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Sharma R, Morgen P, Larsen MJ, Roda-Serrat MC, Lund PB, Grahl-Madsen L, Andersen SM. Recovery, Regeneration, and Reapplication of PFSA Polymer from End-of-Life PEMFC MEAs. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:48705-48715. [PMID: 37787495 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a recovery, regeneration, and reapplication process for Nafion, a perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA) ionomer, from end-of-life (EoL) low-temperature proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells (FCs). Samples of PFSA PEM recovered from EoL membrane-electrode assemblies (MEAs) with a history of close to 19,000 h of operation were recycled by dissolving the polymeric material in ethanol and applying the dissolved PFSA ionomer for producing the ionomer phase of the catalyst layer of new PEMFC cathodes. Structural characterizations show a marginally lower abundance of sulfonic groups for the EoL PEM compared to a fresh sample. Sulfonation of the former was employed to regenerate sulfonic groups to compensate for the lost ones. New gas-diffusion electrodes (GDEs) were prepared with the recycled PFSA ionomer both with and without sulfonation, and MEAs with these GDEs as cathodes were assembled through a state-of-the-art procedure. Electrochemical characterizations of the GDEs and single-cell studies of the MEAs showed that the electrochemical performances of catalyst layers containing recycled PFSA ionomer were at least similar to those containing fresh. Durability studies of the GDEs and MEAs, performed through a three-electrode liquid cell and a single cell, respectively, show the highest durability for the GDE/MEA with PFSA ionomer recycled without applying the sulfonation step. However, the GDE with PFSA ionomer obtained from recycling a re-sulfonated PEM shows a durability comparable to that of the GDE with fresh PFSA ionomer. Hence, PFSA material aged during PEMFC operation may be employed to produce highly functional and durable regenerated PFSA ionomer for PEMFC catalyst layers. The studied process of PFSA ionomer recycling is highly attractive for industrial adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghunandan Sharma
- Department of Green Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Per Morgen
- Department of Green Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Juul Larsen
- IRD Fuel Cells A/S, Emil Neckelmanns Vej 15 A&B, 5220 Odense SØ, Denmark
| | - Maria Cinta Roda-Serrat
- Department of Green Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Peter Brilner Lund
- Department of Green Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
- IRD Fuel Cells A/S, Emil Neckelmanns Vej 15 A&B, 5220 Odense SØ, Denmark
| | - Laila Grahl-Madsen
- IRD Fuel Cells A/S, Emil Neckelmanns Vej 15 A&B, 5220 Odense SØ, Denmark
| | - Shuang Ma Andersen
- Department of Green Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
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Song J, Zhao W, Zhou L, Meng H, Wang H, Guan P, Li M, Zou Y, Feng W, Zhang M, Zhu L, He P, Liu F, Zhang Y. Rational Materials and Structure Design for Improving the Performance and Durability of High Temperature Proton Exchange Membranes (HT-PEMs). ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2303969. [PMID: 37653601 PMCID: PMC10602569 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen energy as the next-generation clean energy carrier has attracted the attention of both academic and industrial fields. A key limit in the current stage is the operation temperature of hydrogen fuel cells, which lies in the slow development of high-temperature and high-efficiency proton exchange membranes. Currently, much research effort has been devoted to this field, and very innovative material systems have been developed. The authors think it is the right time to make a short summary of the high-temperature proton exchange membranes (HT-PEMs), the fundamentals, and developments, which can help the researchers to clearly and efficiently gain the key information. In this paper, the development of key materials and optimization strategies, the degradation mechanism and possible solutions, and the most common morphology characterization techniques as well as correlations between morphology and overall properties have been systematically summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingnan Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringFrontiers Science Center for Transformative MoleculesCenter of Hydrogen ScienceShanghai Key Lab of Electrical Insulation & Thermal AgingShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240P. R. China
| | - Wutong Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringFrontiers Science Center for Transformative MoleculesCenter of Hydrogen ScienceShanghai Key Lab of Electrical Insulation & Thermal AgingShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240P. R. China
| | - Libo Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringFrontiers Science Center for Transformative MoleculesCenter of Hydrogen ScienceShanghai Key Lab of Electrical Insulation & Thermal AgingShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240P. R. China
| | - Hongjie Meng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringFrontiers Science Center for Transformative MoleculesCenter of Hydrogen ScienceShanghai Key Lab of Electrical Insulation & Thermal AgingShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240P. R. China
| | - Haibo Wang
- Shanghai Maxim Fuel Cell Technology CompanyShanghai201401P. R. China
| | - Panpan Guan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringFrontiers Science Center for Transformative MoleculesCenter of Hydrogen ScienceShanghai Key Lab of Electrical Insulation & Thermal AgingShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240P. R. China
| | - Min Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringFrontiers Science Center for Transformative MoleculesCenter of Hydrogen ScienceShanghai Key Lab of Electrical Insulation & Thermal AgingShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240P. R. China
