1
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Caliskanyürek V, Riabchunova A, Kupfer S, Ma F, Wang JW, Karnahl M. Exploring the Potential of Al(III) Photosensitizers for Energy Transfer Reactions. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:15829-15840. [PMID: 39132844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Three homoleptic Al(III) complexes (Al1-Al3) with different degrees of methylation at the 2-pyridylpyrrolide ligand were systematically tested for their function as photosensitizers (PS) in two types of energy transfer reactions. First, in the generation of reactive singlet oxygen (1O2), and second, in the isomerization of (E)- to (Z)-stilbene. 1O2 was directly evidenced by its characteristic NIR emission at around 1276 nm and indirectly by the reaction with an organic substrate [e.g. 2,5-diphenylfuran (DPF)] using in situ UV/vis spectroscopy. In a previous study, the presence of additional methyl groups was found to be beneficial for the photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO, but here Al1 without any methyl groups exhibits superior performance. To rationalize this behavior, a combination of photophysical experiments (absorption, emission and excited state lifetimes) together with photostability measurements and scalar-relativistic time-dependent density functional theory calculations was applied. As a result, Al1 exhibited the highest emission quantum yield (64%), the longest emission lifetime (8.7 ns) and the best photostability under the reaction conditions required for the energy transfer reactions (e.g. in aerated chloroform). Moreover, Al1 provided the highest rate constant (0.043 min-1) for the photocatalytic oxygenation of DPF, outperforming even noble metal-based competitors such as [Ru(bpy)3]2+. Finally, its superior photostability enabled a long-term test (7 h), in which Al1 was successfully recycled seven times, underlining the high potential of this new class of earth-abundant PSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volkan Caliskanyürek
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 31, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anastasiia Riabchunova
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 31, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Fan Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Jia-Wei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Michael Karnahl
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 31, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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2
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Bregnhøj M, Thorning F, Ogilby PR. Singlet Oxygen Photophysics: From Liquid Solvents to Mammalian Cells. Chem Rev 2024. [PMID: 39106038 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Molecular oxygen, O2, has long provided a cornerstone for studies in chemistry, physics, and biology. Although the triplet ground state, O2(X3Σg-), has garnered much attention, the lowest excited electronic state, O2(a1Δg), commonly called singlet oxygen, has attracted appreciable interest, principally because of its unique chemical reactivity in systems ranging from the Earth's atmosphere to biological cells. Because O2(a1Δg) can be produced and deactivated in processes that involve light, the photophysics of O2(a1Δg) are equally important. Moreover, pathways for O2(a1Δg) deactivation that regenerate O2(X3Σg-), which address fundamental principles unto themselves, kinetically compete with the chemical reactions of O2(a1Δg) and, thus, have practical significance. Due to technological advances (e.g., lasers, optical detectors, microscopes), data acquired in the past ∼20 years have increased our understanding of O2(a1Δg) photophysics appreciably and facilitated both spatial and temporal control over the behavior of O2(a1Δg). One goal of this Review is to summarize recent developments that have broad ramifications, focusing on systems in which oxygen forms a contact complex with an organic molecule M (e.g., a liquid solvent). An important concept is the role played by the M+•O2-• charge-transfer state in both the formation and deactivation of O2(a1Δg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Bregnhøj
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 140 Langelandsgade, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Frederik Thorning
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 140 Langelandsgade, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Peter R Ogilby
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 140 Langelandsgade, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
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3
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Elavarasan S, Preety J, Kesavan M, Patel RB, Baskar B. Activation of enamine by photoexcited organocatalyst assisted singlet oxygen: synthesis of oxazoles and quinoxalines. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4912-4921. [PMID: 38808593 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00609g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Herein, a novel transition-metal-free thiol-based donor-acceptor organophotocatalyst-assisted, singlet-oxygen-mediated tandem oxidative cyclization for the synthesis of substituted oxazoles in moderate-to-good yields is described. The developed method demonstrates applicability for the synthesis of various substituted quinoxalines in good-to-excellent yields. The metal-free methodology shows a practical route for the synthesis of oxazole and quinoxaline derivatives, which are privileged moieties prevalent in various biologically active compounds and natural products. To the best of our knowledge, both the thiol photocatalyst and synthesis of oxazoles by visible-light irradiation are reported for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvaraj Elavarasan
- Laboratory of Sustainable Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulatur, 603 203, Chengalpet (Dt), Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Jeyaraj Preety
- Laboratory of Sustainable Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulatur, 603 203, Chengalpet (Dt), Tamilnadu, India.
