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Hassan M, Hussain D, Kanwal T, Xiao HM, Ghulam Musharraf S. Methods for detection and quantification of gelatin from different sources. Food Chem 2024; 438:137970. [PMID: 37988934 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Gelatin is a water-soluble protein obtained from the collagen of various animal origins (porcine, bovine, fish, donkey, horse, and deer hide) and has diverse applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industries. Porcine and bovine gelatins are extensively used in food and non-food products; however, their acceptance is limited due to religious prohibitions, whereas fish gelatin is accepted in all religions. In Southeast Asia, especially in China, gelatin obtained from donkey and deer skins is used in medicines. However, both sources suffer from adulteration (mixing different sources of gelatin) due to their limited availability and high cost. Unclear labeling and limited information about actual gelatin sources in gelatin-containing products cause serious concern among societies for halal and fraud authentication of gelatin sources. Therefore, authenticating gelatin sources in gelatin-based products is challenging due to close similarities between the composition differences and degradation of DNA and protein biomarkers in processed gelatin. Thus, different methods have been proposed to identify and quantify different gelatin sources in pharmaceutical and food products. To the best of our knowledge, this systematic and comprehensive review highlights different authentication techniques and their limitations in gelatin detection and quantification in various commercial products. This review also describes halal authentication and adulteration prevention strategies of various gelatin sources, mainly focussing on research gaps, challenges, and future directions in this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahjabeen Hassan
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Dilshad Hussain
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Tehreem Kanwal
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Hua-Ming Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Syed Ghulam Musharraf
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
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2
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Kim YJ, Min J. Advances in nanobiosensors during the COVID-19 pandemic and future perspectives for the post-COVID era. NANO CONVERGENCE 2024; 11:3. [PMID: 38206526 PMCID: PMC10784265 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-023-00410-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The unprecedented threat of the highly contagious virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes exponentially increased infections of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), highlights the weak spots of the current diagnostic toolbox. In the midst of catastrophe, nanobiosensors offer a new opportunity as an alternative tool to fill a gap among molecular tests, rapid antigen tests, and serological tests. Nanobiosensors surpass the potential of antigen tests because of their enhanced sensitivity, thus enabling us to see antigens as stable and easy-to-access targets. During the first three years of the COVID-19 pandemic, a substantial number of studies have reported nanobiosensors for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antigens. The number of articles on nanobiosensors and SARS-CoV-2 exceeds the amount of nanobiosensor research on detecting previous infectious diseases, from influenza to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. This unprecedented publishing pace also implies the significance of SARS-CoV-2 and the present pandemic. In this review, 158 studies reporting nanobiosensors for detecting SARS-CoV-2 antigens are collected to discuss the current challenges of nanobiosensors using the criteria of point-of-care (POC) diagnostics along with COVID-specific issues. These advances and lessons during the pandemic pave the way for preparing for the post-COVID era and potential upcoming infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jun Kim
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhong Min
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
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Bae M, Choi S, Kim J, Seo G, Lee YW. Temperature-insensitive label-free SARS-CoV-2 spike protein detection based on complementary refractive index and temperature dependence of multi-mode interference and grating resonance. Talanta 2024; 266:125091. [PMID: 37625291 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrated temperature-insensitive, label-free detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (SSP) by harnessing the complementary refractive index and temperature dependence of multi-mode interference (MMI) created by a no-core fiber (NCF) and phase-matched resonance generated by a long-period fiber grating (LPFG). To combine MMI and grating resonance, primarily sensitive to the surrounding medium refractive index (SMRI) and ambient temperature, respectively, a fiber-optic transducer was fabricated by splicing an NCF segment with an LPFG inscribed on double-clad fiber. The transducer was functionalized with human ACE2 receptors to selectively capture SSP. The functionalized sensor head exhibited high SSP selectivity, with overall average wavelength displacements of ∼253.33 and ∼160.00 pm in PBS and saliva, respectively, for SSP with concentrations ranging from 1 to 104 ng/mL. These spectral shifts are associated with localized SMRI modulations on the sensor surface induced by specific binding between SSP and ACE2. We also examined the cross-reactivity of the sensor head for MERS-CoV spike protein to confirm its SSP specificity. Moreover, we proved the capability of temperature-independent SSP detection and ambient temperature measurement by scrutinizing the temperature effect on the sensor performance. Our functionalized fiber transducer showed great promise as a temperature-insensitive and portable platform for rapid SSP detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minchan Bae
