1
|
Lai KY, Li CJ, Tsai CS, Chou WJ, Huang WT, You HL, Lee SY, Wang LJ. Appetite hormones, neuropsychological function and methylphenidate use in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2024; 170:107169. [PMID: 39226626 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.107169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Appetite hormones may play a significant role in neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity and may also affect brain function development. This study aimed to explore the role of appetite hormones in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), including aspects of pathophysiology, pharmacotherapy, and side effects. We recruited 119 patients with ADHD who were undergoing methylphenidate treatment (ADHD+MPH), 77 unmedicated ADHD patients (ADHD-MPH), and 87 healthy controls. Blood samples were collected from all participants to examine serum levels of orexin A, ghrelin, leptin, and adiponectin. Behavioral symptoms were assessed using the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Rating Scale, and visual and auditory attention were evaluated using computerized neuropsychological tests. The side effects of methylphenidate treatment were measured using Barkley's Side Effects Rating Scale. Orexin levels in the control group were significantly higher than in the ADHD-MPH (p=0.037) and ADHD+MPH (p<0.001) groups; additionally, orexin levels in the ADHD-MPH group were significantly higher than in the ADHD+MPH group (p=0.032). Leptin levels in both the ADHD+MPH (p=0.011) and ADHD-MPH (p=0.011) groups were significantly lower than in the control group. Ghrelin levels were positively associated with auditory attention across all ADHD groups (p=0.015). Furthermore, ghrelin levels were positively correlated with methylphenidate dosage (p=0.024), and negatively correlated with methylphenidate side effects (p=0.044) in the ADHD+MPH group. These findings provide further insight into the relationships between appetite hormones, pharmacotherapy, and ADHD. Orexin A and leptin are associated with the etiology of ADHD, while orexin A and ghrelin play important roles in attention deficits and methylphenidate usage in ADHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Yu Lai
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Li
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Shu Tsai
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jiun Chou
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ting Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Biotechnology, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung 83102, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Ling You
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Biotechnology, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung 83102, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yu Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Jen Wang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mohammadkhani A, Mitchell C, James MH, Borgland SL, Dayas CV. Contribution of hypothalamic orexin (hypocretin) circuits to pathologies of motivation. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:4430-4449. [PMID: 39317446 PMCID: PMC11458361 DOI: 10.1111/bph.17325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The orexin (also known as hypocretin) system, consisting of neuropeptides orexin-A and orexin-B, was discovered over 25 years ago and was immediately identified as a central regulator of sleep and wakefulness. These peptides interact with two G-protein coupled receptors, orexin 1 (OX1) and orexin 2 (OX2) receptors which are capable of coupling to all heterotrimeric G-protein subfamilies, but primarily transduce increases in calcium signalling. Orexin neurons are regulated by a variety of transmitter systems and environmental stimuli that signal reward availability, including food and drug related cues. Orexin neurons are also activated by anticipation, stress, cues predicting motivationally relevant information, including those predicting drugs of abuse, and engage neuromodulatory systems, including dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to respond to these signals. As such, orexin neurons have been characterized as motivational activators that coordinate a range of functions, including feeding and arousal, that allow the individual to respond to motivationally relevant information, critical for survival. This review focuses on the role of orexins in appetitive motivation and highlights a role for these neuropeptides in pathologies characterized by inappropriately high levels of motivated arousal (overeating, anxiety and substance use disorders) versus those in which motivation is impaired (depression).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aida Mohammadkhani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Caitlin Mitchell
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- The Hunter Medical Research, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Morgan H James
- Department of Psychiatry and Brain Health Institute, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Stephanie L Borgland
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christopher V Dayas
