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Al-Ithawi WKA, Khasanov AF, Kovalev IS, Nikonov IL, Platonov VA, Kopchuk DS, Santra S, Zyryanov GV, Ranu BC. TM-Free and TM-Catalyzed Mechanosynthesis of Functional Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081853. [PMID: 37112002 PMCID: PMC10142995 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanochemically induced methods are commonly used for the depolymerization of polymers, including plastic and agricultural wastes. So far, these methods have rarely been used for polymer synthesis. Compared to conventional polymerization in solutions, mechanochemical polymerization offers numerous advantages such as less or no solvent consumption, the accessibility of novel structures, the inclusion of co-polymers and post-modified polymers, and, most importantly, the avoidance of problems posed by low monomer/oligomer solubility and fast precipitation during polymerization. Consequently, the development of new functional polymers and materials, including those based on mechanochemically synthesized polymers, has drawn much interest, particularly from the perspective of green chemistry. In this review, we tried to highlight the most representative examples of transition-metal (TM)-free and TM-catalyzed mechanosynthesis of some functional polymers, such as semiconductive polymers, porous polymeric materials, sensory materials, materials for photovoltaics, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wahab K A Al-Ithawi
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira St., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- Energy and Renewable Energies Technology Center, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad 10066, Iraq
| | - Albert F Khasanov
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira St., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Igor S Kovalev
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira St., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Igor L Nikonov
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira St., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- I. Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis of RAS (Ural Division), 22/20 S. Kovalevskoy/Akademicheskaya St., 620219 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Vadim A Platonov
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira St., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Dmitry S Kopchuk
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira St., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- I. Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis of RAS (Ural Division), 22/20 S. Kovalevskoy/Akademicheskaya St., 620219 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Sougata Santra
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira St., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Grigory V Zyryanov
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira St., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- I. Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis of RAS (Ural Division), 22/20 S. Kovalevskoy/Akademicheskaya St., 620219 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Brindaban C Ranu
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira St., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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2
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Bitsch RS, Jessen NI, Jørgensen KA. Higher-Order Cycloaddition Reactions for the Construction of Polycyclic Aromatic and Polycyclic Heteroaromatic Compounds. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202204008. [PMID: 36592117 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202204008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cycloadditions are an important class of reactions in materials science for the construction of polycyclic aromatic and polycyclic heteroaromatic compounds. Recently, cycloadditions have been expanded beyond the "classical" group of cycloadditions involving six π-electrons, and it is now possible to control cycloadditions for an extended number of π-electrons by applying organocatalysis. This novel field of cycloadditions-termed higher-order cycloadditions-allows new synthetic methodologies to construct polycyclic carbo- and heteroaromatic compounds in two or three dimensions. This concept presents higher-order cycloadditions as a method for accessing two- and three-dimensional azulenes and cyclazines, as well as three dimensional indenes, as polycyclic aromatic and polycyclic heteroaromatic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- René S Bitsch
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Rinaldi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "U. Schiff"; Università degli Studi di Firenze; Via della Lastruccia 13 50019 Sesto F.no Italy
| | - Dina Scarpi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "U. Schiff"; Università degli Studi di Firenze; Via della Lastruccia 13 50019 Sesto F.no Italy
| | - Ernesto G. Occhiato
- Dipartimento di Chimica "U. Schiff"; Università degli Studi di Firenze; Via della Lastruccia 13 50019 Sesto F.no Italy
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4
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Metal complex hybrid composites based on fullerene-bearing porous polycarbazole for H2, CO2 and CH4 uptake and heterogeneous hydrogenation catalysis. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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5
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Xie R, Ying L, Liao H, Chen Z, Huang F, Cao Y. Efficient Non-fullerene Organic Solar Cells Enabled by Sequential Fluorination of Small-Molecule Electron Acceptors. Front Chem 2018; 6:303. [PMID: 30094231 PMCID: PMC6071513 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three small-molecule non-fullerene electron acceptors containing different numbers of fluorine atoms in their end groups were designed and synthesized. All three acceptors were found to exhibit relatively narrow band gaps with absorption profiles extending into the near-infrared region. The fluorinated analog exhibited enhanced light-harvesting capabilities, which led to improved short-circuit current densities. Moreover, fluorination improved the blend film morphology and led to desirable phase separation that facilitated exciton dissociation and charge transport. As a result of these advantages, organic solar cells based on the non-fullerene acceptors exhibited clearly improved short-circuit current densities and power conversion efficiencies compared with the device based on the non-fluorinated acceptor. These results suggest that fluorination can be an effective approach for the molecular design of non-fullerene acceptors with near-infrared absorption for organic solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hailong Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Ruff A, Qian X, Porfyrakis K, Ludwigs S. Effect of the Type and Number of Organic Addends on Fullerene Acceptors for n‐Type Electronic Devices: Redox Properties and Energy Levels. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Ruff
