1
|
Liu X, Gilbert RG. Normal and abnormal glycogen structure - A review. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 338:122195. [PMID: 38763710 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Glycogen, a complex branched glucose polymer, is found in animals and bacteria, where it serves as an energy storage molecule. It has linear (1 → 4)-α glycosidic bonds between anhydroglucose monomer units, with branch points connected by (1 → 6)-α bonds. Individual glycogen molecules are referred to as β particles. In organs like the liver and heart, these β particles can bind into larger aggregate α particles, which exhibit a rosette-like morphology. The mechanisms and bonding underlying the aggregation process are not fully understood. For example, mammalian liver glycogen has been observed to be molecularly fragile under certain conditions, such as glycogen from diabetic livers fragmenting when exposed to dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), while glycogen from healthy livers is much less fragile; this indicates some difference, as yet unknown, in the bonding between β particles in healthy and diabetic glycogen. This fragility may have implications for blood sugar regulation, especially in pathological conditions such as diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Centre for Nutrition & Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovations (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Robert G Gilbert
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Centre for Nutrition & Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovations (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kim D, Patel S, Duhamel J. Glycogen β-particles surface characterized by a combination of size exclusion chromatography and pyrene excimer fluorescence before and after β-amylolysis. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 338:122090. [PMID: 38763704 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and pyrene excimer formation (PEF) experiments were conducted to characterize the local density profile inside a glycogen sample before (Glycogen) and after (Gly-β-LD) treatment with β-amylase. These experiments were conducted to assess whether the density at the periphery of the glycogen particles was very high to limit access to proteins involved in the metabolism of glycogen as predicted by the Tier model or low as suggested by the Gilbert model. SEC analysis indicated that the density inside the Glycogen and Gly-β-LD samples remained constant with particle size and was not affected by β-amylolysis. Analysis of the PEF experiments conducted on the Glycogen and Gly-β-LD samples labeled with 1-pyrenebutyric acid showed that the particles have a dense interior and loose corona. The conclusions reached by the SEC and PEF experiments agree with the Gilbert model and have implications for the association of glycogen β-particles into larger α-particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damin Kim
- Institute for Polymer Research, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Sanjay Patel
- Institute for Polymer Research, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Jean Duhamel
- Institute for Polymer Research, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tan X, Wang Z, Cheung U, Hu Z, Liu Q, Wang L, Sullivan MA, Cozzolino D, Gilbert RG. Liver glycogen fragility in the presence of hydrogen-bond breakers. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131741. [PMID: 38649083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Glycogen, a complex branched glucose polymer, is responsible for sugar storage in blood glucose homeostasis. It comprises small β particles bound together into composite α particles. In diabetic livers, α particles are fragile, breaking apart into smaller particles in dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO; they are however stable in glycogen from healthy animals. We postulate that the bond between β particles in α particles involves hydrogen bonding. Liver-glycogen fragility in normal and db/db mice (an animal model for diabetes) is compared using various hydrogen-bond breakers (DMSO, guanidine and urea) at different temperatures. The results showed different degrees of α-particle disruption. Disrupted glycogen showed changes in the mid-infra-red spectrum that are related to hydrogen bonds. While glycogen α-particles are only fragile under harsh, non-physiological conditions, these results nevertheless imply that the bonding between β particles in α particles is different in diabetic livers compared to healthy, and is probably associated with hydrogen bonding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinle Tan
- Centre for Animal Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Ut Cheung
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Zhenxia Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qinghua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Mitchell A Sullivan
- Glycation and Diabetes Group, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, 4012, Australia.
