against the α-amylase enzyme and were found to show excellent potential, with IC50 values ranging from 22.39 ± 1.40 to 32.07 ± 1.55 µg/mL, when compared with the standard acarbose (IC50 = 46.21 ± 1.49 µg/mL). The antioxidant activities of the effective compounds (5o, 5g, 5s, 5x, and 5q) were evaluated by TAS methods. A molecular docking research study was conducted to identify the active site and explain the functions of the active chemicals. To investigate the most likely binding mode of the substances 5g, 5o, 5q, 5s, and 5x, a molecular dynamics simulation was also carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulviye Acar Çevik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Ismail Celik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Leyla Paşayeva
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Hanifa Fatullayev
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Hayrani E Bostancı
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Özkay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Zafer A Kaplancıklı
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
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New arylidene-linked chromane-2,4-dione analogs as potential leads for diabetic management; syntheses, α-amylase inhibitory, and radical scavenging activities. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02648-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Chedupaka R, Pawar R, Venkatesham P, Vedula RR. Synthesis, characterization and Density Functional Theory of novel one-pot thioalkylated benzimidazole-linked 4-substituted mercaptoimidazole molecular hybrids via multi-component approach. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2022.2072745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raju Chedupaka
- Department of chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal, India
| | - Ravinder Pawar
- Department of chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal, India
| | | | - Rajeswar Rao Vedula
- Department of chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal, India
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