1
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Chen Q, Lei J, Li X, Zhang J, Liu D, Cui X, Ge F. Heterologous synthesis of ginsenoside F1 and its precursors in Nicotiana benthamiana. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 299:154276. [PMID: 38801806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Ginsenoside F1 has high medicinal values, which is a kind of rare triterpene saponin isolated from Panax plants. The extremely low content of ginsenoside F1 in herbs has limited its research and application in medical field. In this work, we constructed a pathway in tobacco for the biosynthesis of ginsenoside F1 by metabolic engineering. Four enzyme genes (PnDDS, CYP716A47, CYP716S1 and UGT71A56) isolated from Panax notoginseng were introduced into tobacco. Thus, a biosynthetic pathway for ginsenoside F1 synthesis was artificially constructed in tobacco cells; moreover, the four exogenous genes could be expressed in the roots, stems and leaves of transgenic plants. Consequently, ginsenoside F1 and its precursors were successfully synthesized in the transgenic tobacco, compared with Panax plants, the content of ginsenoside F1 in transgenic tobacco was doubled. In addition, accumulation of ginsenoside F1 and its precursors in transgenic tobacco shows organ specificity. Based on these results, a new approach was established to produce rare ginsenoside F1; meanwhile, such strategy could also be employed in plant hosts for the heterologous synthesis of other important or rare natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax Notoginseng Resources of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jun Lei
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax Notoginseng Resources of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xiaolei Li
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax Notoginseng Resources of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Analytical & Testing Research Center, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plants, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650205, China
| | - Diqiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax Notoginseng Resources of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xiuming Cui
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax Notoginseng Resources of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Feng Ge
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax Notoginseng Resources of Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Beijing, 100700, China.
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2
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Zhang H, Li J, Diao M, Li J, Xie N. Production and pharmaceutical research of minor saponins in Panax notoginseng (Sanqi): Current status and future prospects. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2024; 223:114099. [PMID: 38641143 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2024.114099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen is a traditional medicinal herb known as Sanqi or Tianqi in Asia and is commonly used worldwide. It is one of the main raw ingredients of Yunnan Baiyao, Fu fang dan shen di wan, and San qi shang yao pian. It is also a source of cardiotonic pill used to treat cardiovascular diseases in China, Korea, and Russia. Approximately 270 Panax notoginseng saponins have been isolated and identified as the major active components. Although the absorption and bioavailability of saponins are predominantly dependent on the gastrointestinal biotransformation capacity of an individual, minor saponins are better absorbed into the bloodstream and act as active substances than major saponins. Notably, minor saponins are absent or are present in minimal quantities under natural conditions. In this review, we focus on the strategies for the enrichment and production of minor saponins in P. notoginseng using physical, chemical, enzyme catalytic, and microbial methods. Moreover, pharmacological studies on minor saponins derived from P. notoginseng over the last decade are discussed. This review serves as a meaningful resource and guide, offering scholarly references for delving deeper into the exploration of the minor saponins in P. notoginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, China; National Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass Energy Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, 530007, China.
| | - Jianxiu Li
- National Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass Energy Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, 530007, China.
| | - Mengxue Diao
- National Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass Energy Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, 530007, China.
| | - Jianbin Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, China.
| | - Nengzhong Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass Energy Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, 530007, China.
