1
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Song K, Ha S, Shin KY. Highly Conductive and Long-Term Stable Phosphorene-Based Nanocomposite for Radio-Frequency Antenna Application. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:1013. [PMID: 38921889 PMCID: PMC11206362 DOI: 10.3390/nano14121013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
In this study, an omnidirectional and high-performance free-standing monopole patch radio-frequency antenna was fabricated using a urea-functionalized phosphorene/TiO2/polypyrrole (UTP) nanocomposite. The UTP nanocomposite antenna was fabricated via ball milling of urea-functionalized phosphorene, chemical oxidative polymerization of the UTP nanocomposite, and mechanical pelletizing of the composite. Based on experiments, the proposed UTP nanocomposite-based antenna exhibited long-term stability in terms of electrical conductivity. After 12 weeks, a slight change in surface resistance was observed. The proposed antenna exhibited high radiation efficiency (78.2%) and low return loss (-36.6 dB). The results of this study suggest the potential of UTP nanocomposite antennas for applications in 5G technology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Keun-Young Shin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Soongsil University, 369 Sangdo-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea; (K.S.); (S.H.)
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2
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Higashitarumizu N, Tajima S, Kim J, Cai M, Javey A. Long operating lifetime mid-infrared LEDs based on black phosphorus. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4845. [PMID: 37563157 PMCID: PMC10415361 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40602-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Black phosphorus (BP) is a narrow bandgap layered semiconductor promising for mid-infrared optoelectronic applications. BP-based devices have been shown to surpass state-of-the-art mid-infrared detectors and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in terms of performance. Despite their device advantages, the material's inherent instability in the air could hinder its use in practical optoelectronic applications. Here, we investigated the impact of passivation on the device lifetime of BP LEDs, which deteriorate in a matter of seconds without using passivation. The lifetime is significantly extended with an Al2O3 passivation layer and nitrogen packaging via atomic layer deposition and ultra-violet curable resin sealing. The operational lifetime (half-life) at room temperature is extrapolated to be ~15,000 h with an initial power density of 340 mW/cm2 based on accelerated life testing. The present results indicate that efficient BP optoelectronics can be highly robust through simple and scalable packaging technologies, with important practical implications for mid-infrared applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Higashitarumizu
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Berkeley Sensor & Actuator Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Shogo Tajima
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Berkeley Sensor & Actuator Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jongchan Kim
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Berkeley Sensor & Actuator Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Integrated Display, Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingyang Cai
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Berkeley Sensor & Actuator Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ali Javey
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Berkeley Sensor & Actuator Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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3
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Zhang T, Xie H, Xie S, Hu A, Liu J, Kang J, Hou J, Hao Q, Liu H, Ji H. A Superior Two-Dimensional Phosphorus Flame Retardant: Few-Layer Black Phosphorus. Molecules 2023; 28:5062. [PMID: 37446723 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The usage of flame retardants in flammable polymers has been an effective way to protect both lives and material goods from accidental fires. Phosphorus flame retardants have the potential to be follow-on flame retardants after halogenated variants, because of their low toxicity, high efficiency and compatibility. Recently, the emerging allotrope of phosphorus, two-dimensional black phosphorus, as a flame retardant has been developed. To further understand its performance in flame-retardant efficiency among phosphorus flame retardants, in this work, we built model materials to compare the flame-retardant performances of few-layer black phosphorus, red phosphorus nanoparticles, and triphenyl phosphate as flame-retardant additives in cellulose and polyacrylonitrile. Aside from the superior flame retardancy in polyacrylonitrile, few-layer black phosphorus in cellulose showed the superior flame-retardant efficiency in self-extinguishing, ~1.8 and ~4.4 times that of red phosphorus nanoparticles and triphenyl phosphate with similar lateral size and mass load (2.5~4.8 wt%), respectively. The char layer in cellulose coated with the few-layer black phosphorus after combustion was more continuous and smoother than that with red phosphorus nanoparticles, triphenyl phosphate and blank, and the amount of residues of cellulose coated with the few-layer black phosphorus in thermogravimetric analysis were 10 wt%, 14 wt% and 