1
|
Mohsenin H, Wagner HJ, Rosenblatt M, Kemmer S, Drepper F, Huesgen P, Timmer J, Weber W. Design of a Biohybrid Materials Circuit with Binary Decoder Functionality. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308092. [PMID: 38118057 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic biology applies concepts from electrical engineering and information processing to endow cells with computational functionality. Transferring the underlying molecular components into materials and wiring them according to topologies inspired by electronic circuit boards has yielded materials systems that perform selected computational operations. However, the limited functionality of available building blocks is restricting the implementation of advanced information-processing circuits into materials. Here, a set of protease-based biohybrid modules the bioactivity of which can either be induced or inhibited is engineered. Guided by a quantitative mathematical model and following a design-build-test-learn (DBTL) cycle, the modules are wired according to circuit topologies inspired by electronic signal decoders, a fundamental motif in information processing. A 2-input/4-output binary decoder for the detection of two small molecules in a material framework that can perform regulated outputs in form of distinct protease activities is designed. The here demonstrated smart material system is strongly modular and can be used for biomolecular information processing for example in advanced biosensing or drug delivery applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hasti Mohsenin
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hanna J Wagner
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 19a, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Rosenblatt
- Institute of Physics and Freiburg Center for Data Analysis and Modelling (FDM), University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Svenja Kemmer
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Physics and Freiburg Center for Data Analysis and Modelling (FDM), University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Friedel Drepper
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pitter Huesgen
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jens Timmer
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Physics and Freiburg Center for Data Analysis and Modelling (FDM), University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Straße 3, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wilfried Weber
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 19a, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Saarland University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Bacterial proteases are a promising post-translational regulation strategy in synthetic circuits because they recognize specific amino acid degradation tags (degrons) that can be fine-tuned to modulate the degradation levels of tagged proteins. For this reason, recent efforts have been made in the search for new degrons. Here we review the up-to-date applications of degradation tags for circuit engineering in bacteria. In particular, we pay special attention to the effects of degradation bottlenecks in synthetic oscillators and introduce mathematical approaches to study queueing that enable the quantitative modelling of proteolytic queues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prajakta Jadhav
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Yanyan Chen
- Program for Computational and Systems Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas Butzin
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Javier Buceta
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio, CSIC-UV), Paterna, Valencia 46980, Spain
| | - Arantxa Urchueguía
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA.,Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio, CSIC-UV), Paterna, Valencia 46980, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fink T, Jerala R. Designed protease-based signaling networks. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2022; 68:102146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.102146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
4
|
Synthetic Protein Circuits and Devices Based on Reversible Protein-Protein Interactions: An Overview. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11111171. [PMID: 34833047 PMCID: PMC8623019 DOI: 10.3390/life11111171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) contribute to regulate many aspects of cell physiology and metabolism. Protein domains involved in PPIs are important building blocks for engineering genetic circuits through synthetic biology. These domains can be obtained from known proteins and rationally engineered to produce orthogonal scaffolds, or computationally designed de novo thanks to recent advances in structural biology and molecular dynamics prediction. Such circuits based on PPIs (or protein circuits) appear of particular interest, as they can directly affect transcriptional outputs, as well as induce behavioral/adaptational changes in cell metabolism, without the need for further protein synthesis. This last example was highlighted in recent works to enable the production of fast-responding circuits which can be exploited for biosensing and diagnostics. Notably, PPIs can also be engineered to develop new drugs able to bind specific intra- and extra-cellular targets. In this review, we summarize recent findings in the field of protein circuit design, with particular focus on the use of peptides as scaffolds to engineer these circuits.