| | - M Kesavan
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM), SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulatur, 603 203, Chengalpet (Dt), Tamilnadu, India
| | - Ravi B Patel
- Graduate School of Pharmacy, Gujarat Technological University, Ghandhinagar Campus, Ghandhinagar - 382028, Gujarat, India
| | - Baburaj Baskar
- Laboratory of Sustainable Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulatur, 603 203, Chengalpet (Dt), Tamilnadu, India.
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4
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Merin Rinky K, Gayathri Devi D, Priya VK. Fagopyrin F fraction from Fagopyrum tataricum demonstrates photodynamic inactivation of skin infecting bacterium and squamous cell carcinoma (A431) cells. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:1011-1029. [PMID: 38753286 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-024-00571-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) stands out as a noteworthy development as an alternative targeted treatment against skin ailments. While PDT has advanced significantly, research into photo-activatable "Green drugs" derived from plants which are less toxic than the synthetic drugs has not kept pace. This study investigates the potential of Fagopyrin F Containing Fraction (FCF) derived from Fagopyrum tataricum in mediating PDT against Staphylococcus aureus and skin cancer cells (A431). FCF was isolated from the plant extract using thin-layer chromatography, followed by identification of the compound through high-performance liquid chromatography and high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. FCF was tested to determine its antibacterial and anticancer efficacy. Results revealed that FCF-mediated PDT exhibited potent action against S. aureus, significantly reducing bacterial viability (MIC 19.5 μg/100 μL). Moreover, FCF-mediated PDT showed good efficacy against A431 cells, resulting in a notable reduction in cell viability (IC50 29.08 μg/mL). Given the known association between S. aureus and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), FCF shows the potential to effectively target and eradicate both SCC and the related S. aureus present within the lesions. In silico study reveals that Fagopyrin F effectively binds with the epidermal growth factor (EGFR), one among the highly expressed proteins in the A431 cells, with a binding energy of - 9.6 kcal/mol. The affinity of Fagopyrin F for EGFR on A431 cancer cells along with its cytotoxicity against skin cancer cells while safeguarding the normal cells (L929) plays a major part in the way it targets cancer cells. However, its safety, efficacy, and long-term advantages in treating skin conditions require more investigation, including in vivo investigations and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Merin Rinky
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Calicut, Malappuram, Kerala, 673635, India
| | - D Gayathri Devi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Calicut, Malappuram, Kerala, 673635, India.
| | - V K Priya
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, 686560, India
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5
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Zeng H, Yang B, Zhang J, Zhu H, Deng J, Shi Z, Zhou S, Zhang H, Cai A, Deng L. MnFe layered double hydroxides confined MnO x for peroxymonosulfate activation: A novel manner for the selective production of singlet oxygen. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 348:123865. [PMID: 38548162 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen (1O2) is a reactive species for the selective degradation of stubborn organic pollutants. Given its resistance to harsh water environment, the effective and exclusive generation of 1O2 is acknowledged as a key strategy to mitigate water production costs and ensure water supply safety. Herein, we synthesized MnOx intercalated MnFe layered double hydroxides (MF-MnOx) to selectively produce 1O2 through the activation of PMS. The distinctive confined structure endowed MF-MnOx with a special pathway for the PMS activation. The direct oxidation of BPA on the intercalated MnOx induced the charge imbalance in the MnFe-LDH layer, resulting in the selective generation of 1O2. Moreover, acceptable activity deterioration of MF-MnOx was observed in a 10 h continuous degradation test in actual water, substantiating the application potential of MF-MnOx. This work presents a novel catalyst for the selective production of 1O2, and evaluates its prospects in the remediation of micro-polluted water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxuan Zeng
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Structures & Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Bufan Yang
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Jinchen Zhang
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Hao Zhu
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China
| | - Jing Deng
- College of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Structures & Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, China.