- Institut für Polymerchemie (IPOC – Functional Polymers)Universität Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Analytical ChemistryCenter for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Xin Qian
- Department of MaterialsUniversity of Oxford Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH U.K
| | | | - Sabine Ludwigs
- Institut für Polymerchemie (IPOC – Functional Polymers)Universität Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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7
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Barham JP, Tanaka S, Koyama E, Ohneda N, Okamoto T, Odajima H, Sugiyama JI, Norikane Y. Selective, Scalable Synthesis of C60-Fullerene/Indene Monoadducts Using a Microwave Flow Applicator. J Org Chem 2018; 83:4348-4354. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b03209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P. Barham
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
- SAIDA FDS, INC., 143-10 Isshiki, Yaizu, Shizuoka 425-0054, Japan
| | - Satoko Tanaka
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Emiko Koyama
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Ohneda
- SAIDA FDS, INC., 143-10 Isshiki, Yaizu, Shizuoka 425-0054, Japan
| | - Tadashi Okamoto
- SAIDA FDS, INC., 143-10 Isshiki, Yaizu, Shizuoka 425-0054, Japan
| | | | - Jun-ichi Sugiyama
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Yasuo Norikane
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
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8
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Taherpour AA, Jamshidi M, Rezaei O. DFT and TD-DFT theoretical studies on photo-induced electron transfer process on [Cefamandole].C60 nano-complex. J Mol Graph Model 2017; 75:42-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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9
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Wolff CM, Zu F, Paulke A, Toro LP, Koch N, Neher D. Reduced Interface-Mediated Recombination for High Open-Circuit Voltages in CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 Solar Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1700159. [PMID: 28547858 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201700159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells with all-organic transport layers exhibit efficiencies rivaling their counterparts that employ inorganic transport layers, while avoiding high-temperature processing. Herein, it is investigated how the choice of the fullerene derivative employed in the electron-transporting layer of inverted perovskite cells affects the open-circuit voltage (VOC ). It is shown that nonradiative recombination mediated by the electron-transporting layer is the limiting factor for the VOC in the cells. By inserting an ultrathin layer of an insulating polymer between the active CH3 NH3 PbI3 perovskite and the fullerene, an external radiative efficiency of up to 0.3%, a VOC as high as 1.16 V, and a power conversion efficiency of 19.4% are realized. The results show that the reduction of nonradiative recombination due to charge-blocking at the perovskite/organic interface is more important than proper level alignment in the search for ideal selective contacts toward high VOC and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Wolff
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14776, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Fengshuo Zu
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 6, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Paulke
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14776, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lorena Perdigón Toro
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14776, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Norbert Koch
- Institut für Physik & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 6, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dieter Neher
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14776, Potsdam, Germany
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10
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Brotsman VA, Ioutsi VA, Rybalchenko AV, Markov VY, Belov NM, Lukonina NS, Troyanov SI, Ioffe IN, Trukhanov VA, Galimova GK, Mannanov AA, Zubov DN, Kemnitz E, Sidorov LN, Magdesieva TV, Paraschuk DY, Goryunkov AA. Tightly Bound Double-Caged [60]Fullerene Derivatives with Enhanced Solubility: Structural Features and Application in Solar Cells. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:1075-1086. [PMID: 28281332 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201700194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel highly soluble double-caged [60]fullerene derivatives were prepared by means of lithium-salt-assisted [2+3] cycloaddition. The bispheric molecules feature rigid linking of the fullerene spheres through a four-membered cycle and a pyrrolizidine bridge with an ester function CO2 R (R=n-decyl, n-octadecyl, benzyl, and n-butyl; compounds 1 a-d, respectively), as demonstrated by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Cyclic voltammetry studies revealed three closely overlapping pairs of reversible peaks owing to consecutive one-electron reductions of fullerene cages, as well as an irreversible oxidation peak attributed to abstraction of an electron from the nitrogen lone-electron pair. Owing to charge delocalization over both carbon cages, compounds 1 a-d are characterized by upshifted energies of frontier molecular orbitals, a narrowed bandgap, and reduced electron-transfer reorganization energy relative to pristine C60 . Neat thin films of the n-decyl compound 1 a demonstrated electron mobility of (1.3±0.4)×10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1 , which was comparable to phenyl-C61 -butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) and thus potentially advantageous for organic solar cells (OSC). Application of 1 in OSC allowed a twofold increase in the power conversion efficiencies of as-cast poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT)/1 devices relative to the as-cast P3HT/PCBM ones. This is attributed to the good solubility of 1 and their enhanced charge-transport properties - both intramolecular, owing to tightly linked fullerene cages, and intermolecular, owing to the large number of close contacts between the neighboring double-caged molecules. Test P3HT/1 OSCs demonstrated power-conversion efficiencies up to 2.6 % (1 a). Surprisingly low optimal content of double-caged fullerene acceptor 1 in the photoactive layer (≈30 wt %) favored better light harvesting and carrier transport owing to the greater content of P3HT and its higher degree of crystallinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A Brotsman
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vitaliy A Ioutsi
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey V Rybalchenko
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vitaliy Yu Markov
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikita M Belov
