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Land AT, Dey Chowdhury M, Agrawal AR, Wilson DJ. Sub-ppm Nanomechanical Absorption Spectroscopy of Silicon Nitride. NANO LETTERS 2024. [PMID: 38742810 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Material absorption is a key limitation in nanophotonic systems; however, its characterization is often obscured by scattering and diffraction. Here we show that nanomechanical frequency spectroscopy can be used to characterize material absorption at the parts per million level and use it to characterize the extinction coefficient κ of stoichiometric silicon nitride (Si3N4). Specifically, we track the frequency shift of a high-Q Si3N4 trampoline in response to laser photothermal heating and infer κ from a model including stress relaxation and both conductive and radiative heat transfer. A key insight is the presence of two thermalization time scales: rapid radiative cooling of the Si3N4 film and slow parasitic heating of the Si chip. We infer κ ∼ 0.1-1 ppm for Si3N4 in the 532-1550 nm wavelength range, matching bounds set by waveguide resonators. Our approach is applicable to diverse photonic materials and may offer new insights into their potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Land
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Mitul Dey Chowdhury
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Aman R Agrawal
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Dalziel J Wilson
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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2
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West R, Kanellopulos K, Schmid S. Photothermal Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Nanomechanical Resonators. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:21915-21929. [PMID: 38024195 PMCID: PMC10659107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c04361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
In nanomechanical photothermal absorption spectroscopy and microscopy, the measured substance becomes a part of the detection system itself, inducing a nanomechanical resonance frequency shift upon thermal relaxation. Suspended, nanometer-thin ceramic or 2D material resonators are innately highly sensitive thermal detectors of localized heat exchanges from substances on their surface or integrated into the resonator itself. Consequently, the combined nanoresonator-analyte system is a self-measuring spectrometer and microscope responding to a substance's transfer of heat over the entire spectrum for which it absorbs, according to the intensity it experiences. Limited by their own thermostatistical fluctuation phenomena, nanoresonators have demonstrated sufficient sensitivity for measuring trace analyte as well as single particles and molecules with incoherent light or focused and wide-field coherent light. They are versatile in their design, support various sampling methods-potentially including hydrated sample encapsulation-and hyphenation with other spectroscopic methods, and are capable in a wide range of applications including fingerprinting, separation science, and surface sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert
G. West
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27-29, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kostas Kanellopulos
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27-29, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvan Schmid
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27-29, 1040 Vienna, Austria
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3
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Luhmann N, West RG, Lafleur JP, Schmid S. Nanoelectromechanical Infrared Spectroscopy with In Situ Separation by Thermal Desorption: NEMS-IR-TD. ACS Sens 2023; 8:1462-1470. [PMID: 37067504 PMCID: PMC10152476 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel method for the quantitative analysis of mixtures of semivolatile chemical compounds. For the first time, thermal desorption is integrated directly with nanoelectromechanical infrared spectroscopy (NEMS-IR-TD). In this new technique, an analyte mixture is deposited via nebulization on the surface of a NEMS sensor and subsequently desorbed using heating under vacuum. The desorption process is monitored in situ via infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The resulting spectro-temporal maps allow for selective identification and analysis of the mixture. In addition, the corresponding thermogravimetric data allow for analysis of the desorption dynamics of the mixture components. As a demonstration, caffeine and theobromine were selectively identified and quantified from a mixture with a detection limit of less than 6 pg (about 30 fmol). With its exceptional sensitivity, NEMS-IR-TD allows for the analysis of low abundance and complex analytes with potential applications ranging from environmental sensing to life sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Luhmann
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27-29, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert G West
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27-29, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Josiane P Lafleur
- Invisible-Light Laboratories GmbH, Taubstummengasse 11, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvan Schmid
- Institute of Sensor and Actuator Systems, TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27-29, 1040 Vienna, Austria
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4
