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Zhou W, Liu Y, Dong J, Hu X, Su Z, Zhang X, Zhu C, Xiong L, Huang W, Bai J. Mussel-Derived and Bioclickable Peptide Mimic for Enhanced Interfacial Osseointegration via Synergistic Immunomodulation and Vascularized Bone Regeneration. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2401833. [PMID: 38922775 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202401833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Inadequate osseointegration at the interface is a key factor in orthopedic implant failure. Mechanistically, traditional orthopedic implant interfaces fail to precisely match natural bone regeneration processes in vivo. In this study, a novel biomimetic coating on titanium substrates (DPA-Co/GFO) through a mussel adhesion-mediated ion coordination and molecular clicking strategy is engineered. In vivo and in vitro results confirm that the coating exhibits excellent biocompatibility and effectively promotes angiogenesis and osteogenesis. Crucially, the biomimetic coating targets the integrin α2β1 receptor to promote M2 macrophage polarization and achieves a synergistic effect between immunomodulation and vascularized bone regeneration, thereby maximizing osseointegration at the interface. Mechanical push-out tests reveal that the pull-out strength in the DPA-Co/GFO group is markedly greater than that in the control group (79.04 ± 3.20 N vs 31.47 ± 1.87 N, P < 0.01) and even surpasses that in the sham group (79.04 ± 3.20 N vs 63.09 ± 8.52 N, P < 0.01). In summary, the novel biomimetic coating developed in this study precisely matches the natural process of bone regeneration in vivo, enhancing interface-related osseointegration and showing considerable potential for clinical translation and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Jiale Dong
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Xianli Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Zheng Su
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Xianzuo Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Liming Xiong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Jiaxiang Bai
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230022, China
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Zhao Y, He P, Yao J, Li M, Bai J, Xue F, Chu C, Cong Y, Chu PK. Self-Assembled Multilayered Coatings with Multiple Cyclic Self-Healing Capability, Bacteria Killing, Osteogenesis, and Angiogenesis Properties on Magnesium Alloys. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2302519. [PMID: 38078818 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202302519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Self-healing coatings improve the durability of magnesium (Mg) implants, but rapid corrosion still poses a challenge in the healing stage. Moreover, Mg-based materials with acceptable bacteria killing, osteogenic and angiogenic properties are challenging in biomedical applications. Herein, the self-healing polymeric coatings are fabricated on Mg alloys using the spin-assisted layer-by-layer (SLbL) assembly of hyaluronic acid (HA) and branched polyethyleneimine (bPEI) followed by chemical crosslinking treatment. The self-healing coatings show excellent adhesion strength and structure stability. The corrosion resistance is improved due to the physical barrier of polymer coatings, which also promotes the formation of hydroxyapatite (HAp) during degradation for further protection of Mg substrate. Owing to the dynamic reversible hydrogen bonds existing between HA and bPEI, the crosslinked multilayered coatings possess fast, substantial, and cyclic self-healing capabilities leading to restoration of the original structure and functions. In vitro investigations reveal that the self-healing coatings have multiple functionalities pertaining to bacteria killing, cytocompatibility, osteogenesis, as well as angiogenesis. In addition, the self-healing coatings stimulate alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), extracellular matrix (ECM) mineralization, and the expression of osteogenesis-related genes of mBMSCs and HUVECs. This study reveals a feasible strategy to design and prepare versatile self-healing coatings on Mg implants for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Peng He
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Jinling Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Junyan Yao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Mei Li
- Medical Research Center, Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jing Bai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Feng Xue
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Chenglin Chu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Yu Cong
- Jinling Hospital Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital of Eastern Theater Command, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Paul K Chu
- Department of Physics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
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Li J, Zheng Y, Yu Z, Kankala RK, Lin Q, Shi J, Chen C, Luo K, Chen A, Zhong Q. Surface-modified titanium and titanium-based alloys for improved osteogenesis: A critical review. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23779. [PMID: 38223705 PMCID: PMC10784177 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