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Liu G, Liu Y, Li Z, Ren Y, Liu B, Gao N, Cheng Y. Transcriptome analysis revealing the effect of Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd association with endophytic fungi CHS3 on the production of saikosaponin D. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33453. [PMID: 39015808 PMCID: PMC11250876 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Saikosaponin D (SSd) is a naturally active product with strong pharmacological activity found in Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd. Studies have shown that endophytic fungi have great potential as sources of natural medicines. Fusarium acuminatum (CHS3), an SSd-producing endophytic fungus, was isolated from B. scorzonerifolium. To elucidate the effect of host plants on the production of SSd in CHS3, CHS3 was co-cultured with suspension cells of B. scorzonerifolium and SSd was detected using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) of CHS3 before and after co-culture was performed using an Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform. The results indicated that the content of SSd synthesised by CHS3 increased after co-culture with suspension cells of B. scorzonerifolium. Transcriptome analysis of CHS3 with differentially expressed genes (DEGs) showed that 1202 and 1049 genes were upregulated and downregulated, respectively, after co-culture. Thirty genes associated with SSd synthesis and 11 genes related to terpene backbone biosynthesis were annotated to the Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Combined with transcriptome data, it was speculated that the mevalonate (MVA) pathway is a possible pathway for SSd synthesis in CHS3, and the expression of key enzyme genes (HMGR, HMGCS, GGPS1, MVK, FDFT1, FNTB) was validated by qRT-PCR. In conclusion, the endophytic fungus CHS3 can form an interactive relationship with its host, thereby promoting SSd biosynthesis and accumulation by upregulating the expression of key enzyme genes in the biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Yuanzhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Zhongmeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Yubin Ren
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Heilongjiang Agricultural Reclamation Vocational College, China
| | - Ning Gao
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, China
| | - Yupeng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, China
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4
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Rahman H, Vikram P, Hu Y, Asthana S, Tanaji A, Suryanarayanan P, Quadros C, Mehta L, Shahid M, Gkanogiannis A, Thushar S, Balazadeh S, Mueller-Roeber B, Becerra Lopez-Lavalle LA, Wei T, Singh RK. Mining genomic regions associated with agronomic and biochemical traits in quinoa through GWAS. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9205. [PMID: 38649738 PMCID: PMC11035704 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59565-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), an Andean crop, is a facultative halophyte food crop recognized globally for its high nutritional value and plasticity to adapt to harsh conditions. We conducted a genome-wide association study on a diverse set of quinoa germplasm accessions. These accessions were evaluated for the following agronomic and biochemical traits: days to 50% flowering (DTF), plant height (PH), panicle length (PL), stem diameter (SD), seed yield (SY), grain diameter (GD), and thousand-grain weight (TGW). These accessions underwent genotyping-by-sequencing using the DNBSeq-G400R platform. Among all evaluated traits, TGW represented maximum broad-sense heritability. Our study revealed average SNP density of ≈ 3.11 SNPs/10 kb for the whole genome, with the lowest and highest on chromosomes Cq1B and Cq9A, respectively. Principal component analysis clustered the quinoa population in three main clusters, one clearly representing lowland Chilean accessions, whereas the other two groups corresponded to germplasm from the highlands of Peru and Bolivia. In our germplasm set, we estimated linkage disequilibrium decay to be ≈ 118.5 kb. Marker-trait analyses revealed major and consistent effect associations for DTF on chromosomes 3A, 4B, 5B, 6A, 7A, 7B and 8B, with phenotypic variance explained (PVE) as high as 19.15%. Nine associations across eight chromosomes were also found for saponin content with 20% PVE by qSPN5A.1. More QTLs were identified for PL and TGW on multiple chromosomal locations. We identified putative candidate genes in the genomic regions associated with DTF and saponin content. The consistent and major-effect genomic associations can be used in fast-tracking quinoa breeding for wider adaptation across marginal environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hifzur Rahman
- International Center for Biosaline Agriculture, Dubai, UAE.
| | - Prashant Vikram
- International Center for Biosaline Agriculture, Dubai, UAE
- SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Yulan Hu
- BGI-Research, 518083, Shenzhen, China
- BGI Research, 430074, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Abhinav Tanaji
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Dubai Campus, Dubai, UAE
| | | | - Chris Quadros
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Dubai Campus, Dubai, UAE
| | - Lovely Mehta
- International Center for Biosaline Agriculture, Dubai, UAE
| | | | | | | | - Salma Balazadeh
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Sylvius Laboratory, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bernd Mueller-Roeber
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, Haus 20, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Tong Wei
- International Center for Biosaline Agriculture, Dubai, UAE.
- BGI-Research, 518083, Shenzhen, China.
- BGI Research, 430074, Wuhan, China.
