1
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Zheng P, Zhao H, Li J, Liu Q, Zhang J, Wu W. A multi-element flame retardant containing boron and double-bond structure for enhancing mechanical properties and flame retardancy of epoxy resins. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8130. [PMID: 38584161 PMCID: PMC10999438 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58709-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
A multi-element synergistic flame retardant with double-bond structure was synthesized and added to epoxy resin (EP) to obtain EP composites with high flame retardant and mechanical properties. The study demonstrated that the DOPO-KhCPA-5 composite, containing 5 wt% of DOPO, exhibits the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 32%, indicating a high resistance to combustion. Additionally, it successfully meets the UL-94 V-0 grade, indicating excellent self-extinguishing properties. The DOPO-KhCPA-5 compound exhibited a 48.7% decrease in peak heat release rate (PHRR) and a 7.2% decrease in total heat release (THR) compared to pure EP. The inclusion of double-bonded architectures in the DOPO-KhCPA-5 composites led to a significant enhancement in both the tensile strength and tensile modulus. Specifically, the tensile strength increased by 38.5% and the tensile modulus by 57.9% compared to pure EP. This improvement can be attributed to the formation of a fully interpenetrating network of macromolecular chain structures by DOPO-KhCPA within the EP matrix. This network increased the entanglement between molecular chains, resulting in positive effects on the mechanical properties of the EP. Multi-element of DOPO-KhCPA exhibits a synergistic effect, providing condensed and noncombustible gas-phase flame retardancy. Additionally, the mechanical properties were improved with the introduction of flame retardants due to the good impact of double-bond cross-linking. The effectiveness of DOPO-KhCPA as an additive for developing high-performance EP with significant potential applications has been proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penglun Zheng
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, 618307, People's Republic of China.
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Guanghan, 618307, People's Republic of China.
- Sichuan Key Technology Engineering Research Center for All-Electric Navigable Aircraft, Guanghan, 618307, Sichuan, China.
| | - Haihan Zhao
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, 618307, People's Republic of China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Guanghan, 618307, People's Republic of China
- Sichuan Key Technology Engineering Research Center for All-Electric Navigable Aircraft, Guanghan, 618307, Sichuan, China
| | - Junwei Li
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, 618307, People's Republic of China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Guanghan, 618307, People's Republic of China
- Sichuan Key Technology Engineering Research Center for All-Electric Navigable Aircraft, Guanghan, 618307, Sichuan, China
| | - Quanyi Liu
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, 618307, People's Republic of China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Guanghan, 618307, People's Republic of China
- Sichuan Key Technology Engineering Research Center for All-Electric Navigable Aircraft, Guanghan, 618307, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- China Academy of Civil Aviation Science and Technology, Beijing, 100028, People's Republic of China
| | - Wencai Wu
- China Academy of Civil Aviation Science and Technology, Beijing, 100028, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Design of Hierarchically Tailored Hybrids Based on Nickle Nanocrystal-Decorated Manganese Dioxides for Enhanced Fire Safety of Epoxy Resin. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213711. [PMID: 36430185 PMCID: PMC9697679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel and hierarchical hybrid composite (MnO2@CHS@SA@Ni) was synthesized utilizing manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanosheets as the core structure, self-assembly chitosan (CHS), sodium alginate (SA) and nickel species (Ni) as surface layers, and it was further incorporated into an epoxy matrix for achieving fire hazard suppression via surface self-assembly technology. Herein, the resultant hybrid epoxy composite possessed an exceptional nano-barrier and synergistic charring effect to aid the formation of a compact layered structure that enhanced its fire-resistive effectiveness. As a result, the addition of only 2 wt% MnO2@CHS@SA@Ni hybrids led to a dramatic reduction in the peak heat release rate and total heat release values (by ca. 33% and 27.8%) of the epoxy matrix. Notably, the peak smoke production rate and total smoke production values of EP/MnO2@CHS@SA@Ni 2% were decreased by ca. 16.9 and 38.4% compared to the corresponding data of pristine EP. This was accompanied by the suppression of toxic CO, NO release and the diffusion of thermal pyrolysis gases during combustion through TG-IR results. Overall, a significant fire-testing outcome of the proposed hierarchical structure was proven to be effective for epoxy composites in terms of flammability, smoke and toxicity reductions, optimizing their prospects in other polymeric materials in the respective fields.
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3
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Wang R, Zheng P, Li J, Sun J, Liu H, Li X, Liu Q. An Efficient Cross-Linked Phosphorus-Free Flame Retardant for Epoxy Resins. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:37170-37179. [PMID: 36312400 PMCID: PMC9608374 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Epoxy resins (EPs) have been widely used due to their great physical and chemical properties, but their poor flame retardancy limits their further application. In this work, we synthesized a flame retardant containing nitrile groups and a double bond to improve the flame retardancy of EPs. In this way, multiple cross-linking reactions can occur in the EPs to confer better flame retardancy by a simple heat treatment. The UL-94 vertical combustion test, CCT, and limiting oxygen index (LOI) test were used to characterize the flame retardant properties of the cross-linked flame retardant; the results show that with the 10 wt % addition of cross-linked flame retardant, the thermosets can pass the UL-94 V-0 rating. Meanwhile, the contents reached 20 wt %, and the peak heat release rate decreased 40% compared with neat EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- College
of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil
Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan 618307, China
- Civil
Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan
Province, Deyang, Sichuan 618307, China
| | - Penglun Zheng
- College
of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil
Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan 618307, China
- Civil
Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan
Province, Deyang, Sichuan 618307, China
| | - Junwei Li
- College
of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil
Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan 618307, China
- Civil
Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan
Province, Deyang, Sichuan 618307, China
| | - Jichang Sun
- College
of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil
Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan 618307, China
- Civil
Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan
Province, Deyang, Sichuan 618307, China
| | - Huaiyin Liu
- College
of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil
Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan 618307, China
- Civil
Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan
Province, Deyang, Sichuan 618307, China
| | - Xue Li
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute
of Technology, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Quanyi Liu
- College
of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil
Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan 618307, China
- Civil
Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan
Province, Deyang, Sichuan 618307, China
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4
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Ahmad M, Nawaz T, Hussain I, Chen X, Imran M, Hussain R, Assiri MA, Ali S, Wu Z. Phosphazene Cyclomatrix Network-Based Polymer: Chemistry, Synthesis, and Applications. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:28694-28707. [PMID: 36033672 PMCID: PMC9404196 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polyphosphazenes are an inorganic molecular hybrid family with multifunctional properties due to their wide range of organic substitutes. This review intends to propose the basics of the synthetic chemistry of polyphosphazene, describing for researchers outside the field the basic knowledge required to design and prepare polyphosphazenes with desired properties. A special emphasis is placed on recent advances in chemical synthesis, which allow not only the synthesis of polyphosphazenes with controlled molecular weights and polydispersities but also the synthesis of novel branched designs and block copolymers. We also investigated the synthesis of polyphosphazenes using various functional materials. This review aims to assist researchers in synthesizing their specific polyphosphazene material with unique property combinations, with the hope of stimulating further research and even more innovative applications for these highly interesting multifaceted materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ahmad