| | - Zhou Shi
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Shiqing Zhou
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Haojie Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, 04318, Germany
| | - Anhong Cai
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ecological Treatment Technology of Urban Water Pollution, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Lin Deng
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Water Security Technology and Application, Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Education, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
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6
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Kumar R, Grover N, Jain N. 1O 2 Mediated Conversion of β-Enaminonitriles to α-Keto Amides Photosensitized by Recyclable H 2TPP in Visible Light. J Org Chem 2024; 89:4722-4732. [PMID: 38502937 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
We report a one-step approach for the conversion of β-enaminonitriles to synthetically versatile α-keto amides in moderate to high yields under visible light irradiation photosensitized by porphyrins. The method is mild, cost-effective, and sustainable and requires air as the sole reagent/oxidant. The reaction is believed to proceed via an ene-type pathway initiated by 1O2, followed by dehydration, imine hydrolysis, and subsequent nucleophilic substitution of the cyanide group by amine. The method offers a broad substrate scope and has also been extended for synthesis of α-keto esters with aliphatic alcohols as nucleophiles. The porphyrin recovered after the reaction can be reused multiple times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Nitika Grover
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Nidhi Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi-110016, India
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7
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Martins GM, Braga FC, de Castro PP, Brocksom TJ, de Oliveira KT. Continuous flow reactions in the preparation of active pharmaceutical ingredients and fine chemicals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:3226-3239. [PMID: 38441166 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00418c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we present an overview of continuous flow chemistry, including photoflow and electroflow technologies in the preparation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and fine chemical intermediates. Examples highlighting the benefits and challenges associated with continuous flow processes, mainly involving continuous thermal, photo- and electrochemical transformations, are drawn from the relevant literature, especially our experience and collaborations in this area, with emphasis on the synthesis and prospective scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme M Martins
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Felipe C Braga
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Pedro P de Castro
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Timothy J Brocksom
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Kleber T de Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
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8
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Bonaccorsi R, Glass B, Moreno-Paz M, García-Villadangos M, Warren-Rhodes K, Parro V, Manchado JM, Wilhelm MB, McKay CP. In Situ Real-Time Monitoring for Aseptic Drilling: Lessons Learned from the Atacama Rover Astrobiology Drilling Studies Contamination Control Strategy and Implementation and Application to the Icebreaker Mars Life Detection Mission. ASTROBIOLOGY 2023; 23:1303-1336. [PMID: 38133823 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2022.0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
In 2019, the Atacama Rover Astrobiology Drilling Studies (ARADS) project field-tested an autonomous rover-mounted robotic drill prototype for a 6-Sol life detection mission to Mars (Icebreaker). ARADS drilled Mars-like materials in the Atacama Desert (Chile), one of the most life-diminished regions on Earth, where mitigating contamination transfer into life-detection instruments becomes critical. Our Contamination Control Strategy and Implementation (CCSI) for the Sample Handling and Transfer System (SHTS) hardware (drill, scoop and funnels) included out-of-simulation protocol testing (out-of-sim) for hardware decontamination and verification during the 6-Sol simulation (in-sim). The most effective five-step decontamination combined safer-to-use sterilants (3%_hydrogen-peroxide-activated 5%_sodium-hypochlorite), and in situ real-time verification by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and Signs of Life Detector (SOLID) Fluorescence Immunoassay for characterization hardware bioburden and airborne contaminants. The 20- to 40-min protocol enabled a 4-log bioburden reduction down to <0.1 fmoles ATP detection limit (funnels and drill) to 0.2-0.7 fmoles (scoop) of total ATP. The (post-cleaning) hardware background was 0.3 to 1-2 attomoles ATP/cm2 (cleanliness benchmark background values) equivalent to ca. 1-10 colony forming unit (CFU)/cm2. Further, 60-100% of the in-sim hardware background was ≤3-4 bacterial cells/cm2, the threshold limit for Class <7 aseptic operations. Across the six Sols, the flux of airborne contaminants to the drill sites was ∼5 and ∼22 amoles ATP/(cm2·day), accounting for an unexpectedly high Fluorescence Intensity (FI) signal (FI: ∼6000) against aquatic cyanobacteria, but negligible anthropogenic contribution. The SOLID immunoassay also detected microorganisms from multiple habitats across the Atacama Desert (anoxic, alkaline/acidic microenvironments in halite fields, playas, and alluvial fans) in both airborne and post-cleaning hardware background. Finally, the hardware ATP background was 40-250 times lower than the ATP in cores. Similarly, the FI peaks (FImax) against the microbial taxa and molecular biomarkers detected in the post-cleaned hardware (FI: ∼1500-1600) were 5-10 times lower than biomarkers in drilled sediments, excluding significant interference with putative biomarker found in cores. Similar protocols enable the acquisition of contamination-free materials for ultra-sensitive instruments analysis and the integrity of scientific results. Their application can augment our scientific knowledge of the distribution of cryptic life on Mars-like grounds and support life-detection robotic and human-operated missions to Mars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalba Bonaccorsi
- SETI Institute, Mountain View, California, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - Brian Glass
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - Mercedes Moreno-Paz
- Department of Molecular Evolution, Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Kimberley Warren-Rhodes
- SETI Institute, Mountain View, California, USA
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - Victor Parro
- Department of Molecular Evolution, Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Manchado
- Department of Molecular Evolution, Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Lioret V, Renault K, Maury O, Romieu A. Valkyrie Probes: A Novel Class of Enzyme-Activatable Photosensitizers based on Sulfur- and Seleno-Rosamines with Pyridinium Unit. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300756. [PMID: 37811909 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The rational design of activatable photosensitizers (aPSs) uncaged by specific disease biomarkers is currently booming due to their positive attributes to achieve targeted photodynamic therapy (PDT). In this context, we present here the synthesis and detailed photophysical characterization of a novel class of hetero-rosamine dyes bearing sulfur or selenium as bridging heavy atom and 4-pyridyl meso-substituent as optically tunable group. The main feature of such photoactive platforms is the spectacular change of their spectral properties depending on the caging/decaging status of their 4-pyridyl moiety (cationic pyridinium vs. neutral pyridine). The preparation of two alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-responsive probes (named Valkyrie probes) was achieved through formal N-quaternarization with 4-phosphoryloxybenzyl, the traditional recognition moiety for this important diagnostic enzyme. Bio-analytical validations including fluorescence/singlet oxygen phosphorescence enzyme assays and RP-HPLC-fluorescence/-MS analyses have enabled us to demonstrate the viability and effectiveness of this novel photosensitizer activation strategy. Since sulfur-containing Valkyrie probe also retains high fluorogenicity in the orange-red spectral range, this study highlights meso-pyridyl-substituted S-pyronin scaffolds as valuable candidates for the rapid construction of molecular phototheranostic platforms suitable for combined fluorescence diagnosis and PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Lioret
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6302, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, 9, Avenue Alain Savary, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Kévin Renault
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6302, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, 9, Avenue Alain Savary, 21000, Dijon, France
- Present address: CNRS UMR9187, Inserm U1196, Chemistry and Modeling for the Biology of Cancer Institut Curie, Université PSL, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Olivier Maury
- University of Lyon, Laboratoire de Chimie, UMR 5182, CNRS, ENS Lyon, 46, Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France
| | - Anthony Romieu
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6302, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, 9, Avenue Alain Savary, 21000, Dijon, France
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10
