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Cui Z, Ding M, Dai W, Zheng M, Wang Z, Chen T. Design of a synthetic enzyme cascade for the in vitro fixation of formaldehyde to acetoin. Enzyme Microb Technol 2024; 178:110446. [PMID: 38626535 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2024.110446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FALD) has gained prominence as an essential C1 building block in the synthesis of valuable chemicals. However, there are still challenges in converting FALD into commodities. Recently, cell-free biocatalysis has emerged as a popular approach for producing such commodities. Acetoin, also known as 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, has been widely used in food, cosmetic, agricultural and the chemical industry. It is valuable to develop a process to produce acetoin from FALD. In this study, a cell-free multi-enzyme catalytic system for the production of acetoin using FALD as the substrate was designed and constructed. It included three scales: FALD utilization pathway, glycolysis pathway and acetoin synthesis pathway. After the optimization of the reaction system, 20.17 mM acetoin was produced from 122 mM FALD, with a yield of 0.165 mol/mol, reaching 99.0% of the theoretical yield. The pathway provides a new approach for high-yield acetoin production from FALD, which consolidates the foundation for the production of high value-added chemicals using cheap one-carbon compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Cui
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China; Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengnan Ding
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China; Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Dai
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China; Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Meiyu Zheng
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China; Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China; Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China; Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
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2
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Cheon H, Kim JH, Kim JS, Park JB. Valorization of single-carbon chemicals by using carboligases as key enzymes. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2024; 85:103047. [PMID: 38128199 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2023.103047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Single-carbon (C1) biorefinery plays a key role in the consumption of global greenhouse gases and a circular carbon economy. Thereby, we have focused on the valorization of C1 compounds (e.g. methanol, formaldehyde, and formate) into multicarbon products, including bioplastic monomers, glycolate, and ethylene glycol. For instance, methanol, derived from the oxidation of CH4, can be converted into glycolate, ethylene glycol, or erythrulose via formaldehyde and glycolaldehyde, employing C1 and/or C2 carboligases as essential enzymes. Escherichia coli was engineered to convert formate, produced from CO via CO2 or from CO2 directly, into glycolate. Recent progress in the design of biotransformation pathways, enzyme discovery, and engineering, as well as whole-cell biocatalyst engineering for C1 biorefinery, was addressed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijin Cheon
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Sun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin-Byung Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Srinivasan A, Chen-Xiao K, Banerjee D, Oka A, Pidatala VR, Eudes A, Simmons BA, Eng T, Mukhopadhyay A. Sustainable production of 2,3,5,6-Tetramethylpyrazine at high titer in engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 51:kuae026. [PMID: 39013608 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuae026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
The industrial amino acid production workhorse, Corynebacterium glutamicum naturally produces low levels of 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), a valuable flavor, fragrance, and commodity chemical. Here, we demonstrate TMP production (∼0.8 g L-1) in C. glutamicum type strain ATCC13032 via overexpression of acetolactate synthase and/or α-acetolactate decarboxylase from Lactococcus lactis in CGXII minimal medium supplemented with 40 g L-1 glucose. This engineered strain also demonstrated growth and TMP production when the minimal medium was supplemented with up to 40% (v v-1) hydrolysates derived from ionic liquid-pretreated sorghum biomass. A key objective was to take the fully engineered strain developed in this study and interrogate medium parameters that influence the production of TMP, a critical post-strain engineering optimization. Design of experiments in a high-throughput plate format identified glucose, urea, and their ratio as significant components affecting TMP production. These two components were further optimized using response surface methodology. In the optimized CGXII medium, the engineered strain could produce up to 3.56 g L-1 TMP (4-fold enhancement in titers and 2-fold enhancement in yield, mol mol-1) from 80 g L-1 glucose and 11.9 g L-1 urea in shake flask batch cultivation. ONE-SENTENCE SUMMARY Corynebacterium glutamicum was metabolically engineered to produce 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine followed by a design of experiments approach to optimize medium components for high-titer production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparajitha Srinivasan
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kevin Chen-Xiao
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Deepanwita Banerjee
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Asun Oka
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts Process Development Unit, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Venkataramana R Pidatala
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Aymerick Eudes
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Environmental Genomics & Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Blake A Simmons
