1
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Lin X, Cheng M, Chen X, Zhang J, Zhao Y, Ai B. Unlocking Predictive Capability and Enhancing Sensing Performances of Plasmonic Hydrogen Sensors via Phase Space Reconstruction and Convolutional Neural Networks. ACS Sens 2024; 9:3877-3888. [PMID: 38741258 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
This study innovates plasmonic hydrogen sensors (PHSs) by applying phase space reconstruction (PSR) and convolutional neural networks (CNNs), overcoming previous predictive and sensing limitations. Utilizing a low-cost and efficient colloidal lithography technique, palladium nanocap arrays are created and their spectral signals are transformed into images using PSR and then trained using CNNs for predicting the hydrogen level. The model achieves accurate predictions with average accuracies of 0.95 for pure hydrogen and 0.97 for mixed gases. Performance improvements observed are a reduction in response time by up to 3.7 times (average 2.1 times) across pressures, SNR increased by up to 9.3 times (average 3.9 times) across pressures, and LOD decreased from 16 Pa to an extrapolated 3 Pa, a 5.3-fold improvement. A practical application of remote hydrogen sensing without electronics in hydrogen environments is actualized and achieves a 0.98 average test accuracy. This methodology reimagines PHS capabilities, facilitating advancements in hydrogen monitoring technologies and intelligent spectrum-based sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxin Lin
- School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Bio-perception & Intelligent Information Processing, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044 , P.R. China
| | - Mingyu Cheng
- School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Bio-perception & Intelligent Information Processing, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044 , P.R. China
| | - Xinyi Chen
- School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Bio-perception & Intelligent Information Processing, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044 , P.R. China
| | - Jinglan Zhang
- School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Bio-perception & Intelligent Information Processing, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044 , P.R. China
| | - Yiping Zhao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Bin Ai
- School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Bio-perception & Intelligent Information Processing, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044 , P.R. China
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2
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Xie B, Liu Y, Lei Y, Qian H, Li Y, Yan W, Zhou C, Wen HM, Xia S, Mao P, Han M, Hu J. Innovative Thermocatalytic H 2 Sensor with Double-Sided Pd Nanocluster Films on an Ultrathin Mica Substrate. ACS Sens 2024; 9:2529-2539. [PMID: 38723609 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen (H2) is crucial in the future global energy landscape due to its eco-friendly properties, but its flammability requires precise monitoring. This study introduces an innovative thermocatalytic H2 sensor utilizing ultrathin mica sheets as substrates, coated on both sides with Pd nanocluster (NC) films. The ultrathin mica substrate ensures robustness and flexibility, enabling the sensor to withstand high temperatures and mechanical deformation. Additionally, it simplifies the fabrication process by eliminating the need for complex microelectro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technology. Constructed through cluster beam deposition, the sensor exhibits exceptional characteristics, including a wide concentration range (from 500 ppm to 4%), rapid response and recovery times (3.1 and 2.4 s for 1% H2), good selectivity, high stability, and repeatability. The operating temperature can be as low as 40 °C, achieving remarkably low power consumption. The study explores the impact of double-sided versus single-sided catalytic layers, revealing significantly higher sensitivity and response with the double-sided configuration due to the increased catalytic surface area. Additionally, the research investigates the relationship between the deposition amount of Pd NCs and the sensor's sensitivity, identifying an optimal value that maximizes performance without excessive use of Pd. The sensor's innovative design and excellent performance position it as a promising candidate for meeting the demands of a hydrogen-based energy economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xie
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Yini Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Yingshuang Lei
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Haoyu Qian
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Yingzhu Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Yan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Changjiang Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Min Wen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Shengjie Xia
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Peng Mao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Min Han
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Jun Hu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
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3
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Swager TM, Pioch TN, Feng H, Bergman HM, Luo SXL, Valenza JJ. Critical Sensing Modalities for Hydrogen: Technical Needs and Status of the Field to Support a Changing Energy Landscape. ACS Sens 2024; 9:2205-2227. [PMID: 38738834 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Decarbonization of the energy system is a key aspect of the energy transition. Energy storage in the form of chemical bonds has long been viewed as an optimal scheme for energy conversion. With advances in systems engineering, hydrogen has the potential to become a low cost, low emission, energy carrier. However, hydrogen is difficult to contain, it exhibits a low flammability limit (>40000 ppm or 4%), low ignition energy (0.02 mJ), and it is a short-lived climate forcer. Beyond commercially available sensors to ensure safety through spot checks in enclosed environments, new sensors are necessary to support the development of low emission infrastructure for production, transmission, storage, and end use. Efficient scalable broad area hydrogen monitoring motivates lowering the detection limit below that (10 ppm) of best in class commercial technologies. In this perspective, we evaluate recent advances in hydrogen gas sensing to highlight technologies that may find broad utility in the hydrogen sector. It is clear in the near term that a sensor technology suite is required to meet the variable constraints (e.g., power, size/weight, connectivity, cost) that characterize the breadth of the application space, ranging from industrial complexes to remote pipelines. This perspective is not intended to be another standard hydrogen sensor review, but rather provide a critical evaluation of technologies with detection limits preferably below 1 ppm and low power requirements. Given projections for rapid market growth, promising techniques will also be amenable to rapid development in technical readiness for commercial deployment. As such, methods that do not meet these requirements will not be considered in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Swager