| | - Daniel Cozzolino
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Robert G Gilbert
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cifuente JO, Colleoni C, Kalscheuer R, Guerin ME. Architecture, Function, Regulation, and Evolution of α-Glucans Metabolic Enzymes in Prokaryotes. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4863-4934. [PMID: 38606812 PMCID: PMC11046441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Bacteria have acquired sophisticated mechanisms for assembling and disassembling polysaccharides of different chemistry. α-d-Glucose homopolysaccharides, so-called α-glucans, are the most widespread polymers in nature being key components of microorganisms. Glycogen functions as an intracellular energy storage while some bacteria also produce extracellular assorted α-glucans. The classical bacterial glycogen metabolic pathway comprises the action of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and glycogen synthase, whereas extracellular α-glucans are mostly related to peripheral enzymes dependent on sucrose. An alternative pathway of glycogen biosynthesis, operating via a maltose 1-phosphate polymerizing enzyme, displays an essential wiring with the trehalose metabolism to interconvert disaccharides into polysaccharides. Furthermore, some bacteria show a connection of intracellular glycogen metabolism with the genesis of extracellular capsular α-glucans, revealing a relationship between the storage and structural function of these compounds. Altogether, the current picture shows that bacteria have evolved an intricate α-glucan metabolism that ultimately relies on the evolution of a specific enzymatic machinery. The structural landscape of these enzymes exposes a limited number of core catalytic folds handling many different chemical reactions. In this Review, we present a rationale to explain how the chemical diversity of α-glucans emerged from these systems, highlighting the underlying structural evolution of the enzymes driving α-glucan bacterial metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier O. Cifuente
- Instituto
Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of
the Basque Country, E-48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Christophe Colleoni
- University
of Lille, CNRS, UMR8576-UGSF -Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale
et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Rainer Kalscheuer
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Marcelo E. Guerin
- Structural
Glycobiology Laboratory, Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB), Spanish
National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac 4-8, Tower R, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu X, Zhang P, Gilbert RG. Formation mechanism of α particles in glycogen: Testing the budding hypothesis by Monte-Carlo simulation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130332. [PMID: 38401580 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Glycogen, a complex branched glucose polymer and a blood-sugar reservoir in animals, comprises small β particles joined together into composite α particles. In diabetic animals, α particles fragment more easily than those in healthy animals. Finding evidence for or against postulated mechanisms for α-particle formation is thus important for diabetes research. Insight into this is obtained here using Monte-Carlo simulations, including addition and loss of glucose monomer, branching and debranching, based on earlier simulations which were in acceptable agreement with experiment [Zhang et al., Int J Biol Macromolecules 2018, 116, 264]. One postulated mechanism for α-particle formation is "budding": occasionally a glucan chain temporarily protrudes from the particle, and if its growing end is sufficiently far from its parent particle, it propagates to a new linked particle. We tested this by simulations in which an "artificial" bud (a chain extending well outside the average particle radius) is added to a glycogen molecule in a dynamic steady state, and the system allowed to evolve. In some simulations, the particle reached a new steady state having an irregular dumbbell shape: a rudimentary α particle. Thus 'budding' is a possible mechanism for α particles to form. If no simulations had shown this behaviour, it would have refuted the postulate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, China; Co-Innovation Centre for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, China; Centre for Nutrition & Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovations (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Electronic Engineering, Tongling University, Tongling 244061, PR China
| | - Robert G Gilbert
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, China; Co-Innovation Centre for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, China; Centre for Nutrition & Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovations (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kilwein MD, Johnson MR, Thomalla JM, Mahowald AP, Welte MA. Drosophila embryos spatially sort their nutrient stores to facilitate their utilization. Development 2023; 150:dev201423. [PMID: 36805634 PMCID: PMC10108605 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Animal embryos are provided by their mothers with a diverse nutrient supply that is crucial for development. In Drosophila, the three most abundant nutrients (triglycerides, proteins and glycogen) are sequestered in distinct storage structures: lipid droplets (LDs), yolk vesicles (YVs) and glycogen granules (GGs). Using transmission electron microscopy as well as live and fixed sample fluorescence imaging, we find that all three storage structures are dispersed throughout the egg but are then spatially allocated to distinct tissues by gastrulation: LDs largely to the peripheral epithelium, YVs and GGs to the central yolk cell. To confound the embryo's ability to sort its nutrients, we employ Jabba and mauve mutants to generate LD-GG and LD-YV compound structures. In these mutants, LDs are mis-sorted to the yolk cell and their turnover is delayed. Our observations demonstrate dramatic spatial nutrient sorting in early embryos and provide the first evidence for its functional importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus D. Kilwein
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620, USA
| | - Matthew R. Johnson
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620, USA
| | | | | | - Michael A. Welte
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen L, Zhao N, McClements DJ, Hamaker BR, Miao M. Advanced dendritic glucan-derived biomaterials: From molecular structure to versatile applications. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:4107-4146. [PMID: 37350042 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
There is considerable interest in the development of advanced biomaterials with improved or novel functionality for diversified applications. Dendritic glucans, such as phytoglycogen and glycogen, are abundant biomaterials with highly branched three-dimensional globular architectures, which endow them with unique structural and functional attributes, including small size, large specific surface area, high water solubility, low viscosity, high water retention, and the availability of numerous modifiable surface groups. Dendritic glucans can be synthesized by in vivo biocatalysis reactions using glucosyl-1-phosphate as a substrate, which can be obtained from plant, animal, or microbial sources. They can also be synthesized by in vitro methods using sucrose or starch as a substrate, which may be more suitable for large-scale industrial production. The large numbers of hydroxyl groups on the surfaces of dendritic glucan provide a platform for diverse derivatizations, including nonreducing end, hydroxyl functionalization, molecular degradation, and conjugation modifications. Due to their unique physicochemical and functional attributes, dendritic glucans have been widely applied in the food, pharmaceutical, biomedical, cosmetic, and chemical industries. For instance, they have been used as delivery systems, adsorbents, tissue engineering scaffolds, biosensors, and bioelectronic components. This article reviews progress in the design, synthesis, and application of dendritic glucans over the past several decades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ningjing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - David J McClements