Collapse
|
5
|
Bollella P, Edwardraja S, Guo Z, Vickers CE, Whitfield J, Walden P, Melman A, Alexandrov K, Katz E. Connecting Artificial Proteolytic and Electrochemical Signaling Systems with Caged Messenger Peptides. ACS Sens 2021; 6:3596-3603. [PMID: 34637274 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c00845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic polypeptide proteolysis is a widespread and powerful biological control mechanism. Over the last few years, substantial progress has been made in creating artificial proteolytic systems where an input of choice modulates the protease activity and thereby the activity of its substrates. However, all proteolytic systems developed so far have relied on the direct proteolytic cleavage of their effectors. Here, we propose a new concept where protease biosensors with a tunable input uncage a signaling peptide, which can then transmit a signal to an allosteric protein reporter. We demonstrate that both the cage and the regulatory domain of the reporter can be constructed from the same peptide-binding domain, such as calmodulin. To demonstrate this concept, we constructed a proteolytic rapamycin biosensor and demonstrated its quantitative actuation on fluorescent, luminescent, and electrochemical reporters. Using the latter, we constructed sensitive bioelectrodes that detect the messenger peptide release and quantitatively convert the recognition event into electric current. We discuss the application of such systems for the construction of in vitro sensory arrays and in vivo signaling circuits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bollella
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari A. Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, Bari 70125, Italy
| | - Selvakumar Edwardraja
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Zhong Guo
- CSIRO-QUT Synthetic Biology Alliance, ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Claudia E. Vickers
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, GP.O. Box 2583, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Jason Whitfield
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Patricia Walden
- CSIRO-QUT Synthetic Biology Alliance, ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Artem Melman
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| | - Kirill Alexandrov
- CSIRO-QUT Synthetic Biology Alliance, ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biology and Environmental Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Evgeny Katz
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, New York 13699, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wagner HJ, Mohsenin H, Weber W. Synthetic Biology-Empowered Hydrogels for Medical Diagnostics. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 178:197-226. [PMID: 33582837 DOI: 10.1007/10_2020_158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic biology is strongly inspired by concepts of engineering science and aims at the design and generation of artificial biological systems in different fields of research such as diagnostics, analytics, biomedicine, or chemistry. To this aim, synthetic biology uses an engineering approach relying on a toolbox of molecular sensors and switches that endows cellular hosts with non-natural computing functions and circuits. Importantly, this concept is not only limited to cellular approaches. Synthetic biological building blocks have also conferred sensing and switching capability to otherwise inactive materials. This principle has attracted high interest for the development of biohybrid materials capable of sensing and responding to specific molecular stimuli, such as disease biomarkers, antibiotics, or heavy metals. Moreover, the interconnection of individual sense-and-respond materials to complex materials systems has enabled the processing of, for example, multiple inputs or the amplification of signals using feedback topologies. Such systems holding high potential for applications in the analytical and diagnostic sectors will be described in this chapter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna J Wagner
- Faculty of Biology, Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hasti Mohsenin
- Faculty of Biology, Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Wilfried Weber
- Faculty of Biology, Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wagner HJ, Weber W, Fussenegger M. Synthetic Biology: Emerging Concepts to Design and Advance Adeno-Associated Viral Vectors for Gene Therapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2004018. [PMID: 33977059 PMCID: PMC8097373 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Three recent approvals and over 100 ongoing clinical trials make adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based vectors the leading gene delivery vehicles in gene therapy. Pharmaceutical companies are investing in this small and nonpathogenic gene shuttle to increase the therapeutic portfolios within the coming years. This prospect of marking a new era in gene therapy has fostered both investigations of the fundamental AAV biology as well as engineering studies to enhance delivery vehicles. Driven by the high clinical potential, a new generation of synthetic-biologically engineered AAV vectors is on the rise. Concepts from synthetic biology enable the control and fine-tuning of vector function at different stages of cellular transduction and gene expression. It is anticipated that the emerging field of synthetic-biologically engineered AAV vectors can shape future gene therapeutic approaches and thus the design of tomorrow's gene delivery vectors. This review describes and discusses the recent trends in capsid and vector genome engineering, with particular emphasis on synthetic-biological approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna J. Wagner