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia S Lukonina
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey I Troyanov
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya N Ioffe
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vasiliy A Trukhanov
- Faculty of Physics & International Laser Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-62, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina K Galimova
- Faculty of Physics & International Laser Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-62, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Artur A Mannanov
- Faculty of Physics & International Laser Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-62, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry N Zubov
- Institute of Nanotechnology of Microelectronics RAS, Leninsky Prospekt, 32A, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Erhard Kemnitz
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lev N Sidorov
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Magdesieva
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Yu Paraschuk
- Faculty of Physics & International Laser Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-62, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A Goryunkov
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-3, 119991, Moscow, Russia
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Nguyen TL, Lee C, Kim H, Kim Y, Lee W, Oh JH, Kim BJ, Woo HY. Ethanol-Processable, Highly Crystalline Conjugated Polymers for Eco-Friendly Fabrication of Organic Transistors and Solar Cells. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Luan Nguyen
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, South Korea
| | - Changyeon Lee
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Hyoeun Kim
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Youngwoong Kim
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Wonho Lee
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Joon Hak Oh
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Bumjoon J. Kim
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, South Korea
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12
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Oh J, Kranthiraja K, Lee C, Gunasekar K, Kim S, Ma B, Kim BJ, Jin SH. Side-Chain Fluorination: An Effective Approach to Achieving High-Performance All-Polymer Solar Cells with Efficiency Exceeding 7. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:10016-10023. [PMID: 27717212 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201602298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Side-chain fluorination of polymers is demonstrated as a highly effective strategy to improve the efficiency of all-polymer solar cells from 2.93% (nonfluorinated P1) to 7.13% (fluorinated P2). This significant enhancement is achieved by synergistic improvements in open-circuit voltage, charge generation, and charge transport, as fluorination of the donor polymer optimizes the band alignment and the film morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiho Oh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kakaraparthi Kranthiraja
- Department of Chemistry Education, Graduate Department of Chemical Materials, Institute for Plastic Information and Energy Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Changyeon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kumarasamy Gunasekar
- Department of Chemistry Education, Graduate Department of Chemical Materials, Institute for Plastic Information and Energy Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonha Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Biwu Ma
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - Bumjoon J Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Jin
- Department of Chemistry Education, Graduate Department of Chemical Materials, Institute for Plastic Information and Energy Materials, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, Republic of Korea
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13
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Gao W, Liu T, Hao M, Wu K, Zhang C, Sun Y, Yang C. Dithieno[3,2- b:2',3'- d]pyridin-5(4 H)-one based D-A type copolymers with wide bandgaps of up to 2.05 eV to achieve solar cell efficiencies of up to 7.33. Chem Sci 2016; 7:6167-6175. [PMID: 30034756 PMCID: PMC6022258 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc01791f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A PCE of 7.33% was achieved in a PSC based on a new copolymer, PDTPO-IDT, with bandgaps of up to 2.05 eV.
Two new polymers, PDTPO-IDT and PDTPO-IDTT, are synthesized through copolymerization of 4-(2-octyldodecyl)-dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]pyridin-5(4H)-one (DTPO) with indacenodithiophene (IDT) or indacenodithieno[3,2-b]thiophene (IDTT). The rational combination of the planar DTPO unit with ladder-type IDT and IDTT units endows the resulting copolymers with wide optical bandgaps of ca. 2.05 eV, low HOMO energy levels of ca. –5.32 eV and good hole-transporting abilities with a hole mobility of 1.0 × 10–3 cm2 V–1 s–1. The polymer solar cell (PSC) in a conventional structure based on PDTPO-IDT as donor and [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) as acceptor achieves a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of up to 7.33%, the highest value for PSCs based on polymers with optical bandgap over 2.0 eV to date, along with a remarkable open-circuit voltage (Voc) approaching 0.97 V. The performance of the PDTPO-IDTT based PSC is slightly behind this with a moderate PCE of 5.47% under the same conditions. The relationship between the copolymer structures and optoelectronic properties as well as photovoltaic performance are comprehensively investigated by experiments and theoretical simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials , Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials , Department of Chemistry , Wuhan University , Wuhan 40072 , China .
| | - Tao Liu
- Heeger Beijing Research and Development Center , School of Chemistry and Environment , Beihang University , Beijing 100191 , P. R. China .
| | - Minghui Hao
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials , Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials , Department of Chemistry , Wuhan University , Wuhan 40072 , China .
| | - Kailong Wu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials , Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials , Department of Chemistry , Wuhan University , Wuhan 40072 , China .
| | - Chen Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials , Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials , Department of Chemistry , Wuhan University , Wuhan 40072 , China .
| | - Yanming Sun
- Heeger Beijing Research and Development Center , School of Chemistry and Environment , Beihang University , Beijing 100191 , P. R. China .
| | - Chuluo Yang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials , Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials , Department of Chemistry , Wuhan University , Wuhan 40072 , China .
