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Li N, Yuan X, Li Y, Zhang G, Yang Q, Zhou Y, Guo M, Liu J. Bioinspired Liquid Metal Based Soft Humanoid Robots. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2404330. [PMID: 38723269 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202404330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
The pursuit of constructing humanoid robots to replicate the anatomical structures and capabilities of human beings has been a long-standing significant undertaking and especially garnered tremendous attention in recent years. However, despite the progress made over recent decades, humanoid robots have predominantly been confined to those rigid metallic structures, which however starkly contrast with the inherent flexibility observed in biological systems. To better innovate this area, the present work systematically explores the value and potential of liquid metals and their derivatives in facilitating a crucial transition towards soft humanoid robots. Through a comprehensive interpretation of bionics, an overview of liquid metals' multifaceted roles as essential components in constructing advanced humanoid robots-functioning as soft actuators, sensors, power sources, logical devices, circuit systems, and even transformable skeletal structures-is presented. It is conceived that the integration of these components with flexible structures, facilitated by the unique properties of liquid metals, can create unexpected versatile functionalities and behaviors to better fulfill human needs. Finally, a revolution in humanoid robots is envisioned, transitioning from metallic frameworks to hybrid soft-rigid structures resembling that of biological tissues. This study is expected to provide fundamental guidance for the coming research, thereby advancing the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaohong Yuan
- School of Economics and Business Administration, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guangcheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qianhong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yingxin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Minghui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Nor-Azman NA, Ghasemian MB, Fuchs R, Liu L, Widjajana MS, Yu R, Chiu SH, Idrus-Saidi SA, Flores N, Chi Y, Tang J, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Mechanism behind the Controlled Generation of Liquid Metal Nanoparticles by Mechanical Agitation. ACS NANO 2024; 18:11139-11152. [PMID: 38620061 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The size-controlled synthesis of liquid metal nanoparticles is necessary in a variety of applications. Sonication is a common method for breaking down bulk liquid metals into small particles, yet the influence of critical factors such as liquid metal composition has remained elusive. Our study employs high-speed imaging to unravel the mechanism of liquid metal particle formation during mechanical agitation. Gallium-based liquid metals, with and without secondary metals of bismuth, indium, and tin, are analyzed to observe the effect of cavitation and surface eruption during sonication and particle release. The impact of the secondary metal inclusion is investigated on liquid metals' surface tension, solution turbidity, and size distribution of the generated particles. Our work evidences that there is an inverse relationship between the surface tension and the ability of liquid metals to be broken down by sonication. We show that even for 0.22 at. % of bismuth in gallium, the surface tension is significantly decreased from 558 to 417 mN/m (measured in Milli-Q water), resulting in an enhanced particle generation rate: 3.6 times increase in turbidity and ∼43% reduction in the size of particles for bismuth in gallium liquid alloy compared to liquid gallium for the same sonication duration. The effect of particles' size on the photocatalysis of the annealed particles is also presented to show the applicability of the process in a proof-of-concept demonstration. This work contributes to a broader understanding of the synthesis of nanoparticles, with controlled size and characteristics, via mechanical agitation of liquid metals for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur-Adania Nor-Azman
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW 2008, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Mohammad B Ghasemian
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW 2008, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Richard Fuchs
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Li Liu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW 2008, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Moonika S Widjajana
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW 2008, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Ruohan Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Shih-Hao Chiu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW 2008, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Shuhada A Idrus-Saidi
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor 81310, Malaysia
- Centre of Lipids Engineering and Applied Research (CLEAR), Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor 81310, Malaysia
| | - Nieves Flores
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW 2008, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Yuan Chi
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jianbo Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Darlington, NSW 2008, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
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3