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- The Hunter Medical Research, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rapps K, Weller A, Meiri N. Epigenetic regulation is involved in reversal of obesity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 167:105906. [PMID: 39343077 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Epigenetic processes play a crucial role in mediating the impact of environmental energetic challenges, from overconsumption to starvation. Over-nutrition of energy-dense foods and sedentary lifestyles contribute to the development of obesity, characterized by excessive fat storage and impaired metabolic signaling, stemming from disrupted brain signaling. Conversely, dieting and physical activity facilitate body weight rebalancing and trigger adaptive neural responses. These adaptations involve the upregulation of neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity and optimized brain function and energy homeostasis, balanced hormone signaling, normal metabolism, and reduced inflammation. The transition of the brain from a maladaptive to an adaptive state is partially guided by epigenetic mechanisms. While epigenetic mechanisms underlying obesity-related brain changes have been described, their role in mediating the reversal of maladaptation/obesity through lifestyle interventions remains less explored. This review focuses on elucidating epigenetic mechanisms involved in hypothalamic adaptations induced by lifestyle interventions. Given that lifestyle interventions are widely prescribed and accessible approaches for weight loss and maintenance, it is our challenge to uncover epigenetic mechanisms moderating these hypothalamic-functional beneficial changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Rapps
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel; Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel; Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Aron Weller
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel; Department of Psychology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Noam Meiri
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Konadu B, Cox CK, Garrett MR, Gibert Y. Excess glucose or fat differentially affects metabolism and appetite-related gene expression during zebrafish embryogenesis. iScience 2023; 26:107063. [PMID: 37534154 PMCID: PMC10391732 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish embryos use their yolk sac reserve as the sole nutrient source during embryogenesis. The two main forms of energy fuel can be found in the form of glucose or fat. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to glucose or injected with free fatty acid/Triacylglycerol (FFA/TAG) into the yolk sac at 24 hpf. At 72 hpf, glucose exposed or FFA/TAG injected had differential effects on gene expression in embryos, with fat activating lipolysis and β-oxidation and glucose activating the insulin pathway. Bulk RNA-seq revealed that more gene expression was affected by glucose exposure compared to FFA/TAGs injection. Appetite-controlling genes were also differently affected by glucose exposure or FFA/TAG injections. Because the embryo did not yet feed itself at the time of our analysis, gene expression changes occurred in absence of actual hunger and revealed how the embryo manages its nutrient intake before active feeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Konadu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Carol K. Cox
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Michael R. Garrett
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Yann Gibert
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sex-dependent role of orexin deficiency in feeding behavior and affective state of mice following intermittent access to a Western diet - Implications for binge-like eating behavior. Physiol Behav 2023; 260:114069. [PMID: 36572152 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.114069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Binge eating disorder is a debilitating disease characterized by recurrent episodes of excessive food consumption and associated with psychiatric comorbidities. Despite a growing body of research investigating the neurobiological underpinnings of eating disorders, specific treatments are lacking. Given its fundamental role in feeding behaviors, we investigated the role of the orexin (hypocretin) neuropeptide system in binge-like eating and associated phenotypes. Specifically, we submitted female and male orexin-deficient mice to a paradigm of intermittent access (once weekly for 24 h) to a Western diet (WD) to induce binge-like eating. Additionally, we measured their anxiety-like behavior and plasma corticosterone levels. All mice showed binge-like eating in response to the intermittent WD access, but females did so to a greater extent than males. While orexin deficiency did not affect binge-like eating in this paradigm, we found that female orexin-deficient mice generally weighed more, and they expressed increased hypophagia and stress levels compared to wild-type mice following binge-like eating episodes. These detrimental effects of orexin deficiency were marginal or absent in males. Moreover, male wild-type mice expressed post-binge anxiety, but orexin-deficient mice did not. In conclusion, these results extend our knowledge of orexin's role in dysregulated eating and associated negative affective states, and contribute to the growing body of evidence indicating a sexual dimorphism of the orexin system. Considering that many human disorders, and especially eating disorders, have a strong sex bias, our findings further emphasize the importance of testing both female and male subjects.