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, City University
of Hong Kong, Kowloon
Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Tehseen Nawaz
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Iftikhar Hussain
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, City University
of Hong Kong, Kowloon
Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Xi Chen
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, City University
of Hong Kong, Kowloon
Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid
University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Research
Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P. O. Box 9004, Abha 61514, Saudi Arabia
| | - Riaz Hussain
- Division
of Science and Technology, University of
Education, Lahore 54770, Pakistan
| | - Mohammed A. Assiri
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid
University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Research
Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P. O. Box 9004, Abha 61514, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shafqat Ali
- Department
of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan
University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, P. R. China
| | - Zhanpeng Wu
- State
Key
Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
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5
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Novel exploration of the flame retardant potential of 1-oxo-4-hydroxymethyl-2,6,7-trioxa-l-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane-functionalized metallophthalocyanines in epoxy composites. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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6
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Miao Z, Yan D, Wang X, Zhang X, Zhou W, Qiu M, Yang F, Wu Z. New flame retardant epoxy resins based on cyclophosphazene-derived curing agents. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Begeç S. Synthesis and structural characterization of N,N-spiro cyclotriphosphazene derivatives with one stereogenic center. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2022.2099859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saliha Begeç
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Art, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
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8
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Li W, Dou Y, Li X, Fang S, Li J, Li Q. A Highly Effective, UV-Curable, Intumescent, Flame-Retardant Coating Containing Phosphorus, Nitrogen, and Sulfur, Based on Thiol-Ene Click Reaction. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15093358. [PMID: 35591692 PMCID: PMC9101804 DOI: 10.3390/ma15093358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, a flame-retardant, UV-cured coating was prepared on the fiber composites’ (FC) surface via a thiol-ene click reaction using pentaerythritol tetra(3-mercaptopropionate) (PETMP), triallyl cyanurate (TAC), and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate phosphate (PM-2). The synergistic effectiveness of phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), and sulfur (S) was studied in detail by changing the proportion of these reactants. Sample S4(N3P2)6, with a molar ratio of N and P elements of 3:2, and the thiol and vinyl groups of 4:6 had the highest LOI value (28.6%) and was self-extinguishing in the horizontal combustion test. It had the lowest peak heat release rate (PHRR) value (279.25 kW/m2) and total smoke production (2.18 m2). Moreover, the thermogravimetric analysis (TG) showed that the decomposition process of the coated composites was delayed. The conversion rate of the double bond and the thiol of S4(N3P2)6 was 100% and 92.0%, respectively, which showed that the cross-linked network structure was successfully formed. The tensile strength and the flexural strength of coated composites improved, and the transparency of the coating can reach 90%. These characteristics showed that the UV-cured coatings could be used in industrial production to effectively prevent fires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Li
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Automotive Material, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China; (W.L.); (Y.D.); (S.F.); (J.L.)
| | - Yanli Dou
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Automotive Material, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China; (W.L.); (Y.D.); (S.F.); (J.L.)
| | - Xuefei Li
- China Nuclear Power Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518031, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (Q.L.)
| | - Shengbo Fang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Automotive Material, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China; (W.L.); (Y.D.); (S.F.); (J.L.)
| | - Jian Li
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Automotive Material, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China; (W.L.); (Y.D.); (S.F.); (J.L.)
| | - Quanming Li
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Automotive Material, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China; (W.L.); (Y.D.); (S.F.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (Q.L.)
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9
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Kireev VV, Bilichenko YV, Sirotin IS, Filatov SN. Advances in the Synthesis of Oligomer Epoxyphosphazenes with Reduced Inflammability. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1560090422020051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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11
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Zheng P, Wang R, Peng X, Sun J, Liu H, Li J, Liu C, Jiang L, Liu Q, Zhang Y. Halogen-free and phosphorus-free flame retardants endow epoxy resin with high flame retardancy through crosslinking strategy. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/09540083221085170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epoxy resin (EPs) has been widely used in many fields in recent years, such as electronics, adhesives, coatings, and so on, which mainly benefiting from its excellent mechanical and chemical properties, low price and easy preparation. However, conventional EPs tend to be flammable, which significantly prevents their applications especially in high flame-resistance required areas. In this work, we introduce nitrile groups and the benzoxazine ring into the flame-retardant, followed by a simple heat treatment for a multiple cross-linking reaction in EPs. The resultant halogen/phosphorus-free and environmentally friendly network not only suppress the migration of the functional flame retardants from the substrate, but also shows much enhanced flame-retardant property, including the UL-94 rate, total heat release and reduced peak heat release rate. As a result, the thermosets can pass the UL-94 V-0 rate and reach a LOI value at 32.7% at a very low addition amount (10 wt%) of this cross-linked flame retardant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penglun Zheng
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoliang Peng
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, China
| | - Jichang Sun
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, China
| | - Huaiyin Liu
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, China
| | - Junwei Li
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, China
| | - Chuanbang Liu
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, China
| | - Lan Jiang
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, China
| | - Quanyi Liu
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan, China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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12