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Guo X, Nguyen CK, Mazumder A, Wang Y, Syed N, Gaspera ED, Daeneke T, Walia S, Ippolito SJ, Sabri Y, Li Y, Zavabeti A. Gas sensors based on the oxide skin of liquid indium. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:4972-4981. [PMID: 36786287 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05926f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Various non-stratified two-dimensional (2D) materials can be obtained from liquid metal surfaces that are not naturally accessible. Homogenous nucleation on atomically flat interfaces of liquid metals with air produces unprecedented high-quality oxide layers that can be transferred onto desired substrates. The atomically flat and large areas provide large surface-to-volume ratios ideal for sensing applications. Versatile crucial applications of the liquid metal-derived 2D oxides have been realized; however, their gas-sensing properties remain largely underexplored. The cubic In2O3 structure, which is nonlayered, can be formed as an ultrathin layer on the surface of liquid indium during the self-limiting Cabrera-Mott oxidation process in the air. The morphology, crystal structure, and band structure of the harvested 2D In2O3 nanosheets from liquid indium are characterized. Sensing capability toward several gases, both inorganic and organic, entailing NO2, O2, NH3, H2, H2S, CO, and Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) are explored. A high ohmic resistance change of 1974% at 10 ppm, fast response, and recovery times are observed for NO2 at an optimum temperature of 200 °C. The sensing fundamentals are investigated for NO2, and its performances and cross-selectivity to different gases are analyzed. The NO2 sensing response from room temperature to 300 °C has been measured and discussed, and stability after 24 hours of continuous operation is presented. The results demonstrate liquid metal-derived 2D oxides as promising materials for gas sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Guo
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
| | - Chung Kim Nguyen
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
| | - Aishani Mazumder
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
| | - Yichao Wang
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Nitu Syed
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | - Torben Daeneke
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
| | - Sumeet Walia
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
| | - Samuel J Ippolito
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
| | - Ylias Sabri
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
| | - Yongxiang Li
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
| | - Ali Zavabeti
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Zhu J, Xu Z, Ha S, Li D, Zhang K, Zhang H, Feng J. Gallium Oxide for Gas Sensor Applications: A Comprehensive Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7339. [PMID: 36295403 PMCID: PMC9611408 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ga2O3 has emerged as a promising ultrawide bandgap semiconductor for numerous device applications owing to its excellent material properties. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review on major advances achieved over the past thirty years in the field of Ga2O3-based gas sensors. We begin with a brief introduction of the polymorphs and basic electric properties of Ga2O3. Next, we provide an overview of the typical preparation methods for the fabrication of Ga2O3-sensing material developed so far. Then, we will concentrate our discussion on the state-of-the-art Ga2O3-based gas sensor devices and put an emphasis on seven sophisticated strategies to improve their gas-sensing performance in terms of material engineering and device optimization. Finally, we give some concluding remarks and put forward some suggestions, including (i) construction of hybrid structures with two-dimensional materials and organic polymers, (ii) combination with density functional theoretical calculations and machine learning, and (iii) development of optical sensors using the characteristic optical spectra for the future development of novel Ga2O3-based gas sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Zhihao Xu
- Global Zero Emission Research Center (GZR), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba 3058560, Japan
| | - Sihua Ha
- College of Sciences, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China
| | - Dongke Li
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Kexiong Zhang
- School of Microelectronics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116602, China
| | - Hai Zhang
- College of Sciences, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China
| | - Jijun Feng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Modern Optical System, Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System (Ministry of Education), School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
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5
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Wang L, Lai R, Zhang L, Zeng M, Fu L. Emerging Liquid Metal Biomaterials: From Design to Application. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2201956. [PMID: 35545821 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metals (LMs) as emerging biomaterials possess unique advantages including their favorable biosafety, high fluidity, and excellent electrical and thermal conductivities, thus providing a unique platform for a wide range of biomedical applications ranging from drug delivery, tumor therapy, and bioimaging to biosensors. The structural design and functionalization of LMs endow them with enhanced functions such as enhanced targeting ability and stimuli responsiveness, enabling them to achieve better and even multifunctional synergistic therapeutic effects. Herein, the advantages of LMs in biomedicine are presented. The design of LM-based biomaterials with different scales ranging from micro-/nanoscale to macroscale and various components is explored in-depth to promote the understanding of structure-property relationships, guiding their performance optimization and applications. Furthermore, the related advanced progress in the development of LM-based biomaterials in biomedicine is summarized. Current challenges and prospects of LMs in the biomedical field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Runze Lai