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bruce R Hamaker
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Ming Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pan B, Zhao N, Xie Q, Li Y, Hamaker BR, Miao M. Molecular structure and characteristics of phytoglycogen, glycogen and amylopectin subjected to mild acid hydrolysis. NPJ Sci Food 2023; 7:27. [PMID: 37291152 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-023-00201-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The structure and properties of phytoglycogen and glycogen subjected to acid hydrolysis was investigated using amylopectin as a reference. The degradation took place in two stages and the degree of hydrolysis was in the following order: amylopectin > phytoglycogen > glycogen. Upon acid hydrolysis, the molar mass distribution of phytoglycogen or glycogen gradually shifted to the smaller and broadening distribution region, whereas the distribution of amyopectin changed from bimodal to monomodal shape. The kinetic rate constant for depolymerization of phytoglycogen, amylopectin, and glycogen were 3.45 × 10-5/s, 6.13 × 10-5/s, and 0.96 × 10-5/s, respectively. The acid-treated sample had the smaller particle radius, lower percentage of α-1,6 linkage as well as higher rapidly digestible starch fractions. The depolymerization models were built to interpret the structural differences of glucose polymer during acid treatment, which would provide guideline to improve the structure understanding and precise application of branched glucan with desired properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Ningjing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Qiuqi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Yungao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Bruce R Hamaker
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research and Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2009, USA
| | - Ming Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science & Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Soon GST, Torbenson M. The Liver and Glycogen: In Sickness and in Health. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076133. [PMID: 37047105 PMCID: PMC10094386 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is a major store of glycogen and is essential in maintaining systemic glucose homeostasis. In healthy individuals, glycogen synthesis and breakdown in the liver are tightly regulated. Abnormal glycogen metabolism results in prominent pathological changes in the liver, often manifesting as hepatic glycogenosis or glycogen inclusions. This can occur in genetic glycogen storage disease or acquired conditions with insulin dysregulation such as diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease or medication effects. Some primary hepatic tumors such as clear cell hepatocellular carcinoma also demonstrate excessive glycogen accumulation. This review provides an overview of the pathological manifestations and molecular mechanisms of liver diseases associated with abnormal glycogen accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gwyneth S T Soon
- Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Michael Torbenson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Interior of glycogen probed by pyrene excimer fluorescence. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 299:120205. [PMID: 36876816 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A glycogen sample from oyster (O) and another from corn (C) were fluorescently labeled with 1-pyrenebutyric acid to yield two series of pyrene-labeled glycogen samples (Py-Glycogen(O/C)). Analysis of the time-resolved fluorescence (TRF) measurements of the Py-Glycogen(O/C) dispersions in dimethyl sulfoxide yielded the maximum number (<Nblobexp>) of anhydroglucose units (AGUs), that could separate two pyrene-labeled AGUs and still allow efficient pyrene excimer formation (PEF) between an excited and a ground-state pyrene. Molecular mechanics optimizations (MMOs) were conducted on a lattice of hexagonally close packed oligosaccharide helices to determine how the theoretical Nblobtheo varied as a function of the lattice density. Comparing <Nblobexp> and <Nblobtheo>, obtained after integrating Nblobtheo along the local density profile ρ(r) across the glycogen particles, led to the conclusion that ρ(r) took a maximum value at the center of the glycogen particles contrary to expectations based on the Tier Model.
Collapse
|
11
|
Li F, Wang MM, Liu QH, Ma ZW, Wang JJ, Wang ZY, Tang JW, Lyu JW, Zhu ZB, Wang L. Molecular mechanisms of glycogen particle assembly in Escherichia coli. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 299:120200. [PMID: 36876811 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that glycogen in Escherichia coli has two structural states, that is, fragility and stability, which alters dynamically. However, molecular mechanisms behind the structural alterations are not fully understood. In this study, we focused on the potential roles of two important glycogen degradation enzymes, glycogen phosphorylase (glgP) and glycogen debranching enzyme (glgX), in glycogen structural alterations. The fine molecular structure of glycogen particles in Escherichia coli and three mutants (ΔglgP, ΔglgX and ΔglgP/ΔglgX) were examined, which showed that glycogen in E. coli ΔglgP and E. coli ΔglgP/ΔglgX were consistently fragile while being consistently stable in E. coli ΔglgX, indicating the dominant role of GP in glycogen structural stability control. In sum, our study concludes that glycogen phosphorylase is essential in glycogen structural stability, leading to molecular insights into structural assembly of glycogen particles in E. coli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fen Li
- Laboratory Medicine, The Fifth People's Hospital of Huai'an, Huai'an, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Meng-Meng Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Qingdao Eighth People's Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qing-Hua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Zhang-Wen Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jun-Jiao Wang
- Department of Intelligent Medical Engineering, School of Medical Informatics and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zi-Yi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jia-Wei Tang
- Department of Intelligent Medical Engineering, School of Medical Informatics and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jing-Wen Lyu
- Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zuo-Bin Zhu
- Department of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Liang Wang
- Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang Z, Min X, Hu Z, Sullivan MA, Tang Y, Wang L, Gilbert RG, Shi C, Deng B. The fragility of liver glycogen from humans with type 2 diabetes: A pilot study. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 221:83-90. [PMID: 36075306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Liver glycogen is a highly branched glucose polymer found as β particles (~20 nm in diameter), which can bind together into larger composite α particles. Hepatic α particles have been shown to be structurally fragile (breaking up into smaller particles in certain solvents) in mouse models of diabetes; if occurring in vivo, the resulting small glycogen particles could exacerbate the poor blood-sugar homeostasis characteristic of the disease. Here we tested if this α-particle fragility also occurred in liver glycogen obtained from humans with diabetes. It was found that liver glycogen from diabetic humans was indeed more fragile than from non-diabetic humans, which was also seen in the mouse experiments we ran in parallel. Proteomic analysis revealed three candidate proteins from differentially expressed glycogen proteins (Diabetes/ Non-diabetes) in both human and mouse groups. Identifying these proteins may give clues to the binding mechanism that holds together α particles together, which, being different in diabetic glycogen, is relevant to diabetes prevention and management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China; Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Xiaobo Min