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Jeevananthan V, Shanmugan S. Halogen-free layered double hydroxide-cyclotriphosphazene carboxylate flame retardants: effects of cyclotriphosphazene di, tetra and hexacarboxylate intercalation on layered double hydroxides against the combustible epoxy resin coated on wood substrates. RSC Adv 2022; 12:23322-23336. [PMID: 36090417 PMCID: PMC9380775 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02586h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of halogen-free flame retardants as environmentally friendly and renewable materials for heat and fire-resistant applications in the field of electronics is important to ensure safety measures. In this regard, we have proposed a simple and halogen-free strategy for the synthesis of flame retardant LDH-PN materials to decrease the fire hazards of epoxy resin (EP), via a co-precipitation reaction between Mg(NO3)2 and Al(NO3)3 and the subsequent incorporation of different cyclotriphosphazene (PN) carboxylate anions. The cyclotriphosphazene-based di, tetra and hexacarboxylate-intercalated layered double hydroxides are designated as LDH-PN-DC, LDH-PN-TC and LDH-PN-HC, respectively. Furthermore, the intercalation of cyclotriphosphazene carboxylate anions into the LDH layers was confirmed by PXRD, FT-IR, TGA, solid-state 31P NMR, nitrogen adsorption and desorption analysis (BET), HR-SEM and XPS. Evaluation of the flame retardant (vertical burning test and limiting oxygen index) properties was demonstrated by formulating the LDH-PN materials with epoxy resin (EP) in different ratios coated on wood substrates to achieve the desired behaviour of the EP/LDH-PN composites. Structure–property analysis reveals that EP/LDH-PN-TC-20 wt% and EP/LDH-PN-HC-20 wt% achieved a V0 rating in the UL-94 V test and achieved higher LOI values (27.7 vol% for EP/LDH-PN-TC-20 wt% and 29 vol% for EP/LDH-PN-HC-20 wt%) compared to the epoxy-coated wood substrate (23.2 vol%), whereas EP/LDH-PN-DC failed in the vertical burning test for various weight percentages of LDH-PN-DC from 5 wt% to 20 wt% in the composites, with a lower LOI value of 22.1 vol%. Excellent flame retardancy was observed for EP/LDH-PN-TC and EP/LDH-PN-HC due to the presence of more binding sites of carboxylate anions in the LDH layers and less or no spiro groups in cyclotriphosphazene compared to that in EP/LDH-PN-DC. In addition, the synergistic flame retardant effect of the combination of LDH and cyclotriphosphazene on the epoxy resin composites remains very effective in creating a non-volatile protective film on the surface of the wood substrate to shelter it from air, absorb the heat and increase the ignition time, which prevents the supply of oxygen during the combustion process. The results of this study show that the proposed strategy for designing flame-retardant properties represents the state-of-the-art, competent coating of inorganic materials for the protection and functionalization of wood substrates. The flame retardant properties of the different types of cyclotriphosphazene carboxylate-intercalated LDH materials are emphasized by increasing the number of binding sites and decreasing the number of spiro groups in the cyclotriphosphazene core.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Velusamy Jeevananthan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Swaminathan Shanmugan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
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13
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Han Y, Zhao H, Chen J, Wang X, Chen L, Ran D, Wang Z, Zeng P. A new phosphorus flame‐retard curing agent for epoxy resin/anhydride system. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Han
- Department of Applied Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shanxi China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Applied Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shanxi China
| | - Jichuan Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shanxi China
| | - Xinlong Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shanxi China
| | - Lixin Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shanxi China
| | - Di Ran
- Department of Applied Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shanxi China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shanxi China
| | - Panjin Zeng
- Department of Applied Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an Shanxi China
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14
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Imidazole derivative with an intramolecular hydrogen bond as thermal latent curing accelerator for epoxy/phenolic resins. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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15
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16
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Bornosuz NV, Korotkov RF, Kolenchenko AA, Shapagin AV, Orlov AV, Gorbunova IY, Kireev VV, Sirotin IS. The Influence of Substituents in Phosphazene Catalyst-Flame Retardant on the Thermochemistry of Benzoxazine Curing. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13183111. [PMID: 34578010 PMCID: PMC8469844 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This work is devoted to the influence of phosphazene modifiers with different substituents on the curing process, thermal properties and flammability of benzoxazine resin. Novel catalysts with m-toluidine substituents were introduced. The catalytic activity of studied phosphazene compounds decreased in the row: hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCP) > tetra m-toluidine substituted phosphazene PN-mt (4) > hexa m-toluidine substituted phosphazene PN-mt (6) > hexaphenoxycyclotriphosphazene (HPP), where HPP is totally inactive. Two types of catalysis: basic and acid were proposed. A brief study of resulting properties of polybenzoxazines was presented. The addition of any studied modifier caused the decrease of glass transition temperature and thermal stability of polymers. The morphology of cured compositions was characterized by matrix-dispersion phase structure. All phosphazene containing polybenzoxazines demonstrated the improved flame resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V. Bornosuz
- Faculty of Petrochemistry and Polymer Materials, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, 125047 Moscow, Russia; (N.V.B.); (R.F.K.); (A.A.K.); (A.V.O.); (I.Y.G.); (V.V.K.)
| | - Roman F. Korotkov
- Faculty of Petrochemistry and Polymer Materials, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, 125047 Moscow, Russia; (N.V.B.); (R.F.K.); (A.A.K.); (A.V.O.); (I.Y.G.); (V.V.K.)
| | - Alexander A. Kolenchenko
- Faculty of Petrochemistry and Polymer Materials, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, 125047 Moscow, Russia; (N.V.B.); (R.F.K.); (A.A.K.); (A.V.O.); (I.Y.G.); (V.V.K.)
| | - Alexey V. Shapagin
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry Russian Academy of Sciences (IPCE RAS), 31, Bld. 4 Leninsky Prospect, 119071 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexey V. Orlov
- Faculty of Petrochemistry and Polymer Materials, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, 125047 Moscow, Russia; (N.V.B.); (R.F.K.); (A.A.K.); (A.V.O.); (I.Y.G.); (V.V.K.)
| | - Irina Yu. Gorbunova
- Faculty of Petrochemistry and Polymer Materials, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, 125047 Moscow, Russia; (N.V.B.); (R.F.K.); (A.A.K.); (A.V.O.); (I.Y.G.); (V.V.K.)
| | - Vyacheslav V. Kireev
- Faculty of Petrochemistry and Polymer Materials, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, 125047 Moscow, Russia; (N.V.B.); (R.F.K.); (A.A.K.); (A.V.O.); (I.Y.G.); (V.V.K.)
| | - Igor S. Sirotin
- Faculty of Petrochemistry and Polymer Materials, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, 125047 Moscow, Russia; (N.V.B.); (R.F.K.); (A.A.K.); (A.V.O.); (I.Y.G.); (V.V.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(499)-978-91-98
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Cure Kinetics Modeling of a High Glass Transition Temperature Epoxy Molding Compound (EMC) Based on Inline Dielectric Analysis. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13111734. [PMID: 34073271 PMCID: PMC8197812 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the cure characterization, based on inline monitoring of the dielectric parameters, of a commercially available epoxy phenol resin molding compound with a high glass transition temperature (>195 °C), which is suitable for the direct packaging of electronic components. The resin was cured under isothermal temperatures close to general process conditions (165–185 °C). The material conversion was determined by measuring the ion viscosity. The change of the ion viscosity as a function of time and temperature was used to characterize the cross-linking behavior, following two separate approaches (model based and isoconversional). The determined kinetic parameters are in good agreement with those reported in the literature for EMCs and lead to accurate cure predictions under process-near conditions. Furthermore, the kinetic models based on dielectric analysis (DEA) were compared with standard offline differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) models, which were based on dynamic measurements. Many of the determined kinetic parameters had similar values for the different approaches. Major deviations were found for the parameters linked to the end of the reaction where vitrification phenomena occur under process-related conditions. The glass transition temperature of the inline molded parts was determined via thermomechanical analysis (TMA) to confirm the vitrification effect. The similarities and differences between the resulting kinetics models of the two different measurement techniques are presented and it is shown how dielectric analysis can be of high relevance for the characterization of the curing reaction under conditions close to series production.