14 wt% more than that with red phosphorus nanoparticles, triphenyl phosphate and blank, respectively. In addition, although exothermic reactions, the combustion enthalpy changes in the few-layer black phosphorus (-127.1 kJ mol-1) are one third of that of red phosphorus nanoparticles (-381.3 kJ mol-1). Based on a joint thermodynamic, spectroscopic, and microscopic analysis, the superior flame retardancy of the few-layer black phosphorus was attributed to superior combustion reaction suppression from the two-dimensional structure and thermal nature of the few-layer black phosphorus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2# Sipailou, Nanjing 210096, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Huanyu Xie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shuai Xie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ajuan Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jian Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jie Hou
- School of Resource Environment and Safety Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Qing Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2# Sipailou, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2# Sipailou, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Hengxing Ji
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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4
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Degradation Studies of Air-Exposed Black Phosphorous and Black Arsenic Phosphorous. CHEMENGINEERING 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/chemengineering7020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates the effects of oxygen and humidity on black phosphorous (BP) and black arsenic phosphorous (AsxP1−x ) flakes using Raman spectroscopy and in situ electric transport measurements (four-probe resistance and thermoelectric power, TEP). The results show that the incorporation of arsenic into the lattice of BP renders it more stable, with the degradation times for BP, As0.2P0.8, and As0.4P0.6 being 4, 5, and 11 days, respectively. The P-P Raman peak intensities were determined to decrease with exposure to oxygen and moisture. The TEP measurements confirmed that both BP and AsxP1−x are p-type semiconductors with the TEP of As0.4P0.6 stabilizing more slowly than that of BP. In addition, the four-probe resistance of BP and AsxP1−x stabilized significantly faster when exposed to air after being degassed in a vacuum. This was attributed to the charge transfer between the oxygen redox potential of air and the Fermi energy (EF) of the semiconductors.
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5
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Carrasco JA, Congost-Escoin P, Assebban M, Abellán G. Antimonene: a tuneable post-graphene material for advanced applications in optoelectronics, catalysis, energy and biomedicine. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:1288-1330. [PMID: 36744431 PMCID: PMC9987414 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00570k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The post-graphene era is undoubtedly marked by two-dimensional (2D) materials such as quasi-van der Waals antimonene. This emerging material has a fascinating structure, exhibits a pronounced chemical reactivity (in contrast to graphene), possesses outstanding electronic properties and has been postulated for a plethora of applications. However, chemistry and physics of antimonene remain in their infancy, but fortunately recent discoveries have shed light on its unmatched allotropy and rich chemical reactivity offering a myriad of unprecedented possibilities in terms of fundamental studies and applications. Indeed, antimonene can be considered as one of the most appealing post-graphene 2D materials reported to date, since its structure, properties and applications can be chemically engineered from the ground up (both using top-down and bottom-up approaches), offering an unprecedented level of control in the realm of 2D materials. In this review, we provide an in-depth analysis of the recent advances in the synthesis, characterization and applications of antimonene. First, we start with a general introduction to antimonene, and then we focus on its general chemistry, physical properties, characterization and synthetic strategies. We then perform a comprehensive study on the allotropy, the phase transition mechanisms, the oxidation behaviour and chemical functionalization. From a technological point of view, we further discuss the applications recently reported for antimonene in the fields of optoelectronics, catalysis, energy storage, cancer therapy and sensing. Finally, important aspects such as new scalable methodologies or the promising perspectives in biomedicine are discussed, pinpointing antimonene as a cutting-edge material of broad interest for researchers working in chemistry, physics, materials science and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Carrasco
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán Martínez, 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
| | - Pau Congost-Escoin
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán Martínez, 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
| | - Mhamed Assebban
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán Martínez, 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
| | - Gonzalo Abellán
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán Martínez, 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