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Zhenxia Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Mitchell A Sullivan
- Glycation and Diabetes, Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Yong Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510080, China
| | - Robert G Gilbert
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chen Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
| | - Bin Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Comparative transcriptome analysis of diurnal alterations of liver glycogen structure: A pilot study. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 295:119710. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
14
|
Hu Y, Li C, Hou Y. Possible regulation of liver glycogen structure through the gut-liver axis by resistant starch: a review. Food Funct 2021; 12:11154-11164. [PMID: 34694313 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02416g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Liver glycogen α particles in diabetic patients are fragile relative to those in healthy individuals, and restoring these fragile glycogen particles to a normal state shows potential to contribute to the remission of diabetes. Resistant starch (RS) is beneficial for diabetes management through its interactions with the gut microbiota. However, its effects on glycogen fragility are not fully understood. This review aims to summarize the recent understanding of the interactions between RS and the human gut microbiota and the possible connections to liver glycogen biosynthesis to elucidate its role in the development of glycogen fragility. RS might regulate glycogen fragility in diabetes by modulating the postprandial glycemic response and glycogen biosynthesis pathways. Before RS can be applied to repair fragile glycogen, more work should be done to better understand in vivo RS structures and identify the factor binding glycogen β particles together. This review contains important information on the connections between glycogen fragility and RS-gut microbiota interactions, which could help to better understand the health benefits of RS consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Hu
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Cheng Li
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Yingyong Hou
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cimino R, Bhangu SK, Baral A, Ashokkumar M, Cavalieri F. Ultrasound-Assisted Microencapsulation of Soybean Oil and Vitamin D Using Bare Glycogen Nanoparticles. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175157. [PMID: 34500590 PMCID: PMC8434121 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrasonically synthesized core-shell microcapsules can be made of synthetic polymers or natural biopolymers, such as proteins and polysaccharides, and have found applications in food, drug delivery and cosmetics. This study reports on the ultrasonic synthesis of microcapsules using unmodified (natural) and biodegradable glycogen nanoparticles derived from various sources, such as rabbit and bovine liver, oyster and sweet corn, for the encapsulation of soybean oil and vitamin D. Depending on their source, glycogen nanoparticles exhibited differences in size and 'bound' proteins. We optimized various synthetic parameters, such as ultrasonic power, time and concentration of glycogens and the oil phase to obtain stable core-shell microcapsules. Particularly, under ultrasound-induced emulsification conditions (sonication time 45 s and sonication power 160 W), native glycogens formed microcapsules with diameter between 0.3 μm and 8 μm. It was found that the size of glycogen as well as the protein component play an important role in stabilizing the Pickering emulsion and the microcapsules shell. This study highlights that native glycogen nanoparticles without any further tedious chemical modification steps can be successfully used for the encapsulation of nutrients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Cimino
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | | | - Anshul Baral
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Muthupandian Ashokkumar
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (F.C.)
| | - Francesca Cavalieri
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia;
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (F.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu QH, Tang JW, Wen PB, Wang MM, Zhang X, Wang L. From Prokaryotes to Eukaryotes: Insights Into the Molecular Structure of Glycogen Particles. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:673315. [PMID: 33996916 PMCID: PMC8116748 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.673315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen is a highly-branched polysaccharide that is widely distributed across the three life domains. It has versatile functions in physiological activities such as energy reserve, osmotic regulation, blood glucose homeostasis, and pH maintenance. Recent research also confirms that glycogen plays important roles in longevity and cognition. Intrinsically, glycogen function is determined by its structure that has been intensively studied for many years. The recent association of glycogen α-particle fragility with diabetic conditions further strengthens the importance of glycogen structure in its function. By using improved glycogen extraction procedures and a series of advanced analytical techniques, the fine molecular structure of glycogen particles in human beings and several model organisms such as Escherichia coli, Caenorhabditis elegans, Mus musculus, and Rat rattus have been characterized. However, there are still many unknowns about the assembly mechanisms of glycogen particles, the dynamic changes of glycogen structures, and the composition of glycogen associated proteins (glycogen proteome). In this review, we explored the recent progresses in glycogen studies with a focus on the structure of glycogen particles, which may not only provide insights into glycogen functions, but also facilitate the discovery of novel drug targets for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.,Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Jia-Wei Tang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Peng-Bo Wen
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Meng-Meng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bezborodkina NN, Stepanov AV, Vorobev ML, Chestnova AY, Stein GI, Kudryavtsev BN. Cytochemical analysis of spatial structure of glycogen molecules in rat hepatocytes. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
18
|
The dynamic changes of glycogen molecular structure in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). Carbohydr Polym 2021; 259:117773. [PMID: 33674016 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Diurnal alteration of glycogen molecular structure has been identified in healthy mice. Recently, both fragile (disintegration in dimethyl sulfoxide) and stable (not disintegrating in DMSO) glycogen particles were found in Escherichia coli. However, how glycogen structure changes dynamically in E. coli is not clear. The question examined here is whether fragile, stable glycogen α particles occur in bacteria, following a similar pattern as in mice. In this study, we examine the dynamic changes of glycogen molecular structure over 24-h in E. coli BL21(DE3), using transmission electron microscopy, size exclusion chromatography and fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis at representative time points. It was found that glycogen structure was mainly fragile at the synthesis stage and largely stable during the degradation stage. qRT-PCR results indicated that balance of anabolic and catabolic gene expression levels in glycogen metabolism could be a key factor affecting the fragility of glycogen α particles in bacteria.
