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Cabello MC, Chen G, Melville MJ, Osman R, Kumar GD, Domaille DW, Lippert AR. Ex Tenebris Lux: Illuminating Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species with Small Molecule Probes. Chem Rev 2024; 124:9225-9375. [PMID: 39137397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are small reactive molecules derived from elements in the air─oxygen and nitrogen. They are produced in biological systems to mediate fundamental aspects of cellular signaling but must be very tightly balanced to prevent indiscriminate damage to biological molecules. Small molecule probes can transmute the specific nature of each reactive oxygen and nitrogen species into an observable luminescent signal (or even an acoustic wave) to offer sensitive and selective imaging in living cells and whole animals. This review focuses specifically on small molecule probes for superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorite, nitric oxide, and peroxynitrite that provide a luminescent or photoacoustic signal. Important background information on general photophysical phenomena, common probe designs, mechanisms, and imaging modalities will be provided, and then, probes for each analyte will be thoroughly evaluated. A discussion of the successes of the field will be presented, followed by recommendations for improvement and a future outlook of emerging trends. Our objectives are to provide an informative, useful, and thorough field guide to small molecule probes for reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as well as important context to compare the ecosystem of chemistries and molecular scaffolds that has manifested within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maidileyvis C Cabello
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Gen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Michael J Melville
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Rokia Osman
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - G Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Dylan W Domaille
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Alexander R Lippert
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
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Merkes JM, Hasenbach A, Kiessling F, Hermann S, Banala S. Sensing Reactive Oxygen Species with Photoacoustic Imaging Using Conjugation-Extended BODIPYs. ACS Sens 2021; 6:4379-4388. [PMID: 34898171 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Short-lived reactive intermediates such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulate many physiological processes, but overproduction can also lead to severe tissue dysfunction. Thus, there is a high demand for noninvasive detection of reactive molecules, which, however, is challenging. Herein, we report photoacoustic detection of ROS using conjugated BODIPY probes (ROS-BODIPYs). The ROS reaction with conjugated BODIPYs induced a redshift in absorption by ∼100 nm into the near infrared (from ∼700 to ∼800 nm), quenched fluorescence, and generated strong photoacoustic (PA) signals. Thus, the ROS-activated and ROS-nonactivated states of ROS-BODIPYs can be detected in vivo by PA and fluorescence imaging. Interestingly, ROS activation is reversible, in the presence of excess reducing agents, e.g., citric acid, converted back to its original state, suggesting that ROS-BODIPYs can be useful for the detection of over production of ROS but not physiological amounts. This makes the imaging independent of accumulation of the activated probe with the physiological ROS amounts and thus strongly improves applicability and highlights the translational potential of ROS-BODIPYs for detecting overexpression of ROS in vivo by optical and photoacoustic imaging methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Michél Merkes
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging University Clinic, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstra. 55, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Max-von-Laue-Str. 2, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Alexa Hasenbach
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging University Clinic, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstra. 55, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Max-von-Laue-Str. 2, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Sven Hermann
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Srinivas Banala
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging University Clinic, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstra. 55, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Max-von-Laue-Str. 2, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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Rathnamalala CSL, Pino NW, Herring BS, Hooper M, Gwaltney SR, Chan J, Scott CN. Thienylpiperidine Donor NIR Xanthene-Based Dye for Photoacoustic Imaging. Org Lett 2021; 23:7640-7644. [PMID: 34550707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Few xanthene-based near-infrared (NIR) photoacoustic (PA) dyes with absorbance >800 nm exist. As accessibility to these dyes requires long and tedious synthetic steps, we designed a NIR dye (XanthCR-880) with thienylpiperidine donors and a xanthene acceptor that is accessible in 3-4 synthetic steps. The dye boasts a strong PA signal at 880 nm with good biological compatibility and photostability, yields multiplexed imaging with an aza-BODIPY reference dye, and is detected at a depth of 4 cm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas W Pino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Bailey S Herring
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Mattea Hooper