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Thomas Eng
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Aindrila Mukhopadhyay
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Environmental Genomics & Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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4
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Kim JH, Cheon H, Jo HJ, Kim JW, Kim GY, Seo HR, Seo PW, Kim JS, Park JB. Engineering of two thiamine diphosphate-dependent enzymes for the regioselective condensation of C1-formaldehyde into C4-erythrulose. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127674. [PMID: 37890751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
A number of carboligases, which catalyze condensation of C1- and/or C2-aldehydes into multi-carbon products, have been reported. However, their catalytic activities and/or regioselectivities remained rather low. Thereby, this study has focused on engineering of C1 and C2 carboligases for the regioselective condensation of C1-formaldehyde into C4-erythrulose via C2-glycolaldehyde. The crystal structure of the glyoxylate carboligase from Escherichia coli (EcGCL) was elucidated in complex with glycolaldehyde. A structure-guided rationale generated several mutants, one of whose catalytic activity reached 15.6 M-1·s-1, almost 10 times greater than the wild-type enzyme. Another variant (i.e., EcGCL_R484M/N283Q/L478M/M488L/R284K) has shown significantly increased stability to the glycolaldehyde toxicity, enabling production of glycolaldehyde to 31 mM from 75 mM formaldehyde (conversion: 83 %). Besides, the E1 subunit of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex from Vibrio vulnificus (VvSucA) was engineered as a regiospecific C2 carboligase for condensation of glycolaldehyde into erythrulose. The combination of EcGCL_R484M/N283Q/L478M/M488L/R284K and VvSucA_K228L led to the cascade production of erythrulose to 8 mM from 90 mM formaldehyde via glycolaldehyde without byproduct formation. This study will contribute to valorization of C1 gases into industrially relevant multi-carbon products in an environment-friendly way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Huijin Cheon
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Jo
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Won Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga Young Kim
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Rim Seo
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil-Won Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Sun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin-Byung Park
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Cui Z, Zheng M, Ding M, Dai W, Wang Z, Chen T. Efficient production of acetoin from lactate by engineered Escherichia coli whole-cell biocatalyst. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12560-x. [PMID: 37178309 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12560-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Acetoin, an important and high-value added bio-based platform chemical, has been widely applied in fields of foods, cosmetics, chemical synthesis, and agriculture. Lactate is a significant intermediate short-chain carboxylate in the anaerobic breakdown of carbohydrates that comprise ~ 18% and ~ 70% in municipal wastewaters and some food processing wastewaters, respectively. In this work, a series of engineered Escherichia coli strains were constructed for efficient production of acetoin from cheaper and abundant lactate through heterogenous co-expression of fusion protein (α-acetolactate synthetase and α-acetolactate decarboxylase), lactate dehydrogenase and NADH oxidase, and blocking acetate synthesis pathways. After optimization of whole-cell bioconversion conditions, the engineered strain BL-11 produced 251.97 mM (22.20 g/L) acetoin with a yield of 0.434 mol/mol in shake flasks. Moreover, a titer of 648.97mM (57.18 g/L) acetoin was obtained in 30 h with a yield of 0.484 mol/mol lactic acid in a 1-L bioreactor. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the production of acetoin from renewable lactate through whole-cell bioconversion with both high titer and yield, which demonstrates the economy and efficiency of acetoin production from lactate. Key Points • The lactate dehydrogenases from different organisms were expressed, purified, and assayed. • It is the first time that acetoin was produced from lactate by whole-cell biocatalysis. • The highest titer of 57.18 g/L acetoin was obtained with high theoretical yield in a 1-L bioreactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Cui
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Meiyu Zheng
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengnan Ding
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Dai
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
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6
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Li Y, Luo L, Ding X, Zhang X, Gan S, Shang C. Production of Tetramethylpyrazine from Cane Molasses by Bacillus sp. TTMP20. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062640. [PMID: 36985611 PMCID: PMC10054849 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
2,3,5,6-Tetramethylpyrazine (TTMP) is an active ingredient of Ligusticum wallichii Franch. It can be used in medicine and food fields. In this study, Bacillus sp. TTMP20 was applied to produce TTMP using cane molasses as a carbon source. After pretreatment with phosphoric acid, 170 mL/L treated molasses, combined with 10 g/L yeast powder, 30 g/L tryptone and 30 g/L (NH4)2HPO4 were used for fermentation. After 36 h, TTMP output reached the highest value of 208.8 mg/L. The yield of TTMP using phosphoric acid-treated molasses as carbon source was 145.59% higher than control. Under the sulfuric acid treatment process of molasses (150 g), the maximum yield of TTMP was 895.13 mg/L, which was 183.18% higher than that of untreated molasses (316.1 mg/L). This study demonstrated that molasses is a high-quality and inexpensive carbon source for the manufacture of TTMP, laying the groundwork for the future industrial production of TTMP.