Collapse
|
6
|
Sharma A, Tripathi V, Kumar V. Hypothalamic molecular correlates of photoperiod-induced spring migration in intact and castrated male redheaded buntings. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 561:111829. [PMID: 36526025 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the molecular changes associated with neural plasticity in photoperiodic induction of spring migration in intact and castrated redheaded bunting, Emberiza bruniceps. We measured the hypothalamic mRNA expression of genes in birds that were photostimulated into winter non-migratory and spring (vernal) migratory phenotypes under short and long photoperiods, respectively. These included genes associated with the appetitive phase of reproduction (spring migration drive, th and ddc genes encoding for tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine decarboxylase enzymes, respectively), sleep/awake state (pmch gene encoding for pro-melanin concentrating hormone; hcrt and hcrtr2 encoding for the hypocretin/orexin and its receptor, respectively) and neurogenesis (dcx and neuN coding for doublecortin and neuronal nuclear proteins, respectively). Higher th mRNA levels suggested an upregulated dopamine synthesis in the hypothalamus of spring migrants. Similarly, elevated hcrt and hcrtr2 mRNA levels suggested an increased wakefulness, and those of dcx and neuN genes suggested an enhanced neurogenesis during the spring migration state. Further, compared to intact birds, the lower th and pmch, and higher hcrtr2 and neuN mRNA levels in castrates suggested a role of testicular steroids in modulation of the appetitive phase of reproduction, sleep and awake states, and neurogenesis during spring migration period. These results provide insights into molecular changes linked with important hypothalamic molecular pathways and steroidal influence in the photoperiodic induction of spring migration in obligate migratory songbirds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aakansha Sharma
- IndoUS Center in Chronobiology, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
| | - Vatsala Tripathi
- Department of Zoology, Dyal Singh College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110003, India.
| | - Vinod Kumar
- IndoUS Center in Chronobiology, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dhafar HO, BaHammam AS. Body Weight and Metabolic Rate Changes in Narcolepsy: Current Knowledge and Future Directions. Metabolites 2022; 12:1120. [PMID: 36422261 PMCID: PMC9693066 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Narcolepsy is a known auto-immune disease that presents mainly in the teenage years with irresistible sleep attacks. Patients with narcolepsy, especially NT1, have been found to have a high prevalence of obesity and other metabolic derangements. This narrative review aimed to address the relationship between narcolepsy and changes in weight and metabolic rate, and discuss potential mechanisms for weight gain and metabolic changes and future research agendas on this topic. This article will provide a balanced, up-to-date critical review of the current literature, and delineate areas for future research, in order to understand the pathophysiological metabolic changes in narcolepsy. Articles using predefined keywords were searched for in PubMed and Google Scholar databases, with predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Compared to controls, patients with narcolepsy are more likely to be obese and have higher BMIs and waist circumferences. According to recent research, weight gain in narcolepsy patients may be higher during the disease's outset. The precise mechanisms causing this weight gain remains unknown. The available information, albeit limited, does not support differences in basal or resting metabolic rates between patients with narcolepsy and controls, other than during the time of disease onset. The evidence supporting the role of orexin in weight gain in humans with narcolepsy is still controversial, in the literature. Furthermore, the available data did not show any appreciable alterations in the levels of CSF melanin-concentrating hormone, plasma and CSF leptin, or serum growth hormone, in relation to weight gain. Other mechanisms have been proposed, including a reduction in sympathetic tone, hormonal changes, changes in eating behavior and physical activity, and genetic predisposition. The association between increased body mass index and narcolepsy is well-recognized; however, the relationship between narcolepsy and other metabolic measures, such as body fat/muscle distribution and metabolic rate independent of BMI, is not well documented, and the available evidence is inconsistent. Future longitudinal studies with larger sample sizes are needed to assess BMR in patients with narcolepsy under a standard protocol at the outset of narcolepsy, with regular follow-up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamza O. Dhafar
- The University Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Family Medicine, Prince Mansour Military Hospital, Taif 26526, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed S. BaHammam
- The University Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- The Strategic Technologies Program of the National Plan for Sciences and Technology and Innovation in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, P.O. Box 2454, Riyadh 11324, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yehuda GA, Somekh J. A methodology for classifying tissue-specific metabolic and inflammatory receptor functions applied to subcutaneous and visceral adipose. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276699. [PMID: 36282842 PMCID: PMC9595531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