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Lichen Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Mengqi Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Lei Fu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 410013, China
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6
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Abstract
Low melting point metals and alloys are the group of materials that combine metallic and liquid properties, simultaneously. The fascinating characteristics of liquid metals (LMs) including softness and high electrical and thermal conductivity, as well as their unique interfacial chemistry, have started to dominate various research disciplines. Utilization of LMs as responsive interfaces, enabling sensing in a flexible and versatile manner, is one of the most promising traits demonstrated for LMs. In the context of LMs-enabled sensors, gallium (Ga) and its alloys have emerged as multipurpose functional materials with many compelling physical and chemical properties. Responsiveness to different stimuli and easy-to-functionalize interfaces of Ga-based LMs make them ideal candidates for a variety of sensing applications. However, despite the vast capabilities of Ga-based LMs in sensing, applications of these materials for developing different sensors have not been fully explored. In the present review, we provide a comprehensive overview regarding the applications of Ga-based LMs in a wide range of sensing approaches that cover different physical and chemical sensors. The unique features of Ga-based LMs, which make them promising materials for sensing, are discussed in subsections followed by relevant case studies. Finally, challenges as well as the prospected future and developing motifs are highlighted for each type of LM-based sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahroo Baharfar
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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7
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Allioux FM, Ghasemian MB, Xie W, O'Mullane AP, Daeneke T, Dickey MD, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Applications of liquid metals in nanotechnology. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2022; 7:141-167. [PMID: 34982812 DOI: 10.1039/d1nh00594d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Post-transition liquid metals (LMs) offer new opportunities for accessing exciting dynamics for nanomaterials. As entities with free electrons and ions as well as fluidity, LM-based nanomaterials are fundamentally different from their solid counterparts. The low melting points of most post-transition metals (less than 330 °C) allow for the formation of nanodroplets from bulk metal melts under mild mechanical and chemical conditions. At the nanoscale, these liquid state nanodroplets simultaneously offer high electrical and thermal conductivities, tunable reactivities and useful physicochemical properties. They also offer specific alloying and dealloying conditions for the formation of multi-elemental liquid based nanoalloys or the synthesis of engineered solid nanomaterials. To date, while only a few nanosized LM materials have been investigated, extraordinary properties have been observed for such systems. Multi-elemental nanoalloys have shown controllable homogeneous or heterogeneous core and surface compositions with interfacial ordering at the nanoscale. The interactions and synergies of nanosized LMs with polymeric, inorganic and bio-materials have also resulted in new compounds. This review highlights recent progress and future directions for the synthesis and applications of post-transition LMs and their alloys. The review presents the unique properties of these LM nanodroplets for developing functional materials for electronics, sensors, catalysts, energy systems, and nanomedicine and biomedical applications, as well as other functional systems engineered at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois-Marie Allioux
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Mohammad B Ghasemian
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Wanjie Xie
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Anthony P O'Mullane
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Torben Daeneke
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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8