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes incidence continues to increase rapidly. This disease is characterized by a breakdown in blood glucose homeostasis. The impairment of glycemic control is linked to the structure of glycogen, a highly branched glucose polymer. Liver glycogen, a major controller of blood sugar, comprises small β particles which can link together to form larger α particles. These degrade to glucose more slowly than β particles, enabling a controlled release of blood glucose. The α particles in diabetic mice are however easily broken down into β particles, which degrade more quickly. Because this may lead to higher blood glucose, understanding this diabetes-associated breakdown of α-particle molecular structure may help in the development of diabetes therapeutics. We review the extraction of liver glycogen, its molecular structure, and how this structure is affected by diabetes and then use this knowledge to make postulates to guide the development of strategies to help mitigate type 2 diabetes. Diabetes involves uncontrolled blood glucose levels Liver glycogen acts as a blood glucose buffer Diabetes can lead to molecularly fragile liver glycogen particles Molecularly fragile liver glycogen may exacerbate poor blood glucose control
Collapse
|
20
|
Besford QA, Weiss ACG, Schubert J, Ryan TM, Maitz MF, Tomanin PP, Savioli M, Werner C, Fery A, Caruso F, Cavalieri F. Protein Component of Oyster Glycogen Nanoparticles: An Anchor Point for Functionalization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:38976-38988. [PMID: 32805918 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c10699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biosourced nanoparticles have a range of desirable properties for therapeutic applications, including biodegradability and low immunogenicity. Glycogen, a natural polysaccharide nanoparticle, has garnered much interest as a component of advanced therapeutic materials. However, functionalizing glycogen for use as a therapeutic material typically involves synthetic approaches that can negatively affect the intrinsic physiological properties of glycogen. Herein, the protein component of glycogen is examined as an anchor point for the photopolymerization of functional poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) polymers. Oyster glycogen (OG) nanoparticles partially degrade to smaller spherical particles in the presence of protease enzymes, reflecting a population of surface-bound proteins on the polysaccharide. The grafting of PNIPAM to the native protein component of OG produces OG-PNIPAM nanoparticles of ∼45 nm in diameter and 6.2 MDa in molecular weight. PNIPAM endows the nanoparticles with temperature-responsive aggregation properties that are controllable and reversible and that can be removed by the biodegradation of the protein. The OG-PNIPAM nanoparticles retain the native biodegradability of glycogen. Whole blood incubation assays revealed that the OG-PNIPAM nanoparticles have a low cell association and inflammatory response similar to that of OG. The reported strategy provides functionalized glycogen nanomaterials that retain their inherent biodegradability and low immune cell association.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quinn A Besford
- Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research, Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alessia C G Weiss
- Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research, Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jonas Schubert
- Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research, Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Timothy M Ryan
- The Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Manfred F Maitz
- Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research, Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Pietro Pacchin Tomanin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Marco Savioli
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Carsten Werner
- Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research, Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Fery
- Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research, Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Caruso
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Francesca Cavalieri
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata", Via Della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Starch and Glycogen Analyses: Methods and Techniques. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10071020. [PMID: 32660096 PMCID: PMC7407607 DOI: 10.3390/biom10071020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
For complex carbohydrates, such as glycogen and starch, various analytical methods and techniques exist allowing the detailed characterization of these storage carbohydrates. In this article, we give a brief overview of the most frequently used methods, techniques, and results. Furthermore, we give insights in the isolation, purification, and fragmentation of both starch and glycogen. An overview of the different structural levels of the glucans is given and the corresponding analytical techniques are discussed. Moreover, future perspectives of the analytical needs and the challenges of the currently developing scientific questions are included.