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Kang TE, Choi J, Cho HH, Yoon SC, Kim BJ. Donor–Acceptor Random versus Alternating Copolymers for Efficient Polymer Solar Cells: Importance of Optimal Composition in Random Copolymers. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tae Eui Kang
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Joonhyeong Choi
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Han-Hee Cho
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Sung Cheol Yoon
- Advanced
Materials Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 305-600, Korea
| | - Bumjoon J. Kim
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
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15
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Kakogianni S, Lebedeva MA, Paloumbis G, Andreopoulou AK, Porfyrakis K, Kallitsis JK. Semiconducting end-perfluorinated P3HT–fullerenic hybrids as potential additives for P3HT/IC70BA blends. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra22857g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Hybrid materials based on polythiophene–fullerene species covalently attached through aziridine bridges are presented, as potential stabilizers of P3HT:IC70BA active layers for BHJ devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Kakogianni
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Patras
- 26504 Patras
- Greece
| | | | | | - A. K. Andreopoulou
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Patras
- 26504 Patras
- Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (FORTH/ICE-HT)
| | | | - J. K. Kallitsis
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Patras
- 26504 Patras
- Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas/Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (FORTH/ICE-HT)
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Li SH, Li ZJ, Nakagawa T, Jeon I, Ju Z, Matsuo Y, Gao X. Multifunctionalization of C70 at the two polar regions with a high regioselectivity via oxazolination and benzylation reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:5710-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc00997b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
C70 multiadducts with a novel 1,2,3,4,41,56,57,58-configuration were prepared via oxazolination and benzylation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- China
| | - Zong-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- China
| | - Takafumi Nakagawa
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-0033
- Japan
| | - Il Jeon
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-0033
- Japan
| | - Zheng Ju
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-0033
- Japan
| | - Yutaka Matsuo
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- The University of Tokyo
- Tokyo 113-0033
- Japan
| | - Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- China
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Kim HU, Park JB, Grimsdale AC, Hwang DH. Methyl and Dimethyl o-Xylenyl-Substituted Fullerene Acceptors for Polymer Solar Cells. Isr J Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201400207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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18
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Mikie T, Saeki A, Ikuma N, Kokubo K, Seki S. Hetero Bis-Addition of Spiro-Acetalized or Cyclohexanone Ring to 58π Fullerene Impacts Solubility and Mobility Balance in Polymer Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:12894-12902. [PMID: 26010767 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b02456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Fullerene bis-adducts are increasingly being studied to gain a high open circuit voltage (Voc) in bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaics (OPVs). We designed and synthesized homo and hetero bis-adduct [60]fullerenes by combining fused cyclohexanone or a five-membered spiro-acetalized unit (SAF5) with 1,2-dihydromethano (CH2), indene, or [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). These new eight 56π fullerenes showed a rational rise of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO). We perform a systematic study on the electrochemical property, solubility, morphology, and space-charge-limited current (SCLC) mobility. The best power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 4.43% (average, 4.36%) with the Voc of 0.80 V was obtained for poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) blended with SAF5/indene hetero bis-adduct, which is a marked advancement in PCE compared to the 0.9% of SAF5 monoadduct. More importantly, we elucidate an important role of mobility balance between hole and electron that correlates with the device PCEs. Besides, an empirical equation to extrapolate the solubilities of hetero bis-adducts is proposed on the basis of those of counter monoadducts. Our work offers a guide to mitigate barriers for exploring a large number of hetero bis-adduct fullerenes for efficient OPVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Mikie
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akinori Saeki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naohiko Ikuma
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ken Kokubo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shu Seki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Mikie T, Saeki A, Yamazaki Y, Ikuma N, Kokubo K, Seki S. Stereochemistry of spiro-acetalized [60]fullerenes: how the exo and endo stereoisomers influence organic solar cell performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:8915-8922. [PMID: 25856417 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b01818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Exploiting bis-addition products of fullerenes is a rational way to improve the efficiency of bulk heterojunction-type organic photovoltaic cells (OPV); however, this design inherently produces regio- and stereoisomers that may impair the ultimate performance and fabrication reproducibility. Here, we report unprecedented exo and endo stereoisomers of the spiro-acetalized [60]fullerene monoadduct with methyl- or phenyl-substituted 1,3-dioxane (SAF6). Although there is no chiral carbon in either the reagent or the fullerene, equatorial (eq) rather than axial (ax) isomers are selectively produced at an exo-eq:endo-eq ratio of approximately 1:1 and can be easily separated using silica gel column chromatography. Nuclear Overhauser effect measurements identified the conformations of the straight exo isomer and bent endo isomer. We discuss the origin of stereoselectivity, the anomeric effect, intermolecular ordering in the film state, and the performance of poly(3-hexylthiophene):substituted SAF6 OPV devices. Despite their identical optical and electrochemical properties, their solubilities and space-charge limited current mobilities are largely influenced by the stereoisomers, which leads to variation in the OPV efficiency. This study emphasizes the importance of fullerene stereochemistry for understanding the relationship between stereochemical structures and device output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Mikie