| | - Yecheng Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorinated Functional Membrane Materials and Dongyue Future Hydrogen Energy Materials CompanyZiboShandong256401P. R. China
| | - Wei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorinated Functional Membrane Materials and Dongyue Future Hydrogen Energy Materials CompanyZiboShandong256401P. R. China
| | - Ming Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringFrontiers Science Center for Transformative MoleculesCenter of Hydrogen ScienceShanghai Key Lab of Electrical Insulation & Thermal AgingShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringFrontiers Science Center for Transformative MoleculesCenter of Hydrogen ScienceShanghai Key Lab of Electrical Insulation & Thermal AgingShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240P. R. China
| | - Ping He
- Shanghai Maxim Fuel Cell Technology CompanyShanghai201401P. R. China
| | - Feng Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringFrontiers Science Center for Transformative MoleculesCenter of Hydrogen ScienceShanghai Key Lab of Electrical Insulation & Thermal AgingShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240P. R. China
| | - Yongming Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringFrontiers Science Center for Transformative MoleculesCenter of Hydrogen ScienceShanghai Key Lab of Electrical Insulation & Thermal AgingShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240P. R. China
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3
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Alashkar A, Al-Othman A, Tawalbeh M, Qasim M. A Critical Review on the Use of Ionic Liquids in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12020178. [PMID: 35207099 PMCID: PMC8877517 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12020178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work provides a comprehensive review on the incorporation of ionic liquid (ILs) into polymer blends and their utilization as proton exchanges membranes (PEM). Various conventional polymers that incorporate ILs are discussed, such as Nafion, poly (vinylidene fluoride), polybenzimidazole, sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone), and sulfonated polyimide. The methods of synthesis of IL/polymer composite membranes are summarized and the role of ionic liquids as electrolytes and structure directing agents in PEM fuel cells (PEMFCs) is presented. In addition, the obstacles that are reported to impede the development of commercial polymerized IL membranes are highlighted in this work. The paper concludes that the presence of certain ILs can increase the conductivity of the PEM, and consequently, enhance the performance of PEMFCs. Nevertheless, the leakage of ILs from composite membranes as well as the limited long-term thermal and mechanical stability are considered as the main challenges that limit the employment of IL/polymer composite membranes in PEMFCs, especially for high-temperature applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Alashkar
- Materials Science and Engineering Ph.D. Program, Department of Chemical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Amani Al-Othman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates;
- Correspondence:
| | - Muhammad Tawalbeh
- Department of Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates;
- Sustainable Energy & Power Systems Research Centre, Research Institute of Sciences & Engineering (RISE), University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates;
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Wong CY, Wong WY, Loh KS, Lim KL. Protic ionic liquids as next-generation proton exchange membrane materials: Current status & future perspectives. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2022.105160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Vinothkannan M, Kim AR, Yoo DJ. Potential carbon nanomaterials as additives for state-of-the-art Nafion electrolyte in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells: a concise review. RSC Adv 2021; 11:18351-18370. [PMID: 35480954 PMCID: PMC9033471 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00685a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have received great attention as a potential alternative energy device for internal combustion engines due to their high conversion efficiency compared to other fuel cells. The main hindrance for the wide commercial adoption of PEMFCs is the high cost, low proton conductivity, and high fuel permeability of the state-of-the-art Nafion membrane. Typically, to improve the Nafion membrane, a wide range of strategies have been developed, in which efforts on the incorporation of carbon nanomaterial (CN)-based fillers are highly imperative. Even though many research endeavors have been achieved in relation to CN-based fillers applicable for Nafion, still their collective summary has rarely been reported. This review aims to outline the mechanisms involved in proton conduction in proton-exchange membranes (PEMs) and the significant requirements of PEMs for PEMFCs. This review also emphasizes the improvements achieved in the proton conductivity, fuel barrier properties, and PEMFC performance of Nafion membranes by incorporating carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, and fullerene as additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohanraj Vinothkannan
- R&D Education Center for Whole Life Cycle R&D of Fuel Cell Systems, Jeonbuk National University Jeonju Jeollabuk-do 54896 Republic of Korea
| | - Ae Rhan Kim
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Department of Energy Storage/Conversion Engineering, Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research Center, Jeonbuk National University Jeonju Jeollabuk-do 54896 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Jin Yoo
- R&D Education Center for Whole Life Cycle R&D of Fuel Cell Systems, Jeonbuk National University Jeonju Jeollabuk-do 54896 Republic of Korea