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Ielo I, Giacobello F, Sfameni S, Rando G, Galletta M, Trovato V, Rosace G, Plutino MR. Nanostructured Surface Finishing and Coatings: Functional Properties and Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:2733. [PMID: 34067241 PMCID: PMC8196899 DOI: 10.3390/ma14112733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review presents current literature on different nanocomposite coatings and surface finishing for textiles, and in particular this study has focused on smart materials, drug-delivery systems, industrial, antifouling and nano/ultrafiltration membrane coatings. Each of these nanostructured coatings shows interesting properties for different fields of application. In this review, particular attention is paid to the synthesis and the consequent physico-chemical characteristics of each coating and, therefore, to the different parameters that influence the substrate deposition process. Several techniques used in the characterization of these surface finishing coatings were also described. In this review the sol-gel method for preparing stimuli-responsive coatings as smart sensor materials is described; polymers and nanoparticles sensitive to pH, temperature, phase, light and biomolecules are also treated; nanomaterials based on phosphorus, borates, hydroxy carbonates and silicones are used and described as flame-retardant coatings; organic/inorganic hybrid sol-gel coatings for industrial applications are illustrated; carbon nanotubes, metallic oxides and polymers are employed for nano/ultrafiltration membranes and antifouling coatings. Research institutes and industries have collaborated in the advancement of nanotechnology by optimizing conversion processes of conventional materials into coatings with new functionalities for intelligent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Ielo
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials, ISMN–CNR, Palermo, c/o Department of ChiBioFarAm, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, Vill. S. Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy; (I.I.); (F.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Fausta Giacobello
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials, ISMN–CNR, Palermo, c/o Department of ChiBioFarAm, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, Vill. S. Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy; (I.I.); (F.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Silvia Sfameni
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials, ISMN–CNR, Palermo, c/o Department of ChiBioFarAm, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, Vill. S. Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy; (I.I.); (F.G.); (S.S.)
- Department of Engineering, University of Messina, Contrada di Dio, S. Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Giulia Rando
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Analytical Sciences (ChiBioFarAm), University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, Vill. S. Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.R.); (M.G.)
| | - Maurilio Galletta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Analytical Sciences (ChiBioFarAm), University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, Vill. S. Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.R.); (M.G.)
| | - Valentina Trovato
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, Viale Marconi 5, 24044 Dalmine (BG), Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Rosace
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, Viale Marconi 5, 24044 Dalmine (BG), Italy;
| | - Maria Rosaria Plutino
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials, ISMN–CNR, Palermo, c/o Department of ChiBioFarAm, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, Vill. S. Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy; (I.I.); (F.G.); (S.S.)
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19
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Li Y, Qu Z, Wu K, Lv P, Meng H, Zheng H, Shi J, Lu M, Huang X. A bio-derived char-forming strategy for surface fireproofing: Functionalization of UV-curing flame-retardant coating with vinyl-modified tannic acid. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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20
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Effect of Cyclotriphosphazene-Based Curing Agents on the Flame Resistance of Epoxy Resins. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 13:polym13010008. [PMID: 33375094 PMCID: PMC7792796 DOI: 10.3390/polym13010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxy resins are characterized by excellent properties such as chemical resistance, shape stability, hardness and heat resistance, but they present low flame resistance. In this work, the synthesized derivatives, namely hexacyclohexylamino-cyclotriphosphazene (HCACTP) and novel diaminotetracyclohexylamino-cyclotriphosphazene (DTCATP), were applied as curing agents for halogen-free flame retarding epoxy materials. The thermal properties and combustion behavior of the cured epoxy resins were investigated. The obtained results revealed that the application of both derivatives significantly increased flame resistance. The epoxy resins cured with HCACTP and DTCATP exhibited lower total heat release together with lower total smoke production compared to the epoxy materials based on conventional curing agents (dipropylenetriamine and ethylenediamine). Comparing both derivatives, the HCACTP-cured epoxy resin was found to provide a higher flame resistance. The designed novel class of epoxy materials may be used for the preparation of materials with improved flame resistance properties in terms of flame spreading and smoke inhibition.