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5
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Yuan X, Li R, He W, Xu W, Xu W, Yan G, Xu S, Chen L, Feng Y, Li H. Progress in Identification of UDP-Glycosyltransferases for Ginsenoside Biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024. [PMID: 38449105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Ginsenosides, the primary pharmacologically active constituents of the Panax genus, have demonstrated a variety of medicinal properties, including anticardiovascular disease, cytotoxic, antiaging, and antidiabetes effects. However, the low concentration of ginsenosides in plants and the challenges associated with their extraction impede the advancement and application of ginsenosides. Heterologous biosynthesis represents a promising strategy for the targeted production of these natural active compounds. As representative triterpenoids, the biosynthetic pathway of the aglycone skeletons of ginsenosides has been successfully decoded. While the sugar moiety is vital for the structural diversity and pharmacological activity of ginsenosides, the mining of uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs) involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis has attracted a lot of attention and made great progress in recent years. In this paper, we summarize the identification and functional study of UGTs responsible for ginsenoside synthesis in both plants, such as Panax ginseng and Gynostemma pentaphyllum, and microorganisms including Bacillus subtilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The UGT-related microbial cell factories for large-scale ginsenoside production are also mentioned. Additionally, we delve into strategies for UGT mining, particularly potential rapid screening or identification methods, providing insights and prospects. This review provides insights into the study of other unknown glycosyltransferases as candidate genetic elements for the heterologous biosynthesis of rare ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Yuan
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Ruiqiong Li
- College of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Weishen He
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Wei Xu
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Wen Xu
- Innovation and Transformation Center, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Guohong Yan
- Pharmacy Department, People's Hospital Affiliated to Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, China
| | - Shaohua Xu
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Lixia Chen
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Yaqian Feng
- Innovation and Transformation Center, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Hua Li
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
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6
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Chu J, Zhao L, Xu X, Li Y, Wu B, Qin S, He B. Evolving the 3-O/6-O regiospecificity of a microbial glycosyltransferase for efficient production of ginsenoside Rh1 and unnatural ginsenoside. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129678. [PMID: 38280704 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferase is a popular and promising enzyme to produce high-value-added natural products. Rare ginsenoside Rh1 and unnatural ginsenoside 3β-O-Glc-PPT are promising candidates for drugs. Herein, the microbial glycosyltransferase UGTBL1 was able to catalyze the 20(S)-protopanaxatriol (PPT) 3-O/6-O-glycosylation with poor 6-O-regiospecificity. A structure-guided strategy of mutations involving loop engineering, PSPG motif evolution, and access tunnel engineering was proposed to engineer the enzyme UGTBL1. The variant I62R/M320H/P321Y/N170A from protein engineering achieved a great improvement in 6-O regioselectivity which increased from 10.98 % (WT) to 96.26 % and a booming conversion of 95.57 % for ginsenoside Rh1. A single mutant M320W showed an improved 3-O regioselectivity of 84.83 % and an increased conversion of 98.13 % for the 3β-O-glc-PPT product. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to elucidate the possible molecular basis of the regiospecificity and catalytic activity. The unprecedented high titer of ginsenoside Rh1 (20.48 g/L) and 3β-O-Glc-PPT (18.04 g/L) was attained with high regioselectivity and yields using fed-batch cascade reactions from UDPG recycle, which was the highest yield reported to date. This work could provide an efficient and cost-effective approach to the valuable ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Chu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan Road, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan Road, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Xiaoli Xu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan Road, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Yuting Li
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan Road, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Bin Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan Road, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Song Qin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan Road, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing 211800, China.
| | - Bingfang He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan Road, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing 211800, China; College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan Road, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing 211800, China.