To achieve homeostasis, the human biological system relies on the interaction between organs through the binding of ligands secreted from source organs to receptors located on destination organs. Currently, the changing roles that receptors perform in tissues are only partially understood. Recently, a methodology based on receptor co-expression patterns to classify their tissue-specific metabolic functions was suggested. Here we present an advanced framework to predict an additional class of inflammatory receptors that use a feature space of biological pathway enrichment analysis scores of co-expression networks and their eigengene correlations. These are fed into three machine learning classifiers-eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Support Vector Machines (SVM), and K-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN). We applied our methodology to subcutaneous and visceral adipose gene expression datasets derived from the GTEx (Genotype-Tissue Expression) project and compared the predictions. The XGBoost model demonstrated the best performance in predicting the pre-labeled receptors, with an accuracy of 0.89/0.8 in subcutaneous/visceral adipose. We analyzed ~700 receptors to predict eight new metabolic and 15 new inflammatory functions of receptors and four new metabolic functions for known inflammatory receptors in both adipose tissues. We cross-referenced multiple predictions using the published literature. Our results establish a picture of the changing functions of receptors for two adipose tissues that can be beneficial for drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Judith Somekh
- Information Systems, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Park TH, Lee HJ, Kwon RW, Lee IH, Lee SJ, Park JI, Choo EA, Lee JB. Effects of caffeine ingestion and thermotherapy on blood orexin circulation in humans. Food Sci Biotechnol 2022; 31:1207-1212. [PMID: 35615306 PMCID: PMC9122480 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-022-01094-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine and orexin can affect awakening, neuroendocrine, and sympathetic nerve function. Our previous study has reported that caffeine intake can increase human body temperature. However, little is known about the combined effects of thermotherapy and caffeine intake on human serum orexin concentrations. Forty-two healthy male subjects with age of 26.72 ± 5.05 years, height of 174.10 ± 7.09 cm, and body weight of 74.68 ± 8.91 kg participated in this study. They were randomly assigned to a control (CON) group (n = 21) and a caffeine (CAFF) group (n = 21). After thermotherapy (half-body immersion in a hot water bath at 42 ± 0.5 °C, circulating orexin level increased more (p < 0.05) in the CAFF group than in the CON group. Positive relationships between mean body temperature and orexin were observed before and after heat stimulation (p < 0.001). Caffeine intake boosted the upregulation of serum orexin concentrations in subjects undergoing thermotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hwan Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, 31 Suncheonhyang 6-gil, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan, 31151 Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, 31 Suncheonhyang 6-gil, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan, 31151 Republic of Korea
| | - Ryeo-Won Kwon
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, 31 Suncheonhyang 6-gil, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan, 31151 Republic of Korea
| | - In-Ho Lee
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jea Lee
- Department of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-In Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, 31 Suncheonhyang 6-gil, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan, 31151 Republic of Korea
| | - Eon-Ah Choo
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, 31 Suncheonhyang 6-gil, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan, 31151 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Beom Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, 31 Suncheonhyang 6-gil, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan, 31151 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pharmacology of Sleep. Respir Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-93739-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
11
|
Grasselli F, Bussolati S, Grolli S, Di Lecce R, Dall’Aglio C, Basini G. Effects of Orexin B on Swine Granulosa and Endothelial Cells. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061812. [PMID: 34204547 PMCID: PMC8235033 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The follicle is the ovarian functional unit. It is mainly composed of granulosa cells and angiogenesis is crucial to guarantee its development till ovulation. Carrying on our previous studies on the orexin system in the ovary, we presently demonstrate a potential role of orexin B in the control of granulosa cells’ oxidative stress and of the angiogenesis event. Abstract In addition to the well-known central modulatory role of orexins, we recently demonstrated a peripheral involvement in swine granulosa cells for orexin A and in adipose tissue for orexin B (OXB). The aim of present research was to verify immunolocalization of OXB and its potential role in modulating the main features of swine granulosa cells. In particular, we explored the effects on granulosa cell proliferation (through the incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine), cell metabolic activity (as indirect evaluation by the assessment of ATP), steroidogenic activity (by immunoenzymatic examination) and redox status (evaluating the production of superoxide anion by means of the WST test, production of nitric oxide through the use of the Griess test and the non-enzymatic reducing power by FRAP test). Our data point out that OXB does not modify granulosa cell growth, steroidogenesis and superoxide anion generation. On the contrary, the peptide stimulates (p < 0.05) nitric oxide output and non-enzymatic reducing power. Since new vessel growth is crucial for ovarian follicle development, a further aim of this study was to explore the expression of prepro-orexin and the effects of OXB on swine aortic endothelial cells. We found that the peptide is ineffective in modulating cell growth, while it inhibits redox status parameters. In addition, we demonstrated a stimulatory effect on angiogenesis evaluated in fibrin gel angiogenesis assay. Taken together, OXB appears to be potentially involved in the modulation of redox status in granulosa and endothelial cells and we could argue an involvement of the peptide in the follicular angiogenic events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Grasselli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy; (F.G.); (S.B.); (S.G.); (R.D.L.)