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6
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Bartus Pravda C, Hegedűs T, Oliveira EF, Berkesi D, Szamosvölgyi Á, Kónya Z, Vajtai R, Kukovecz Á. Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanosheets Protect Exfoliated Black Phosphorus Layers from Ambient Oxidation. ADVANCED MATERIALS INTERFACES 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/admi.202200857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cora Bartus Pravda
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry University of Szeged Rerrich Béla tér 1 Szeged H‐6720 Hungary
| | - Tímea Hegedűs
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry University of Szeged Rerrich Béla tér 1 Szeged H‐6720 Hungary
| | | | - Dániel Berkesi
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry University of Szeged Rerrich Béla tér 1 Szeged H‐6720 Hungary
| | - Ákos Szamosvölgyi
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry University of Szeged Rerrich Béla tér 1 Szeged H‐6720 Hungary
| | - Zoltán Kónya
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry University of Szeged Rerrich Béla tér 1 Szeged H‐6720 Hungary
- MTA‐SZTE Reaction Kinetics and Surface Chemistry Research Group University of Szeged Rerrich Béla tér 1 Szeged H‐6720 Hungary
| | - Róbert Vajtai
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering Rice University 6100 Main Street Houston Texas 77005 USA
| | - Ákos Kukovecz
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry University of Szeged Rerrich Béla tér 1 Szeged H‐6720 Hungary
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7
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Bartus CP, Hegedűs T, Kozma G, Szenti I, Vajtai R, Kónya Z, Kukovecz Á. Exfoliation of black phosphorus in isopropanol-water cosolvents. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Kumar J, Shrivastava M. First-Principles Molecular Dynamics Insight into the Atomic Level Degradation Pathway of Phosphorene. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:696-704. [PMID: 35036736 PMCID: PMC8756585 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite its remarkable properties, phosphorene is not promising for device application due to its instability or gradual degradation under ambient conditions. The issue still persists, and no technological solution is available to address this degradation due to a lack of clarity about degradation dynamics at the atomic level. Here, we discuss atomic level degradation dynamics of phosphorene under ambient conditions while investigating the involvement of degrading agents like oxygen and water using density functional theory and first-principles molecular dynamics computations. The study reveals that the oxygen molecule dissociates spontaneously over pristine phosphorene in an ambient environment, resulting in an exothermic reaction, which is boosted further by increasing the partial pressure and temperature. The surface reaction is mainly due to the lone pair electrons of phosphorous atoms, making the degradation directional and spontaneous under oxygen atoms. We also found that while the pristine phosphorene is hydrophobic, it becomes hydrophilic after surface oxidation. Furthermore, water molecules play a vital role in the degradation process by changing the reaction dynamics path of the phosphorene-oxygen interaction and reducing the activation energy and reaction energy due to its catalyzing action. In addition, our study reveals the role of phosphorous vacancies in the degradation, which we found to act as an epicenter for the observed oxidation. The oxygen attacks directly over the vacant site and reacts faster compared to its pristine counterpart. As a result, phosphorene edges resembling extended vacancy are prominent reaction sites that oxidize anisotropically due to different bond angle strains. Our study clears the ambiguities in the kinetics of phosphorene degradation, which will help engineer passivation techniques to make phosphorene devices stable in the ambient environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeevesh Kumar
- Department of Electronic
Systems Engineering, Indian Institute of
Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Mayank Shrivastava
- Department of Electronic
Systems Engineering, Indian Institute of
Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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9
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Gómez-Pérez J, Pravda Bartus C, Szamosvölgyi Á, Sapi A, Kónya Z, Kukovecz Á. Electronic work function modulation of phosphorene by thermal oxidation. 2D MATERIALS 2021. [DOI: 10.1088/2053-1583/ac2f21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In this study, we evaluate the variation of the work function of phosphorene during thermal oxidation at different temperatures. The ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy results show an N-shaped behaviour that is explained by the oxidation process and the dangling-to-interstitial conversion at elevated temperatures. The exfoliation degree and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirm the formation of native oxides in the top-most layer that passivates the material. Ex-situ XPS reveals the full oxidation of monolayers at temperatures higher than 140 °C, but few-layer phosphorene withstands the thermal oxidation even up to 200 °C with slight modifications of the A
2
g/A
1
g and A
2
g/B
2g vibrational mode ratios and a weak fluorescence in the Raman spectra of the heat-treated samples.