Collapse
|
22
|
Liu X, Wang K, Zhou J, Sullivan MA, Liu Y, Gilbert RG, Deng B. Metformin and Berberine suppress glycogenolysis by inhibiting glycogen phosphorylase and stabilizing the molecular structure of glycogen in db/db mice. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 243:116435. [PMID: 32532388 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen is a branched glucose polymer involved in sustaining blood glucose homeostasis. Liver glycogen comprises α particles (up to 300 nm in diameter) made of joined β particles (∼20 nm in diameter). Glycogen α particles in a mouse model for diabetes are molecularly fragile, breaking down into smaller β particles more readily than in healthy mice. Glycogen phosphorylase (GP), a rate-limiting enzyme in glycogen degradation, is overexpressed in diabetic mice. This study shows that Metformin and Berberine, two common drugs, two common drugs used to treat diabetes, are able to revert the liver glycogen of diabetic mice to the stable structure seen in non-diabetic mice. It is also shown that these drugs reduce the GP level via the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway in diabetic livers and decrease the affinity of GP with the glycogen of db/db mice. These effects of these drugs may slow down the degradation of liver glycogen and improve glucose homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocui Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaiping Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Mitchell A Sullivan
- Glycation and Diabetes Group, Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Yage Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Robert G Gilbert
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Bin Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Besford QA, Cavalieri F, Caruso F. Glycogen as a Building Block for Advanced Biological Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1904625. [PMID: 31617264 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biological nanoparticles found in living systems possess distinct molecular architectures and diverse functions. Glycogen is a unique biological polysaccharide nanoparticle fabricated by nature through a bottom-up approach. The biocatalytic synthesis of glycogen has evolved over time to form a nanometer-sized dendrimer-like structure (20-150 nm) with a highly branched surface and a dense core. This makes glycogen markedly different from other natural linear or branched polysaccharides and particularly attractive as a platform for biomedical applications. Glycogen is inherently biodegradable, nontoxic, and can be functionalized with diverse surface and internal motifs for enhanced biofunctional properties. Recently, there has been growing interest in glycogen as a natural alternative to synthetic polymers and nanoparticles in a range of applications. Herein, the recent literature on glycogen in the material-based sciences, including its use as a constituent in biodegradable hydrogels and fibers, drug delivery vectors, tumor targeting and penetrating nanoparticles, immunomodulators, vaccine adjuvants, and contrast agents, is reviewed. The various methods of chemical functionalization and physical assembly of glycogen nanoparticles into multicomponent nanodevices, which advance glycogen toward a functional therapeutic nanoparticle from nature and back again, are discussed in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quinn A Besford
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Francesca Cavalieri
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Frank Caruso
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Liu Q, Zhu Z, Wang M, Wang Y, Zhang P, Wang H, Liang M, Li Y, Deng B, Tang D, Gilbert RG, Wang L. Characterization of glycogen molecular structure in the worm Caenorhabditis elegans. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 237:116181. [PMID: 32241425 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen, a glucose homopolymer with many glucose chains, is the primary blood-sugar reservoir in many organisms. It comprises β particles (∼20 nm) which can bind together to form large α particles with a rosette morphology. When dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is added to glycogen from diabetic livers, α particles break apart to β particles ('fragility'), possibly due to H-bond disruption; this is not seen in healthy livers. Glycogen α and β particles, and α-particle fragility, are observed in mammals and bacteria, and are examined here in the worm Caenorhabditis elegans, with glycogen from two C. elegans strains, cultured in normal and high-glucose conditions. There were mainly β particles, with some large α particles. Most particles were fragile in DMSO. Growing in a high-glucose medium results in more long chains and more fragility, consistent with previous observations in diabetic animal models. Why high glucose levels facilitate fragility is worthy of further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, China
| | - Zuobin Zhu
- Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, China
| | - Yuechen Wang
- Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Electronic Information and Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, 408003, China
| | - Hao Wang
- School of The First Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, China
| | - Mengyu Liang
- School of The First Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medical Laboratory, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, China
| | - Bin Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Daoquan Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, China
| | - Robert G Gilbert
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia; Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Liang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, China; Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang L, Liu Q, Wang M, Du Y, Tan X, Xu B, Cheung U, Li E, Gilbert RG, Tang D. Effects of fasting on liver glycogen structure in rats with type 2 diabetes. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 237:116144. [PMID: 32241436 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Liver glycogen, a highly branched glucose polymer, is important for blood sugar homeostasis. It comprises α particles which are made of linked β particles; the molecular structure changes diurnally. In diabetic liver, the α particles are fragile, easily breaking apart into β particles in chaotropic agents such as dimethyl sulfoxide. We here use size-exclusion chromatography to study how fasting changes liver-glycogen structure in vivo for mice in which type-2 diabetes had previously been induced. Diabetic glycogen degraded enzymatically more quickly in the fasted animals than did glycogen without fasting, with fewer α particles, which however were still fragile. The glycogen had fewer long chains and more shorter chains after fasting. This study gives an overview of the in vivo dynamic changes in α-particles under starvation conditions in both normal and diabetic livers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yan Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xinle Tan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Bingju Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ut Cheung
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Enpeng Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Robert G Gilbert