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7
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Dinday S, Ghosh S. Recent advances in triterpenoid pathway elucidation and engineering. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 68:108214. [PMID: 37478981 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoids are among the most assorted class of specialized metabolites found in all the taxa of living organisms. Triterpenoids are the leading active ingredients sourced from plant species and are utilized in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. The triterpenoid precursor 2,3-oxidosqualene, which is biosynthesized via the mevalonate (MVA) pathway is structurally diversified by the oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) and other scaffold-decorating enzymes such as cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s), UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) and acyltransferases (ATs). A majority of the bioactive triterpenoids are harvested from the native hosts using the traditional methods of extraction and occasionally semi-synthesized. These methods of supply are time-consuming and do not often align with sustainability goals. Recent advancements in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology have shown prospects for the green routes of triterpenoid pathway reconstruction in heterologous hosts such as Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Nicotiana benthamiana, which appear to be quite promising and might lead to the development of alternative source of triterpenoids. The present review describes the biotechnological strategies used to elucidate complex biosynthetic pathways and to understand their regulation and also discusses how the advances in triterpenoid pathway engineering might aid in the scale-up of triterpenoid production in engineered hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Dinday
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India; School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India
| | - Sumit Ghosh
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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8
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Sun Q, Guo F, Ren S, Zhang L, Liu X, Li C, Feng X. Construction of a UDP-Arabinose Regeneration System for Efficient Arabinosylation of Pentacyclic Triterpenoids. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:2463-2474. [PMID: 37473419 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is an important method of modifying natural products and is usually catalyzed by uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferase. UDP-β-l-arabinose (UDP-Ara) confers specific functions to natural products such as pentacyclic triterpenoids. However, UDP-arabinosyltransferase with high regioselectivity toward pentacyclic triterpenoids has rarely been reported. In addition, UDP-Ara is mainly biosynthesized from UDP-α-d-glucose (UDP-Glc) through several reaction steps, resulting in the high cost of UDP-Ara. Herein, UGT99D1 was systematically characterized for specifically transferring one moiety of arabinose to the C-3 position of typical pentacyclic triterpenoids. Subsequently, 15 enzymes from plants, mammals, and microorganisms were characterized, and a four-enzyme cascade comprising sucrose synthase, UDP-Glc dehydrogenase, UDP-α-d-glucuronic acid decarboxylase, and UDP-Glc 4-epimerase was constructed to transform sucrose into UDP-Ara with UDP recycling. This system was demonstrated to efficiently produce the arabinosylated derivative (Ara-BA) of typical pentacyclic triterpenoid betulinic acid (BA). Finally, the in vitro cytotoxicity tests indicated that Ara-BA showed much higher anticancer activities than BA. The established arabinosylation platform shows the potential to enhance the pharmacological activity of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shichao Ren
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xinhe Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chun Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Lab for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xudong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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9
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Man J, Shi Y, Huang Y, Zhang X, Wang X, Liu S, He G, An K, Han D, Wang X, Wei S. PnMYB4 negatively modulates saponin biosynthesis in Panax notoginseng through interplay with PnMYB1. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad134. [PMID: 37564268 PMCID: PMC10410195 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Saponins are the main triterpenoid ingredients from Panax notoginseng, a well-known Chinese medicine, and are important sources for producing drugs to prevent and treat cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases. However, the transcriptional regulatory network of saponin biosynthesis in P. notoginseng is largely unknown. In the present study we demonstrated that one R2R3-MYB transcription factor, designated PnMYB4, acts as a repressor of saponin accumulation. Suppression of PnMYB4 in P. notoginseng calli significantly increased the saponin content and the expression level of saponin biosynthetic genes. PnMYB4 directly bound to the promoters of key saponin biosynthetic genes, including PnSS, PnSE, and PnDS, to repress saponin accumulation. PnMYB4 and the activator PnMYB1 could interacted with PnbHLH, which is a positive regulator of saponin biosynthesis, to modulate the biosynthesis of saponin. PnMYB4 competed with PnMYB1 for binding to PnbHLH, repressing activation of the promoters of saponin structural genes induced by the PnMYB1-PnbHLH complex. Our study reveals that a complex regulatory module of saponin biosynthesis is associated with positive and negative MYB transcriptional regulators and provides a theoretical basis for improving the content of saponins and efficacy of P. notoginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Man