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akinori Saeki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yu Yamazaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naohiko Ikuma
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ken Kokubo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shu Seki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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20
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Yin R, Agrawal T, Khan U, Gupta GK, Rai V, Huang YY, Hamblin MR. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation in nanomedicine: small light strides against bad bugs. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:2379-404. [PMID: 26305189 PMCID: PMC4557875 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The relentless advance of drug-resistance among pathogenic microbes, mandates a search for alternative approaches that will not cause resistance. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) involves the combination of nontoxic dyes with harmless visible light to produce reactive oxygen species that can selectively kill microbial cells. PDI can be broad-spectrum in nature and can also destroy microbial cells in biofilms. Many different kinds of nanoparticles have been studied to potentiate antimicrobial PDI by improving photosensitizer solubility, photochemistry, photophysics and targeting. This review will cover photocatalytic disinfection with titania nanoparticles, carbon nanomaterials (fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and graphene), liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles. Natural polymers (chitosan and cellulose), gold and silver plasmonic nanoparticles, mesoporous silica, magnetic and upconverting nanoparticles have all been used for PDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yin
- Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, BAR414, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tanupriya Agrawal
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, BAR414, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Usman Khan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, BAR414, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gaurav K Gupta
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, BAR414, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vikrant Rai
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Ying-Ying Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, BAR414, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, BAR414, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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21
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Kim HU, Kim JH, Kang H, Grimsdale AC, Kim BJ, Yoon SC, Hwang DH. Naphthalene-, anthracene-, and pyrene-substituted fullerene derivatives as electron acceptors in polymer-based solar cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:20776-20785. [PMID: 25393114 DOI: 10.1021/am504939c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of aryl-substituted fullerene derivatives were prepared in which the aromatic moiety of [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) was modified by replacing the monocyclic phenyl ring with bicyclic naphthalene (NC61BM), tricyclic anthracene (AC61BM), and tetracyclic pyrene (PyC61BM). The PC61BM derivatives were synthesized from C60 using tosylhydrazone and were tested as electron acceptors in poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT)-based organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs). The lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of NC61BM (-3.68 eV) was found to be slightly higher than those of PC61BM (-3.70 eV), AC61BM (-3.75 eV), and PyC61BM (-3.72 eV). The electron mobility values obtained for the P3HT:PC61BM, P3HT:NC61BM, P3HT:AC61BM, and P3HT:PyC61BM blend films were 2.39 × 10(-4), 2.27 × 10(-4), 1.75 × 10(-4), and 2.13 × 10(-4) cm(2) V(-1) s(-1), respectively. P3HT-based bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells were fabricated using NC61BM, AC61BM, and PyC61BM as electron acceptors, and their performances were compared with that of the device fabricated using PC61BM. The highest power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) observed for devices fabricated with PC61BM, NC61BM, AC61BM, and PyC61BM were 3.80, 4.09, 1.14, and 1.95%, respectively, suggesting NC61BM as a promising electron acceptor for OPVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Un Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University , Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
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Molecular structure-device performance relationship in polymer solar cells based on indene-C60 bis-adduct derivatives. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-014-0220-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lai YY, Liao MH, Chen YT, Cao FY, Hsu CS, Cheng YJ. Compact bis-adduct fullerenes and additive-assisted morphological optimization for efficient organic photovoltaics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:20102-20109. [PMID: 25285727 DOI: 10.1021/am505616x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Bis-adduct fullerenes surrounded by two insulating addends sterically attenuate intermolecular interaction and cause inferior electron transportation. In this research, we have designed and synthesized a new class of bis-adduct fullerene materials, methylphenylmethano-C60 bis-adduct (MPC60BA), methylthienylmethano-C60 bis-adduct (MTC60BA), methylphenylmethano-C70 bis-adduct (MPC70BA), and methylthienylmethano-C70 bis-adduct (MTC70BA), functionalized with two compact phenylmethylmethano and thienylmethylmethano addends via cyclopropyl linkages. These materials with much higher-lying lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels successfully enhanced the Voc values of the P3HT-based solar cell devices. The compact phenylmethylmethano and thienylmethylmethano addends to promote fullerene intermolecular interactions result in aggregation-induced phase separation as observed by the atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of the poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT)/bis-adduct fullerene thin films. The device based on the P3HT/MTC60BA blend yielded a Voc of 0.72 V, a Jsc of 5.87 mA/cm(2), and a fill factor (FF) of 65.3%, resulting in a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2.76%. The unfavorable morphologies can be optimized by introducing a solvent additive to fine-tune the intermolecular interactions. 1-Chloronaphthalene (CN) having better ability to dissolve the bis-adduct fullerenes can homogeneously disperse the fullerene materials into the P3HT matrix. Consequently, the aggregated fullerene domains can be alleviated to reach a favorable morphology. With the assistance of CN additive, the P3HT/MTC60BA-based device exhibited enhanced characteristics (a Voc of 0.78 V, a Jsc of 9.04 mA/cm(2), and an FF of 69.8%), yielding a much higher PCE of 4.92%. More importantly, the additive-assisted morphological optimization is consistently effective to all four compact bis-adduct fullerenes regardless of the methylphenylmethano or methylthienylmethano scaffolds as well as C60 or C70 core structures. Through the extrinsic additive treatment, these bis-adduct fullerene materials with compact architectures show promise for high-performance polymer solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Yu Lai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University , 1001 University Road, Hsin-Chu, 30010 Taiwan