As implantable materials, titanium, and its alloys have garnered enormous interest from researchers for dental and orthopedic procedures. Despite their success in wide clinical applications, titanium, and its alloys fail to stimulate osteogenesis, resulting in poor bonding strength with surrounding bone tissue. Optimizing the surface topology and altered compositions of titanium and titanium-based alloys substantially promotes peri-implant bone regeneration. This review summarizes the utilization and importance of various osteogenesis components loaded onto titanium and its alloys. Further, different surface-modification methods and the release efficacy of loaded substances are emphasized. Finally, we summarize the article with prospects. We believe that further investigation studies must focus on identifying novel loading components, exploring various innovative, optimized surface-modification methods, and developing a sustained-release system on implant surfaces to improve peri-implant bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingling Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Institute of Stomatology & Laboratory of Oral Tissue Engineering, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yaxin Zheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Institute of Stomatology & Laboratory of Oral Tissue Engineering, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zihe Yu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Institute of Stomatology & Laboratory of Oral Tissue Engineering, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Ranjith Kumar Kankala
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Qianying Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Institute of Stomatology & Laboratory of Oral Tissue Engineering, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jingbo Shi
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Institute of Stomatology & Laboratory of Oral Tissue Engineering, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Institute of Stomatology & Laboratory of Oral Tissue Engineering, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Kai Luo
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Institute of Stomatology & Laboratory of Oral Tissue Engineering, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Aizheng Chen
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Quan Zhong
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Institute of Stomatology & Laboratory of Oral Tissue Engineering, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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Antoniac I, Manescu (Paltanea) V, Antoniac A, Paltanea G. Magnesium-based alloys with adapted interfaces for bone implants and tissue engineering. Regen Biomater 2023; 10:rbad095. [PMID: 38020233 PMCID: PMC10664085 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbad095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnesium and its alloys are one of the most used materials for bone implants and tissue engineering. They are characterized by numerous advantages such as biodegradability, high biocompatibility and mechanical properties with values close to the human bone. Unfortunately, the implant surface must be adequately tuned, or Mg-based alloys must be alloyed with other chemical elements due to their increased corrosion effect in physiological media. This article reviews the clinical challenges related to bone repair and regeneration, classifying bone defects and presenting some of the most used and modern therapies for bone injuries, such as Ilizarov or Masquelet techniques or stem cell treatments. The implant interface challenges are related to new bone formation and fracture healing, implant degradation and hydrogen release. A detailed analysis of mechanical properties during implant degradation is extensively described based on different literature studies that included in vitro and in vivo tests correlated with material properties' characterization. Mg-based trauma implants such as plates and screws, intramedullary nails, Herbert screws, spine cages, rings for joint treatment and regenerative scaffolds are presented, taking into consideration their manufacturing technology, the implant geometrical dimensions and shape, the type of in vivo or in vitro studies and fracture localization. Modern technologies that modify or adapt the Mg-based implant interfaces are described by presenting the main surface microstructural modifications, physical deposition and chemical conversion coatings. The last part of the article provides some recommendations from a translational perspective, identifies the challenges associated with Mg-based implants and presents some future opportunities. This review outlines the available literature on trauma and regenerative bone implants and describes the main techniques used to control the alloy corrosion rate and the cellular environment of the implant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulian Antoniac
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 050094 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Veronica Manescu (Paltanea)
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aurora Antoniac
- Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gheorghe Paltanea
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
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Lan G, Chu X, Li C, Zhang C, Miao G, Li W, Peng F, Zhao X, Li M. Surface modification of titanium with antibacterial porous N-halamine coating to prevent peri-implant infection. Biomed Mater 2022; 18. [PMID: 36317281 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac9e33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Peri-implant infection remains one of the greatest threats to orthopedics. The construction of bone implants with good antibacterial and osteogenic properties is beneficial for reducing the risk of implant-related infections and healing bone defects. In this study, N-halamine coating (namely N-Cl) was grafted onto alkali-heat treated titanium (Ti) using polydopamine to endow Ti-based orthopedic implants with strong bactericidal activity. Surface characterization revealed that the N-Cl coating has porous structure loaded with active chlorine (Cl+). The N-Cl coating also provided micro/nano-structured Ti surfaces with excellent antibacterial ability via transformation between N-H and N-Cl, and approximately 100% disinfection was achieved. Furthermore, the as-prepared N-Cl coating exhibited good biocompatibility and osteogenesis abilityin vitro. These results indicate that applying N-Cl coatings on Ti could prevent and treat peri-implant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guobo Lan