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Department of Energy Storage/Conversion Engineering, Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research Center, Jeonbuk National University Jeonju Jeollabuk-do 54896 Republic of Korea
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6
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A facile and efficient method to improve the proton conductivity of open-framework metal phosphates under aqueous condition. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2020.108128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Cui F, Ni Y, Jiang J, Ni L, Wang Z. Inhibiting Effect of Ionic Liquids on the Corrosion of Mild Steel in H
2
S and HCl Solution. Chem Eng Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201900320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fusheng Cui
- Nanjing Tech University Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control College of Safety Science and Engineering Puzhu South Road 211816 Jiangsu Nanjing China
- Nanjing Tech University College of Safety Science and Engineering Puzhu South Road 211816 Jiangsu Nanjing China
| | - Yuqing Ni
- Nanjing Tech University Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control College of Safety Science and Engineering Puzhu South Road 211816 Jiangsu Nanjing China
- Nanjing Tech University College of Safety Science and Engineering Puzhu South Road 211816 Jiangsu Nanjing China
| | - Juncheng Jiang
- Nanjing Tech University Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control College of Safety Science and Engineering Puzhu South Road 211816 Jiangsu Nanjing China
- Nanjing Tech University College of Safety Science and Engineering Puzhu South Road 211816 Jiangsu Nanjing China
| | - Lei Ni
- Nanjing Tech University Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control College of Safety Science and Engineering Puzhu South Road 211816 Jiangsu Nanjing China
- Nanjing Tech University College of Safety Science and Engineering Puzhu South Road 211816 Jiangsu Nanjing China
| | - Zhirong Wang
- Nanjing Tech University Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control College of Safety Science and Engineering Puzhu South Road 211816 Jiangsu Nanjing China
- Nanjing Tech University College of Safety Science and Engineering Puzhu South Road 211816 Jiangsu Nanjing China
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8
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Karimi MB, Mohammadi F, Hooshyari K. Effect of deep eutectic solvents hydrogen bond acceptor on the anhydrous proton conductivity of Nafion membrane for fuel cell applications. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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9
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Esmaeili N, Gray EM, Webb CJ. Non-Fluorinated Polymer Composite Proton Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cell Applications - A Review. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2016-2053. [PMID: 31334917 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The critical component of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system is the proton exchange membrane (PEM). Perfluorosulfonic acid membranes such as Nafion are currently used for PEMFCs in industry, despite suffering from reduced proton conductivity due to dehydration at higher temperatures. However, operating at temperatures below 100 °C leads to cathode flooding, catalyst poisoning by CO, and complex system design with higher cost. Research has concentrated on the membrane material and on preparation methods to achieve high proton conductivity, thermal, mechanical and chemical stability, low fuel crossover and lower cost at high temperatures. Non-fluorinated polymers are a promising alternative. However, improving the efficiency at higher temperatures has necessitated modifications and the inclusion of inorganic materials in a polymer matrix to form a composite membrane can be an approach to reach the target performance, while still reducing costs. This review focuses on recent research in composite PEMs based on non-fluorinated polymers. Various inorganic fillers incorporated in the PEM structure are reviewed in terms of their properties and the effect on PEM fuel cell performance. The most reliable polymers and fillers with potential for high temperature proton exchange membranes (HTPEMs) are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazila Esmaeili
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Evan MacA Gray
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Colin J Webb
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111, Brisbane, Australia
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10
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CO 2 /N 2 separation using alumina supported membranes based on new functionalized ionic liquids. Sep Purif Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Parveen F, Patra T, Upadhyayula S. Hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose using functionalized Bronsted acidic ionic liquids – A comparative study. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 135:280-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Bi-functionalized copolymer-sulphonated SiO2 embedded with aprotic ionic liquid based anhydrous proton conducting membrane for high temperature application. J Memb Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Yang Y, Lu F, Gao X, Xie S, Sun N, Zheng L. Effect of different ion-aggregating structures on the property of proton conducting membrane based on polyvinyl alcohol. J Memb Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Smiglak M, Pringle JM, Lu X, Han L, Zhang S, Gao H, MacFarlane DR, Rogers RD. Ionic liquids for energy, materials, and medicine. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:9228-50. [PMID: 24830849 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc02021a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
