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Dang Z, Chen Y, Fang Z. Cathodoluminescence Nanoscopy: State of the Art and Beyond. ACS NANO 2023; 17:24431-24448. [PMID: 38054434 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Cathodoluminescence (CL) nanoscopy is proven to be a powerful tool to explore nanoscale optical properties, whereby free electron beams achieve a spatial resolution far beyond the diffraction limit of light. With developed methods for the control of electron beams and the collection of light, the dimension of information that CL can access has been expanded to include polarization, momentum, and time, holding promise to provide invaluable insights into the study of materials and optical near-field dynamics. With a focus on the burgeoning field of CL nanoscopy, this perspective outlines the recent advancements and applications of this technique, as illustrated by the salient experimental works. In addition, as an outlook for future research, several appealing directions that may bring about developments and discoveries are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Dang
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, and Nano-optoelectronics Frontier Center of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiang Chen
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, and Nano-optoelectronics Frontier Center of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheyu Fang
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, and Nano-optoelectronics Frontier Center of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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2
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Taylor EJ, Iyer V, Dhami BS, Klein C, Lawrie BJ, Appavoo K. Hyperspectral mapping of nanoscale photophysics and degradation processes in hybrid perovskite at the single grain level. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:4687-4695. [PMID: 37705772 PMCID: PMC10496886 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00529a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
With solar cells reaching 26.1% certified efficiency, hybrid perovskites are now the most efficient thin film photovoltaic material. Though substantial effort has focussed on synthesis approaches and device architectures to further improve perovskite-based solar cells, more work is needed to correlate physical properties of the underlying film structure with device performance. Here, using cathodoluminescence microscopy coupled with unsupervised machine learning, we quantify how nanoscale heterogeneity globally builds up within a large morphological grain of hybrid perovskite when exposed to extrinsic stimuli such as charge accumulation from electron beams or milder environmental factors like humidity. The converged electron-beam excitation allows us to map PbI2 and the emergence of other intermediate phases with high spatial and energy resolution. In contrast with recent reports of hybrid perovskite cathodoluminescence, we observe no significant change in the PbI2 signatures, even after high-energy electron beam excitation. In fact, we can exploit the stable PbI2 signatures to quantitatively map how hybrid perovskites degrade. Moreover, we show how our methodology allows disentangling of the photophysics associated with photon recycling and band-edge emission with sub-micron resolution using a fundamental understanding of electron interactions in hybrid perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan J Taylor
- Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham 1300 University Blvd., Birmingham AL 35294 USA
| | - Vasudevan Iyer
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Bibek S Dhami
- Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham 1300 University Blvd., Birmingham AL 35294 USA
| | - Clay Klein
- Clarion University 840 Wood St, Clarion PA 16214 USA
| | - Benjamin J Lawrie
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Kannatassen Appavoo
- Department of Physics, University of Alabama at Birmingham 1300 University Blvd., Birmingham AL 35294 USA
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3
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Matsukata T, Ogura S, García de Abajo FJ, Sannomiya T. Simultaneous Nanoscale Excitation and Emission Mapping by Cathodoluminescence. ACS NANO 2022; 16:21462-21470. [PMID: 36414014 PMCID: PMC9799067 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Free-electron-based spectroscopies can reveal the nanoscale optical properties of semiconductor materials and nanophotonic devices with a spatial resolution far beyond the diffraction limit of light. However, the retrieved spatial information is constrained to the excitation space defined by the electron beam position, while information on the delocalization associated with the spatial extension of the probed optical modes in the specimen has so far been missing, despite its relevance in ruling the optical properties of nanostructures. In this study, we demonstrate a cathodoluminescence method that can access both excitation and emission spaces at the nanoscale, illustrating the power of such a simultaneous excitation and emission mapping technique by revealing a subwavelength emission position modulation as well as by visualizing electromagnetic energy transport in nanoplasmonic systems. Besides the fundamental interest of these results, our technique grants us access into previously inaccessible nanoscale optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeko Matsukata
- Department
of Materials Science and Technology, School of Materials and Chemical
Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta Midoriku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Shintaro Ogura
- Department
of Materials Science and Technology, School of Materials and Chemical
Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta Midoriku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - F. Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut
de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science
and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució
Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Takumi Sannomiya
- Department
of Materials Science and Technology, School of Materials and Chemical
Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta Midoriku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
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Feist A, Huang G, Arend G, Yang Y, Henke JW, Raja AS, Kappert FJ, Wang RN, Lourenço-Martins H, Qiu Z, Liu J, Kfir O, Kippenberg TJ, Ropers C. Cavity-mediated electron-photon pairs. Science 2022; 377:777-780. [PMID: 35951690 DOI: 10.1126/science.abo5037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Quantum information, communication, and sensing rely on the generation and control of quantum correlations in complementary degrees of freedom. Free electrons coupled to photonics promise novel hybrid quantum technologies, although single-particle correlations and entanglement have yet to be shown. In this work, we demonstrate the preparation of electron-photon pair states using the phase-matched interaction of free electrons with the evanescent vacuum field of a photonic chip-based optical microresonator. Spontaneous inelastic scattering produces intracavity photons coincident with energy-shifted electrons, which we employ for noise-suppressed optical mode imaging. This parametric pair-state preparation will underpin the future development of free-electron quantum optics, providing a route to quantum-enhanced imaging, electron-photon entanglement, and heralded single-electron and Fock-state photon sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Feist
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.,4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Guanhao Huang
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Germaine Arend
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.,4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yujia Yang
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jan-Wilke Henke
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.,4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Arslan Sajid Raja
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F Jasmin Kappert