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Chemistry Department, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 United States
| | - Thomas N Pioch
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Chemistry Department, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 United States
| | - Haosheng Feng
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Chemistry Department, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 United States
| | - Harrison M Bergman
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Chemistry Department, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 United States
| | - Shao-Xiong Lennon Luo
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Chemistry Department, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 United States
| | - John J Valenza
- Research Division, ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company, Annandale, New Jersey 08801 United States
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4
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Tomeček D, Moberg HK, Nilsson S, Theodoridis A, Darmadi I, Midtvedt D, Volpe G, Andersson O, Langhammer C. Neural network enabled nanoplasmonic hydrogen sensors with 100 ppm limit of detection in humid air. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1208. [PMID: 38332035 PMCID: PMC10853499 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45484-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Environmental humidity variations are ubiquitous and high humidity characterizes fuel cell and electrolyzer operation conditions. Since hydrogen-air mixtures are highly flammable, humidity tolerant H2 sensors are important from safety and process monitoring perspectives. Here, we report an optical nanoplasmonic hydrogen sensor operated at elevated temperature that combined with Deep Dense Neural Network or Transformer data treatment involving the entire spectral response of the sensor enables a 100 ppm H2 limit of detection in synthetic air at 80% relative humidity. This significantly exceeds the <1000 ppm US Department of Energy performance target. Furthermore, the sensors pass the ISO 26142:2010 stability requirement in 80% relative humidity in air down to 0.06% H2 and show no signs of performance loss after 140 h continuous operation. Our results thus demonstrate the potential of plasmonic hydrogen sensors for use in high humidity and how neural-network-based data treatment can significantly boost their performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tomeček
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Klein Moberg
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Sara Nilsson
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | - Iwan Darmadi
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Midtvedt
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Giovanni Volpe
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Olof Andersson
- Insplorion AB, Arvid Wallgrens Backe 20, 413 46, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Christoph Langhammer
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96, Göteborg, Sweden.
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5
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Andersson C, Serebrennikova O, Tiburski C, Alekseeva S, Fritzsche J, Langhammer C. A Microshutter for the Nanofabrication of Plasmonic Metal Alloys with Single Nanoparticle Composition Control. ACS NANO 2023; 17:15978-15988. [PMID: 37535838 PMCID: PMC10448753 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Alloying offers an increasingly important handle in nanomaterials design in addition to the already widely explored size and geometry of nanostructures of interest. As the key trait, the mixing of elements at the atomic level enables nanomaterials with physical or chemical properties that cannot be obtained by a single element alone, and subtle compositional variations can significantly impact these properties. Alongside the great potential of alloying, the experimental scrutiny of its impact on nanomaterial function is a challenge because the parameter space that encompasses nanostructure size, geometry, chemical composition, and structural atomic-level differences among individuals is vast and requires unrealistically large sample sets if statistically relevant and systematic data are to be obtained. To address this challenge, we have developed a microshutter device for spatially highly resolved physical vapor deposition in the lithography-based fabrication of nanostructured surfaces. As we demonstrate, it enables establishing compositional gradients across a surface with single nanostructure resolution in terms of alloy composition, which subsequently can be probed in a single experiment. As a showcase, we have nanofabricated arrays of AuAg, AuPd, and AgPd alloy nanoparticles with compositions systematically controlled at the level of single particle rows, as verified by energy dispersive X-ray and single particle plasmonic nanospectroscopy measurements, which we also compared to finite-difference time-domain simulations. Finally, motivated by their application in state-of-the-art plasmonic hydrogen sensors, we investigated PdAu alloy gradient arrays for their hydrogen sorption properties. We found distinctly composition-dependent kinetics and hysteresis and revealed a composition-dependent contribution of a single nanoparticle response to the ensemble average, which highlights the importance of alloy composition screening in single experiments with single nanoparticle resolution, as offered by the microshutter nanofabrication approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Andersson
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Olga Serebrennikova
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
- ConScience
AB, Läraregatan
3, 411 33 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Christopher Tiburski
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Svetlana Alekseeva
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
- ConScience
AB, Läraregatan
3, 411 33 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Joachim Fritzsche
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Christoph Langhammer
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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6