- Department of Biosystems Science and EngineeringETH ZurichMattenstrasse 26Basel4058Switzerland
- Faculty of BiologyUniversity of FreiburgSchänzlestraße 1Freiburg79104Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSSUniversity of FreiburgSchänzlestraße 18Freiburg79104Germany
| | - Wilfried Weber
- Faculty of BiologyUniversity of FreiburgSchänzlestraße 1Freiburg79104Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSSUniversity of FreiburgSchänzlestraße 18Freiburg79104Germany
| | - Martin Fussenegger
- Department of Biosystems Science and EngineeringETH ZurichMattenstrasse 26Basel4058Switzerland
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of BaselKlingelbergstrasse 50Basel4056Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen Z, Elowitz MB. Programmable protein circuit design. Cell 2021; 184:2284-2301. [PMID: 33848464 PMCID: PMC8087657 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental challenge in synthetic biology is to create molecular circuits that can program complex cellular functions. Because proteins can bind, cleave, and chemically modify one another and interface directly and rapidly with endogenous pathways, they could extend the capabilities of synthetic circuits beyond what is possible with gene regulation alone. However, the very diversity that makes proteins so powerful also complicates efforts to harness them as well-controlled synthetic circuit components. Recent work has begun to address this challenge, focusing on principles such as orthogonality and composability that permit construction of diverse circuit-level functions from a limited set of engineered protein components. These approaches are now enabling the engineering of circuits that can sense, transmit, and process information; dynamically control cellular behaviors; and enable new therapeutic strategies, establishing a powerful paradigm for programming biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zibo Chen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Michael B Elowitz
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gräwe A, Stein V. Linker Engineering in the Context of Synthetic Protein Switches and Sensors. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 39:731-744. [PMID: 33293101 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Linkers play critical roles in the construction of synthetic protein switches and sensors as they functionally couple a receptor with an actuator. With an increasing number of molecular toolboxes and experimental strategies becoming available that can be applied to engineer protein switches and sensors with tailored response functions, optimising the connecting linkers remains an idiosyncratic and empiric process. This review aims to provide an in-depth analysis of linker motifs, the biophysical properties they confer, and how they impact the performance of synthetic protein switches and sensors while identifying trends, mechanisms, and strategies that underlie the most potent switches and sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Gräwe
- Department of Biology, TU Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; Centre for Synthetic Biology, TU Darmstadt, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Viktor Stein
- Department of Biology, TU Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany; Centre for Synthetic Biology, TU Darmstadt, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Biological signaling pathways are underpinned by protein switches that sense and respond to molecular inputs. Inspired by nature, engineered protein switches have been designed to directly transduce analyte binding into a quantitative signal in a simple, wash-free, homogeneous assay format. As such, they offer great potential to underpin point-of-need diagnostics that are needed across broad sectors to improve access, costs, and speed compared to laboratory assays. Despite this, protein switch assays are not yet in routine diagnostic use, and a number of barriers to uptake must be overcome to realize this potential. Here, we review the opportunities and challenges in engineering protein switches for rapid diagnostic tests. We evaluate how their design, comprising a recognition element, reporter, and switching mechanism, relates to performance and identify areas for improvement to guide further optimization. Recent modular switches that enable new analytes to be targeted without redesign are crucial to ensure robust and efficient development processes. The importance of translational steps toward practical implementation, including integration into a user-friendly device and thorough assay validation, is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hope Adamson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Lars J. C. Jeuken
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Linker engineering constitutes a critical, yet frequently underestimated aspect in the construction of synthetic protein switches and sensors. Notably, systematic strategies to engineer linkers by predictive means remain largely elusive to date. This is primarily due to our insufficient understanding how the biophysical properties that underlie linker functions mediate the conformational transitions in artificially engineered protein switches and sensors. The construction of synthetic protein switches and sensors therefore heavily relies on experimental trial-and-error. Yet, methods for effectively generating linker diversity at the genetic level are scarce. Addressing this technical shortcoming, iterative functional linker cloning (iFLinkC) enables the combinatorial assembly of linker elements with functional domains from sequence verified repositories that are developed and stored in-house. The assembly process is highly scalable and given its recursive nature generates linker diversity in a combinatorial and exponential fashion based on a limited number of linker elements.