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Campisciano V, Riela S, Noto R, Gruttadauria M, Giacalone F. Efficient microwave-mediated synthesis of fullerene acceptors for organic photovoltaics. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra10495a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Kim HJ, Kim JH, Ryu JH, Kim Y, Kang H, Lee WB, Kim TS, Kim BJ. Architectural engineering of rod-coil compatibilizers for producing mechanically and thermally stable polymer solar cells. ACS NANO 2014; 8:10461-70. [PMID: 25256674 DOI: 10.1021/nn503823z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
While most high-efficiency polymer solar cells (PSCs) are made of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) blends of conjugated polymers and fullerene derivatives, they have a significant morphological instability issue against mechanical and thermal stress. Herein, we developed an architecturally engineered compatibilizer, poly(3-hexylthiophene)-graft-poly(2-vinylpyridine) (P3HT-g-P2VP), that effectively modifies the sharp interface of a BHJ layer composed of a P3HT donor and various fullerene acceptors, resulting in a dramatic enhancement of mechanical and thermal stabilities. We directly measured the mechanical properties of active layer thin films without a supporting substrate by floating a thin film on water, and the enhancement of mechanical stability without loss of the electronic functions of PSCs was successfully demonstrated. Supramolecular interactions between the P2VP of the P3HT-g-P2VP polymers and the fullerenes generated their universal use as compatibilizers regardless of the type of fullerene acceptors, including mono- and bis-adduct fullerenes, while maintaining their high device efficiency. Most importantly, the P3HT-g-P2VP copolymer had better compatibilizing efficiency than linear type P3HT-b-P2VP with much enhanced mechanical and thermal stabilities. The graft architecture promotes preferential segregation at the interface, resulting in broader interfacial width and lower interfacial tension as supported by molecular dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Jun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 305-701, Korea
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Chen S, Xiao Z, He D, Ma L, Ding L. Function of CH2Addends on 54π Fullerene Acceptors. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201402104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Zuo C, He D, Xiao Z, Ding L. Replacing indenes on fullerene with CH2 groups benefits photovoltaic performance. Sci China Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-014-5103-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Khlyabich PP, Burkhart B, Rudenko AE, Thompson BC. Optimization and simplification of polymer–fullerene solar cells through polymer and active layer design. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Yu H, Cho HH, Cho CH, Kim KH, Kim DY, Kim BJ, Oh JH. Polarity and air-stability transitions in field-effect transistors based on fullerenes with different solubilizing groups. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:4865-4871. [PMID: 23676780 DOI: 10.1021/am400618r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of o-xylene and indene fullerene derivatives with varying frontier molecular orbital energy levels were utilized for assessing the impact of the number of solubilizing groups on the electrical performance of fullerene-based organic-field-effect transistors (OFETs). The charge-carrier polarity was found to be strongly dependent upon the energy levels of fullerene derivatives. The o-xylene C60 monoadduct (OXCMA) and indene C60 monoadduct (ICMA) exhibited unipolar n-channel behaviors with high electron mobilities, whereas the bis- and trisadducts of indene and o-xylene C60 derivatives showed ambipolar charge transport. The OXCMA OFETs fabricated by solution shearing and molecular n-type doping showed an electron mobility of up to 2.28 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1), which is one of the highest electron mobilities obtained from solution-processed fullerene thin-film devices. Our findings systematically demonstrate the relationship between the energy level and charge-carrier polarity and provide insight into molecular design and processing strategies toward high-performance fullerene-based OFETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojeong Yu
- School of Nano-Bioscience & Chemical Engineering, KIER-UNIST Advanced Center for Energy, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Korea
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Kang H, Kim KH, Kang TE, Cho CH, Park S, Yoon SC, Kim BJ. Effect of fullerene tris-adducts on the photovoltaic performance of P3HT:fullerene ternary blends. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:4401-4408. [PMID: 23574307 DOI: 10.1021/am400695e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Fullerene tris-adducts have the potential of achieving high open-circuit voltages (V(OC)) in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) polymer solar cells (PSCs), because their lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) level is higher than those of fullerene mono- and bis-adducts. However, no successful examples of the use of fullerene tris-adducts as electron acceptors have been reported. Herein, we developed a ternary-blend approach for the use of fullerene tris-adducts to fully exploit the merit of their high LUMO level. The compound o-xylenyl C60 tris-adduct (OXCTA) was used as a ternary acceptor in the model system of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) as the electron donor and the two soluble fullerene acceptors of OXCTA and fullerene monoadduct (o-xylenyl C60 monoadduct (OXCMA), phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), or indene-C60 monoadduct (ICMA)). To explore the effect of OXCTA in ternary-blend PSC devices, the photovoltaic behavior of the device was investigated in terms of the weight fraction of OXCTA (W(OXCTA)). When W(OXCTA) is small (<0.3), OXCTA can