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Kirchhof JN, Yu Y, Antheaume G, Gordeev G, Yagodkin D, Elliott P, de Araújo DB, Sharma S, Reich S, Bolotin KI. Nanomechanical Spectroscopy of 2D Materials. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:8037-8044. [PMID: 36252952 PMCID: PMC9615986 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a nanomechanical platform for fast and sensitive measurements of the spectrally resolved optical dielectric function of 2D materials. At the heart of our approach is a suspended 2D material integrated into a high Q silicon nitride nanomechanical resonator illuminated by a wavelength-tunable laser source. From the heating-related frequency shift of the resonator as well as its optical reflection measured as a function of photon energy, we obtain the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric function. Our measurements are unaffected by substrate-related screening and do not require any assumptions on the underling optical constants. This fast (τrise ∼ 135 ns), sensitive (noise-equivalent power = 90 pW √ Hz ), and broadband (1.2-3.1 eV, extendable to UV-THz) method provides an attractive alternative to spectroscopic or ellipsometric characterization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan N. Kirchhof
- Department
of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Yuefeng Yu
- Department
of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriel Antheaume
- Department
of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Georgy Gordeev
- Department
of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195Berlin, Germany
- Department
of Physics and Materials Science, University
of Luxembourg, 41 Rue
du Brill, 4422Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Denis Yagodkin
- Department
of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Elliott
- Max-Born
Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Strasse 2A, 12489Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel B. de Araújo
- Department
of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Sangeeta Sharma
- Max-Born
Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy, Max-Born-Strasse 2A, 12489Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephanie Reich
- Department
of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Kirill I. Bolotin
- Department
of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195Berlin, Germany
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Lin Q, Mei Y, Huang W, Zhang B, Liu K. Understanding the Role of Polyvinylpyrrolidone on Ultrafine Low-Rank Coal Flotation. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:10196-10204. [PMID: 35382342 PMCID: PMC8973116 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Effective regulation reagents are essential in low-rank coal flotation for improving the floatability of ultrafine particles. Polymer regulators have great potential in the surface modification of ultrafine coal particles. A novel nonionic polymer, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), is evaluated in this study to determine its effectiveness as a regulator in floating ultrafine low-rank coal. Laser particle size analysis is used to discern both the size distribution of coal particles and the change in size distribution. Contact angle tests are carried out to evaluate the wettability of low-rank coal. Surface functional groups of low-rank coal are analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and the surface interaction energy is tested by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results show effective adsorption of PVP and demonstrate the effects of PVP at the coal surface. The adsorption of PVP changes the proportion of exposed carbon and oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of low-rank coal, regulating the size distribution of low-rank coal particles in suspension. The success of polyvinylpyrrolidone as a regulator in low-rank coal flotation is demonstrated, and the mechanisms by which PVP can affect ultrafine low-rank coal flotation are elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyu Lin
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin
Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Department
of Chemistry, Southern University of Science
and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yujie Mei
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin
Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Department
of Chemistry, Southern University of Science
and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Shenzhen
Engineering Research Center for Coal Comprehensive Utilization, School
of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Southern
University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Academy
for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization of Ministry
of Education, China University of Mining
& Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Southern University of Science
and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen
Engineering Research Center for Coal Comprehensive Utilization, School
of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Southern
University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Academy
for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Wang H, Bao Y, Tang J, Li Q, Shi W, Ma X. On-chip monolithic Fourier transform spectrometers assisted by cGAN spectral prediction. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:4288-4291. [PMID: 34469996 DOI: 10.1364/ol.438429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Silicon photonic spatial heterodyne Fourier transform spectrometers (SH-FTSs) are attractive with chip-scale monolithic arrays of imbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometers; however, there exist optical path difference (OPD) errors from the inevitable fabrication imperfection, which will severely distort the retrieved spectra. In this Letter, we propose that a predictive model can be created for rapid and accurate spectral recovery based on the conditional generative adversarial network (cGAN) featuring strong input-on-output supervision, instead of both complicated physical OPD modification and time-consuming iterative spectral calculation. As a demonstration, cGAN spectral prediction was performed for our previously presented dual-polarized SH-FTS with large OPD errors [Opt. Lett.44, 2923 (2019)OPLEDP0146-959210.1364/OL.44.002923]. Due to the strong noise-resistant capability, the cGAN-predicted spectra can stay reliable, even though the signal-to-noise ratio of acquired interferograms dramatically drops from 1000 to 100, implying a lower limit of detection.