As highlighted by the recent ChemComm web themed issue on ionic liquids, this field continues to develop beyond the concept of interesting new solvents for application in the greening of the chemical industry. Here some current research trends in the field will be discussed which show that ionic liquids research is still aimed squarely at solving major societal issues by taking advantage of new fundamental understanding of the nature of these salts in their low temperature liquid state. This article discusses current research trends in applications of ionic liquids to energy, materials, and medicines to provide some insight into the directions, motivations, challenges, and successes being achieved with ionic liquids today.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Smiglak
- Poznan Science and Technology Park, Adam Mickiewicz University Foundation, 61-612 Poznan, Poland
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15
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Munson KT, Vergara J, Yu L, Vaden TD. Characterization of the Bridged Proton Structure in HTFSI Acid Ionic Liquid Solutions. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:6304-10. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b02715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T. Munson
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Jason Vergara
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Lei Yu
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Timothy D. Vaden
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
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16
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Chen H, Wang J, Bai H, Sun J, Li Y, Liu Y, Wang J. Nanohybrid membranes with hydroxide ion transport highways constructed from imidazolium-functionalized graphene oxide. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra18183f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) and functionalized GO have been widely employed to design and fabricate polymer–inorganic nanohybrid materials for electrochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- P. R. China
| | - Jianshe Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- P. R. China
| | - Huijuan Bai
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- P. R. China
| | - Jie Sun
- Lab of Renewable Energy and Energy Safety
- Institute of NBC Defense
- Beijing 102205
- P. R. China
| | - Yifan Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- P. R. China
| | - Yong Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- P. R. China
| | - Jingtao Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- P. R. China
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17
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Yang Y, Gao H, Zheng L. Anhydrous proton exchange membranes at elevated temperatures: effect of protic ionic liquids and crosslinker on proton conductivity. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra16106h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anhydrous proton exchange membranes based on PVA and ILs can be applied at high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry
- Shandong University
- Ministry of Education
- Jinan 250100
- China
| | - Hejun Gao
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
- China West Normal University
- Nanchong 637000
- China
| | - Liqiang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry
- Shandong University
- Ministry of Education
- Jinan 250100
- China
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18
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Lu F, Gao X, Dong B, Sun P, Sun N, Xie S, Zheng L. Nanostructured proton conductors formed via in situ polymerization of ionic liquid crystals. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:21970-21977. [PMID: 25469690 DOI: 10.1021/am504504m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquid crystals (ILCs) with hexagonal and lamellar phases were successfully fabricated by the self-assembly of a polymerizable amphiphilic zwitterion, which is formed by 3-(1-vinyl-3-imidazolio)propanesulfonate (VIPS) and 4-dodecyl benzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) based on intermolecular electrostatic interactions. The microstructures and phase behaviors of ILCs were studied by polarized microscope (POM) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The ILC topological structures can be considered as proton pathways and further fixed by photopolymerization to prepare nanostructured proton-conductive films. The introduction of highly ordered and well-defined ILC structures into these polymeric films radically improves the ionic conductivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Ministry of Education , Jinan 250100, China
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19
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Lu F, Gao X, Xie S, Sun N, Zheng L. Chemical modification of Nafion membranes by protic ionic liquids: the key role of ionomer-cation interactions. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:7819-7825. [PMID: 25148206 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm01473a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemically modified Nafion composite membranes were successfully fabricated using five kinds of protic ionic liquids (PILs) with different cations, 1-butylammonium methanesulfonate (BA-MS), tributylammonium methanesulfonate (TBA-MS), 2,4,6-trimethylphenylammonium methanesulfonate (TMA-MS), butane-1,4-diammonium methanesulfonate (BDA-MS), and N-(2-aminoethyl)ethane-1,2-diammonium methanesulfonate (DETA-MS). The PIL incorporated Nafion composite membranes were characterized by impedance spectroscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), dynamic-mechanical analysis (DMA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). In general, the Nafion/PIL composite membranes exhibit a significant increase in the ionic conductivities than Nafion under anhydrous conditions. The interactions between the Nafion ionomer and different geometric cations of PILs were also discussed by the comparison of nanostructures, dynamic-mechanical properties and thermal stabilities of the Nafion/PIL composite membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Ministry of Education, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China.