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Steven R Gwaltney
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Jefferson Chan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Colleen N Scott
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
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Cremer C, Merkes JM, Bub CL, Rommel D, Patureau FW, Banala S. Leucomethylene blue probe detects a broad spectrum of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. RSC Adv 2021; 11:32295-32299. [PMID: 35495535 PMCID: PMC9041740 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06498c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS, RNS) are ubiquitous in biology with a variety of physiological and pathological functions. Here we describe a broad spectrum ROS/RNS detecting fluorogenic probe with red fluorescence emission and up to 100-fold gain. Hence these modified probes are useful for in vivo non-invasive quantification of ROS/RNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Cremer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 Aachen Germany
| | - Jean Michél Merkes
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 Aachen Germany
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic, RWTH Aachen Forckenbeckstrasse 55 Germany
| | - Christina L Bub
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 Aachen Germany
| | - Dirk Rommel
- DWI-Leibnitz Institute for Interactive Materials and Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Forckenbeckstrasse 50 Aachen Germany
| | - Frederic W Patureau
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 Aachen Germany
| | - Srinivas Banala
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 Aachen Germany
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic, RWTH Aachen Forckenbeckstrasse 55 Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS Max-von-Laue-Str. 2 28359 Bremen Germany
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Chen J, Sedgwick AC, Sen S, Ren Y, Sun Q, Chau C, Arambula JF, Sarma T, Song L, Sessler JL, Liu C. Expanded porphyrins: functional photoacoustic imaging agents that operate in the NIR-II region. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9916-9921. [PMID: 34377389 PMCID: PMC8317656 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01591e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) relies on the use of contrast agents with high molar absorptivity in the NIR-I/NIR-II region. Expanded porphyrins, synthetic analogues of natural tetrapyrrolic pigments (e.g. heme and chlorophyll), constitute as potentially attractive platforms due to their NIR-II absorptivity and their ability to respond to stimuli. Here, we evaluate two expanded porphyrins, naphthorosarin (1) and octaphyrin (4), as stimuli responsive PA contrast agents for functional PAI. Both undergo proton-coupled electron transfer to produce species that absorb well in the NIR-II region. Octaphyrin (4) was successfully encapsulated into 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-poly(ethylene glycol) (DSPE-PEG2000) nanoparticles to afford OctaNPs. In combination with PAI, OctaNPs allowed changes in the acidic environment of the stomach to be visualized and cancerous versus healthy tissues to be discriminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqin Chen
- Research Center for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Adam C. Sedgwick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin105 East 24th Street A5300AustinTexas 78712-1224USA
| | - Sajal Sen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin 105 East 24th Street A5300 Austin Texas 78712-1224 USA
| | - Yaguang Ren
- Research Center for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Qinchao Sun
- Research Center for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Calvin Chau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin 105 East 24th Street A5300 Austin Texas 78712-1224 USA
| | - Jonathan F. Arambula
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin105 East 24th Street A5300AustinTexas 78712-1224USA
| | - Tridib Sarma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin 105 East 24th Street A5300 Austin Texas 78712-1224 USA
| | - Liang Song
- Research Center for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Jonathan L. Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin105 East 24th Street A5300AustinTexas 78712-1224USA
| | - Chengbo Liu
- Research Center for Biomedical Optics and Molecular Imaging, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen 518055 China
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Li C, Liu C, Fan Y, Ma X, Zhan Y, Lu X, Sun Y. Recent development of near-infrared photoacoustic probes based on small-molecule organic dye. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:743-758. [PMID: 34458809 PMCID: PMC8341990 DOI: 10.1039/d0cb00225a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI), which integrates the higher spatial resolution of optical imaging and the deeper penetration depth of ultrasound imaging, has attracted great attention. Various photoacoustic probes including inorganic and organic agents have been well fabricated in last decades. Among them, small-molecule based agents are most promising candidates for preclinical/clinical applications due to their favorite in vivo features and facile functionalization. In recent years, PAI, in the near-infrared region (NIR, 700-1700 nm) has developed rapidly and has made remarkable achievements in the biomedical field. Compared with the visible light region (400-700 nm), it can significantly reduce light scattering and meanwhile provide deeper tissue penetration. In this review, we discuss the recent developments of near-infrared photoacoustic probes based on small molecule dyes, which focus on their "always on" and "activatable" form in biomedicine. Further, we also suggest current challenges and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonglu Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei Polytechnic University Huangshi 435003 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology Nanjing 210044 China