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22
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Sun X, Wang Y, Tang Y, Zhang B, Wei W, Li X, Fei X, Liu X. Synthesis of isocyanurate‐based imidazole carboxylate as thermal latent curing accelerator for thermosetting epoxy resins. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material EngineeringJiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu China
| | - Yiming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material EngineeringJiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu China
| | - Yuyao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material EngineeringJiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu China
| | - Bowen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material EngineeringJiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu China
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material EngineeringJiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu China
| | - Xiaojie Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material EngineeringJiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu China
| | - Xiaoma Fei
- Wuxi Chuangda Advanced Materials Co., Ltd. Wuxi Jiangsu China
| | - Xiaoya Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material EngineeringJiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu China
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23
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Liang X, Hu Q, Wang X, Li L, Dong Y, Sun C, Hu C, Gu X. Thermal Kinetics of a Lignin-Based Flame Retardant. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12092123. [PMID: 32957615 PMCID: PMC7569952 DOI: 10.3390/polym12092123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to improve the thermal property of epoxy resin (EP), a lignin-based flame retardant was prepared. Focusing on the lignin-based flame retardant, this paper investigates its pyrolysis behavior and kinetics via a thermogravimetric analyzer coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (TG–FTIR). Based on the FTIR result, which showed a peak at 1222 cm−1, it was assigned a syringyl structure. Its absorption peak intensity was enhanced and this meant that the phenolization of the lignin was successful. Thermogravimetry/derivative thermogravimetry (TG/DTG) results showed that the carbon residues of F-lignin and F-lignin@APP were reduced to 33.5% and 37.5%, respectively. In addition, the maximum decomposition rate of F-lignin@APP20/EP is 11.8%/min, which is 8%/min and 4.7%/min lower than for EP and Al-lignin, respectively. The char residue of F-lignin@APP20/EP is 32.5%, which is much higher than for EP. Lower decomposition rate and higher char residue indicate the improvement of thermal stability of EP by F-lignin@APP. Moreover, the kinetics of Al-lignin20/EP and F-lignin@APP20/EP were conducted by two kinetic methods: Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS). It was concluded that the pyrolysis process of Al-lignin 20/EP and F-lignin@APP 20/EP could be divided into three stages, while the value and growth rate of the activation energy of F-lignin@APP 20/EP were much higher than that of Al-lignin 20/EP in stage III.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaoli Gu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-25-8542-7624
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24
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Wang Y, Yuan L, Liang G, Gu A. Achieving ultrahigh glass transition temperature, halogen-free and phosphorus-free intrinsic flame retardancy for bismaleimide resin through building network with diallyloxydiphenyldisulfide. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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25
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Wei W, Sun X, Ye W, Zhang B, Fei X, Li X, Liu X. Thermal latent curing agent for epoxy resins from neutralization of 2‐methylimidazole with a phosphazene‐containing polyfunctional carboxylic acid. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material EngineeringJiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material EngineeringJiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Weitao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material EngineeringJiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Bowen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material EngineeringJiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoma Fei
- Wuxi Chuangda Advanced Materials Co., Ltd. Wuxi Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material EngineeringJiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoya Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material EngineeringJiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu People's Republic of China
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26
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Rangaraj VM, Singh S, Devaraju S, Wadi VS, Alhassan S, Anjum DH, Mittal V. Polypropylene/phosphazene nanotube nanocomposites: Thermal, mechanical, and flame retardation studies. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vengatesan M. Rangaraj
- Department of Chemical EngineeringKhalifa University, Sas Al Nakhal Campus Abu Dhabi UAE
| | - Swati Singh
- Department of Chemical EngineeringKhalifa University, Sas Al Nakhal Campus Abu Dhabi UAE
| | - Subramani Devaraju
- Division of Chemistry, Department of Sciences and HumanitiesVignan's Foundations for Science, Technology and Research Guntur India
| | - Vijay S. Wadi
- Department of Chemical EngineeringKhalifa University, Sas Al Nakhal Campus Abu Dhabi UAE
| | - Saeed Alhassan
- Department of Chemical EngineeringKhalifa University, Sas Al Nakhal Campus Abu Dhabi UAE
| | - Dalaver H. Anjum
- Department of PhysicsKhalifa University. Main Campus Abu Dhabi UAE
| | - Vikas Mittal
- Department of Chemical EngineeringKhalifa University, Sas Al Nakhal Campus Abu Dhabi UAE
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27
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Chi Z, Guo Z, Xu Z, Zhang M, Li M, Shang L, Ao Y. A DOPO-based phosphorus-nitrogen flame retardant bio-based epoxy resin from diphenolic acid: Synthesis, flame-retardant behavior and mechanism. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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28
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Synthesis of Phosphazene-Containing, Bisphenol A-Based Benzoxazines and Properties of Corresponding Polybenzoxazines. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12061225. [PMID: 32481501 PMCID: PMC7361955 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With the aim of obtaining halogen-free polybenzoxazazines with reduced flammability, phosphazene-containing benzoxazines (PhBZ) were synthesized in a two-stage method. In the first stage of the reaction of hexachlorocycotriphosphazene with bisphenol A at molar ratios of 1:12, 1:16, and 1:24, respectively, mixtures of bisphenol and hydroxyaryloxycyclotriphosphazenes were obtained, which mainly contained P3N3[OC6H4C(CH3)3C6H4OH]6. In the second stage, when these mixtures interacted with aniline and an excess of paraformaldehyde in toluene at 80–90 °C, PhBZ containing 20–50% of the phosphazene component with Mw 1200–5800 were formed. According to 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, PhBZ contain a small amount of oligomeric compounds with Mannich aminomethylene bridges. With an increase of the content of the phosphazene component, the curing temperature of PhBZ decreases from 242 °C to 215 °C. Cured PhBZ samples with a phosphorus content of more than 1.5% have increased flammability resistance according to UL-94.
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29
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Recent Developments in the Flame-Retardant System of Epoxy Resin. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13092145. [PMID: 32384706 PMCID: PMC7254395 DOI: 10.3390/ma13092145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing emphasis on environmental protection, the development of flame retardants for epoxy resin (EP) has tended to be non-toxic, efficient, multifunctional and systematic. Currently reported flame retardants have been capable of providing flame retardancy, heat resistance and thermal stability to EP. However, many aspects still need to be further improved. This paper reviews the development of EPs in halogen-free flame retardants, focusing on phosphorus flame retardants, carbon-based materials, silicon flame retardants, inorganic nanofillers, and metal-containing compounds. These flame retardants can be used on their own or in combination to achieve the desired results. The effects of these flame retardants on the thermal stability and flame retardancy of EPs were discussed. Despite the great progress on flame retardants for EP in recent years, further improvement of EP is needed to obtain numerous eco-friendly high-performance materials.
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30
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Wei Z, Wu J, Liu Z, Gu Y, Luan G, Sun H, Yu Q, Zhang S, Wang Z. Effect of ethyl‐bridged diphenylphosphine oxide on flame retardancy and thermal properties of epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqian Wei
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringShandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Jun Wu
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringShandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
- Application R & D DepartmentQingdao Fusilin Chemical Science and Technology Co., Ltd. Qingdao China
| | - Zongru Liu
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringShandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Yanan Gu
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringShandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Guifang Luan
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringShandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Hejing Sun
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringShandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Qing Yu
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringShandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Zhongwei Wang
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringShandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
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31
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Ture S, Darcan C, Türkyılmaz O, Kaygusuz Ö. Synthesis, structural characterization and antimicrobial activities of cyclochlorotriphosphazene derivatives derived from N-(1-Naphthyl)ethylenediamine. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2020.1723096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sedat Ture
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey
| | - Cihan Darcan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey
| | - Osman Türkyılmaz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey
| | - Özge Kaygusuz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilecik Seyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey
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32
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Lee SS, Mizar P, Kucuk O, Ture S. The reactions of cyclotriphosphazene with 2-(2-hydroxyethylamino)ethanol. Spectroscopic studies of the derived products. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2020.1712396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Seo Lee
- Chemistry, Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Southampton University, Southampton, UK
| | - Pushpak Mizar
- Chemistry, Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Southampton University, Southampton, UK
| | - Ozge Kucuk
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, University of Bilecik Seyh Edebali, Bilecik, Turkey
| | - Sedat Ture
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, University of Bilecik Seyh Edebali, Bilecik, Turkey
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Yuan Y, Yu B, Shi Y, Mao L, Xie J, Pan H, Liu Y, Wang W. Insight into Hyper-Branched Aluminum Phosphonate in Combination with Multiple Phosphorus Synergies for Fire-Safe Epoxy Resin Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12010064. [PMID: 31906381 PMCID: PMC7023559 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxy resin (EP) has widespread applications in thermosetting materials with great versatility and desirable properties such as high electrical resistivity and satisfactory mechanical properties. At present, 9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) is widely applied to EP matrix for high flame resistance. Nevertheless, EP/DOPO composites acquire highly toxic decomposition products and smoke particles produced during combustion due to the gaseous fire-inhibition mechanism, which will be a major problem. To address this concern, an effective hyper-branched aluminum phosphonate (AHPP) was rationally designed and then coupled with DOPO into EP matrix to fabricate the fire-safe epoxy resin composites. On the basis of the results, significant increment in limiting oxygen index value (an achievement of 32% from 23.5% for pristine EP) and reduction in peak heat release rate and total heat release (59.4% and 45.6%) with the DOPO/AHPP ratio of 2:1 were recorded. During the cone calorimeter test, both the smoke production and total CO yield of EP-4 composite with the DOPO/AHPP ratio of 1:2 were dramatically decreased by 42.7% and 53.6%, which was mainly associated with the excellent catalytic carbonization of AHPP submicro-particles for EP composite. Future applications of submicro-scaled flame-retardant with various phosphorus oxidation states will have good prospects for development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yuan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China; (Y.Y.); (L.M.); (J.X.)