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Bannenberg LJ, Schreuders H, van Beugen N, Kinane C, Hall S, Dam B. Tuning the Properties of Thin-Film TaRu for Hydrogen-Sensing Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:8033-8045. [PMID: 36734486 PMCID: PMC9940109 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c20112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Accurate, cost-efficient, and safe hydrogen sensors will play a key role in the future hydrogen economy. Optical hydrogen sensors based on metal hydrides are attractive owing to their small size and costs and the fact that they are intrinsically safe. These sensors rely on suitable sensing materials, of which the optical properties change when they absorb hydrogen if they are in contact with a hydrogen-containing environment. Here, we illustrate how we can use alloying to tune the properties of hydrogen-sensing materials by considering thin films consisting of tantalum doped with ruthenium. Using a combination of optical transmission measurements, ex situ and in situ X-ray diffraction, and neutron and X-ray reflectometry, we show that introducing Ru in Ta results in a solid solution of Ta and Ru up to at least 30% Ru. The alloying has two major effects: the compression of the unit cell with increasing Ru doping modifies the enthalpy of hydrogenation and thereby shifts the pressure window in which the material absorbs hydrogen to higher hydrogen concentrations, and it reduces the amount of hydrogen absorbed by the material. This allows one to tune the pressure/concentration window of the sensor and its sensitivity and makes Ta1-yRuy an ideal hysteresis-free tunable hydrogen-sensing material with a sensing range of >7 orders of magnitude in pressure. In a more general perspective, these results demonstrate that one can rationally tune the properties of metal hydride optical hydrogen-sensing layers by appropriate alloying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars J. Bannenberg
- Faculty
of Applied Sciences, Delft University of
Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JBDelft, The Netherlands
| | - Herman Schreuders
- Faculty
of Applied Sciences, Delft University of
Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JBDelft, The Netherlands
| | - Nathan van Beugen
- Faculty
of Applied Sciences, Delft University of
Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JBDelft, The Netherlands
| | - Christy Kinane
- Faculty
of Applied Sciences, Delft University of
Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JBDelft, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen Hall
- ISIS
Neutron Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory,
STFC, UKRI, OX11 0QXDidcot, United Kingdom
| | - Bernard Dam
- Faculty
of Applied Sciences, Delft University of
Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JBDelft, The Netherlands
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7
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Coviello V, Forrer D, Amendola V. Recent Developments in Plasmonic Alloy Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Modelling, Properties and Applications. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202200136. [PMID: 35502819 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the traditional plasmonic materials are counted on one hand, there are a lot of possible combinations leading to alloys with other elements of the periodic table, in particular those renowned for magnetic or catalytic properties. It is not a surprise, therefore, that nanoalloys are considered for their ability to open new perspectives in the panorama of plasmonics, representing a leading research sector nowadays. This is demonstrated by a long list of studies describing multiple applications of nanoalloys in photonics, photocatalysis, sensing and magneto-optics, where plasmons are combined with other physical and chemical phenomena. In some remarkable cases, the amplification of the conventional properties and even new effects emerged. However, this field is still in its infancy and several challenges must be overcome, starting with the synthesis (control of composition, crystalline order, size, processability, achievement of metastable phases and disordered compounds) as well as the modelling of the structure and properties (accuracy of results, reliability of structural predictions, description of disordered phases, evolution over time) of nanoalloys. To foster the research on plasmonic nanoalloys, here we provide an overview of the most recent results and developments in the field, organized according to synthetic strategies, modelling approaches, dominant properties and reported applications. Considering the several plasmonic nanoalloys under development as well as the large number of those still awaiting synthesis, modelling, properties assessment and technological exploitation, we expect a great impact on the forthcoming solutions for sustainability, ultrasensitive and accurate detection, information processing and many other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Coviello
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 1, I-35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Daniel Forrer
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 1, I-35131, Padova, Italy
- CNR - ICMATE, I-35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Amendola
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università di Padova, via Marzolo 1, I-35131, Padova, Italy
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8
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Xu F, Zhang Z, Ma J, Ma C, Guan BO, Chen K. Large-Area Ordered Palladium Nanostructures by Colloidal Lithography for Hydrogen Sensing. Molecules 2022; 27:6100. [PMID: 36144831 PMCID: PMC9505077 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27186100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reliable gas sensors are very important for hydrogen (H2) gas detection and storage. Detection methods based on palladium (Pd) metal are cost-effective and widely studied. When Pd is exposed to H2, it turns into palladium hydride with modified optical properties, which thus can be monitored for H2 sensing. Here, we fabricated large-area Pd nanostructures, including Pd nanotriangles and nanohole arrays, using colloidal lithography and systematically studied their H2-sensing performance. After hydrogen absorption, both the Pd nanoholes and nanotriangles showed clear transmittance changes in the visible-near infrared range, consistent with numerical simulation results. The influences of the structural parameters (period of the array P and diameter of the nanohole D) of the two structures are further studied, as different structural parameters can affect the hydrogen detection effect of the two structures. The nanohole arrays exhibited bigger transmittance changes than the nanotriangle arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kai Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