| | - Simona Bussolati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy; (F.G.); (S.B.); (S.G.); (R.D.L.)
| | - Stefano Grolli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy; (F.G.); (S.B.); (S.G.); (R.D.L.)
| | - Rosanna Di Lecce
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy; (F.G.); (S.B.); (S.G.); (R.D.L.)
| | - Cecilia Dall’Aglio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Giuseppina Basini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy; (F.G.); (S.B.); (S.G.); (R.D.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-521-032-775
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Valenzano A, Tartaglia N, Ambrosi A, Tafuri D, Monda M, Messina A, Sessa F, Campanozzi A, Monda V, Cibelli G, Messina G, Polito R. The Metabolic Rearrangements of Bariatric Surgery: Focus on Orexin-A and the Adiponectin System. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9103327. [PMID: 33081283 PMCID: PMC7602946 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9103327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of adipose tissue represents one of the characteristics of obesity, increasing the risk of developing correlated obesity diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer, and immune diseases. Visceral adipose tissue accumulation leads to chronic low inflammation inducing an imbalanced adipokine secretion. Among these adipokines, Adiponectin is an important metabolic and inflammatory mediator. It is also known that adipose tissue is influenced by Orexin-A levels, a neuropeptide produced in the lateral hypothalamus. Adiponectin and Orexin-A are strongly decreased in obesity and are associated with metabolic and inflammatory pathways. The aim of this review was to investigate the involvement of the autonomic nervous system focusing on Adiponectin and Orexin-A after bariatric surgery. After bariatric surgery, Adiponectin and Orexin-A levels are strongly increased independently of weight loss showing that hormone increases are also attributable to a rearrangement of metabolic and inflammatory mediators. The restriction of food intake and malabsorption are not sufficient to clarify the clinical effects of bariatric surgery suggesting the involvement of neuro-hormonal feedback loops and also of mediators such as Adiponectin and Orexin-A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Valenzano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (A.V.); (F.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Nicola Tartaglia
- General Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (N.T.); (A.A.)
| | - Antonio Ambrosi
- General Surgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (N.T.); (A.A.)
| | - Domenico Tafuri
- Department of Motor Sciences and Wellness, University of Naples “Parthenope”, 80133 Naples, Italy;
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Francesco Sessa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (A.V.); (F.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Angelo Campanozzi
- Pediatrics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Unit of Dietetic and Sport Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80138 Naples, Italy; (M.M.); (A.M.); (V.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Cibelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (A.V.); (F.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (A.V.); (F.S.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (R.P.); Tel.: +39-0881588095 (G.M.)