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwook Choi
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoon Kim
- Research Center for Marine Integrated Bionics Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Giwan Seo
- Research Center for Bioconvergence, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, 28119, Republic of Korea; Critical Diseases Diagnostics Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong Wook Lee
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea; School of Electrical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
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Srivastava A, Azad UP. Nanobioengineered surface comprising carbon based materials for advanced biosensing and biomedical application. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126802. [PMID: 37690641 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs) are at the cutting edge of materials science. Due to their distinctive architectures, substantial surface area, favourable biocompatibility, and reactivity to internal and/or external chemico-physical stimuli, carbon-based nanomaterials are becoming more and more significant in a wide range of applications. Numerous research has been conducted and still is going on to investigate the potential uses of carbon-based hybrid materials for diverse applications such as biosensing, bioimaging, smart drug delivery with the potential for theranostic or combinatorial therapies etc. This review is mainly focused on the classifications and synthesis of various types of CNMs and their electroanalytical application for development of efficient and ultra-sensitive electrochemical biosensors for the point of care diagnosis of fatal and severe diseases at their very initial stage. This review is mainly focused on the classification, synthesis and application of carbon-based material for biosensing applications. The integration of various types of CNMs with nanomaterials, enzymes, redox mediators and biomarkers have been used discussed in development of smart biosensing platform. We have also made an effort to discuss the future prospects for these CNMs in the biosensing area as well as the most recent advancements and applications which will be quite useful for the researchers working across the globe working specially in biosensors field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Uday Pratap Azad
- Laboratory of Nanoelectrochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (Central University), Bilaspur 495 009, CG, India.
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Bao Q, Li G, Cheng W, Yang Z, Qu Z, Wei J, Lin L. Machine learning-assisted flexible wearable device for tyrosine detection. RSC Adv 2023; 13:23788-23795. [PMID: 37560618 PMCID: PMC10407620 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02900j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis of pathological markers can significantly shorten the rate of viral transmission, reduce the probability of infection, and improve the cure rate of diseases. Therefore, analytical techniques for identifying pathological markers and environmental toxicants have received considerable attention from researchers worldwide. However, the most popular techniques used in clinical settings involve expensive precision instruments and complex detection processes. Thus, a simpler, more efficient, rapid, and intelligent means of analysis must be urgently developed. Electrochemical biosensors have the advantages of simple processing, low cost, low sample preparation requirements, rapid analysis, easy miniaturization, and integration. Thus, they have become popular in extensive research. Machine learning is widely used in material-assisted synthesis, sensor design, and other fields owing to its powerful data analysis and simulation learning capabilities. In this study, a machine learning-assisted carbon black-graphene oxide conjugate polymer (CB-GO/CP) electrode, in conjunction with a flexible wearable device, is proposed for the smart portable detection of tyrosine (Tyr). Input feature value data are obtained for the artificial neural network (ANN) and support vector machines (SVM) model learning via multiple data collections in artificial urine and by recording the pH and temperature values. The results reveal that a machine-learning model that integrates multiple external factors is more accurate for the prediction of Tyr concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwen Bao
- School of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronic Engineering, The State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Gang Li
- School of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronic Engineering, The State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Wenbo Cheng
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Suzhou 215163 P. R. China
| | - Zhengchun Yang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Film Electronic & Communication Devices, Advanced Materials and Printed Electronics Center, Tianjin University of Technology Tianjin 300384 China
| | - Zilian Qu
- Beijing Informat Technol Coll Beijing 100015 P. R. China
| | - Jun Wei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Ling Lin
- School of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronic Engineering, The State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University 92 Weijin Road Tianjin 300072 China