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7
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Li T, Liu P, Guo G, Liu Z, Zhong L, Guo L, Chen C, Hao N, Ouyang P. Production of acetoin and its derivative tetramethylpyrazine from okara hydrolysate with Bacillus subtilis. AMB Express 2023; 13:25. [PMID: 36853576 PMCID: PMC9975146 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01532-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Okara, a renewable biomass resource, is a promising fermentative raw material for the bio-production of value-added chemicals due to its abundance and low-costs. we developed a process for the enzymatic hydrolysis of okara, and then engineered Bacillus subtilis to utilize mixed sugars to produce acetoin in okara hydrolysis without the addition of a supplemental nitrogen source. Okara was initially hydrolyzed with cellulase, β-glucosidase, and pectinase to obtain okara hydrolysate containing mixed sugars (32.78 ± 0.23 g/L glucose, 1.43 ± 0.064 g/L arabinose, 7.74 ± 0.11 g/L galactose) and amino acids. In this study, Bacillus subtilis 168 was used as the acetoin-producing strain, and the key genes bdhA and acoA of the acetoin catabolism pathway were knocked out to improve the fermentation yield of acetoin. In order to utilize the galactose in the hydrolysate, the recombinant strain BS03 (Bacillus subtilis168∆bdhA∆acoA) was used to overexpress the arabinose transporter-encoding gene (araE) drive heterologous expression of the Leloir pathway gene (galKTE). The corn dry powder concentration was optimized to 29 g/L in the reducing sugar okara hydrolysate. The results show that the recombinant bacterium BS03 could still synthesize 11.79 g/L acetoin without using corn dry powder as a nitrogen source. Finally, using okara enzymatic hydrolysate as the carbon and nitrogen source, 11.11 g/L and 29.7 g/L acetoin were obtained by batch fermentation and fed-batch fermentation, respectively, which was further converted to 5.33 g/L and 13.37 g/L tetramethylpyrazine (TTMP) by reaction with an ammonium salt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- grid.412022.70000 0000 9389 5210State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 China
| | - Ping Liu
- grid.412022.70000 0000 9389 5210State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 China
| | - Gege Guo
- grid.412022.70000 0000 9389 5210State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 China
| | - Zhaoxing Liu
- grid.412022.70000 0000 9389 5210State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 China
| | - Lei Zhong
- grid.412022.70000 0000 9389 5210State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 China
| | - Lianxia Guo
- grid.412022.70000 0000 9389 5210State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 China
| | - Cheng Chen
- grid.412022.70000 0000 9389 5210State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 China
| | - Ning Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Pingkai Ouyang
- grid.412022.70000 0000 9389 5210State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816 China
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8
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Efficient acetoin production from pyruvate by engineered Halomonas bluephagenesis whole-cell biocatalysis. Front Chem Sci Eng 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-022-2229-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Immobilization of Alcohol Dehydrogenase, Acetaldehyde Lyase, and NADH Oxidase for Cascade Enzymatic Conversion of Ethanol to Acetoin. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15124242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Acetoin, a four-carbon hydroxyl-keto compound, is used in the food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. The cascade enzymatic production is considered a promising and efficient method to produce acetoin. However, the stability and compatibility of the enzymes under the same catalytic conditions are challenges that need to be resolved. In this work, alcohol dehydrogenase, acetaldehyde lyase, and NADH oxidase were selected to work at the same conditions to efficiently convert ethanol into acetoin. These three enzymes were immobilized on epoxy-modified magnetic nanomaterials to obtain highly stable biocatalysts. The stability and the immobilization conditions, including temperature, pH, enzyme–carrier ratio, and immobilization time, were optimized to obtain the immobilized enzymes with a high catalytic activity. The cascade reactions catalyzed by the immobilized enzymes yielded a high conversion of 90%, suggesting that the use of immobilized enzymes is a promising way to produce acetoin.