| | - Rita Polito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (A.V.); (F.S.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (R.P.); Tel.: +39-0881588095 (G.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Su M, Yan M, Yao J, Fang Y, Jin H, Gong Y. Unacylated Ghrelin Regulates Glucose-Sensitive Neurons Activity and Glycolipid Metabolism via Orexin-A Neurons in the Lateral Hypothalamic Area. Horm Metab Res 2020; 52:747-754. [PMID: 32731263 DOI: 10.1055/a-1207-1212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to investigate the regulatory actions of unacylated ghrelin (UAG) on glucose-sensitive (GS) neurons and glycolipid metabolism in the lateral hypothalamus area (LHA) and its involvement with orexin-A-immunopositive neurons. The effects of UAG administered into the LHA on GS neurons discharges and glycolipid metabolism were detected by single neuron discharge recording, biochemical index analysis and quantitative real-time PCR; the level of c-fos protein in orexin-A-immunopositive neurons was observed using immunofluorescence staining. UAG microinjected into the LHA activated glucose-inhibited neurons, which were partially blocked by pre-administration of anti-orexin-A antibody in the LHA. Furthermore, UAG microinjected into the LHA significantly reduced serum triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, blood glucose, insulin and hepatic TG levels, while elevated serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. UAG elevated the mRNA expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 and reduced the mRNA expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase-1 in the liver. The above-mentioned effects of UAG were partially blocked by pre-administration of anti-orexin-A antibody. The expressions of orexin-A and c-fos were observed in the LHA. After UAG injection into the LHA, some neurons showed double labeling, and the percentage of double-labeled orexin-A/c-fos neurons in orexin-A-immunopositive neurons increased significantly. UAG in the LHA regulates glycolipid metabolism by activating orexin-A-immunopositive neurons in the LHA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manqing Su
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Meixing Yan
- Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiatong Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanpeng Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Hong Jin
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanling Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mezeiova E, Janockova J, Konecny J, Kobrlova T, Benkova M, Dolezal R, Prchal L, Karasova-Zdarova J, Soukup O, Korabecny J. From orexin receptor agonist YNT-185 to novel antagonists with drug-like properties for the treatment of insomnia. Bioorg Chem 2020; 103:104179. [PMID: 32891860 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
YNT-185 is the first known small molecule acting as orexin 2 receptor (OX2R) agonist with implication to narcolepsy treatment, served as a template scaffold in generating a small set of seven compounds with predictive affinity to OX2R. The design of the new small molecules was driven mostly by improving physicochemical properties of the parent drug YNT-185 in parallel with in silico studies, later suggesting their favorable binding modes within the active site of OX2R. We obtained seven new potential OX2R binders that were evaluated in vitro for their CNS availability, cytotoxicity, and behavior pattern on OX2R. Out of them, 15 emerged as the most potent modulator of OX2R, which, contrary to YNT-185, displayed inverse mode of action, i.e. antagonist profile. 15 was also submitted to an in vivo experiment revealing its ability to permeate through BBB into the brain with a short half-life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mezeiova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Janockova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Konecny
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Kobrlova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Benkova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rafael Dolezal
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Prchal
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Karasova-Zdarova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ghanemi A, Melouane A, Yoshioka M, St-Amand J. Exercise and High-Fat Diet in Obesity: Functional Genomics Perspectives of Two Energy Homeostasis Pillars. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11080875. [PMID: 32752100 PMCID: PMC7463441 DOI: 10.3390/genes11080875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The heavy impact of obesity on both the population general health and the economy makes clarifying the underlying mechanisms, identifying pharmacological targets, and developing efficient therapies for obesity of high importance. The main struggle facing obesity research is that the underlying mechanistic pathways are yet to be fully revealed. This limits both our understanding of pathogenesis and therapeutic progress toward treating the obesity epidemic. The current anti-obesity approaches are mainly a controlled diet and exercise which could have limitations. For instance, the “classical” anti-obesity approach of exercise might not be practical for patients suffering from disabilities that prevent them from routine exercise. Therefore, therapeutic alternatives are urgently required. Within this context, pharmacological agents could be relatively efficient in association to an adequate diet that remains the most efficient approach in such situation. Herein, we put a spotlight on potential therapeutic targets for obesity identified following differential genes expression-based studies aiming to find genes that are differentially expressed under diverse conditions depending on physical activity and diet (mainly high-fat), two key factors influencing obesity development and prognosis. Such functional genomics approaches contribute to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that both control obesity development and switch the genetic, biochemical, and metabolic pathways toward a specific energy balance phenotype. It is important to clarify that by “gene-related pathways”, we refer to genes, the corresponding proteins and their potential receptors, the enzymes and molecules within both the cells in the intercellular space, that are related to the activation, the regulation, or the inactivation of the gene or its corresponding protein or pathways. We believe that this emerging area of functional genomics-related exploration will not only lead to novel mechanisms but also new applications and implications along with a new generation of treatments for obesity and the related metabolic disorders especially with the modern advances in pharmacological drug targeting and functional genomics techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelaziz Ghanemi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.G.); (A.M.)
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada;
| | - Aicha Melouane
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.G.); (A.M.)
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada;
| | - Mayumi Yoshioka
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada;
| | - Jonny St-Amand
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (A.G.); (A.M.)