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9
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She X, Yang G, Shen Y, Jin C. Visual hydrogenation of palladium membranes on an elastic substrate and their applications in hydrogen sensing. NANO SELECT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202200157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi She
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies School of Materials Science and Engineering Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Guowei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies School of Materials Science and Engineering Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Yang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies School of Materials Science and Engineering Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Chongjun Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies School of Materials Science and Engineering Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
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10
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Li C, Zhu H, Guo Y, Ye S, Wang T, Fu Y, Zhang X. Hydrogen-Induced Aggregation of Au@Pd Nanoparticles for Eye-Readable Plasmonic Hydrogen Sensors. ACS Sens 2022; 7:2778-2787. [PMID: 36073785 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plasmonic materials provide a promising platform for optical hydrogen detection, but their sensitivities remain limited. Herein, a new type of eye-readable H2 sensor based on Au@Pd core-shell nanoparticle arrays (NAs) is reported. After exposed to 2% H2, Au@Pd (16/2) NAs demonstrate a dramatic decrease in the optical extinction intensity, along with an obvious color change from turquoise to gray. Experimental results and theoretical calculations prove that the huge optical change resulted from the H2-induced aggregation of Au@Pd nanoparticles (NPs), which remarkably alters the plasmon coupling effect between NPs. Moreover, we optimize the sensing behavior from two aspects. The first is selecting appropriate substrates (either rigid glass substrate or flexible polyethylene terephthalate substrate) to offer moderate adhesion force to NAs, ensuring an efficient aggregation of Au@Pd NPs upon H2 exposure. The second is adjusting the Pd shell thickness to control the extent of NP aggregation and thus the detection range of the as-prepared sensors. This work highlights the advantage of designing eye-readable plasmonic H2 sensors from the aspect of tuning the interparticle plasmonic coupling in NP assemblies. Au@Pd NAs presented here have several advantages in terms of simple fabrication method, eye-readability in air background at room temperature, tunable detection range, and high cost-effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110189, People's Republic of China
| | - Huili Zhu
- College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110189, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Guo
- College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110189, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunsheng Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Tieqiang Wang
- College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110189, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Fu
- College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110189, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemin Zhang
- College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110189, People's Republic of China
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11
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Ai B, Sun Y, Zhao Y. Plasmonic Hydrogen Sensors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107882. [PMID: 35567399 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen is regarded as the ultimate fuel and energy carrier with a high theoretical energy density and universality of sourcing. However, hydrogen is easy to leak and has a wide flammability range in air. For safely handling hydrogen, robust sensors are in high demand. Plasmonic hydrogen sensors (PHS) are attracting growing interest due to the advantages of high sensitivity, fast response speed, miniaturization, and high-degree of integration, etc. In this review, the mechanism and recent development (mainly after the year 2015) of hydrogen sensors based on plasmonic nanostructures are presented. The working principle of PHS is introduced. The sensing properties and the effects of resonance mode, configuration, material, and structure of the plasmonic nanostructures on the sensing performances are discussed. The merit and demerit of different types of plasmonic nanostructures are summarized and potential development directions are proposed. The aim of this review is not only to clarify the current strategies for PHS, but also to give a comprehensive understanding of the working principle of PHS, which may inspire more ingenious designs and execution of plasmonics for advanced hydrogen sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ai
- School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Bio perception & Intelligent Information Processing, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Yujing Sun
- School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, P. R. China
| | - Yiping Zhao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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12
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Tan Z, Liu Y, Huang B. A highly efficient three-solvent methodology for separating colloidal nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:5482-5487. [PMID: 35323835 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr00495j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study has established a three-solvent methodology for separating nanomaterials, such as monometallic nanoparticles, miscible and immiscible nanoalloys. After systematically investigating the separation methods in two-solvent and three-solvent systems, a three-solvent theoretical model has been proposed to thoroughly reveal the centrifugation mechanism of colloidal particles. PVP plays an important role in the formation of emulsion droplets as the key factor for separation. Based on the three-solvent model, a novel solvent system has been discovered, with low-toxicity solvents and high separation efficiency. This study can open a new path for the separation of colloidal particles in both research and industrial fields and further promote the development of functional nanomaterials in greener pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Tan
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Innovation Harbour, Xi-xian New District, Xi'an 712000, China.
| | - Yuhan Liu
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Innovation Harbour, Xi-xian New District, Xi'an 712000, China.