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Wang C, Du L, Xing X, Feng D, Tian Y, Li Z, Zhao X, Yang D. Radial ZnO nanorods decorating Co 3O 4 nanoparticles for highly selective and sensitive detection of the 3-hydroxy-2-butanone biomarker. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:482-491. [PMID: 34908094 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr06729j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Indirect monitoring of Listeria monocytogenes (LM) via a gas sensor that can detect the bacterial metabolite 3-hydroxy-2-butanone (3H-2B) is a newly emerged strategy. However, such sensors are required simultaneously endow with outstanding selectivity, high sensitivity, and ppb-level detection limit, which remains technologically challenging. Herein, we have developed highly selective and sensitive 3H-2B sensors that consist of zinc oxide nanorods decorated with cobaltosic oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NRs/Co3O4 NPs), which have been synthesized by combined optimized hydrothermal and annealing process. Specifically, the ZnO NRs/Co3O4 NPs exhibit ultrahigh sensitivity to 5 ppm 3H-2B (Ra/Rg = 550 at 260 °C). The sensor prototypes enable detection as low as 10 ppb 3H-2B, show excellent long-term stability, and present remarkable selectivity through interfering selectivity survey and principal component analysis (PCA). Such outstanding sensing performance is attributed to the modulated electron depletion layer by n-p heterojunctions and abundant gas diffusion pathways via the radial architecture, which was verified via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy test, Mott-Schottky measurement, and ultraviolet-visible absorption analysis. Our highly selective and sensitive ZnO NRs/Co3O4 NPs have the potential in the real-time detection of 3H-2B biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensor and Sensing Network Technology, Department of Electronics, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Lingling Du
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensor and Sensing Network Technology, Department of Electronics, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Xiaxia Xing
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensor and Sensing Network Technology, Department of Electronics, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Dongliang Feng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensor and Sensing Network Technology, Department of Electronics, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Yingying Tian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensor and Sensing Network Technology, Department of Electronics, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Zhenxu Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensor and Sensing Network Technology, Department of Electronics, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Xinhua Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensor and Sensing Network Technology, Department of Electronics, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Dachi Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensor and Sensing Network Technology, Department of Electronics, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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9
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Jie Z, Mu W, Fu B, He G, Ding S, Li Y, Jia Z. Synthesis, mechanism and characterization of Urchin-like Ga2O3 microspheres. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00055e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An effective method without catalyst and template was developed to synthesize a novel micro-/nanostructures of gallium oxide (Ga2O3) for the first time. The urchin-like microspheres with uniformly distributed nanowires were...
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10
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Xie W, Allioux FM, Namivandi-Zangeneh R, Ghasemian MB, Han J, Rahim MA, Tang J, Yang J, Mousavi M, Mayyas M, Cao Z, Centurion F, Christoe MJ, Zhang C, Wang Y, Merhebi S, Baharfar M, Ng G, Esrafilzadeh D, Boyer C, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Polydopamine Shell as a Ga 3+ Reservoir for Triggering Gallium-Indium Phase Separation in Eutectic Gallium-Indium Nanoalloys. ACS NANO 2021; 15:16839-16850. [PMID: 34613693 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c07278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Low melting point eutectic systems, such as the eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn) alloy, offer great potential in the domain of nanometallurgy; however, many of their interfacial behaviors remain to be explored. Here, a compositional change of EGaIn nanoalloys triggered by polydopamine (PDA) coating is demonstrated. Incorporating PDA on the surface of EGaIn nanoalloys renders core-shell nanostructures that accompany Ga-In phase separation within the nanoalloys. The PDA shell keeps depleting the Ga3+ from the EGaIn nanoalloys when the synthesis proceeds, leading to a Ga3+-coordinated PDA coating and a smaller nanoalloy. During this process, the eutectic nanoalloys turn into non-eutectic systems that ultimately result in the solidification of In when Ga is fully depleted. The reaction of Ga3+-coordinated PDA-coated nanoalloys with nitrogen dioxide gas is presented as an example for demonstrating the functionality of such hybrid composites. The concept of phase-separating systems, with polymeric reservoirs, may lead to tailored materials and can be explored on a variety of post-transition metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjie Xie
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Francois-Marie Allioux
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | | | - Mohammad B Ghasemian
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jialuo Han
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Md Arifur Rahim
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jianbo Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jiong Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Maedehsadat Mousavi
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Mohannad Mayyas
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Zhenbang Cao
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Franco Centurion
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Michael J Christoe
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Chengchen Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Yifang Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Salma Merhebi
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Mahroo Baharfar