generate a synergistic bridging effect between P3HT and the fullerene monoadduct, leading to simultaneous enhancement in both V(OC) and short-circuit current (J(SC)). For example, the ternary PSC devices of P3HT:(OXCMA:OXCTA) with W(OXCTA) of 0.1 and 0.3 exhibited power-conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 3.91% and 3.96%, respectively, which were significantly higher than the 3.61% provided by the P3HT:OXCMA device. Interestingly, for W(OXCTA) > 0.7, both V(OC) and PCE of the ternary-blend PSCs exhibited nonlinear compositional dependence on W(OXCTA). We noted that the nonlinear compositional trend of P3HT:(OXCMA:OXCTA) was significantly different from that of P3HT:(OXCMA:o-xylenyl C60 bis-adduct (OXCBA)) ternary-blend PSC devices. The fundamental reasons for the differences between the photovoltaic trends of the two different ternary-blend systems were investigated systemically by comparing their optical, electrical, and morphological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunbum Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Korea
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Kang DJ, Kang H, Cho C, Kim KH, Jeong S, Lee JY, Kim BJ. Efficient light trapping in inverted polymer solar cells by a randomly nanostructured electrode using monodispersed polymer nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:1858-1863. [PMID: 23338854 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr33160h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The randomly nanotextured back electrode provides a simple and efficient route for enhancing photocurrent in polymer solar cells (PSCs) by light trapping, which can increase light absorption within a finite thickness of the active layer. In this study, we incorporated mono-disperse 60 nm polystyrene nanoparticles (PS NPs) into a 50 nm thick poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) anode buffer layer (ABL) to create a randomly nanotextured back electrode with 10 nm height variations in inverted-type PSCs. The roughened interface between the PS NP-PEDOT:PSS ABL and the Ag electrode scatters light in the visible range, leading to efficient light trapping within the device and enhanced light absorption in the active layer. Inverted PSCs with randomly nanotextured electrodes (φ(NP) = 0.31) showed short-circuit current density (J(SC)) and power conversion efficiency (PCE) values that were 15% higher than those of control devices with flat electrodes. External quantum efficiency, reflectance, and optical light scattering as a function of ϕ(NP) were examined to determine the origin of the enhancement in J(SC) and PCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Jin Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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Liu C, Xu L, Chi D, Li Y, Liu H, Wang J. Synthesis of novel acceptor molecules of mono- and multiadduct fullerene derivatives for improving photovoltaic performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:1061-1069. [PMID: 23277335 DOI: 10.1021/am3028475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We have successfully synthesized and separated a series of tert-butyl 4-C(61)-benzoate (t-BCB) organofullerenes, including monoadduct, diadduct, and triadduct compounds, and investigated their photophysics, electrochemistry, thermal properties, and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. The photovoltaic devices were fabricated based on monoadduct, diadduct, and triadduct products, and the devices based on them exhibited power conversion efficiencies of 2.43%, 0.48%, and 1.68%, respectively. This was the first time to study the dependent relationship on the device performance and the different isomer numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
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Kang TE, Cho HH, Cho CH, Kim KH, Kang H, Lee M, Lee S, Kim B, Im C, Kim BJ. Photoinduced charge transfer in donor-acceptor (DA) copolymer: fullerene bis-adduct polymer solar cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:861-868. [PMID: 23289501 DOI: 10.1021/am302479u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Polymer solar cells (PSCs) consisting of fullerene bis-adduct and poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) blends have shown higher efficiencies than P3HT:phenyl C(61)-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) devices, because of the high-lying lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) level of the fullerene bis-adducts. In contrast, the use of fullerene bis-adducts in donor-acceptor (DA) copolymer systems typically causes a decrease in the device's performance due to the decreased short-circuit current (J(SC)) and the fill factor (FF). However, the reason for such poor performance in DA copolymer:fullerene bis-adduct blends is not fully understood. In this work, bulk-heterojunction (BHJ)-type PSCs composed of three different electron donors with four different electron acceptors were chosen and compared. The three electron donors were (1) poly[(4,8-bis-(2-ethylhexyloxy)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene)-2,6-diyl-alt-(5-octylthieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione)-1,3-diyl] (PBDTTPD), (2) poly[(4,8-bis-(2-ethylhexyloxy)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene)-2,6-diyl-alt-(4-(2-ethylhexanoyl)-thieno[3,4-b]thiophene)-2,6-diyl] (PBDTTT-C), and (3) P3HT polymers. The four electron acceptors were (1) PCBM, (2) indene-C(60) monoadduct (ICMA), (3) indene-C(60) bis-adduct (ICBA), and (4) indene-C(60) tris-adduct (ICTA). To understand the difference in the performance of BHJ-type PSCs for the three different polymers in terms of the choice of fullerene acceptor, the structural, optical, and electrical properties of the blends were measured by the external quantum efficiency (EQE), photoluminescence, grazing incidence X-ray scattering, and transient absorption spectroscopy. We observed that while the molecular packing and optical properties cannot be the main reasons for the dramatic decrease in the PCE of the DA copolymers and ICBA, the value of the driving force for charge transfer (ΔG(CT)) is a key parameter for determining the change in J(SC) and device efficiency in the DA copolymer- and P3HT-based PSCs in terms of fullerene acceptor. The low EQE and J(SC) in PBDTTPD and PBDTTT-C blended with ICBA and ICTA were attributed to an insufficient ΔG(CT) due to the higher LUMO levels of the fullerene multiadducts. Quantitative information on the efficiency of the charge transfer was obtained by comparing the polaron yield, lifetime, and exciton dissociation probability in the DA copolymer:fullerene acceptor films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Eui Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