| | - Bin Yu
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia;
| | - Yongqian Shi
- College of Environment and Resources, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Long Mao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China; (Y.Y.); (L.M.); (J.X.)
| | - Jianda Xie
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China; (Y.Y.); (L.M.); (J.X.)
| | - Haifeng Pan
- Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China;
| | - Yuejun Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China; (Y.Y.); (L.M.); (J.X.)
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (W.W.)
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (W.W.)
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34
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Synthesis of acrylated cardanol diphenyl phosphate for UV curable flame-retardant coating application. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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35
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Kireev VV, Bilichenko YV, Borisov RS, Mu J, Kuznetsov DA, Eroshenko AV, Filatov SN, Sirotin IS. Synthesis of Bisphenol A Based Phosphazene-Containing Epoxy Resin with Reduced Viscosity. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11121914. [PMID: 31757068 PMCID: PMC6960611 DOI: 10.3390/polym11121914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphazene-containing epoxy oligomers (PEO) were synthesized by the interaction of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCP), phenol, and bisphenol A in a medium of excess of epichlorohydrin using potassium carbonate and hydroxide as HCl acceptors with the aim of obtaining a product with lower viscosity and higher phosphazene content. PEOs are mixtures of epoxycyclophosphazene (ECP) and a conventional organic epoxy resin based on bisphenol A in an amount controlled by the ratio of the initial mono- and diphenol. According to 31P NMR spectroscopy, pentasubstituted aryloxycyclotrophosphazene compounds predominate in the ECP composition. The relative content in the ECP radicals of mono- and diphenol was determined by the MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry method. The organic epoxy fraction, according to gas chromatograpy-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), contains 50-70 wt % diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A. PEO resins obtained in the present work have reduced viscosity when compared to other known phosphazene-containging epoxy resins while phosphazene content is still about 50 wt %. Resins with an epoxy number within 12-17 wt %, are cured by conventional curing agents to form compositions with flame-retardant properties, while other characteristics of these compositions are at the level of conventional epoxy materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav V. Kireev
- Department of Plastics, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.K.); (Y.V.B.); (A.V.E.); (S.N.F.)
| | - Yulya V. Bilichenko
- Department of Plastics, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.K.); (Y.V.B.); (A.V.E.); (S.N.F.)
| | - Roman S. Borisov
- Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Peoples′ Friendship University of Russia, Miklukho-Maklaya str.6, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Jianxin Mu
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China;
| | - Dmitry A. Kuznetsov
- Scientific & Research Institute of Natural Gases and Gas Technologies—Gazprom VNIIGAZ, Razvilka, s.p. Razvilkovskoe, Leninsky dist., Moscow region, 142717 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Anastasiya V. Eroshenko
- Department of Plastics, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.K.); (Y.V.B.); (A.V.E.); (S.N.F.)
| | - Sergey N. Filatov
- Department of Plastics, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.K.); (Y.V.B.); (A.V.E.); (S.N.F.)
| | - Igor S. Sirotin
- Department of Plastics, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia; (V.V.K.); (Y.V.B.); (A.V.E.); (S.N.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(499)-978-9265
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36
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Zhu ZM, Shang K, Wang LX, Wang JS. Synthesis of an effective bio-based flame-retardant curing agent and its application in epoxy resin: Curing behavior, thermal stability and flame retardancy. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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37
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Wang H, Li S, Yuan Y, Liu X, Sun T, Wu Z. Study of the epoxy/amine equivalent ratio on thermal properties, cryogenic mechanical properties, and liquid oxygen compatibility of the bisphenol A epoxy resin containing phosphorus. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008319871340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A liquid oxygen-compatible epoxy resin is successfully prepared by changing the epoxy/amine equivalent ratio (SR) of a phosphorus-containing epoxy resin. The liquid oxygen impact test results showed that the modified resin was compatible with liquid oxygen only when the SR was 0.8. The mechanical properties at 90 K showed that the strain energy and impact toughness reached the maximum when the SR was 0.8, which suggested that the reduced rigidity might be beneficial to improve the liquid oxygen compatibility of the polymer. The thermomechanical and thermal results showed that the cross-linking density and thermal stability was proportional to SR. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis showed that the P=O group in the resin decomposed into phosphoric oxidative solids and P–N intermediates to inhibit the resin from decomposing and contacting with liquid oxygen during impact. Overall, this study provides a new idea for the design of liquid oxygen-compatible epoxy resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Shichao Li
- College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Yuhuan Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Tao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Zhanjun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
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38
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Design and Application of Highly Efficient Flame Retardants for Polycarbonate Combining the Advantages of Cyclotriphosphazene and Silicone Oil. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11071155. [PMID: 31284539 PMCID: PMC6680785 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel flame retardant (HSPCTP) was successfully designed and incorporated into a polycarbonate (PC) matrix. Combining the advantages of cyclotriphosphazene and silicone oil, PC/HSPCTP composites passed UL-94 V-0 rating testing with only 3 wt% HSPCTP, and their LOI value increased from 25.0% to 28.4%. The findings showed that HSPCTP exhibits both gas-phase and solid-phase flame-retardant effects. Furthermore, the incorporation of HSPCTP into PC could suppress the release of smoke. Finally, the flame-retardant mechanism is discussed in depth.