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Karl M, Thamdrup LH, Rantanen J, Boisen A, Rades T. Temperature-Modulated Micromechanical Thermal Analysis with Microstring Resonators Detects Multiple Coherent Features of Small Molecule Glass Transition. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E1019. [PMID: 32070014 PMCID: PMC7070930 DOI: 10.3390/s20041019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Micromechanical Thermal Analysis utilizes microstring resonators to analyze a minimum amount of sample to obtain both the thermal and mechanical responses of the sample during a heating ramp. We introduce a modulated setup by superimposing a sinusoidal heating on the linear heating and implementing a post-measurement data deconvolution process. This setup is utilized to take a closer look at the glass transition as an important fundamental feature of amorphous matter with relations to the processing and physical stability of small molecule drugs. With an additionally developed image and qualitative mode shape analysis, we are able to separate distinct features of the glass transition process and explain a previously observed two-fold change in resonance frequency. The results from this setup indicate the detection of initial relaxation to viscous flow onset as well as differences in mode responsivity and possible changes in the primary resonance mode of the string resonators. The modulated setup is helpful to distinguish these processes during the glass transition with varying responses in the frequency and quality factor domain and offers a more robust way to detect the glass transition compared to previously developed methods. Furthermore, practical and theoretical considerations are discussed when performing measurements on string resonators (and comparable emerging analytical techniques) for physicochemical characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Karl
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.K.); (J.R.); (A.B.)
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark;
- Danish National Research Foundation and Villum Fondens Center for Intelligent Drug delivery and sensing Using microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN), Ørsteds Plads, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lasse H.E. Thamdrup
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark;
- Danish National Research Foundation and Villum Fondens Center for Intelligent Drug delivery and sensing Using microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN), Ørsteds Plads, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jukka Rantanen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.K.); (J.R.); (A.B.)
- Danish National Research Foundation and Villum Fondens Center for Intelligent Drug delivery and sensing Using microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN), Ørsteds Plads, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anja Boisen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.K.); (J.R.); (A.B.)
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark;
- Danish National Research Foundation and Villum Fondens Center for Intelligent Drug delivery and sensing Using microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN), Ørsteds Plads, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (M.K.); (J.R.); (A.B.)
- Danish National Research Foundation and Villum Fondens Center for Intelligent Drug delivery and sensing Using microcontainers and Nanomechanics (IDUN), Ørsteds Plads, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Modeling of an Optically Heated MEMS-Based Micromechanical Bimaterial Sensor for Heat Capacitance Measurements of Single Biological Cells. SENSORS 2019; 20:s20010215. [PMID: 31905989 PMCID: PMC6982954 DOI: 10.3390/s20010215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Detection of thermal activities of biological cells is important for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications because these activities are closely associated with the conformational change processes. Calorimetric measurements of biological systems using bimaterial microcantilevers (BMC) have increasingly been reported with the ultimate goal of developing highly sensitive and inexpensive techniques with real-time measurement capability techniques for the characterization of dynamic thermal properties of biological cells. BMCs have been established as highly sensitive calorimeters for the thermal analysis of cells and liquids. In this paper, we present a simulation model using COMSOL Multiphysics and a mathematical method to estimate the heat capacity of objects (treated here as a biological cell) placed on the surface of a microcantilever. By measuring the thermal time constant, which is obtained from the deflection curve of a BMC, the heat capacity of a sample can be evaluated. With this model, we can estimate the heat capacity of single biological cells using a BMC, which can potentially be used for the thermal characterization of different biological samples.
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