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Li J, Lu J, Ma Z, Li J, Chen X, Diao M, Xie N. A Green Route for High-Yield Production of Tetramethylpyrazine From Non-Food Raw Materials. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:792023. [PMID: 35145961 PMCID: PMC8823705 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.792023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
2,3,5,6-Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is an active pharmaceutical ingredient originally isolated from Ligusticum wallichii for curing cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and is widely used as a popular flavoring additive in the food industry. Hence, there is a great interest in developing new strategies to produce this high-value compound in an ecological and economical way. Herein, a cost-competitive combinational approach was proposed to accomplish green and high-efficiency production of TMP. First, microbial cell factories were constructed to produce acetoin (3-hydroxy-2-butanone, AC), an endogenous precursor of TMP, by introducing a biosynthesis pathway coupled with an intracellular NAD+ regeneration system to the wild-type Escherichia coli. To further improve the production of (R)-AC, the metabolic pathways of by-products were impaired or blocked stepwise by gene manipulation, resulting in 40.84 g/L (R)-AC with a high optical purity of 99.42% in shake flasks. Thereafter, an optimal strain designated GXASR11 was used to convert the hydrolysates of inexpensive feedstocks into (R)-AC and achieved a titer of 86.04 g/L within 48 h in a 5-L fermenter under optimized fermentation conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest (R)-AC production with high optical purity (≥98%) produced from non-food raw materials using recombinant E. coli. The supernatant of fermentation broth was mixed with diammonium phosphate (DAP) to make a total volume of 20 ml and transferred to a high-pressure microreactor. Finally, 56.72 g/L TMP was obtained in 3 h via the condensation reaction with a high conversion rate (85.30%) under optimal reaction conditions. These results demonstrated a green and sustainable approach to efficiently produce high-valued TMP, which realized value addition of low-cost renewables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Life Science and Technology College, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jian Lu
- Life Science and Technology College, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhilin Ma
- Life Science and Technology College, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jianxiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Biomass Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xianrui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Biomass Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- *Correspondence: Xianrui Chen, ; Mengxue Diao,
| | - Mengxue Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Biomass Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- *Correspondence: Xianrui Chen, ; Mengxue Diao,
| | - Nengzhong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Biomass Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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11
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Cui Z, Wang Z, Zheng M, Chen T. Advances in biological production of acetoin: a comprehensive overview. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:1135-1156. [PMID: 34806505 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1995319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Acetoin, a high-value-added bio-based platform chemical, is widely used in foods, cosmetics, agriculture, and the chemical industry. It is an important precursor for the synthesis of: 2,3-butanediol, liquid hydrocarbon fuels and heterocyclic compounds. Since the fossil resources are becoming increasingly scarce, biological production of acetoin has received increasing attention as an alternative to chemical synthesis. Although there are excellent reviews on the: application, catabolism and fermentative production of acetoin, little attention has been paid to acetoin production via: electrode-assisted fermentation, whole-cell biocatalysis, and in vitro/cell-free biocatalysis. In this review, acetoin biosynthesis pathways and relevant key enzymes are firstly reviewed. In addition, various strategies for biological acetoin production are summarized including: cell-free biocatalysis, whole-cell biocatalysis, microbial fermentation, and electrode-assisted fermentation. The advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches are discussed and weighed, illustrating the increasing progress toward economical, green and efficient production of acetoin. Additionally, recent advances in acetoin extraction and recovery in downstream processing are also briefly reviewed. Moreover, the current issues and future prospects of diverse strategies for biological acetoin production are discussed, with the hope of realizing the promises of industrial acetoin biomanufacturing in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Cui
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, China
| | - Meiyu Zheng
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, China
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Recent advances in biocatalysis of nitrogen-containing heterocycles. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107813. [PMID: 34450199 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing heterocycles (N-heterocycles) are ubiquitous in both organisms and pharmaceutical products. Biocatalysts are providing green approaches for synthesizing various N-heterocycles under mild reaction conditions. This review summarizes the recent advances in the biocatalysis of N-heterocycles through the discovery and engineering of natural N-heterocycle synthetic pathway, and the design of artificial synthetic routes, with an emphasis on biocatalysts applied in retrosynthetic design for preparing complex N-heterocycles. Furthermore, this review discusses the future prospects and challenges of biocatalysts involved in the synthesis of N-heterocycles.
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