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Gervase Ng
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Dorna Esrafilzadeh
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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11
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Zhang C, Yang W, Li J, Jin X, Yang L, Liu B. Catalyst-assisted heteroepitaxial strategy for highly ordered β-Ga 2O 3nanoarrays and their optical property investigation. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:505601. [PMID: 34438375 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac218d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we demonstrate the growth of highly orderedβ-Ga2O3nanoarrays with (001) preferred growth plane for the first time through a facile heteroepitaxial strategy using metal Ga and c-sapphire as Ga precursor and monocrystalline substrate. The (001) preferred growth plane means that theβ-Ga2O3nanowires grow along the normal direction of the (001) plane. Theβ-Ga2O3nanoarrays along (001) preferential plane exhibit inclined six equivalent directions that correspond to the six crystallographic symmetry of (0001)α-Al2O3. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy analyses confirm the good crystallinity and the existence of unusual epitaxial relationship of {310}β-Ga2O3ǁ (0001)α-Al2O3and <001>β-Ga2O3or <132>β-Ga2O3ǁ [11¯00]α-Al2O3. UV-vis and cathodoluminescence measurements reveal the wide band gap of 4.8 eV and the strong UV-blue luminescence (300-500 nm) centered at ∼388 nm. Finally, the luminescence mechanism is further investigated with the assistance of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The heteroepitaxial strategy of highly orderedβ-Ga2O3nanoarrays in this work will undoubtedly pave a solid way toward the fundamental research and the applications of Ga2O3nanodevices in optoelectronic, gas sensor, photocatalyst and next-generation power electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science (SYNL), Institute of Metal Research (IMR), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), No. 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjin Yang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science (SYNL), Institute of Metal Research (IMR), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), No. 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, No. 11, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Jin
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science (SYNL), Institute of Metal Research (IMR), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), No. 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Yang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science (SYNL), Institute of Metal Research (IMR), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), No. 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Baodan Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, No. 11, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110819, People's Republic of China
- Foshan Graduate School of Northeastern University, No. 2, Zhihui Road, Foshan 528300, People's Republic of China
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12
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Oloye O, Riches JD, O'Mullane AP. Liquid metal assisted sonocatalytic degradation of organic azo dyes to solid carbon particles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:9296-9299. [PMID: 34519305 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03235f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Room temperature liquid metals are an emerging class of materials for a variety of heterogeneous catalytic reactions. In this work we explore the use of Ga based liquid metals as a sonochemical catalyst for the degradation of organic azo dyes such as methyl orange, congo red and eriochrome black T. Rapid degradation to non toxic solid carbon particles was achieved over a large dye concentration range to produce differently sized particles via both bath and probe sonication which could be repeated multiple times with the same catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olawale Oloye
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia. .,Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - James D Riches
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.,Central Analytical Research Facility (CARF), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Anthony P O'Mullane
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia. .,Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
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13
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Probing the Ag – liquid gallium system and its interaction with redox active solutions for catalysis and AgTCNQ formation. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Goff A, Aukarasereenont P, Nguyen CK, Grant R, Syed N, Zavabeti A, Elbourne A, Daeneke T. An exploration into two-dimensional metal oxides, and other 2D materials, synthesised via liquid metal printing and transfer techniques. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:7513-7526. [PMID: 33977926 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt04364h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) metal oxides can be difficult to synthesise, and scaling up production using traditional methods is challenging. However, a new liquid metal-based technique, that utilises both "top-down" and "bottom-up" processes, has recently been introduced. These liquids oxidise to form an oxide surface "skin" which may be exfoliated as a 2D flake and subsequently used in various electronic devices and chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Goff
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001 Australia.