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Yasutani Y, Saeki A, Fukumatsu T, Koizumi Y, Seki S. Unprecedented High Local Charge-carrier Mobility in P3HT Revealed by Direct and Alternating Current Methods. CHEM LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2013.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Yasutani
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
| | - Akinori Saeki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST)
| | - Takahiro Fukumatsu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
| | - Yoshiko Koizumi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute
| | - Shu Seki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
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Chochos CL, Tagmatarchis N, Gregoriou VG. Rational design on n-type organic materials for high performance organic photovoltaics. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra22926b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Meng X, Xu Q, Zhang W, Tan Z, Li Y, Zhang Z, Jiang L, Shu C, Wang C. Effects of alkoxy chain length in alkoxy-substituted dihydronaphthyl-based [60]fullerene bisadduct acceptors on their photovoltaic properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:5966-5973. [PMID: 23131100 DOI: 10.1021/am301629d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of alkoxy-substituted dihydronaphthyl-based [60]fullerene bisadduct derivatives (Cn-NCBA, n = 1-6), with the alkoxy chain length from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, were synthesized as acceptors for polymer solar cells (PSCs), for the purpose of systematically investigating the effects of fullerene derivative structures on the photovoltaic properties of PSCs. Although the absorption spectra and electrochemical properties of Cn-NCBA are almost the same, the PSCs based on P3HT:Cn-NCBA showed different photovoltaic properties. The device based on the P3HT:C3-NCBA blend demonstrated the highest power-conversion efficiency (PCE) of ca. 4.1%, while those with shorter or longer alkoxy-substituted dihydronaphthyl-based [60]fullerene bisadduct derivatives showed relatively lower PCE values. C5-NCBA and C6-NCBA with longer alkoxy chain length showed relatively low electron mobilities, leading to relatively poor photovoltaic performance. More importantly, we found that the alkoxy chain length changes the hydrophobicity of Cn-NCBA and, thus, the interfacial interaction and miscibility with P3HT, which were analyzed by interfacial tension and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements. The hydrophobicity of Cn-NCBA increased as the alkoxy chain length increased. A distinct phase separation for the P3HT:C1-NCBA blend film due to the large interfacial tension and poor miscibility between P3HT and C1-NCBA could be one reason for the low PCE value of the C1-NCBA-based devices. C3-NCBA may provide the most appropriate combination of electron mobility and miscibility with P3HT to achieve optimal photovoltaic properties. The current study provides the molecular structure-device performance relationship, especially with respect to the alkoxy chain length of Cn-NCBA and their interfacial interactions with P3HT, and suggests a design rule for high-performance fullerene bisadduct acceptors for PSC applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyue Meng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Kang DJ, Kang H, Kim KH, Kim BJ. Nanosphere templated continuous PEDOT:PSS films with low percolation threshold for application in efficient polymer solar cells. ACS NANO 2012; 6:7902-7909. [PMID: 22880844 DOI: 10.1021/nn3022926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanometer-sized monodisperse polystyrene nanospheres (PS NS) were designed as an opal template for the formation of three-dimensionally continuous poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) films. The resultant films were successfully applied as the anode buffer layer (ABL) to produce highly efficient polymer solar cells (PSCs) with enhanced stability. The conductivity of the PS NS-PEDOT:PSS films was maintained up to ø(PS) = 0.75-0.80, indicating that the formation of continuous PEDOT:PSS films using PS NS templates was successful. To demonstrate the applicability of the PS NS-PEDOT:PSS film for organic electronics, the PS NS-PEDOT:PSS films were used as ABLs in two different PSCs: P3HT:PCBM and P3HT:OXCBA. The photovoltaic performances of both PSCs were maintained up to ø(PS) = 0.8. In particular, the power conversion efficiency of the P3HT:OXCBA PSC with a PS NS-PEDOT:PSS ABL (ø(PS) = 0.8) was greater than 5% and the air stability of the device was significantly enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Jin Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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Maeyoshi Y, Saeki A, Suwa S, Omichi M, Marui H, Asano A, Tsukuda S, Sugimoto M, Kishimura A, Kataoka K, Seki S. Fullerene nanowires as a versatile platform for organic electronics. Sci Rep 2012; 2:600. [PMID: 22934128 PMCID: PMC3429602 DOI: 10.1038/srep00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of organic semiconducting nanowires that act as charge carrier transport pathways in flexible and lightweight nanoelectronics is a major scientific challenge. We report on the fabrication of fullerene nanowires that is universally applicable to its derivatives (pristine C60, methanofullerenes of C61 and C71, and indene C60 bis-adduct), realized by the single particle nanofabrication technique (SPNT). Nanowires with radii of 8–11 nm were formed via a chain polymerization reaction induced by a high-energy ion beam. Fabrication of a poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT): [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaic cell including PC61BM nanowires with precisely-controlled length and density demonstrates how application of this methodology can improve the power conversion efficiency of these inverted cells. The proposed technique provides a versatile platform for the fabrication of continuous and uniform n-type fullerene nanowires towards a wide range of organic electronics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Maeyoshi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Synthesis and characterization of a bis-methanofullerene-4-nitro-α-cyanostilbene dyad as a potential acceptor for high-performance polymer solar cells. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.05.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Cho CH, Kim HJ, Kang H, Shin TJ, Kim BJ. The effect of side-chain length on regioregular poly[3-(4-n-alkyl)phenylthiophene]/PCBM and ICBA polymer solar cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm31371e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ye G, Chen S, Xiao Z, Zuo Q, Wei Q, Ding L. o-Quinodimethane-methano[60]fullerene and thieno-o-quinodimethane-methano[60]fullerene as efficient acceptor materials for polymer solar cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm35247h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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