Collapse
|
12
|
Gräwe A, Ranglack J, Weber W, Stein V. Engineering artificial signalling functions with proteases. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 63:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
13
|
Gräwe A, Ranglack J, Weyrich A, Stein V. iFLinkC: an iterative functional linker cloning strategy for the combinatorial assembly and recombination of linker peptides with functional domains. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:e24. [PMID: 31925441 PMCID: PMC7039005 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz1210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed increasing efforts to engineer artificial biological functions through recombination of modular-organized toolboxes of protein scaffolds and parts. A critical, yet frequently neglected aspect concerns the identity of peptide linkers or spacers connecting individual domains which remain poorly understood and challenging to assemble. Addressing these limitations, iFlinkC comprises a highly scalable DNA assembly process that facilitates the combinatorial recombination of functional domains with linkers of varying length and flexibility, thereby overcoming challenges with high GC-content and the repeat nature of linker elements. The capacity of iFLinkC is demonstrated in the construction of synthetic protease switches featuring PDZ-FN3-based affinity clamps and single-chain FKBP12-FRB receptors as allosteric inputs. Library screening experiments demonstrate that linker space is highly plastic as the induction of allosterically regulated protease switches can vary from >150-fold switch-ON to >13-fold switch-OFF solely depending on the identity of the connecting linkers and relative orientation of functional domains. In addition, Pro-rich linkers yield the most potent switches contradicting the conventional use of flexible Gly-Ser linkers. Given the ease and efficiency how functional domains can be readily recombined with any type of linker, iFLinkC is anticipated to be widely applicable to the assembly of any type of fusion protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Gräwe
- Fachbereich Biologie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.,Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jan Ranglack
- Fachbereich Biologie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.,Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Anastasia Weyrich
- Fachbereich Biologie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Viktor Stein
- Fachbereich Biologie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.,Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Voyvodic PL, Bonnet J. Cell-free biosensors for biomedical applications. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
15
|
|
16
|
Adamson H, Ajayi MO, Campbell E, Brachi E, Tiede C, Tang AA, Adams TL, Ford R, Davidson A, Johnson M, McPherson MJ, Tomlinson DC, Jeuken LJC. Affimer-Enzyme-Inhibitor Switch Sensor for Rapid Wash-free Assays of Multimeric Proteins. ACS Sens 2019; 4:3014-3022. [PMID: 31578863 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Robust technology is required to underpin rapid point-of-care and in-field diagnostics to improve timely decision making across broad sectors. An attractive strategy combines target recognition and signal generating elements into an "active" enzyme-switch that directly transduces target-binding into a signal. However, approaches that are broadly applicable to diverse targets remain elusive. Here, an enzyme-inhibitor switch sensor was developed by insertion of non-immunoglobulin Affimer binding proteins, between TEM1-β-lactamase and its inhibitor protein, such that target binding disrupts the enzyme-inhibitor complex. Design principles for a successful switch architecture are illustrated by the rapid (min), simple (wash-free), and sensitive (pM) quantification of multimeric target analytes in biological samples (serum, plasma, leaf extracts), across three application areas. A therapeutic antibody (Herceptin), protein biomarker (human C-reactive protein), and plant virus (cow pea mosaic virus) were targeted, demonstrating assays for therapeutic drug monitoring, health diagnostics, and plant pathogen detection, respectively. Batch-to-batch reproducibility, shelf-life stability, and consistency with validated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis confirm that the principle of an Affimer-enzyme-inhibitor switch provides a platform for point-of-care and in-field diagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Robert Ford
- Avacta Life Sciences Limited, Unit 20, Ash Way, Thorp Arch Estate, Wetherby LS23 7FA, U.K
| | - Alex Davidson
- Avacta Life Sciences Limited, Unit 20, Ash Way, Thorp Arch Estate, Wetherby LS23 7FA, U.K
| | - Matt Johnson
- Avacta Life Sciences Limited, Unit 20, Ash Way, Thorp Arch Estate, Wetherby LS23 7FA, U.K
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pogodaev AA, Fernández Regueiro CL, Jakštaitė M, Hollander MJ, Huck WTS. Modular Design of Small Enzymatic Reaction Networks Based on Reversible and Cleavable Inhibitors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:14539-14543. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201907995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr A. Pogodaev
- Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 Nijmegen 6525 AJ The Netherlands
| | | | - Miglė Jakštaitė
- Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 Nijmegen 6525 AJ The Netherlands
| | - Marijn J. Hollander
- Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 Nijmegen 6525 AJ The Netherlands
| | - Wilhelm T. S. Huck
- Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 Nijmegen 6525 AJ The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pogodaev AA, Fernández Regueiro CL, Jakštaitė M, Hollander MJ, Huck WTS. Modular Design of Small Enzymatic Reaction Networks Based on Reversible and Cleavable Inhibitors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201907995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr A. Pogodaev
- Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 Nijmegen 6525 AJ The Netherlands
| | | | - Miglė Jakštaitė
- Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 Nijmegen 6525 AJ The Netherlands
| | - Marijn J. Hollander
- Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 Nijmegen 6525 AJ The Netherlands
| | - Wilhelm T. S. Huck
- Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University Heyendaalseweg 135 Nijmegen 6525 AJ The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pasin F, Menzel W, Daròs J. Harnessed viruses in the age of metagenomics and synthetic biology: an update on infectious clone assembly and biotechnologies of plant viruses. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:1010-1026. [PMID: 30677208 PMCID: PMC6523588 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent metagenomic studies have provided an unprecedented wealth of data, which are revolutionizing our understanding of virus diversity. A redrawn landscape highlights viruses as active players in the phytobiome, and surveys have uncovered their positive roles in environmental stress tolerance of plants. Viral infectious clones are key tools for functional characterization of known and newly identified viruses. Knowledge of viruses and their components has been instrumental for the development of modern plant molecular biology and biotechnology. In this review, we provide extensive guidelines built on current synthetic biology advances that streamline infectious clone assembly, thus lessening a major technical constraint of plant virology. The focus is on generation of infectious clones in binary T-DNA vectors, which are delivered efficiently to plants by Agrobacterium. We then summarize recent applications of plant viruses and explore emerging trends in microbiology, bacterial and human virology that, once translated to plant virology, could lead to the development of virus-based gene therapies for ad hoc engineering of plant traits. The systematic characterization of plant virus roles in the phytobiome and next-generation virus-based tools will be indispensable landmarks in the synthetic biology roadmap to better crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Pasin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research CenterAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Wulf Menzel
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ‐German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell CulturesBraunschweigGermany
| | - José‐Antonio Daròs
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas‐Universitat Politècnica de València)ValenciaSpain
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wagner HJ, Weber W. Design of a Human Rhinovirus-14 3C Protease-Inducible Caspase-3. Molecules 2019; 24:E1945. [PMID: 31117169 PMCID: PMC6571611 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The engineering of enzymes for the purpose of controlling their activity represents a valuable approach to address challenges in both fundamental and applied research. Here, we describe and compare different design strategies for the generation of a human rhinovirus-14 (HRV14) 3C protease-inducible caspase-3 (CASP3). We exemplify the application potential of the resulting protease by controlling the activity of a synthetic enzyme cascade, which represents an important motif for the design of artificial signal transduction networks. In addition, we use our engineered CASP3 to characterize the effect of aspartate mutations on enzymatic activity. Besides the identification of mutations that render the enzyme inactive, we find the CASP3-D192E mutant (aspartate-to-glutamate exchange at position 192) to be inaccessible for 3C protease-mediated cleavage. This indicates a structural change of CASP3 that goes beyond a slight misalignment of the catalytic triad. This study could inspire the design of additional engineered proteases that could be used to unravel fundamental research questions or to expand the collection of biological parts for the design of synthetic signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna J Wagner
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Wilfried Weber
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sana B, Chee SMQ, Wongsantichon J, Raghavan S, Robinson RC, Ghadessy FJ. Development and structural characterization of an engineered multi-copper oxidase reporter of protein-protein interactions. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:7002-7012. [PMID: 30770473 PMCID: PMC6497955 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.007141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein–protein interactions (PPIs) are ubiquitous in almost all biological processes and are often corrupted in diseased states. A detailed understanding of PPIs is therefore key to understanding cellular physiology and can yield attractive therapeutic targets. Here, we describe the development and structural characterization of novel Escherichia coli CueO multi-copper oxidase variants engineered to recapitulate protein–protein interactions with commensurate modulation of their enzymatic activities. The fully integrated single-protein sensors were developed through modular grafting of ligand-specific peptides into a highly compliant and flexible methionine-rich loop of CueO. Sensitive detection of diverse ligand classes exemplified by antibodies, an E3 ligase, MDM2 proto-oncogene (MDM2), and protease (SplB from Staphylococcus aureus) was achieved in a simple mix and measure homogeneous format with visually observable colorimetric readouts. Therapeutic antagonism of MDM2 by small molecules and peptides in clinical development for treatment of cancer patients was assayed using the MDM2-binding CueO enzyme. Structural characterization of the free and MDM2-bound CueO variant provided functional insight into signal-transducing mechanisms of the engineered enzymes and highlighted the robustness of CueO as a stable and compliant scaffold for multiple applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barindra Sana