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yue Shi
- School of Life and Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yuying Huang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Shanhu Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Gaojie He
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Kelu An
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Dongran Han
- School of Life and Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Shengli Wei
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
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10
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Li M, Ma M, Wu Z, Liang X, Zheng Q, Li D, An T, Wang G. Advances in the biosynthesis and metabolic engineering of rare ginsenosides. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:3391-3404. [PMID: 37126085 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12549-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Rare ginsenosides are the deglycosylated secondary metabolic derivatives of major ginsenosides, and they are more readily absorbed into the bloodstream and function as active substances. The traditional preparation methods hindered the potential application of these effective components. The continuous elucidation of ginsenoside biosynthesis pathways has rendered the production of rare ginsenosides using synthetic biology techniques effective for their large-scale production. Previously, only the progress in the biosynthesis and biotechnological production of major ginsenosides was highlighted. In this review, we summarized the recent advances in the identification of key enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathways of rare ginsenosides, especially the glycosyltransferases (GTs). Then the construction of microbial chassis for the production of rare ginsenosides, mainly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was presented. In the future, discovery of more GTs and improving their catalytic efficiencies are essential for the metabolic engineering of rare ginsenosides. This review will give more clues and be helpful for the characterization of the biosynthesis and metabolic engineering of rare ginsenosides. KEY POINTS: • The key enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathways of rare ginsenosides are summarized. • The recent progress in metabolic engineering of rare ginsenosides is presented. • The discovery of glycosyltransferases is essential for the microbial production of rare ginsenosides in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkai Li
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Mengyu Ma
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Zhenke Wu
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Xiqin Liang
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Qiusheng Zheng
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Defang Li
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
| | - Tianyue An
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
| | - Guoli Wang
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
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11
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Qiu S, Blank LM. Recent Advances in Yeast Recombinant Biosynthesis of the Triterpenoid Protopanaxadiol and Glycosylated Derivatives Thereof. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:2197-2210. [PMID: 36696911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant natural products are a seemingly endless resource for novel chemical structures. However, their extraction often results in high prices, fluctuation in both quantity and quality, and negative environmental impact. The latter might result from the extraction procedure but more often from the high amount of plant biomass required. With the advent of synthetic biology, producing natural plant products in large quantities using yeasts as hosts has become possible. Here, we focus on the recent advances in metabolic engineering of the yeasts species Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Yarrowia lipolytica for the synthesis of ginsenoside triterpenoids, namely, dammarenediol-II, protopanaxadiol, protopanaxatriol, compound K, ginsenoside Rh1, ginsenoside Rh2, ginsenoside Rg3, and ginsenoside F1. A discussion is provided on advanced synthetic biology, bioprocess strategies, and current challenges for the biosynthesis of ginsenoside triterpenoids. Finally, future directions in metabolic and process engineering are summarized and may help reify sustainable ginsenoside production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangkun Qiu
- Institute of Applied Microbiology (iAMB), Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lars M Blank
- Institute of Applied Microbiology (iAMB), Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt), RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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12
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Hou M, Nie F, Zhao J, Ju Z, Yang L, Wang Q, Zhao S, Wang Z. New Glycosyltransferases in Panax notoginseng Perfect Main Ginsenosides Biosynthetic Pathways. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:963-973. [PMID: 36548634 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenosides, the main bioactive ingredients of the Panax genus, are dammarane or oleanane triterpenoids with glycosylated modifications at C3/C6/C20 hydroxyls or C28 carboxyl, and their diverse glycosylation pattern has attracted great attention. However, the biosynthesis of some important saponins is still unclear. In this study, six UGTs were characterized, two of which were novel. PnUGT71A3 catalyzes not only the C6 hydroxyl glycosylation of protopanaxatriol (PPT) and F1 to form Rh1 and Rg1, respectively, but also the C20 hydroxyl glycosylation of protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type Rg3 to generate Rd. Especially, PnUGT94M1 is UDP-β-l-rhamnose (UDP-Rha)-dependent, regioselectively catalyzing the C2' hydroxyl rhamnosylation of C6 glucose of the PPT-type ginsenosides Rg1 and Rh1 to generate ginsenosides Re and Rg2, respectively. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that His21, Asp120, Ser363, and Pro372 are key residues, and the triple mutant (G344S/G345S/L346T) highly improved the activity toward Rg1 and Rh1. The findings in this study, perfect main ginsenosides biosynthetic pathways in the Panax genus, expand the biocatalyst toolbox for ginsenoside production and show that the PSPG motif is one of the options to modify UGTs to improve their activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoqi Hou