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10
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Zuluaga-Hernandez EA, Mora-Ramos ME, Correa JD, Flórez E. Phosphorene and phosphorene oxides as a toxic gas sensor materials: a theoretical study. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:455501. [PMID: 34375965 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac1c2f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A systematic study of the adsorption of several harmful gases (CO2, NO, SO2, NH3y H2S) onto black phosphorene and three different black phosphorene oxides (BPO) is carried out through density functional theory calculations. In general, it is shown that BPOs are more suitable adsorbents than pure black phosphorene. Smaller values of adsorption energy correspond to CO2molecules, whilst those exhibiting larger ones are NH3, H2S, NO y SO2. It is found that SO2shows the greater difference in electronic charge transfer as well as the longer time of recovery among all species, being an electron acceptor molecule. Besides, it is revealed that physisorption induces changes of different order in the electronic, magnetic and optical responses of phosphorene systems involved. Greater changes in the electronic structure are produced in the case of NO adsorption. In that case, semiconductor nature and magnetization features of black phosphorene band structure become significantly modified. Moreover, a notorious effect of an externally applied electric field on the molecule adsorption onto BPOs has been detected. In accordance, adsorption energy changes with the applied electric field direction, in such a way that the higher value is favored through an upwards-directed orientation of NO y SO2adsorbates. Results presented could help to enhancing the understanding of BPOs as possible candidates for applications in gas sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M E Mora-Ramos
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, C.P. 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - J D Correa
- Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
| | - E Flórez
- Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
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11
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Cytocompatibility of stabilized black phosphorus nanosheets tailored by directly conjugated polymeric micelles for human breast cancer therapy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9304. [PMID: 33927292 PMCID: PMC8085149 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88791-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel procedure of few-layer black phosphorus (FLBP) stabilization and functionalisation was here proposed. The cationic polymer PLL and non-ionic PEG have been involved into encapsulation of FLBP to allow sufficient time for further nanofabrication process and overcome environmental degradation. Two different spacer chemistry was designed to bind polymers to tumor-homing peptides. The efficiency of functionalisation was examined by RP-HPLC, microscopic (TEM and SEM) and spectroscopic (FT-IR and Raman) techniques as well supported by ab-initio modelling. The cell and dose dependent cytotoxicity of FLBP and its bioconjugates was evaluated against HB2, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Functionalisation allowed not only for improvement of environmental stability, but also enhances therapeutic effect by abolished the cytotoxicity of FLBP against HB2 cell line. Moreover, modification of FLBP with PLL caused increase of selectivity against highly aggressive breast cancer cell lines. Results indicate the future prospect application of black phosphorus nanosheets as nanocarrier, considering its unique features synergistically with conjugated polymeric micelles.