| | - Chang Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology Nanjing 210044 China
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, Center of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University Wuhan 430079 China
| | - Yifan Fan
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, Center of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University Wuhan 430079 China
| | - Xin Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radioactive and Rare Resource Utilization Shaoguan 512026 China
| | - Yibei Zhan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei Polytechnic University Huangshi 435003 China
| | - Xiaoju Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei Polytechnic University Huangshi 435003 China
| | - Yao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pesticides and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, Center of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University Wuhan 430079 China
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Zhou J, Jokerst JV. Photoacoustic imaging with fiber optic technology: A review. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2020; 20:100211. [PMID: 33163358 PMCID: PMC7606844 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2020.100211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) has achieved remarkable growth in the past few decades since it takes advantage of both optical and ultrasound (US) imaging. In order to better promote the wide clinical applications of PAI, many miniaturized and portable PAI systems have recently been proposed. Most of these systems utilize fiber optic technologies. Here, we overview the fiber optic technologies used in PAI. This paper discusses three different fiber optic technologies: fiber optic light transmission, fiber optic US transmission, and fiber optic US detection. These fiber optic technologies are analyzed in different PAI modalities including photoacoustic microscopy (PAM), photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT), and minimally invasive photoacoustic imaging (MIPAI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingcheng Zhou
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA
| | - Jesse V. Jokerst
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA
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Photoacoustic Imaging Probes Based on Tetrapyrroles and Related Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093082. [PMID: 32349297 PMCID: PMC7247687 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is a rapidly evolving field in molecular imaging that enables imaging in the depths of ultrasound and with the sensitivity of optical modalities. PAI bases on the photoexcitation of a chromophore, which converts the absorbed light into thermal energy, causing an acoustic pressure wave that can be captured with ultrasound transducers, in generating an image. For in vivo imaging, chromophores strongly absorbing in the near-infrared range (NIR; > 680 nm) are required. As tetrapyrroles have a long history in biomedical applications, novel tetrapyrroles and inspired mimics have been pursued as potentially suitable contrast agents for PAI. The goal of this review is to summarize the current state of the art in PAI applications using tetrapyrroles and related macrocycles inspired by it, highlighting those compounds exhibiting strong NIR-absorption. Furthermore, we discuss the current developments of other absorbers for in vivo photoacoustic (PA) applications.
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Lu X, Lin G, Dong X, Zhao W, Chen Z. Reply to Comment on "Water-Soluble Fluorescent Probe with Dual Mitochondria/Lysosome Targetability Superoxide Detection in Live Cells and in Zebrafish Embryos". ACS Sens 2019; 4:3084-3087. [PMID: 31674767 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we published a paper on the detection of superoxide (O2•-) with a water-soluble fluorescent probe (ACS Sens. 2018, 3, 59-64), and Francesco Tampieri et al. provided comments on our publication, mostly on the detection medium (deionized water) we used. Herein we present our responses to the addressed questions to explain that although KO2 decomposes in aqueous environment, the results we obtained did not affect the general trend, since evidence from the literature afforded the correlation between KO2 in aqueous media as a surrogate of superoxide and enzymatically produced O2•- for the probes wherein the deprotection pathway operated. Moreover, fluorescence imaging on cells and zebrafish embryos under PMA stimulation confirmed the effectiveness of our probe to detect superoxide using KO2 as a convenient source. The detailed studies from Francesco Tampieri and coauthors are scientifically meaningful for the reliable evaluation of fluorescent probes using KO2 as a surrogate of superoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhong Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, P. R. China
| | - Guangyu Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Xiaochun Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Weili Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Material of the Ministry of Education, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, Shanghai, 200443, P. R. China
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