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-418-654-2296; Fax: +1-418-654-2761
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The complex nature of narcolepsy symptoms, along with the use of stimulants and anticataplectic medications, poses diagnostic difficulties in terms of underlying neuropsychiatric comorbidities. This study reviews recent evidence for the association between narcolepsy and neuropsychiatric disorders. We also critically analyze studies that have addressed the neuropsychiatric correlates of patients with narcolepsy, with a discussion of the possible pathophysiological mechanisms linking narcolepsy and neuropsychiatric disorders. RECENT FINDINGS Neuropsychiatric manifestations are common among patients with narcolepsy as narcolepsy and some neuropsychiatric disorders share common clinical features. This may create challenges in making the correct diagnosis, and hence result in a delay in starting appropriate treatment. Comorbid neuropsychiatric manifestations in patients with narcolepsy include depression, anxiety, psychosis, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder, and cognitive impairment. Although hypocretin deficiency has been proposed as a pathophysiological mechanism underlying both narcolepsy and neuropsychiatric disorders, further research is necessary to identify the exact mechanisms. Narcolepsy patients often manifest comorbid neuropsychiatric symptoms, which makes the diagnosis difficult. Therefore, it is essential to address neuropsychiatric symptoms in the clinical care of patients with narcolepsy.
Collapse
|
17
|
Polito R, Monda V, Nigro E, Messina A, Di Maio G, Giuliano MT, Orrù S, Imperlini E, Calcagno G, Mosca L, Mollica MP, Trinchese G, Scarinci A, Sessa F, Salerno M, Marsala G, Buono P, Mancini A, Monda M, Daniele A, Messina G. The Important Role of Adiponectin and Orexin-A, Two Key Proteins Improving Healthy Status: Focus on Physical Activity. Front Physiol 2020; 11:356. [PMID: 32390865 PMCID: PMC7188914 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise represents the most important integrative therapy in metabolic, immunologic and chronic diseases; it represents a valid strategy in the non-pharmacological intervention of lifestyle linked diseases. A large body of evidence indicates physical exercise as an effective measure against chronic non-communicable diseases. The worldwide general evidence for health benefits are both for all ages and skill levels. In a dysregulated lifestyle such as in the obesity, there is an imbalance in the production of different cytokines. In particular, we focused on Adiponectin, an adipokine producted by adipose tissue, and on Orexin-A, a neuropeptide synthesized in the lateral hypothalamus. The production of both Adiponectin and Orexin-A increases following regular and structured physical activity and both these hormones have similar actions. Indeed, they improve energy and glucose metabolism, and also modulate energy expenditure and thermogenesis. In addition, a relevant biological role of Adiponectin and Orexin A has been recently highlighted in the immune system, where they function as immune-suppressor factors. The strong connection between these two cytokines and healthy status is mediated by physical activity and candidates these hormones as potential biomarkers of the beneficial effects induced by physical activity. For these reasons, this review aims to underly the interconnections among Adiponectin, Orexin-A, physical activity and healthy status. Furthermore, it is analyzed the involvement of Adiponectin and Orexin-A in physical activity as physiological factors improving healthy status through physical exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Polito
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana e Unità di Dietetica e Medicina dello Sport, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Ersilia Nigro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy.,Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana e Unità di Dietetica e Medicina dello Sport, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Girolamo Di Maio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana e Unità di Dietetica e Medicina dello Sport, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Giuliano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana e Unità di Dietetica e Medicina dello Sport, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Orrù
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Naples, Italy.,IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Calcagno
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Scienze della Salute "Vincenzo Tiberio", Università degli Studi del Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Laura Mosca
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universitá degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Mollica
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universitá degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Trinchese
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universitá degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessia Scarinci
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Formazione, Psicologia, Comunicazione, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Sessa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Monica Salerno
- Department of Medical, Surgery Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Gabriella Marsala
- Struttura Complessa di Farmacia, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria - Ospedali Riuniti, Foggia, Italy
| | - Pasqualina Buono
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Naples, Italy.,IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Mancini
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., Naples, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", Naples, Italy
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana e Unità di Dietetica e Medicina dello Sport, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Aurora Daniele
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy.,Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate S. C. a R. L., Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|