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12
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Gómez-Pérez JF, Correa JD, Pravda CB, Kónya Z, Kukovecz Á. Dangling-to-Interstitial Oxygen Transition and Its Modifications of the Electronic Structure in Few-Layer Phosphorene. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY C 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c06542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan F. Gómez-Pérez
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich Béla tér 1, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Julián D. Correa
- Universidad de Medellín, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Medellín 050026 Colombia
| | - Cora Bartus Pravda
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich Béla tér 1, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Kónya
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich Béla tér 1, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Reaction Kinetics and Surface Chemistry Research Group, University of Szeged, Rerrich Béla tér 1, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ákos Kukovecz
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Rerrich Béla tér 1, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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13
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Bhembe YA, Lukhele LP, Sinha Ray S, Dlamini LN. Intercalation of Nb 2O 5 nano-flowers into the walls of few-layer black phosphorus creating a heterostructure of FL-BP@Nb 2O 5 with the potential for environmental application. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:7474-7487. [PMID: 32436924 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01073a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report the successful exfoliation of few-layer BP (FL-BP) from bulk BP via ultrasonication in N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP). FL-BP exhibited an orthorhombic phase structure similar to that of bulk BP with weak electrostatic out-of-plane interactions and strong ionic in-plane bonds. The weakened out-of-plane bonds allowed the intercalation of Nb2O5 nano-flowers that were hydrothermally synthesized, forming an intimate contact with the exfoliated BP. The successful formation of the heterointerface was confirmed by the co-existence of crystal phases of both compounds as per the XRD results. The formation of the new intrinsic Nb-P bond was confirmed by the presence of Raman shoulders of both compounds, further substantiated by the XPS analysis. The heterointerface enhanced Nb2O5 light-harvesting capacity as per the UV-vis measurements. The FL-BP's properties of higher carrier effective mass and density were successfully incorporated in the composite, implying an increased flow of electrons in the composite's lattice structure. This was displayed by the great suppression of the fast recombination rate of charge carriers in the composites. The 3% BP@Nb2O5 composite exhibited excellent optoelectrical properties, compared to the other composites, as suggested by the microstrain calculations, PL, and the EIS data. Mott-Schottky plots verified the p-n type heterojunction formed in the composites, and further verified the increased electron density/concentration in the composites, with respect to Nb2O5. Noteworthy, the incorporation of FL-BP in the lattice of Nb2O5 increased the surface area and the pore size and volume, which is a character beneficial for photocatalysis as it presents active sites and diffusion pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoliswa Anittah Bhembe
- Department, of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | | | - Suprakas Sinha Ray
- Department, of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, Johannesburg, South Africa. and Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
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14
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Naclerio AE, Zakharov DN, Kumar J, Rogers B, Pint CL, Shrivastava M, Kidambi PR. Visualizing Oxidation Mechanisms in Few-Layered Black Phosphorus via In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:15844-15854. [PMID: 32134627 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b21116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Layered two-dimensional (2D) black phosphorus (BP) exhibits novel semiconducting properties including a tunable bandgap and high electron mobility. However, the poor stability of BP in ambient environment severely limits potential for application in future electronic and optoelectronic devices. While passivation or encapsulation of BP using inert materials/polymers has emerged as a plausible solution, a detailed fundamental understanding of BP's reaction with oxygen is imperative to rationally advance its use in applications. Here, we use in situ environmental transmission electron microscopy to elucidate atomistic structural changes in mechanically exfoliated few-layered BP during exposure to varying partial pressures of oxygen. An amorphous oxide layer is seen on the actively etching BP edges, and the thickness of this layer increases with increasing oxygen partial pressure, indicating that oxidation proceeds via initial formation of amorphous PxOy species which sublime to result in the etching of the BP crystal. We observe that while few-layered BP is stable under the 80 kV electron beam (e-beam) in vacuum, the lattice oxidizes and degrades at room temperature in the presence of oxygen only in the region under the e-beam. The oxidative etch rate also increases with increasing e-beam dosage, suggesting the presence of an energy barrier for the oxidation reaction. Preferential oxidative etching along the [0 0 1] and [0 0 1] crystallographic directions is observed, in good agreement with density functional theory calculations showing favorable thermodynamic stability of the oxidized BP (0 0 1) planes compared to the (1 0 0) planes. We expect the atomistic insights and fundamental understanding obtained here to aid in the development of novel approaches to integrate BP in future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Naclerio
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1826, United States
| | - Dmitri N Zakharov
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Jeevesh Kumar
- Department of Electronic Systems Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Bridget Rogers