| | - Bo Huang
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Innovation Harbour, Xi-xian New District, Xi'an 712000, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
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13
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Li Q, Yang S, Lu X, Wang T, Zhang X, Fu Y, Qi W. Controllable Fabrication of PdO-PdAu Ternary Hollow Shells: Synergistic Acceleration of H 2 -Sensing Speed via Morphology Regulation and Electronic Structure Modulation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2106874. [PMID: 35218118 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202106874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Designing ultrafast H2 sensors is of particular importance for practical applications of hydrogen energy but still quite challenging. Herein, PdO decorated PdAu ternary hollow shells (PdO-PdAu HSs) exhibiting an ultrafast response of ≈0.9 s to 1% H2 in air at room temperature are presented. PdO-PdAu HSs are fabricated by calcinating PdAu bimetallic HSs in air to form PdO-Au binary HSs, which are then partially reduced by NaBH4 solution, forming PdO-PdAu HSs. This ternary hybrid material takes advantage of multiple aspects to synergistically accelerate the sensing speed. The HS morphology promises high gas accessibility and high surface area for H2 adsorption, and decoration of Au and PdO alters the electronic state of Pd and reduces the energy barrier for hydrogen diffusing from the surface site of Pd into the subsurface site. The content of Au and PdO in the ternary HSs can be simply tuned, which offers the possibility to optimize their promotion effects to reach the best performance. The proposed fabrication strategy sheds light on the rational design of ultrafast Pd-based H2 sensors by controlling the sensor structure and engineering the electronic state of active species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Lu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
| | - Tieqiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, P. R. China
| | - Xuemin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, P. R. China
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, P. R. China
| | - Wei Qi
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
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14
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She X, Yao Q, Yang G, Shen Y, Jin C. Suspended Palladium/Polymer Bilayer for High-Contrast and Fast Hydrogen Sensors. ACS Sens 2022; 7:116-122. [PMID: 34932320 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sensing is extremely essential for hydrogen-related applications due to the explosibility of hydrogen gas (H2). Here, we first present a high-contrast and fast optical hydrogen sensor, which is a partially suspended Pd/PMMA bilayer on a PDMS substrate with a microgroove array on the surface. The suspended structure reduces constraints from the substrate on the Pd film, leading to a large wrinkling amplitude and fast response rate during hydrogenation. The PMMA film can protect the Pd film from the poisonous impurities in the air and improve the flexibility of the bilayer. When exposed to 4% H2 mixed with air, the reflectance of the sensor drops down from 43 to 4% at 600 nm wavelength, in which the corresponding reflectance contrast, defined as the ratio of the reflectances before and after exposure to hydrogen, is 10.75. Such a high reflectance variation results from the light scattering induced by the wrinkling of the suspended Pd/PMMA bilayer during hydrogenation. Meanwhile, the sensor has a fast response that the reflectance can decrease from 43 to 33% within 0.6 s. Moreover, the sensor shows good recyclability and hydrogen selectivity. These excellent performances suggest that our suspended Pd/PMMA bilayer has great potential for practical hydrogen detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi She
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Qiankun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Guowei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Chongjun Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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15
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King ME, Fonseca Guzman MV, Ross MB. Material strategies for function enhancement in plasmonic architectures. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:602-611. [PMID: 34985484 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr06049j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic materials are promising for applications in enhanced sensing, energy, and advanced optical communications. These applications, however, often require chemical and physical functionality that is suited and designed for the specific application. In particular, plasmonic materials need to access the wide spectral range from the ultraviolet to the mid-infrared in addition to having the requisite surface characteristics, temperature dependence, or structural features that are not intrinsic to or easily accessed by the noble metals. Herein, we describe current progress and identify promising strategies for further expanding the capabilities of plasmonic materials both across the electromagnetic spectrum and in functional areas that can enable new technology and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa E King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
| | | | - Michael B Ross
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA.
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16
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Sousanis A, Biskos G. Thin Film and Nanostructured Pd-Based Materials for Optical H 2 Sensors: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:3100. [PMID: 34835864 PMCID: PMC8623850 DOI: 10.3390/nano11113100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In this review paper, we provide an overview of state-of-the-art Pd-based materials for optical H2 sensors. The first part of the manuscript introduces the operating principles, providing background information on the thermodynamics and the primary mechanisms of optical detection. Optical H2 sensors using thin films (i.e., films without any nanostructuring) are discussed first, followed by those employing nanostructured materials based on aggregated or isolated nanoparticles (ANPs and INPs, respectively), as well as complex nanostructured (CN) architectures. The different material types are discussed on the basis of the properties they can attribute to the resulting sensors, including their limit of detection, sensitivity, and response time. Limitations induced by cracking and the hysteresis effect, which reduce the repeatability and reliability of the sensors, as well as by CO poisoning that deteriorates their performance in the long run, are also discussed together with an overview of manufacturing approaches (e.g., tailoring the composition and/or applying functionalizing coatings) for addressing these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Sousanis
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Centre, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia 2121, Cyprus;
| | - George Biskos
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Centre, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia 2121, Cyprus;
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
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17
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Lerch S, Stolaś A, Darmadi I, Wen X, Strach M, Langhammer C, Moth-Poulsen K. Robust Colloidal Synthesis of Palladium-Gold Alloy Nanoparticles for Hydrogen Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:45758-45767. [PMID: 34542272 PMCID: PMC8485326 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanoparticles are currently used in a variety of applications, ranging from life sciences to nanoelectronic devices to gas sensors. In particular, the use of palladium nanoparticles is gaining increasing attention due to their ability to catalyze the rapid dissociation of hydrogen, which leads to an excellent response in hydrogen-sensing applications. However, current palladium-nanoparticle-based sensors are hindered by the presence of hysteresis upon hydride formation and decomposition, as this hysteresis limits sensor accuracy. Here, we present a robust colloidal synthesis for palladium-gold alloy nanoparticles and demonstrate their hysteresis-free response when used for hydrogen detection. The obtained colloidal particles, synthesized in an aqueous, room-temperature environment, can be tailored to a variety of applications through changing the size, ratio of metals, and surface stabilization. In particular, the variation of the viscosity of the mixture during synthesis resulted in a highly tunable size distribution and contributed to a significant improvement in size dispersity compared to the state-of-the-art methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lerch
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alicja Stolaś
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Iwan Darmadi
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xin Wen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michał Strach
- Chalmers
Materials Analysis Laboratory, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christoph Langhammer
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- C.L.