- From the p53 Laboratory, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Sharon M Q Chee
- From the p53 Laboratory, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Jantana Wongsantichon
- the Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand, and.,the Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, A*STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Sarada Raghavan
- From the p53 Laboratory, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Robert C Robinson
- the Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, A*STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Farid J Ghadessy
- From the p53 Laboratory, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore 138648, Singapore,
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Insider information on successful covalent protein coupling with help from SpyBank. Methods Enzymol 2019; 617:443-461. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
23
|
Wang XW, Zhang WB. SpyTag-SpyCatcher Chemistry for Protein Bioconjugation In Vitro and Protein Topology Engineering In Vivo. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2033:287-300. [PMID: 31332761 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9654-4_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of "molecular superglue," such as SpyTag-SpyCatcher chemistry, has tremendously expanded our capability in manipulating protein shape and architecture via conjugation. Telechelic proteins bearing the SpyTag and SpyCatcher reactive sequences can be expressed and purified for bioconjugation in vitro, giving protein conjugates, branched proteins, and circular proteins. By encoding both reactive sequences in the same construct for expression in vivo, the nascent protein undergoes programmed posttranslational modification guided by protein folding and reaction, leading to diverse nonlinear topologies in situ. In this chapter, we present the SpyTag-SpyCatcher chemistry as a versatile platform for protein bioconjugation and topology engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wei Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Bin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Durante-Rodríguez G, de Lorenzo V, Nikel PI. A Post-translational Metabolic Switch Enables Complete Decoupling of Bacterial Growth from Biopolymer Production in Engineered Escherichia coli. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:2686-2697. [PMID: 30346720 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Most of the current methods for controlling the formation rate of a key protein or enzyme in cell factories rely on the manipulation of target genes within the pathway. In this article, we present a novel synthetic system for post-translational regulation of protein levels, FENIX, which provides both independent control of the steady-state protein level and inducible accumulation of target proteins. The FENIX device is based on the constitutive, proteasome-dependent degradation of the target polypeptide by tagging with a short synthetic, hybrid NIa/SsrA amino acid sequence in the C-terminal domain. Protein production is triggered via addition of an orthogonal inducer ( i.e., 3-methylbenzoate) to the culture medium. The system was benchmarked in Escherichia coli by tagging two fluorescent proteins (GFP and mCherry), and further exploited to completely uncouple poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) accumulation from bacterial growth. By tagging PhaA (3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, first step of the route), a dynamic metabolic switch at the acetyl-coenzyme A node was established in such a way that this metabolic precursor could be effectively redirected into PHB formation upon activation of the system. The engineered E. coli strain reached a very high specific rate of PHB accumulation (0.4 h-1) with a polymer content of ca. 72% (w/w) in glucose cultures in a growth-independent mode. Thus, FENIX enables dynamic control of metabolic fluxes in bacterial cell factories by establishing post-translational synthetic switches in the pathway of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Durante-Rodríguez
- Environmental Microbiology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor de Lorenzo
- Systems and Synthetic Biology Program, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo I. Nikel
- Systems Environmental Microbiology Group, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gao XJ, Chong LS, Kim MS, Elowitz MB. Programmable protein circuits in living cells. Science 2018; 361:1252-1258. [PMID: 30237357 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat5062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic protein-level circuits could enable engineering of powerful new cellular behaviors. Rational protein circuit design would be facilitated by a composable protein-protein regulation system in which individual protein components can regulate one another to create a variety of different circuit architectures. In this study, we show that engineered viral proteases can function as composable protein components, which can together implement a broad variety of circuit-level functions in mammalian cells. In this system, termed CHOMP (circuits of hacked orthogonal modular proteases), input proteases dock with and cleave target proteases to inhibit their function. These components can be connected to generate regulatory cascades, binary logic gates, and dynamic analog signal-processing functions. To demonstrate the utility of this system, we rationally designed a circuit that induces cell death in response to upstream activators of the Ras oncogene. Because CHOMP circuits can perform complex functions yet be encoded as single transcripts and delivered without genomic integration, they offer a scalable platform to facilitate protein circuit engineering for biotechnological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing J Gao