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Daoquan Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Liu Y, Yang L, Zhang Y, Liu X, Wu Z, Gilbert RG, Deng B, Wang K. Dendrobium officinale polysaccharide ameliorates diabetic hepatic glucose metabolism via glucagon-mediated signaling pathways and modifying liver-glycogen structure. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 248:112308. [PMID: 31622745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Dendrobium officinale polysaccharide (DOP) is the main active ingredient of Dendrobium officinale Kimura & Migo, which is a precious traditional Chinese medicine and often used in treatment of hepatitis, diabetes, obesity and rheumatoid arthritis. AIM OF THE STUDY DOP exhibits significant hypoglycemic activity, while its mechanism remains unclear. The present study aims to investigate the hypoglycemic mechanisms of DOP based on the glucagon-mediated signaling pathways and the liver glycogen structure, which catalyze hepatic glucose metabolism, and provide new knowledge about the antidiabetic mechanism of DOP and further evidence for its clinical use for diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS DOP were obtained from the dry stems of Dendrobium officinale by water extraction and alcohol precipitation method. T2DM mice model was established by high-fat diet combined with streptozotocin. Liver histopathological changes were observed by H&E and PAS straining. Pancreatic histology was studied by H&E staining and immunofluorescence analysis. The levels of glucagon and insulin were detected by Elisa Kit and the hepatic glycogen content was detected by GOPOD. The expressions of the hepatic glycogen-related metabolism enzymes, hepatic gluconeogenesis enzymes, and the related protein in cAMP-PKA and Akt/FoxO1 signaling pathways were detected by western blots. Liver glycogen was extracted from the liver tissues by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) was used to analyze the structure of liver glycogen. RESULTS DOP could significantly affect the glucagon-mediated signaling pathways, cAMP-PKA and Akt/FoxO1, to further promote hepatic glycogen synthesis, inhibit hepatic glycogen degradation and hepatic gluconeogenesis. Moreover, DOP could reverse the instability of the liver glycogen structure and thus probably suppressed glycogen degradation. Thus, DOP finally would ameliorate hepatic glucose metabolism via glucagon-mediated signaling pathways and modifying liver-glycogen structure in diabetic mice. CONCLUSIONS The hypoglycemic mechanism of DOP might be associated with the regulation of glucagon-mediated hepatic glycogen metabolism and gluconeogenesis, and of liver glycogen structure, contributing to improved hepatic glucose metabolism in diabetic mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yage Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Linlin Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1227, Jiefang Road, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaocui Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhijing Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1227, Jiefang Road, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Robert G Gilbert
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, 225009, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China; Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Bin Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1227, Jiefang Road, 430030, Wuhan, China.
| | - Kaiping Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wang L, Wang M, Wise MJ, Liu Q, Yang T, Zhu Z, Li C, Tan X, Tang D, Wang W. Recent progress in the structure of glycogen serving as a durable energy reserve in bacteria. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:14. [PMID: 31897771 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2795-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen is conventionally considered as a transient energy reserve that can be rapidly synthesized for glucose accumulation and mobilized for ATP production. However, this conception is not completely applicable to prokaryotes due to glycogen structural heterogeneity. A number of studies noticed that glycogen with small average chain length gc in bacteria has the potential to degrade slowly, which might prolong bacterial environment survival. This phenomenon was previously examined and later formulated as the durable energy storage mechanism hypothesis. Although recent research has been warming to the hypothesis, experimental validation is still missing at current stage. In this review, we summarized recent progress of the hypothesis, provided a supporting mathematical model, and explored the technical pitfalls that shall be avoided in glycogen study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, Jiangsu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Michael J Wise
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- Computer Science and Software Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Qinghua Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zuobin Zhu
- Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chengcheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinle Tan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Daoquan Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, Jiangsu, China
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Shantou University, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
- School of Public Health, Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, 271000, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Li C, Hu Z. Is liver glycogen fragility a possible drug target for diabetes? FASEB J 2019; 34:3-15. [PMID: 31914592 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901463rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liver glycogen α particles are molecularly fragile in diabetic mice, and readily form smaller β particles, which degrade more rapidly to glucose. This effect is well associated with the loss of blood-glucose homeostasis in diabetes. The biological mechanism of such fragility is still unknown; therefore, there are perceived opportunities that could eventually lead to new means to manage type 2 diabetes. The hierarchical structures of glycogen particles are controlled by the underlying biosynthesis/degradation process that involves various enzymes, including, for example, glycogen synthase (GS) and glycogen-branching enzyme (GBE). Recent studies have shown that fragile glycogen α particles in diabetic mice have longer chains and a higher molecular density compared to wild-type mice, indicating an enhanced enzymatic activity ratio of GS to GBE in diabetes. Furthermore, it has been shown that with an improved blood glucose homeostasis, the glycogen fragility in diabetic mice can be restored by treatment with active ingredients from traditional Chinese medicine, yet the underlying mechanism is unknown. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understandings glycogen fragility from the perspectives of glycogen biosynthesis/degradation, glycogen hierarchical structures, and its relation to diabetes. Importantly, we for the first time set GS/GBE activity ratio as the therapeutic target for diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhenxia Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sullivan MA, Forbes JM. Glucose and glycogen in the diabetic kidney: Heroes or villains? EBioMedicine 2019; 47:590-597. [PMID: 31405756 PMCID: PMC6796499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose metabolism in the kidney is currently foremost in the minds of nephrologists, diabetologists and researchers globally, as a result of the outstanding success of SGLT2 inhibitors in reducing renal and cardiovascular disease in individuals with diabetes. However, these exciting data have come with the puzzling but fascinating paradigm that many of the beneficial effects on the kidney and cardiovascular system seem to be independent of the systemic glucose lowering actions of these agents. This manuscript places into context an area of research highly relevant to renal glucose metabolism, that of glycogen accumulation and metabolism in the diabetic kidney. Whether the glycogen that abnormally accumulates is pathological (the villain), is somehow protective (the hero) or is inconsequential (the bystander) is a research question that may provide insight into the link between diabetes and diabetic kidney disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell A Sullivan