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Feng Nie
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianing Zhao
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhengcai Ju
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li Yang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qingzhong Wang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shujuan Zhao
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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13
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Liu H, Su Y, Fan Y, Zuo D, Xu J, Liu Y, Mei X, Huang H, Yang M, Zhu S. Exogenous leucine alleviates heat stress and improves saponin synthesis in Panax notoginseng by improving antioxidant capacity and maintaining metabolic homeostasis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1175878. [PMID: 37152124 PMCID: PMC10154563 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1175878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Panax notoginseng saponins (PNSs) are used as industrial raw materials to produce many drugs to treat cardio-cerebrovascular diseases. However, it is a heat-sensitive plant, and its large-scale artificial cultivation is impeded by high temperature stress, leading to decreases in productivity and PNSs yield. Here, we examined exogenous foliar leucine to alleviate heat stress and explored the underlying mechanism using metabolomics. The results indicated that 3 and 5 mM exogenous foliar leucine significantly alleviated heat stress in one-year- and two-year-old P. notoginseng in pots and field trials. Exogenous foliar leucine enhanced the antioxidant capacity by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes (POD, SOD) and the contents of antioxidant metabolites (amino acids). Moreover, exogenous foliar leucine enhanced carbohydrate metabolism, including sugars (sucrose, maltose) and TCA cycle metabolites (citric acid, aconitic acid, succinic acid and fumaric acid), in P. notoginseng leaves, stems, and fibrous roots to improve the energy supply of plants and further alleviate heat stress. Field experiments further verified that exogenous foliar leucine increased the productivity and PNSs accumulation in P. notoginseng. These results suggest that leucine application is beneficial for improving the growth and quality of P. notoginseng under heat stress. It is therefore possible to develop plant growth regulators based on leucine to improve the heat resistance of P. notoginseng and other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yingwei Su
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yunxia Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Denghong Zuo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Jie Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yixiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Xinyue Mei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Huichuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Min Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Shusheng Zhu, ; Min Yang,
| | - Shusheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Biodiversity and Pest Control of Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Shusheng Zhu, ; Min Yang,
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14
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Li J, Huang T, Lu J, Xu X, Zhang W. Metabonomic profiling of clubroot-susceptible and clubroot-resistant radish and the assessment of disease-resistant metabolites. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1037633. [PMID: 36570889 PMCID: PMC9772615 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1037633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodiophora brassicae causes a serious threat to cruciferous plants including radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Knowledge on the pathogenic regularity and molecular mechanism of P. brassicae and radish is limited, especially on the metabolism level. In the present study, clubroot-susceptible and clubroot-resistant cultivars were inoculated with P. brassicae Race 4, root hairs initial infection of resting spores (107 CFU/mL) at 24 h post-inoculation and root galls symptom arising at cortex splitting stage were identified on both cultivars. Root samples of cortex splitting stage of two cultivars were collected and used for untargeted metabonomic analysis. We demonstrated changes in metabolite regulation and pathways during the cortex splitting stage of diseased roots between clubroot-susceptible and clubroot-resistant cultivars using untargeted metabonomic analysis. We identified a larger number of differentially regulated metabolites and heavier metabolite profile changes in the susceptible cultivar than in the resistant counterpart. The metabolites that were differentially regulated in both cultivars were mostly lipids and lipid-like molecules. Significantly regulated metabolites and pathways according to the P value and variable important in projection score were identified. Moreover, four compounds, including ethyl α-D-thioglucopyranoside, imipenem, ginsenoside Rg1, and 6-gingerol, were selected, and their anti-P. brassicae ability and effects on seedling growth were verified on the susceptible cultivar. Except for ethyl α-D-thioglucopyranoside, the remaining could inhibit clubroot development of varing degree. The use of 5 mg/L ginsenoside Rg1 + 5 mg/L 6-gingerol resulted in the lowest disease incidence and disease index among all treatments and enhanced seedling growth. The regulation of pathways or metabolites of carbapenem and ginsenoside was further explored. The results provide a preliminary understanding of the interaction between radish and P. brassicae at the metabolism level, as well as the development of measures for preventing clubroot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Li