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Iftikhar FJ, Shah A, Wali Q, Kokab T. Advancements in Nanofiber-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Diagnostic Applications. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13040416. [PMID: 37185491 PMCID: PMC10136113 DOI: 10.3390/bios13040416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors are analytical tools that can be used as simple, real-time, and effective devices in clinical diagnosis, food analysis, and environmental monitoring. Nanoscale functional materials possess unique properties such as a large surface-to-volume ratio, making them useful for biomedical diagnostic purposes. Nanoengineering has resulted in the increased use of nanoscale functional materials in biosensors. Various types of nanostructures i.e., 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D, have been intensively employed to enhance biosensor selectivity, limit of detection, sensitivity, and speed of response time to display results. In particular, carbon nanotubes and nanofibers have been extensively employed in electrochemical biosensors, which have become an interdisciplinary frontier between material science and viral disease detection. This review provides an overview of the current research activities in nanofiber-based electrochemical biosensors for diagnostic purposes. The clinical applications of these nanobiosensors are also highlighted, along with a discussion of the future directions for these materials in diagnostics. The aim of this review is to stimulate a broader interest in developing nanofiber-based electrochemical biosensors and improving their applications in disease diagnosis. In this review, we summarize some of the most recent advances achieved in point of care (PoC) electrochemical biosensor applications, focusing on new materials and modifiers enabling biorecognition that have led to improved sensitivity, specificity, stability, and response time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Jan Iftikhar
- School of Applied Sciences & Humanities, National University of Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Afzal Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Qamar Wali
- School of Applied Sciences & Humanities, National University of Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Tayyaba Kokab
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
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Li D, Feng Y, Li F, Tang J, Hua T. Carbon Fibers for Bioelectrochemical: Precursors, Bioelectrochemical System, and Biosensors. ADVANCED FIBER MATERIALS 2023; 5:699-730. [PMID: 36818429 PMCID: PMC9923679 DOI: 10.1007/s42765-023-00256-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Carbon fibers (CFs) demonstrate a range of excellent properties including (but not limited to) microscale diameter, high hardness, high strength, light weight, high chemical resistance, and high temperature resistance. Therefore, it is necessary to summarize the application market of CFs. CFs with good physical and chemical properties stand out among many materials. It is believed that highly fibrotic CFs will play a crucial role. This review first introduces the precursors of CFs, such as polyacrylonitrile, bitumen, and lignin. Then this review introduces CFs used in BESs, such as electrode materials and modification strategies of MFC, MEC, MDC, and other cells in a large space. Then, CFs in biosensors including enzyme sensor, DNA sensor, immune sensor and implantable sensor are summarized. Finally, we discuss briefly the challenges and research directions of CFs application in BESs, biosensors and more fields. Highlights CF is a new-generation reinforced fiber with high hardness and strength.Summary precursors from different sources of CFs and their preparation processes.Introduction of the application and modification methods of CFs in BESs and biosensor.Suggest the challenges in the application of CFs in the field of bio-electrochemistry.Propose the prospective research directions for CFs. Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghao Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin, 300350 China
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, Tianjin, 300350 China
| | - Yimeng Feng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin, 300350 China
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, Tianjin, 300350 China
| | - Fengxiang Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin, 300350 China
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, Tianjin, 300350 China
| | - Jingchun Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin, 300350 China
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, Tianjin, 300350 China
| | - Tao Hua
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin, 300350 China
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, Tianjin, 300350 China
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Abstract
Printing technology promises a viable solution for the low-cost, rapid, flexible, and mass fabrication of biosensors. Among the vast number of printing techniques, screen printing and inkjet printing have been widely adopted for the fabrication of biosensors. Screen printing provides ease of operation and rapid processing; however, it is bound by the effects of viscous inks, high material waste, and the requirement for masks, to name a few. Inkjet printing, on the other hand, is well suited for mass fabrication that takes advantage of computer-aided design software for pattern modifications. Furthermore, being drop-on-demand, it prevents precious material waste and offers high-resolution patterning. To exploit the features of inkjet printing technology, scientists have been keen to use it for the development of biosensors since 1988. A vast number of fully and partially inkjet-printed biosensors have been developed ever since. This study presents a short introduction on the printing technology used for biosensor fabrication in general, and a brief review of the recent reports related to virus, enzymatic, and non-enzymatic biosensor fabrication, via inkjet printing technology in particular.
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