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- K.M.-P.
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18
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She X, Yao Q, Yang G, Shen Y, Jin C. Palladium‐polymer bilayer on a soft substrate for optical hydrogen sensing. NANO SELECT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202100198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi She
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies School of Materials Science and Engineering Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Qiankun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies School of Materials Science and Engineering Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Guowei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies School of Materials Science and Engineering Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Yang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies School of Materials Science and Engineering Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Chongjun Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies School of Materials Science and Engineering Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
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19
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Thakur A, Xu C, Li WK, Qiu G, He B, Ng SP, Wu CML, Lee Y. In vivo liquid biopsy for glioblastoma malignancy by the AFM and LSPR based sensing of exosomal CD44 and CD133 in a mouse model. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 191:113476. [PMID: 34246124 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the fatal brain tumor in which secreted lactate enhances the expression of cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44) and the release of exosomes, cell-derived nanovesicles (30-200 nm), and therefore promotes tumor malignant progression. This study found that lactate-driven upregulated CD44 in malignant Glioblastoma cells (GMs) enhanced the release of CD44-enriched exosomes which increased GMs' migration and endothelial cells' tube formation, and CD44 in the secreted exosomes was sensitively detected by "capture and sensing" Titanium Nitride (TiN) - Nanoholes (NH) - discs immunocapture (TIC) - atomic force microscopy (AFM) and ultrasensitive TiN-NH-localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) biosensors. The limit of detection for exosomal CD44 with TIC-AFM- and TiN-NH-LSPR-biosensors was 5.29 × 10-1 μg/ml and 3.46 × 10-3 μg/ml in exosome concentration, respectively. Importantly, this work first found that label-free sensitive TiN-NH-LSPR biosensor could detect and quantify enhanced CD44 and CD133 levels in immunocaptured GMs-derived exosomes in the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid of a mouse model of GBM, supporting its potential application in a minimally invasive molecular diagnostic for GBM progression as liquid biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhimanyu Thakur
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, SAR, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, SAR, China
| | - Wing Kar Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, SAR, China
| | - Guangyu Qiu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, SAR, China; Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Bing He
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, SAR, China
| | - Siu-Pang Ng
- Rafael Biotechnology Company Ltd., SAR, China
| | - Chi-Man Lawrence Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, SAR, China.
| | - Youngjin Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, SAR, China.
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20
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Östergren I, Pourrahimi AM, Darmadi I, da Silva R, Stolaś A, Lerch S, Berke B, Guizar-Sicairos M, Liebi M, Foli G, Palermo V, Minelli M, Moth-Poulsen K, Langhammer C, Müller C. Highly Permeable Fluorinated Polymer Nanocomposites for Plasmonic Hydrogen Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:21724-21732. [PMID: 33909392 PMCID: PMC8289187 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c01968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen (H2) sensors that can be produced en masse with cost-effective manufacturing tools are critical for enabling safety in the emerging hydrogen economy. The use of melt-processed nanocomposites in this context would allow the combination of the advantages of plasmonic hydrogen detection with polymer technology; an approach which is held back by the slow diffusion of H2 through the polymer matrix. Here, we show that the use of an amorphous fluorinated polymer, compounded with colloidal Pd nanoparticles prepared by highly scalable continuous flow synthesis, results in nanocomposites that display a high H2 diffusion coefficient in the order of 10-5 cm2 s-1. As a result, plasmonic optical hydrogen detection with melt-pressed fluorinated polymer nanocomposites is no longer limited by the diffusion of the H2 analyte to the Pd nanoparticle transducer elements, despite a thickness of up to 100 μm, thereby enabling response times as short as 2.5 s at 100 mbar (≡10 vol. %) H2. Evidently, plasmonic sensors with a fast response time can be fabricated with thick, melt-processed nanocomposites, which paves the way for a new generation of robust H2 sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Östergren
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Amir Masoud Pourrahimi
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Iwan Darmadi
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Robson da Silva
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Alicja Stolaś
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Sarah Lerch
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Barbara Berke
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | | | - Marianne Liebi
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Giacomo Foli
- Institute
of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council, Bologna 40129, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Palermo
- Institute
of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council, Bologna 40129, Italy
- Department
of Industrial and Materials Science, Chalmers
University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Matteo Minelli
- Department
of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Bologna 40131, Italy
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Christoph Langhammer
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
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21
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Sub-second and ppm-level optical sensing of hydrogen using templated control of nano-hydride geometry and composition. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2414. [PMID: 33893313 PMCID: PMC8065102 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22697-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of hydrogen as a clean and renewable alternative to fossil fuels requires a suite of flammability mitigating technologies, particularly robust sensors for hydrogen leak detection and concentration monitoring. To this end, we have developed a class of lightweight optical hydrogen sensors based on a metasurface of Pd nano-patchy particle arrays, which fulfills the increasing requirements of a safe hydrogen fuel sensing system with no risk of sparking. The structure of the optical sensor is readily nano-engineered to yield extraordinarily rapid response to hydrogen gas (<3 s at 1 mbar H2) with a high degree of accuracy (<5%). By incorporating 20% Ag, Au or Co, the sensing performances of the Pd-alloy sensor are significantly enhanced, especially for the Pd80Co20 sensor whose optical response time at 1 mbar of H2 is just ~0.85 s, while preserving the excellent accuracy (<2.5%), limit of detection (2.5 ppm), and robustness against aging, temperature, and interfering gases. The superior performance of our sensor places it among the fastest and most sensitive optical hydrogen sensors.