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1826, United States
| | - Cary L Pint
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, United States
| | - Mayank Shrivastava
- Department of Electronic Systems Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Piran R Kidambi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1826, United States
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15
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Wu S, He F, Xie G, Bian Z, Ren Y, Liu X, Yang H, Guo D, Zhang L, Wen S, Luo J. Super-Slippery Degraded Black Phosphorus/Silicon Dioxide Interface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:7717-7726. [PMID: 31944101 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b19570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The interfaces between two-dimensional (2D) materials and the silicon dioxide (SiO2)/silicon (Si) substrate, generally considered as a solid-solid mechanical contact, have been especially emphasized for the structure design and the property optimization in microsystems and nanoengineering. The basic understanding of the interfacial structure and dynamics for 2D material-based systems still remains one of the inevitable challenges ahead. Here, an interfacial mobile water layer is indicated to insert into the interface of the degraded black phosphorus (BP) flake and the SiO2/Si substrate owing to the induced hydroxyl groups during the ambient degradation. A super-slippery degraded BP/SiO2 interface was observed with the interfacial shear stress (ISS) experimentally evaluated as low as 0.029 ± 0.004 MPa, being comparable to the ISS values of incommensurate rigid crystalline contacts. In-depth investigation of the interfacial structure through nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy depth profiling revealed that the interfacial liquid water was responsible for the super-slippery BP/SiO2 interface with extremely low shear stress. This finding clarifies the strong interactions between degraded BP and water molecules, which supports the potential wider applications of the few-layer BP nanomaterial in biological lubrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Feng He
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Guoxin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Zhengliang Bian
- Department of Engineering Mechanics , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Yilong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Xinyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Haijun Yang
- Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Dan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Shizhu Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Jianbin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
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16
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Kovalska E, Luxa J, Hartman T, Antonatos N, Shaban P, Oparin E, Zhukova M, Sofer Z. Non-aqueous solution-processed phosphorene by controlled low-potential electrochemical exfoliation and thin film preparation. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:2638-2647. [PMID: 31939986 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr10257d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Black phosphorus (BP) in its monolayer form called phosphorene is thought of as a successor of graphene and is of great interest for (opto)electronic applications. A quantitative and scalable method for the synthesis of (mono-)few-layer phosphorene has been an outstanding challenge due to the process irreproducibility and environmental degradation capability of the BP. Here, we report a facile controlled electrochemical exfoliation method for the preparation of a few-layer phosphorene (FP) with nearly 100% yield. Our approach relies on the low-potential influence in anhydrous and oxygen-free low-boiling acetonitrile (AN) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) using alkylammonium ions. Herein, intercalation of positive ions into BP interlayers occurred with a minimum potential of -2.95 V in DMF and -2.85 V in AN and the non-damaging and highly accurate electrochemical exfoliation lasted at -3.8 V. A variety of analytical methods have revealed that in particular DMF-based exfoliation results in high-quality phosphorene of 1-5 layers with good crystallinity and lateral sizes up to tens of micrometers. Moreover, assurance of the oxygen- and water-free environment allowed us to minimize the surface oxidation of BP and, consequently, exfoliated phosphorene. We pioneer an effective and reproducible printing transfer of electrochemically exfoliated phosphorene films onto various flexible and rigid substrates. The surfactant-free process of exfoliation allowed assembly and transfer of thin films based on FP. The phosphorene-based films characterized as direct gap semiconductors have a layer-number-dependent bandgap with a tuning range larger than that of other 2D materials. We show that on varying the films' thickness, it is possible to modify their optical properties, which is a significant advantage for compact and switchable optoelectronic components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya Kovalska
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Praha 6 - Dejvice, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Luxa
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Praha 6 - Dejvice, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomáš Hartman
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Praha 6 - Dejvice, Czech Republic.
| | - Nikolas Antonatos
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Praha 6 - Dejvice, Czech Republic.
| | - Polina Shaban
- Department of Photonics and Optical Information Technology, ITMO University, Kronverkskiy Prospekt, 49, 197101 Sankt-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Egor Oparin
- Department of Photonics and Optical Information Technology, ITMO University, Kronverkskiy Prospekt, 49, 197101 Sankt-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maria Zhukova
- Department of Photonics and Optical Information Technology, ITMO University, Kronverkskiy Prospekt, 49, 197101 Sankt-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Zdeněk Sofer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Praha 6 - Dejvice, Czech Republic.