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20
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Li Z, He G, Zhang B, Cao Y, Wu H, Jiang Z, Tiantian Z. Enhanced proton conductivity of Nafion hybrid membrane under different humidities by incorporating metal-organic frameworks with high phytic acid loading. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:9799-9807. [PMID: 24892655 DOI: 10.1021/am502236v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, phytic acid (myo-inositol hexaphosphonic acid) was first immobilized by MIL101 via vacuum-assisted impregnation method. The obtained phytic@MIL101 was then utilized as a novel filler to incorporate into Nafion to fabricate hybrid proton exchange membrane for application in PEMFC under different relative humidities (RHs), especially under low RHs. High loading and uniform dispersion of phytic acid in MIL 101(Cr) were achieved as demonstrated by ICP, FT-IR, XPS, and EDS-mapping. The phytic@MIL101 was dispersed homogeneously in the Nafion matrix when the filler content was less than 12%. Hybrid membranes were evaluated by proton conductivity, mechanical property, thermal stability, and so forth. Remarkably, the Nafion/phytic@MIL hybrid membranes showed high proton conductivity at different RHs, especially under low RHs, which was up to 0.0608 S cm(-1) and 7.63 × 10(-4) S cm(-1) at 57.4% RH and 10.5% RH (2.8 and 11.0 times higher than that of pristine membrane), respectively. Moreover, the mechanical property of Nafion/phtic@MIL hybrid membranes was substantially enhanced and the thermal stability of membranes was well preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072, China
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Liu S, Zhou L, Wang P, Zhang F, Yu S, Shao Z, Yi B. Ionic-liquid-based proton conducting membranes for anhydrous H2/Cl2 fuel-cell applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:3195-3200. [PMID: 24490850 DOI: 10.1021/am404645c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
An ionic-liquid-doped poly(benzimidazole) (PBI) proton-conducting membrane for an anhydrous H2/Cl2 fuel cell has been proposed. Compared with other ionic liquids, such as imidazole-type ionic liquids, diethylmethylammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate ([dema][TfO]) showed better electrode reaction kinetics (H2 oxidation and Cl2 reduction reaction at platinum) and was more suitable for a H2/Cl2 fuel cell. PBI polymer and [dema][TfO] were compatible with each other, and the hybrid membranes exhibited high stability and good ionic conductivity, reaching 20.73 mS cm(-1) at 160 °C. We also analyzed the proton-transfer mechanism in this ionic-liquid-based membrane and considered that both proton-hopping and diffusion mechanisms existed. In addition, this composite electrolyte worked well in a H2/Cl2 fuel cell under non-water conditions. This work would give a good path to study the novel membranes for anhydrous H2/Cl2 fuel-cell application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa Liu
- Fuel Cell System and Engineering Laboratory, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
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Amiinu IS, Liang X, Tu Z, Zhang H, Feng J, Wan Z, Pan M. Anhydrous proton conducting materials based on sulfonated dimethylphenethylchlorosilane grafted mesoporous silica/ionic liquid composite. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:11535-11543. [PMID: 24215166 DOI: 10.1021/am404417g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Efficient membrane proton conductivity at elevated temperatures (>100 °C) and reduced humidification conditions is a critical issue hindering fuel cell commercialization. Herein, proton conducting materials consisting of high surface area acid catalyzed mesoporous silica functionalized with sulfonated dimethylphenethylchlorosilane was investigated under anhydrous conditions. The organic moiety covalently bonded to the silica substrate via active hydroxyl groups on the silica pore surface. The structure and dynamic phases of the attached organic molecule were characterized and qualitatively determined by XRD, TEM, FT-IR, and solid state NMR. The amount of grafted organic molecules was estimated to be 2.45 μmol m(-2) by carbon elemental analysis. The so-formed composite materials showed adequate thermal stability up to 300 °C as determined by TGA. Under anhydrous conditions, ionic conductivity of the composite material upon ionic liquid impregnation reaches a peak value of 1.14 × 10(-2) S cm(-1) at 160 °C associated with the activation energy of 9.24 kJ mol(-1) for proton transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Saana Amiinu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan, P. R. China , 430070
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