- Department of Orthopedics, Foshan Fosun Chancheng Hospital, Foshan 528010, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Chu
- Medical Research Center, Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaohui Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Foshan Fosun Chancheng Hospital, Foshan 528010, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Medical Research Center, Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiqiang Miao
- Department of Orthopedics, Foshan Fosun Chancheng Hospital, Foshan 528010, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Foshan Fosun Chancheng Hospital, Foshan 528010, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Peng
- Medical Research Center, Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Foshan Fosun Chancheng Hospital, Foshan 528010, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Li
- Medical Research Center, Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China
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Xue N, Ding X, Huang R, Jiang R, Huang H, Pan X, Min W, Chen J, Duan JA, Liu P, Wang Y. Bone Tissue Engineering in the Treatment of Bone Defects. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15070879. [PMID: 35890177 PMCID: PMC9324138 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bones play an important role in maintaining exercise and protecting organs. Bone defect, as a common orthopedic disease in clinics, can cause tremendous damage with long treatment cycles. Therefore, the treatment of bone defect remains as one of the main challenges in clinical practice. Today, with increased incidence of bone disease in the aging population, demand for bone repair material is high. At present, the method of clinical treatment for bone defects including non-invasive therapy and invasive therapy. Surgical treatment is the most effective way to treat bone defects, such as using bone grafts, Masquelet technique, Ilizarov technique etc. In recent years, the rapid development of tissue engineering technology provides a new treatment strategy for bone repair. This review paper introduces the current situation and challenges of clinical treatment of bone defect repair in detail. The advantages and disadvantages of bone tissue engineering scaffolds are comprehensively discussed from the aspect of material, preparation technology, and function of bone tissue engineering scaffolds. This paper also summarizes the 3D printing technology based on computer technology, aiming at designing personalized artificial scaffolds that can accurately fit bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Xue
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine External Medication Development and Application, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (N.X.); (X.D.); (R.H.); (R.J.); (H.H.); (W.M.); (J.C.)
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.P.); (J.-A.D.)
| | - Xiaofeng Ding
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine External Medication Development and Application, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (N.X.); (X.D.); (R.H.); (R.J.); (H.H.); (W.M.); (J.C.)
| | - Rizhong Huang
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine External Medication Development and Application, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (N.X.); (X.D.); (R.H.); (R.J.); (H.H.); (W.M.); (J.C.)
| | - Ruihan Jiang
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine External Medication Development and Application, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (N.X.); (X.D.); (R.H.); (R.J.); (H.H.); (W.M.); (J.C.)
| | - Heyan Huang
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine External Medication Development and Application, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (N.X.); (X.D.); (R.H.); (R.J.); (H.H.); (W.M.); (J.C.)
| | - Xin Pan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.P.); (J.-A.D.)
| | - Wen Min
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine External Medication Development and Application, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (N.X.); (X.D.); (R.H.); (R.J.); (H.H.); (W.M.); (J.C.)
| | - Jun Chen
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine External Medication Development and Application, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (N.X.); (X.D.); (R.H.); (R.J.); (H.H.); (W.M.); (J.C.)
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.P.); (J.-A.D.)
| | - Pei Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.P.); (J.-A.D.)
- Correspondence: (P.L.); (Y.W.); Tel.: +86-(25)-8581-1917 (P.L. & Y.W.)
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine External Medication Development and Application, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (N.X.); (X.D.); (R.H.); (R.J.); (H.H.); (W.M.); (J.C.)
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; (X.P.); (J.-A.D.)
- Burns Injury and Reconstructive Surgery Research, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord 2137, Australia
- Correspondence: (P.L.); (Y.W.); Tel.: +86-(25)-8581-1917 (P.L. & Y.W.)
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