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17
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Madas S, Mishra SK, Kahaly S, Kahaly MU. Superior Photo-thermionic electron Emission from Illuminated Phosphorene Surface. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10307. [PMID: 31312007 PMCID: PMC6635392 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44823-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This work demonstrates that black phosphorene, a two dimensional allotrope of phosphorus, has the potential to be an efficient photo-thermionic emitter. To investigate and understand the novel aspects we use a combined approach in which ab initio quantum simulation tools are utilized along with semiclassical description for the emission process. First by using density functional theory based formalism, we study the band structure of phosphorene. From the locations of electronic bands, and band edges, we estimate the Fermi level and work function. This leads us to define a valid material specific parameter space and establish a formalism for estimating thermionic electron emission current from phosphorene. Finally we demonstrate how the emission current can be enhanced substantially under the effect of photon irradiation. We observe that photoemission flux to strongly dominate over its coexisting counterpart thermionic emission flux. Anisotropy in phosphorene structure plays important role in enhancing the flux. The approach which is valid over a much wider range of parameters is successfully tested against recently performed experiments in a different context. The results open up a new possibility for application of phosphorene based thermionic and photo-thermionic energy converters.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Madas
- ELI-ALPS, ELI-HU Non-Profit Ltd., Dugonics ter 13, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
| | - S K Mishra
- ELI-ALPS, ELI-HU Non-Profit Ltd., Dugonics ter 13, Szeged, 6720, Hungary
- Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | - S Kahaly
- ELI-ALPS, ELI-HU Non-Profit Ltd., Dugonics ter 13, Szeged, 6720, Hungary.
| | - M Upadhyay Kahaly
- ELI-ALPS, ELI-HU Non-Profit Ltd., Dugonics ter 13, Szeged, 6720, Hungary.
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18
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Wild S, Lloret V, Vega-Mayoral V, Vella D, Nuin E, Siebert M, Koleśnik-Gray M, Löffler M, Mayrhofer KJJ, Gadermaier C, Krstić V, Hauke F, Abellán G, Hirsch A. Monolayer black phosphorus by sequential wet-chemical surface oxidation. RSC Adv 2019; 9:3570-3576. [PMID: 30854196 PMCID: PMC6369675 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra09069f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a straightforward chemical methodology for controlling the thickness of black phosphorus flakes down to the monolayer limit by layer-by-layer oxidation and thinning, using water as solubilizing agent. Moreover, the oxidation process can be stopped at will by two different passivation procedures, namely the non-covalent functionalization with perylene diimide chromophores, which prevents the photooxidation, or by using a protective ionic liquid layer. The obtained flakes preserve their electronic properties as demonstrated by fabricating a BP field-effect transistor (FET). This work paves the way for the preparation of BP devices with controlled thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wild
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany. ;
| | - Vicent Lloret
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany. ;
| | - Victor Vega-Mayoral
- CRANN & AMBER Research Centers, School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Complex Matter, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Daniele Vella
- Department of Complex Matter, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Edurne Nuin
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany. ; .,Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Martin Siebert
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstr. 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maria Koleśnik-Gray
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstr. 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mario Löffler
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Immerwahrstraße 2a, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karl J J Mayrhofer
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Immerwahrstraße 2a, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Gadermaier
- Department of Complex Matter, Jozef Stefan Institute, Jozef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Vojislav Krstić
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstr. 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany. ;
| | - Gonzalo Abellán
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany. ; .,Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany. ;
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