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39
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Synthesis of Resorcinol-Based Phosphazene-Containing Epoxy Oligomers. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11040614. [PMID: 30960598 PMCID: PMC6523329 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphazene-containing epoxy-resorcinol oligomers (PERO) are synthesized in one stage with the direct interaction of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCP), resorcinol, and epichlorohydrin in the presence of solid NaOH. Depending on the initial ratio of HCP:resorcinol, PERO contains from 20 to 50 wt.% phosphazene component (2.0–4.8% of phosphorus) and have an epoxy group content up to 30 %. Products are characterized using 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. According to mass spectrometry, the phosphazene fractions of PERO include up to 30 individual compounds with a predominance of cyclotriphosphazenes with one unsubstituted chlorine atom and four or five glycidyl groups. PERO has a lower viscosity in comparison with similar resins based on bisphenol A, which can simplify their use as a binder for polymer composites, adhesives, and paints.
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40
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Fang Y, Du X, Yang S, Wang H, Cheng X, Du Z. Sustainable and tough polyurethane films with self-healability and flame retardance enabled by reversible chemistry and cyclotriphosphazene. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00680j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Self-healable, flame-retardant, recyclable, and robust polyurethane films were enabled by thermally driven Diels–Alder chemistry and cyclotriphosphazene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanlai Fang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering; The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- PR China
| | - Xiaosheng Du
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering; The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- PR China
| | - Shiwen Yang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering; The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- PR China
| | - Haibo Wang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering; The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- PR China
| | - Xu Cheng
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering; The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- PR China
| | - Zongliang Du
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering; The Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- PR China
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41
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Geng Z, Yang S, Zhang L, Huang Z, Pan Q, Li J, Weng J, Bao J, You Z, He Y, Zhu B. Self-Extinguishing Resin Transfer Molding Composites Using Non-Fire-Retardant Epoxy Resin. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E2554. [PMID: 30558309 PMCID: PMC6315867 DOI: 10.3390/ma11122554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Introducing fire-retardant additives or building blocks into resins is a widely adopted method used for improving the fire retardancy of epoxy composites. However, the increase in viscosity and the presence of insoluble additives accompanied by resin modification remain challenges for resin transfer molding (RTM) processing. We developed a robust approach for fabricating self-extinguishing RTM composites using unmodified and flammable resins. To avoid the effects on resin fluidity and processing, we loaded the flame retardant into tackifiers instead of resins. We found that the halogen-free flame retardant, a microencapsulated red phosphorus (MRP) additive, was enriched on fabric surfaces, which endowed the composites with excellent fire retardancy. The composites showed a 79.2% increase in the limiting oxygen index, a 29.2% reduction in heat release during combustion, and could self-extinguish within two seconds after ignition. Almost no effect on the mechanical properties was observed. This approach is simple, inexpensive, and basically applicable to all resins for fabricating RTM composites. This approach adapts insoluble flame retardants to RTM processing. We envision that this approach could be extended to load other functions (radar absorbing, conductivity, etc.) into RTM composites, broadening the application of RTM processing in the field of advanced functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Geng
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Baoshan, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Shuaishuai Yang
- SAMAC Shanghai Aircraft Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Shangfei Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201324, China.
| | - Lianwang Zhang
- Avic Advanced Composites Center, Shijun South Street, Aviation Industrial Park, Shunyi, Beijing 101300, China.
| | - Zhenzhen Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Baoshan, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Qichao Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Baoshan, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Jidi Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Baoshan, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Jianan Weng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Baoshan, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Jianwen Bao
- Avic Advanced Composites Center, Shijun South Street, Aviation Industrial Park, Shunyi, Beijing 101300, China.
| | - Zhengwei You
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Yong He
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Civil Aviation Composites, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Bo Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, Baoshan, Shanghai 200444, China.
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42
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Guo X, Wang X, Liu X, Zheng Y, Xu J, Ma H. Synthesis and application of a dual functional P/N/S-containing microsphere with enhanced flame retardancy and mechanical strength on EP resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Guo
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
| | - Xiongrui Liu
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
| | - Yanyang Zheng
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
| | - Haiyun Ma
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 China
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province; Baoding 071002 China
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43
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Zhang XP, Luo J, Jing TF, Zhang DX, Li BX, Liu F. Porous epoxy phenolic novolac resin polymer microcapsules: Tunable release and bioactivity controlled by epoxy value. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 165:165-171. [PMID: 29477937 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Microcapsules (MCs) prepared with diverse wall material structures may exhibit different properties. In this study, MCs were fabricated with three kinds of epoxy phenolic novolac resins (EPNs), which possessed unique epoxy values as wall-forming materials by interfacial polymerization. The effects of the EPN types on the surface morphology, particle size distribution, encapsulation efficiency, thermal stability as well as release behavior and bioactivity of the MCs were investigated. In all three samples, the MCs had nearly spherical shapes with fine monodispersities and sizes in the range of 7-30 μm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that some small pores (ranging from 50 nm to 400 nm) appeared on the microcapsule surfaces and that the porosity decreased with an increasing of epoxy value. The X-ray diffractometer (XRD) analysis indicated that the cured EPN shells had larger degrees of crosslinking with higher epoxy values, leading to better thermal stabilities. Moreover, the release rate of the core material (pendimethalin) decreased with an increasing of epoxy value and thus resulted in a lower herbicidal control efficacy. The results of our research will enhance the potential application of EPNs as smart wall-forming materials to prepare porous MCs for controlled release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology & Application Technique, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China; College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China
| | - Jian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology & Application Technique, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China; College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China
| | - Tong-Fang Jing
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology & Application Technique, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China; College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China
| | - Da-Xia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology & Application Technique, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China; Research Center of Pesticide Environmental Toxicology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China
| | - Bei-Xing Li
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology & Application Technique, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China; College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China
| | - Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology & Application Technique, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China; College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China.