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22
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Darmadi I, Nugroho FAA, Langhammer C. High-Performance Nanostructured Palladium-Based Hydrogen Sensors-Current Limitations and Strategies for Their Mitigation. ACS Sens 2020; 5:3306-3327. [PMID: 33181012 PMCID: PMC7735785 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c02019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen gas is rapidly approaching a global breakthrough as a carbon-free energy vector. In such a hydrogen economy, safety sensors for hydrogen leak detection will be an indispensable element along the entire value chain, from the site of hydrogen production to the point of consumption, due to the high flammability of hydrogen-air mixtures. To stimulate and guide the development of such sensors, industrial and governmental stakeholders have defined sets of strict performance targets, which are yet to be entirely fulfilled. In this Perspective, we summarize recent efforts and discuss research strategies for the development of hydrogen sensors that aim at meeting the set performance goals. In the first part, we describe the state-of-the-art for fast and selective hydrogen sensors at the research level, and we identify nanostructured Pd transducer materials as the common denominator in the best performing solutions. As a consequence, in the second part, we introduce the fundamentals of the Pd-hydrogen interaction to lay the foundation for a detailed discussion of key strategies and Pd-based material design rules necessary for the development of next generation high-performance nanostructured Pd-based hydrogen sensors that are on par with even the most stringent and challenging performance targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwan Darmadi
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Ferry Anggoro Ardy Nugroho
- DIFFER
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, De Zaale 20, 5612
AJ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit
Amsterdam, De Boelelaan
1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christoph Langhammer
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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23
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Yang H, Yang S, Li Q, Zhang X, Wang T, Gao Z, Zhang L, Guo L, Fu Y. Fabrication of wide-detection-range H 2 sensors with controllable saturation behavior using Au@Pd nanoparticle arrays. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:12636-12639. [PMID: 32960196 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04834h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sensor saturation remains an obstacle to achieve reliable and quantitative detection of a specific gas at a high concentration. Herein, a new type of H2 sensor based on Au@Pd nanoparticle arrays (NAs) is demonstrated. While preserving a wide detection-range of 0.1-100% H2 concentrations, the Au@Pd NAs show a controllable saturation behavior depending on the Pd shell thickness. Mechanistically, this superior performance derives from the synergistic effect between the unique Au@Pd core-shell morphology and the rearrangement of Au@Pd nanoparticles during pre-conditioning. Our work represents a very promising strategy to design H2 sensors with enhanced performance at a high H2 concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China.