- Glycation and Diabetes Group, Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Josephine M Forbes
- Glycation and Diabetes Group, Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia; Mater Clinical School, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wang L, Liu Q, Tan X, Wang Z, Wang M, Wise MJ, Li C, Ma C, Li E, Deng B, Du Y, Tang D, Gilbert RG. Molecular Structure of Glycogen in Escherichia coli. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:2821-2829. [PMID: 31244022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen, a randomly branched glucose polymer, provides energy storage in organisms. It forms small β particles which in animals bind to form composite α particles, which give better glucose release. Simulations imply β particle size is controlled only by activities and sizes of glycogen biosynthetic enzymes and sizes of polymer chains. Thus, storing more glucose requires forming more β particles, which are expected to sometimes form α particles. No α particles have been reported in bacteria, but the extraction techniques might have caused degradation. Using milder glycogen extraction techniques on Escherichia coli, transmission electron microscopy and size-exclusion chromatography showed α particles, consistent with this hypothesis for α-particle formation. Molecular density and size distributions show similarities with animal glycogen, despite very different metabolic processes. These general polymer constraints are such that any organism which needs to store and then release glucose will have similar α and β particle structures: a type of convergent evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou 221000 , Jiangsu Province , China.,Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou 221000 , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou 221000 , Jiangsu Province , China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou 221000 , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Xinle Tan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia.,Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - Ziyi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia.,Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou 221000 , Jiangsu Province , China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou 221000 , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Michael J Wise
- The Marshall Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, and Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering , University of Western Australia , Perth , Western Australia 6009 , Australia
| | - Chengcheng Li
- School of Bioengineering , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Medical Informatics , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou 221000 , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Enpeng Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, College of Agriculture , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Bin Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei 430030 , China
| | - Yan Du
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou 221000 , Jiangsu Province , China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou 221000 , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Daoquan Tang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou 221000 , Jiangsu Province , China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou 221000 , Jiangsu Province , China
| | - Robert G Gilbert
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia.,Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, College of Agriculture , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , Jiangsu Province , China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Effects of active ingredients from traditional Chinese medicines on glycogen molecular structure in diabetic mice. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
32
|
Hu Z, Li E, Sullivan MA, Tan X, Deng B, Gilbert RG, Li C. Glycogen structure in type 1 diabetic mice: Towards understanding the origin of diabetic glycogen molecular fragility. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 128:665-672. [PMID: 30708007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen is a complex branched glucose polymer. Liver glycogen in db/db mouse, a type-2 diabetic mouse model, has been found to be more molecularly fragile than in healthy mice. Size-exclusion chromatography was employed in this study to investigate the molecular structure of liver glycogen in two types of type 1 diabetic mouse models (NOD and C57BL/6J mice), sacrificed at various times throughout the diurnal cycle, and the fragility of liver glycogen after exposure to a hydrogen-bond disruptor were tested. Type 1 diabetic mice exhibit a similar glycogen fragility with that observed for db/db mice. This eliminates many of the potential causes for glycogen molecular fragility; the most likely explanation is that it is caused by high blood-glucose level and/or insulin deficiency, both phenotypes being common to both type 1 and type 2 diabetic mice. This result suggests ways towards new drug targets for the management of diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxia Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Enpeng Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mitchell A Sullivan
- Glycation and Diabetes, Translational Research Institute, Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Xinle Tan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Bin Deng
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Robert G Gilbert
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, China; The University of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Cheng Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Brewer MK, Gentry MS. Brain Glycogen Structure and Its Associated Proteins: Past, Present and Future. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2019; 23:17-81. [PMID: 31667805 PMCID: PMC7239500 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-27480-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This chapter reviews the history of glycogen-related research and discusses in detail the structure, regulation, chemical properties and subcellular distribution of glycogen and its associated proteins, with particular focus on these aspects in brain tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Kathryn Brewer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Epilepsy and Brain Metabolism Center, Lafora Epilepsy Cure Initiative, and Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Matthew S Gentry
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Epilepsy and Brain Metabolism Center, Lafora Epilepsy Cure Initiative, and Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|