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44
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Nikovskii IA, Chistyakov EM, Tupikov AS. Phosphazene-Containing Ligands and Complexes on Their Base. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363218030143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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45
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Zhang C, Qu L, Wang Y, Xu T, Zhang C. Thermal insulation and stability of polysiloxane foams containing hydroxyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxanes. RSC Adv 2018; 8:9901-9909. [PMID: 35540826 PMCID: PMC9078707 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00222c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective method was described here to improve the thermal insulation and stability of polysiloxane foam (SIF) by controlling the chain length of hydroxyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (OH-PDMS). A series of SIFs were prepared through foaming and cross-linking processes with different cross-linking densities. The morphology of SIF was investigated by environmental scanning electron microscopy. The results demonstrated that increasing the chain length of OH-PDMS reduced the average cell size from 932 μm to 220 μm. Cell density ranged from 4.92 × 106 cells per cm3 to 1.64 × 108 cells per cm3. The thermal insulation capability was significantly enhanced, and the SIF derived from the long-chain OH-PDMSs yielded a minimum thermal conductivity of 0.077 W mK−1. Cell size reduction and an increase in cell density were considered to be the main factors to reduce thermal conductivity. Thermal stability, which was also improved, mainly depended on the free motion rate of the polysiloxane chains and cross-linking density of the polysiloxane networks. The thermal insulation and stability of polysiloxane foam was improved by an easy operating method.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials
- Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130025
| | - Lijie Qu
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials
- Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130025
| | - Yingnan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials
- Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130025
| | - Tianlu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials
- Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130025
| | - Chunling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials
- Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Engineering
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130025
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46
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Zhang Y, Zhao Q, Li L, Yan R, Zhang J, Duan JC, Liu BJ, Sun ZY, Zhang MY, Hu W, Zhang NN. Synthesis of a lignin-based phosphorus-containing flame retardant and its application in polyurethane. RSC Adv 2018; 8:32252-32261. [PMID: 35547477 PMCID: PMC9086252 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05598j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, new lignin-based flame retardant LHDs were successfully synthesized through the reaction between lignin, 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI). The chemical structure of LHD was characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, 31P NMR. The thermal stability of LHD was studied by TGA. The results showed that the residual carbon content of L15HD (15% of lignin in LHD) at 600 °C reached 16.55%, indicating that this prepared flame retardant can be a type of good char forming agent. LHDs were then applied to prepare flame-retardant lignin-based polyurethane (FLPU). Lignin-based polyurethane (LPU) was synthesized by the reaction between lignin, polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG 200) and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI). The limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of the FLPU reached 30.2% when the addition content of L15HD (15% lignin in LHD) in L20PU (20% lignin in LPU) was 25%, exhibiting excellent flame-retardant properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of the FLPU char residual showed that there was a continuous dense outer carbon layer on the residue surface, and the inner carbon layer had many expansion bubbles, indicating the LHDs have an excellent flame retardant effect for PU. In addition, FLPU presented better hardness and adhesion than PU. The hardness of FL15-25L20PU (lignin content in LPU was 20%, and added content of L15HD in LPU was 25%) reached 4H, and its adhesion was 0. These excellent properties illustrated that the LHDs are ideal flame retardants and reinforcing agents for LPU because of the co-curing and strong interface between LHD and LPU. In this work, new lignin-based flame retardant LHDs were successfully synthesized through the reaction between lignin, 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI).![]()
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47
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Shi Y, Yu B, Zheng Y, Guo J, Chen B, Pan Z, Hu Y. A combination of POSS and polyphosphazene for reducing fire hazards of epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongqian Shi
- College of Environment and Resources; Fuzhou University; 2 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou 350116 P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei 230026 P.R. China
| | - Bin Yu
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing; The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hung Hom Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Yuying Zheng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Fuzhou University; 2 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou 350116 P.R. China
| | - Jin Guo
- College of Environment and Resources; Fuzhou University; 2 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou 350116 P.R. China
| | - Bohui Chen
- College of Environment and Resources; Fuzhou University; 2 Xueyuan Road Fuzhou 350116 P.R. China
| | - Zemin Pan
- Fujian Fuchuan Investment Co, Ltd; 7 Jianshe Road Fuzhou 350001 P.R. China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei 230026 P.R. China
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48
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Liang WJ, Zhao B, Zhang CY, Jian RK, Liu DY, Liu YQ. Enhanced flame retardancy of DGEBA epoxy resin with a novel bisphenol-A bridged cyclotriphosphazene. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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49
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Wu X, Dong C, Wirasaputra A, Huang H, Liu S, Zhao J, Fu Y. Imparting high flame retardancy to epoxy resin with ultra-low loading of 5,10-dihydro-phenophosphazine-10-oxide functioned triazine. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008317723083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
High mechanical properties and flame retardancy of epoxy are important for its applications. A novel star-shaped flame-retardant 5,10-dihydro-phenohphosphazine-10-oxide functioned triazine (TRIDPPA) with high efficiency is synthesized, and its structure is characterized. TRIDPPA is used as the co-curing agent for diglycidyl ether of the bisphenol A/4,4-diaminodiphenyl methane system. The introduction of TRIDPPA greatly improves the flame retardancy of the cured epoxy resins. The epoxy resin (ER)/TRIDDPA1.0 resin acquires a limiting oxygen index value of 30.7% and UL-94 V-0 rating when the mass fraction of TRIDDPA is 1.0 wt% with only 0.086 wt% of phosphorus content. The cross-link density of ER/TRIDDPA1.0 is increased, and the glass transition temperature is improved by 5°C. Besides, tensile strength and toughness of ER/TRIDDPA1.0 are also enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunlei Dong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Alvianto Wirasaputra
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haohao Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shumei Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianqing Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Fu
- Silverage Engineering Plastics (Dongguan) Co., Ltd., Dongguan, People’s Republic of China
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50
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Okumuş A, Akbaş H, Karadağ A, Aydın A, Kılıç Z, Hökelek T. Antiproliferative Effects against A549, Hep3B and FL Cell Lines of Cyclotriphosphazene-Based Novel Protic Molten Salts: Spectroscopic, Crystallographic and Thermal Results. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aytuğ Okumuş
- Department of Chemistry; Ankara University; 06100 Tandoğan-Ankara Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Akbaş
- Department of Chemistry; Gaziosmanpaşa University; 60250 Taşlıçiftlik Kampüsü-Tokat Turkey
| | - Ahmet Karadağ
- Department of Chemistry; Gaziosmanpaşa University; 60250 Taşlıçiftlik Kampüsü-Tokat Turkey
| | - Ali Aydın
- Department of Molecular Biology, Chemistry; Gaziosmanpaşa University; 60250 Taşlıçiftlik Kampüsü-Tokat Turkey
| | - Zeynel Kılıç
- Department of Chemistry; Ankara University; 06100 Tandoğan-Ankara Turkey
| | - Tuncer Hökelek
- Department of Physics; Hacettepe University; 06800 Beytepe-Ankara Turkey
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