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Tingmin Huang
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jinbiao Lu
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiuhong Xu
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wanping Zhang
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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15
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Deng C, Zhao M, Zhao Q, Zhao L. Advances in green bioproduction of marine and glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 300:120254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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16
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Xiao Y, Zhang G, Yang Y, Feng J, Qiu S, Han Z, Geng J, Chen W. Molecular mechanism of acceptor selection in cyclodextrin glycosyltransferases catalyzed ginsenoside transglycosylation. Bioorg Chem 2022; 128:106094. [PMID: 35985160 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of enzyme specificity is increasingly important from a fundamental viewpoint and for practical applications. Transglycosylation has attracted many attentions due to its importance in improving the functional properties of acceptor substrates both in vivo and in vitro. Cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) is one of the key enzymes in transglycosylation, it has a broad substrate spectrum and utilizes sugar as the donor. However, little is known about the acceptor selectivity of CGTase, which greatly hampers efforts toward the rational design of desirable transglycosylated derivatives. In this study, we found that the CGTase from Bacillus circulans, BcCGTase, was able to form glycosylated products with diverse ginsenosides. In particular, it not only carries out diverse mono-, di-, and even higher-order glycosylations via the transfer of glucose moieties to the COGlc positions, but also can glycosylate the C3-OH position of ginsenosides. In contrast, another CGTase from Bacillus licheniformis (BlCGTase) showed relatively specific acceptor preference with only several ginsenosides. Structural comparison between BcCGTase and BlCGTase revealed that the Arg74/K81 position within the acceptor-binding sites of BcCGTase/BlCGTase was responsible for the differences in catalytic specificity for ginsenoside F1. Further mutagenesis confirmed their roles in the acceptor selection. In conclusion, our study not only demonstrates the acceptor selectivity of CGTases, but also provides insight into the catalytic mechanism of CGTases, which will potentially increase the utility of CGTase for biosynthesis of new, rationally designed transglycosylated derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiao
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Guoning Zhang
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yingbo Yang
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Lianyungang 222000, China
| | - Jingxian Feng
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shi Qiu
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhuzhen Han
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiaran Geng
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wansheng Chen
- Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine Resources and Biotechnology, The Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China; Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200003, China.
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Wang JF, Huang R, Song ZQ, Yang QR, Li XP, Liu SS, Wu SH. Polyhydroxylated sesquiterpenes and ergostane glycosides produced by the endophytic fungus Xylaria sp. from Azadirachta indica. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 199:113188. [PMID: 35421432 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of the metabolites from the endophytic fungus Xylaria sp. YM 311647 in solid fermentation resulted in the isolation of six undescribed compounds, namely xylarioxides A-F, respectively. These included one eremophilane sesquiterpene, three guaiane sesquiterpene glycosides, and two ergostane glycosides. The structures of the compounds were determined by extensive analyses of spectroscopic data, including 1D and 2D NMR, as well as HRESIMS data. The stereochemistry of xylarioxide A was confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. All of the isolated compounds were assayed for their antifungal activities against seven phytopathogenic fungi and two human pathogenic fungi. Among them, xylarioxides A, E and F showed potent activities against the tested phytopathogens. Particularly, xylarioxide E exhibited the highest activity against Gibberella saubinetii, Curvularia lunata, and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides with MIC values of 4, 4, and 8 μg/mL, respectively, which were comparable to the positive control of nystatin. Interestingly, guaiane sesquiterpene glycosides have been rarely reported from fungal sources. Additionally, xylarioxide E represented an unusual naturally occurring 3,4-seco-steroidal glycoside with a seven-membered lactone in ring A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Rong Huang
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Song
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Qing-Rong Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Xin-Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Si-Si Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Shao-Hua Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.
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