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.,4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rui Ning Wang
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hugo Lourenço-Martins
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.,4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Zheru Qiu
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Junqiu Liu
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ofer Kfir
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.,4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tobias J Kippenberg
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claus Ropers
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.,4th Physical Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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5
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García
de Abajo FJ, Di Giulio V. Optical Excitations with Electron Beams: Challenges and Opportunities. ACS PHOTONICS 2021; 8:945-974. [PMID: 35356759 PMCID: PMC8939335 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.0c01950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Free electron beams such as those employed in electron microscopes have evolved into powerful tools to investigate photonic nanostructures with an unrivaled combination of spatial and spectral precision through the analysis of electron energy losses and cathodoluminescence light emission. In combination with ultrafast optics, the emerging field of ultrafast electron microscopy utilizes synchronized femtosecond electron and light pulses that are aimed at the sampled structures, holding the promise to bring simultaneous sub-Å-sub-fs-sub-meV space-time-energy resolution to the study of material and optical-field dynamics. In addition, these advances enable the manipulation of the wave function of individual free electrons in unprecedented ways, opening sound prospects to probe and control quantum excitations at the nanoscale. Here, we provide an overview of photonics research based on free electrons, supplemented by original theoretical insights and discussion of several stimulating challenges and opportunities. In particular, we show that the excitation probability by a single electron is independent of its wave function, apart from a classical average over the transverse beam density profile, whereas the probability for two or more modulated electrons depends on their relative spatial arrangement, thus reflecting the quantum nature of their interactions. We derive first-principles analytical expressions that embody these results and have general validity for arbitrarily shaped electrons and any type of electron-sample interaction. We conclude with some perspectives on various exciting directions that include disruptive approaches to noninvasive spectroscopy and microscopy, the possibility of sampling the nonlinear optical response at the nanoscale, the manipulation of the density matrices associated with free electrons and optical sample modes, and appealing applications in optical modulation of electron beams, all of which could potentially revolutionize the use of free electrons in photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Javier García
de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut
de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució
Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- E-mail:
| | - Valerio Di Giulio
- ICFO-Institut
de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Kfir O, Di Giulio V, de Abajo FJG, Ropers C. Optical coherence transfer mediated by free electrons. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabf6380. [PMID: 33931451 PMCID: PMC8087403 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf6380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically investigate the quantum-coherence properties of the cathodoluminescence (CL) emission produced by a temporally modulated electron beam. Specifically, we consider the quantum-optical correlations of CL produced by electrons that are previously shaped by a laser field. Our main prediction is the presence of phase correlations between the emitted CL field and the electron-modulating laser, even though the emission intensity and spectral profile are independent of the electron state. In addition, the coherence of the CL field extends to harmonics of the laser frequency. Since electron beams can be focused to below 1 Å, their ability to transfer optical coherence could enable the ultra-precise excitation, manipulation, and spectrally resolved probing of nanoscale quantum systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofer Kfir
- University of Göttingen, IV. Physical Institute, Göttingen, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry (MPIBPC), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Valerio Di Giulio
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claus Ropers
- University of Göttingen, IV. Physical Institute, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry (MPIBPC), Göttingen, Germany
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7
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Schilder NJ, Wolterink TAW, Mennes C, Röhrich R, Femius Koenderink A. Phase-retrieval Fourier microscopy of partially temporally coherent nanoantenna radiation patterns. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:37844-37859. [PMID: 33379611 DOI: 10.1364/oe.410344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report an experimental technique for determining phase-resolved radiation patterns of single nanoantennas by phase-retrieval defocused imaging. A key property of nanoantennas is their ability to imprint spatial coherence, for instance, on fluorescent sources. Yet, measuring emitted wavefronts in absence of a reference field is difficult. We realize a defocused back focal plane microscope to measure phase even for partially temporally coherent light and benchmark the method using plasmonic bullseye antenna scattering. We outline the limitations of defocused imaging which are set by spectral bandwidth and antenna mode structure. This work is a first step to resolve wavefronts from fluorescence controlled by nanoantennas.
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8
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van Nielen N, Hentschel M, Schilder N, Giessen H, Polman A, Talebi N. Electrons Generate Self-Complementary Broadband Vortex Light Beams Using Chiral Photon Sieves. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:5975-5981. [PMID: 32643947 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Planar electron-driven photon sources have been recently proposed as miniaturized light sources, with prospects for ultrafast conjugate electron-photon microscopy and spectral interferometry. Such sources usually follow the symmetry of the electron-induced polarization: transition-radiation-based sources, for example, only generate p-polarized light. Here we demonstrate that the polarization, the bandwidth, and the directionality of photons can be tailored by utilizing photon-sieve-based structures. We design, fabricate, and characterize self-complementary chiral structures made of holes in an Au film and generate light vortex beams with specified angular momentum orders. The incoming electron interacting with the structure generates chiral surface plasmon polaritons on the structured Au surface that scatter into the far field. The outcoupled radiation interferes with transition radiation creating TE- and TM-polarized Laguerre-Gauss light beams with a chiral intensity distribution. The generated vortex light and its unique spatiotemporal features can form the basis for the generation of structured-light electron-driven photon sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nika van Nielen
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mario Hentschel
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nick Schilder
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harald Giessen
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70550 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Albert Polman
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nahid Talebi
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Christian Albrechts University, Leibnizstrasse 19, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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