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15
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Zhang M, Wang X, Huang Z, Rao W. Liquid Metal Based Flexible and Implantable Biosensors. BIOSENSORS 2020; 10:E170. [PMID: 33182535 PMCID: PMC7696291 DOI: 10.3390/bios10110170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Biosensors are the core elements for obtaining significant physiological information from living organisms. To better sense life information, flexible biosensors and implantable sensors that are highly compatible with organisms are favored by researchers. Moreover, materials for preparing a new generation of flexible sensors have also received attention. Liquid metal is a liquid-state metallic material with a low melting point at or around room temperature. Owing to its high electrical conductivity, low toxicity, and superior fluidity, liquid metal is emerging as a highly desirable candidate in biosensors. This paper is dedicated to reviewing state-of-the-art applications in biosensors that are expounded from seven aspects, including pressure sensor, strain sensor, gas sensor, temperature sensor, electrical sensor, optical sensor, and multifunctional sensor, respectively. The fundamental scientific and technological challenges lying behind these recommendations are outlined. Finally, the perspective of liquid metal-based biosensors is present, which stimulates the upcoming design of biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkuan Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Beijing 100190, China; (M.Z.); (X.W.)
- Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Beijing 100190, China; (M.Z.); (X.W.)
- Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiping Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BU, UK;
| | - Wei Rao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Beijing 100190, China; (M.Z.); (X.W.)
- Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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16
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Wei Q, Sun M, Wang Z, Yan J, Yuan R, Liu T, Majidi C, Matyjaszewski K. Surface Engineering of Liquid Metal Nanodroplets by Attachable Diblock Copolymers. ACS NANO 2020; 14:9884-9893. [PMID: 32649179 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c02720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metal (LM) micro/nano droplets have promising applications in various fields such as flexible electronics, catalysis, and soft composites as well as biomedicines. However, the preparation of highly stable LM nanodroplets suspension based on eutectic gallium/indium (EGaIn) alloys is still challenging. Herein, we report a general and robust strategy to fabricate EGaIn nanodroplets stabilized by polymer brushes (polymer brushes/EGaIn nanodroplets) via in situ attachment of well-defined diblock copolymers with short poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) anchoring segments. Under ultrasonication, the anchoring PAA block is in situ attached onto the gallium oxide "skin" layer of EGaIn nanodroplets to form polymer brushes. The attachable diblock copolymer surfactants allow for highly efficient formation of EGaIn nanodroplets in high yield and with narrow size distribution. The polymer brushes/EGaIn nanodroplets contain very low fractions of attached polymer (<1 wt %) and exhibit high colloidal stability (>30 days) and good redispersibility. Precise control of polymer architecture by atom-transfer radical polymerization was employed to prepare various block copolymers for suspensions in a variety of solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangbing Wei
- Key Laboratory of Eco-functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Mingkang Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Zongyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jiajun Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Rui Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Carmel Majidi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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17
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Han J, Tang J, Idrus-Saidi SA, Christoe MJ, O'Mullane AP, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Exploring Electrochemical Extrusion of Wires from Liquid Metals. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:31010-31020. [PMID: 32545950 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Metal melt extrusion in gaseous or vacuum environments is a classical approach for forming wires. However, such extrusions have not been investigated in ionic solutions. Here, we use liquid metal (LM) gallium (Ga) and its eutectic alloy with indium (EGaIn) to explore the possibility of electrochemical extrusion of wires and study the tuning of the self-liming oxide layers as the coating for these wires formed during the process. By controlling the surface tension of the LM immersed in an electrolyte, and through the electrocapillary effect, we enable the extrusion of LM wires. The surface morphologies of LM wires and the thickness of the oxide layers are investigated when Ga and EGaIn are processed in neutral and basic electrolytes using various voltages. Taking advantage of the LM oxides, we show that LM wires offer tunable surface oxide thickness and composition using the electrochemical system and investigate the related working mechanisms. The wires are formed into patterns using an automated stage and show a self-healing capability. This work presents an unconventional method for electrochemical fabrication of LM wires, offering prospects for further research and industrial scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialuo Han
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Jianbo Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Shuhada A Idrus-Saidi
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Michael J Christoe
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Anthony P O'Mullane
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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