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24
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Herkert E, Sterl F, Strohfeldt N, Walter R, Giessen H. Low-Cost Hydrogen Sensor in the ppm Range with Purely Optical Readout. ACS Sens 2020; 5:978-983. [PMID: 32037801 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b02314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Due to the changing global climate, the role of renewable energy sources is of increasing importance. Hydrogen can play an important role as an energy carrier in the transition from fossil fuels. However, to ensure safe operations, a highly reliable and sensitive hydrogen sensor is required for leakage detection. We present a sensor design with purely optical readout that reliably operates between 50 and 100,000 ppm. The building block of the sensor is a reactive sample that consists of a layered structure with palladium nanodisks as the top layer and changes its optical properties depending on the external hydrogen partial pressure. We use a fiber-coupled setup consisting of an LED, a sensor body containing the reactive sample, and a photodiode to probe and read out the reflectance of the sample. This allows separation of the explosive detection area from the operating electronics and thus comes with an inherent protection against hydrogen ignition by electronic malfunctions. Our results prove that this sensor design provides a large detection range, fast response times, and enhanced robustness against aging compared to conventional thin-film technologies. Especially, the simplicity, feasibility, and scalability of the presented approach yield a holistic approach for industrial hydrogen monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ediz Herkert
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Florian Sterl
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nikolai Strohfeldt
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ramon Walter
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Harald Giessen
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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25
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Kusada K, Wu D, Kitagawa H. New Aspects of Platinum Group Metal‐Based Solid‐Solution Alloy Nanoparticles: Binary to High‐Entropy Alloys. Chemistry 2020; 26:5105-5130. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Kusada
- Division of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University 606-8502 Kyoto Japan
| | - Dongshuang Wu
- Division of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University 606-8502 Kyoto Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Division of Chemistry Graduate School of Science Kyoto University 606-8502 Kyoto Japan
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26
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Palm KJ, Murray JB, McClure JP, Leite MS, Munday JN. In Situ Optical and Stress Characterization of Alloyed Pd xAu 1-x Hydrides. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:45057-45067. [PMID: 31670929 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b14244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PdxAu1-x alloys have recently shown great promise for next-generation optical hydrogen sensors due to their increased chemical durability while their optical sensitivity to small amounts of hydrogen gas is maintained. However, the correlation between chemical composition and the dynamic optical behavior upon hydrogenation/dehydrogenation is currently not well understood. A complete understanding of this relation is necessary to optimize future sensors and nanophotonic devices. Here, we quantify the dynamic optical, chemical, and mechanical properties of thin film PdxAu1-x alloys as they are exposed to H2 by combining in situ ellipsometry with gravimetric and stress measurements. We demonstrate the dynamic optical property dependence of the film upon hydrogenation and directly correlate it with the hydrogen content up to a maximum of 7 bar of H2. With this measurement, we find that the thin films exhibit their strongest optical sensitivity to H2 in the near-infrared. We also discover higher hydrogen-loading amounts as compared to previous measurements for alloys with low atomic percent Pd. Specifically, a measurable optical and gravimetric hydrogen response in alloys as low as 34% Pd is found, when previous works have suggested a disappearance of this response near 55% Pd. This result suggests that differences in film stress and microstructuring play a crucial role in the sorption behavior. We directly measure the thin film stress and morphology upon hydrogenation and show that the alloys have a substantially higher relative stress change than pure Pd, with the pure Pd data point falling 0.9 GPa below the expected trend line. Finally, we use the measured optical properties to illustrate the applicability of these alloys as grating structures and as a planar physical encryption scheme, where we show significant and variable changes in reflectivity upon hydrogenation. These results lay the foundation for the composition and design of next-generation hydrogen sensors and tunable photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joshua P McClure
- Sensors and Electron Devices Directorate , U.S. Army Research Laboratory , 2800 Powder Mill Road , Adelphi , Maryland 20783-1197 , United States
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27
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Haidry AA, Xie L, Wang Z, Zavabeti A, Li Z, Plecenik T, Gregor M, Roch T, Plecenik A. Remarkable Improvement in Hydrogen Sensing Characteristics with Pt/TiO 2 Interface Control. ACS Sens 2019; 4:2997-3006. [PMID: 31573186 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their excellent hydrogen surface susceptibility, TiO2 thin films have been proven worthy of sensing hydrogen. However, these sensors work best at temperatures of 150-400 °C, with poor selectivity and a low response at room temperature. In this context, the novelty of this paper includes an investigation of the critical role of electrode fabrication that is found to significantly define the surface as well as the performance of a sensor. Sensors prepared with optimized conditions showed the best sensor response (SR) of ∼1.58 × 107 toward 10 000 ppm H2 with excellent linearity (R-square ∼ 0.98 for 300-10 000 ppm) at room temperature (∼20 °C). In addition, the said sensor showed a response time of ∼125 s with full baseline recovery and a selectivity factors (SF) of ∼1754, 2456, and 4723 to 1000 ppm of interfering reducing gases CH4, CO, and NH3, respectively, at 100 °C. At room temperature, the selectivity factor (for 300 ppm H2) of the sensor is ∼3.41 to 90% RH and ∼37.35 to 250 ppm oxygen, 200 ppm CO, and 1600 ppm CO2. Last but not least, our X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electrical transport characteristics enabled us to explain the high sensing mechanism on the basis of the estimated grain size, the quantitative atomic composition, the barrier at the Pt/TiO2 interface, and the thermal activation energy (also known as the intergranular barrier height) of the thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhar Ali Haidry
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 211100 Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Materials Preparation and Protection for Harsh Environment, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, 211100 Nanjing, China
| | - Lijuan Xie
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 211100 Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Materials Preparation and Protection for Harsh Environment, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, 211100 Nanjing, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 211100 Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Materials Preparation and Protection for Harsh Environment, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, 211100 Nanjing, China
| | - Ali Zavabeti
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 211100 Nanjing, China
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe Street, Melbourne, 3000 Victoria, Australia
| | - Zhong Li
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 211100 Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Materials Preparation and Protection for Harsh Environment, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, 211100 Nanjing, China
| | - Tomas Plecenik
- Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, 84248 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Maros Gregor
- Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, 84248 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Tomas Roch
- Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, 84248 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Andrej Plecenik
- Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, 84248 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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