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Broad Center, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Lucy S Chong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Broad Center, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Matthew S Kim
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Broad Center, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Michael B Elowitz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Broad Center, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Aper SJA, den Hamer A, Wouters SFA, Lemmens LJM, Ottmann C, Brunsveld L, Merkx M. Protease-Activatable Scaffold Proteins as Versatile Molecular Hubs in Synthetic Signaling Networks. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:2216-2225. [PMID: 30125482 PMCID: PMC6154215 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Protease signaling and scaffold-induced control of protein-protein interactions represent two important mechanisms for intracellular signaling. Here we report a generic and modular approach to control the activity of scaffolding proteins by protease activity, creating versatile molecular platforms to construct synthetic signaling networks. Using 14-3-3 proteins as a structurally well-characterized and important class of scaffold proteins, three different architectures were explored to achieve optimal protease-mediated control of scaffold activity, fusing either one or two monovalent inhibitory ExoS peptides or a single bivalent ExoS peptide to T14-3-3 using protease-cleavable linkers. Analysis of scaffolding activity before and after protease-induced cleavage revealed optimal control of 14-3-3 activity for the system that contained monovalent ExoS peptides fused to both the N-and C-terminus, each blocking a single T14-3-3 binding site. The protease-activatable 14-3-3 scaffolds were successfully applied to construct a three-step signaling cascade in which dimerization and activation of FGG-caspase-9 on an orthogonal supramolecular platform resulted in activation of a 14-3-3 scaffold, which in turn allowed 14-3-3-templated complementation of a split-luciferase. In addition, by combining 14-3-3-templated activation of caspase-9 with a caspase-9-activatable 14-3-3 scaffold, the first example of a synthetic self-activating protease signaling network was created. Protease-activatable 14-3-3 proteins thus represent a modular platform whose properties can be rationally engineered to fit different applications, both to create artificial in vitro synthetic molecular networks and as a novel signaling hub to re-engineer intracellular signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stijn J. A. Aper
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anniek den Hamer
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Simone F. A. Wouters
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Lenne J. M. Lemmens
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Ottmann
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Luc Brunsveld
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Merkx
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhang XJ, Wang XW, Sun JX, Su C, Yang S, Zhang WB. Synergistic Enhancement of Enzyme Performance and Resilience via Orthogonal Peptide-Protein Chemistry Enabled Multilayer Construction. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:2700-2707. [PMID: 29768002 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein immobilization is critical to utilize their unique functions in diverse applications. Herein, we report that orthogonal peptide-protein chemistry enabled multilayer construction can facilitate the incorporation of various folded structural domains, including calmodulin in different states, affibody, and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). An extended conformation is found to be the most advantageous for steady film growth. The resulting protein thin films exhibit sensitive and selective responsive behaviors to biosignals, such as Ca2+, trifluoperazine, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), and fully maintain the catalytic activity of DHFR. The approach is applicable to different substrates such as hydrophobic gold and hydrophilic silica microparticles. The DHFR enzyme can be immobilized onto silica microparticles with tunable amounts. The multilayer setup exhibits a synergistic enhancement of DHFR activity with increasing numbers of bilayers and also makes the embedded DHFR more resilient to lyophilization. Therefore, this is a convenient and versatile method for protein immobilization with potential benefits of synergistic enhancement in enzyme performance and resilience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering , Donghua University , Shanghai 201620 , P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P. R. China
| | - Jia-Xing Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering , Donghua University , Shanghai 201620 , P. R. China
| | - Chao Su
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering , Donghua University , Shanghai 201620 , P. R. China
| | - Shuguang Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, College of Material Science and Engineering , Donghua University , Shanghai 201620 , P. R. China
| | - Wen-Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Banerjee A, Howarth M. Nanoteamwork: covalent protein assembly beyond duets towards protein ensembles and orchestras. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2018; 51:16-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|