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Mahbub P, Duke M. Scalability of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in industrial applications: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 345:118861. [PMID: 37651902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection and decontamination of water by application of oxidisers is an essential treatment step across numerous industrial sectors including potable supply and industry waste management, however, could be greatly enhanced if operated as advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). AOPs destroy contaminants including pathogens by uniquely harnessing radical chemistry. Despite AOPs offer great practical opportunities, no reviews to date have highlighted the critical AOP virtues that facilitate AOPs' scale up under growing industrial demand. Hence, this review analyses the critical AOP parameters such as oxidant conversion efficiency, batch mode vs continuous-flow systems, location of radical production, radical delivery by advanced micro-/mesoporous structures and AOP process costs to assist the translation of progressing developments of AOPs into their large-scale applications. Additionally, the state of the art is analysed for various AOP inducing radical/oxidiser measurement techniques and their half-lives with a view to identify radicals/oxidisers that are suitable for in-situ production. It is concluded that radicals with short half-lives such as hydroxyl (10-4 μsec) and sulfate (30-40 μsec) need to be produced in-situ via continuous-flow reactors for their effective transport and dosing. Meanwhile, radicals/oxidisers with longer half-lives such as ozone (7-10 min), hydrogen peroxide (stable for several hours), and hypochlorous acid (10 min -17 h) need to be applied through batch reactor systems due to their relatively longer stability during transportation and dosing. Complex and costly synthesis as well as cytotoxicity of many micro-/mesoporous structures limit their use in scaling up AOPs, particularly to immobilising and delivering the short-lived hydroxyl and sulfate radicals to their point of applications. Overall, radical delivery using safe and advanced biocompatible micro-/mesoporous structures, radical conversion efficiency using advanced reactor design and portability of AOPs are priority areas of development for scaling up to industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvez Mahbub
- Institute for Sustainable Industries & Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Footscray Park Campus, 70-104 Ballarat Road, Footscray, 3011, Australia; First Year College, Victoria University, Footscray Park Campus, 70-104 Ballarat Road, Footscray, 3011, Australia.
| | - Mikel Duke
- Institute for Sustainable Industries & Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Footscray Park Campus, 70-104 Ballarat Road, Footscray, 3011, Australia
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11
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Tonon CC, de Souza Rastelli AN, Bodahandi C, Ghosh G, Hasan T, Xu Q, Greer A, Lyons AM. Superhydrophobic Tipped Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy Device for the In Vivo Treatment of Periodontitis Using a Wistar Rat Model. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:50083-50094. [PMID: 37862708 PMCID: PMC10800031 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Limited options exist for treatment of periodontitis; scaling and root planing (SRP) are not sufficient to eradicate P. gingivalis and the resulting inflammatory disease. Chlorhexidine (CHX), used as an adjuvant to SRP, may reduce bacterial loads but leads to pain and staining, while evidence for its efficacy is lacking. Antibiotics are effective but can lead to drug-resistance. The rising concern of antibiotic resistance limits the future use of this treatment approach. This study evaluates the efficacy of a novel superhydrophobic (SH) antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) device as an adjuvant to SRP for the treatment of periodontitis induced in a Wistar rat in vivo model relative to CHX. The SH-aPDT device comprises an SH silicone rubber strip coated with verteporfin photosensitizer (PS), sterilized, and secured onto a tapered plastic optical fiber tip connected to a red diode laser. The superhydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) strips were fabricated by using a novel soluble template method that creates a medical-grade elastomer with hierarchical surface roughness without the use of nanoparticles. Superhydrophobicity minimizes direct contact of the PS-coated surface with bacterial biofilms. Upon insertion of the device tip into the pocket and energizing the laser, the device generates singlet oxygen that effectively targets and eliminates bacteria within the periodontal pocket. SH-aPDT treatment using 125 J/cm2 of red light on three consecutive days reduced P. gingivalis significantly more than SRP-CHX controls (p < 0.05). Clinical parameters significantly improved (p < 0.05), and histology and stereometry results demonstrated SH-aPDT to be the most effective treatment for improving healing and reducing inflammation, with an increase in fibroblast cells and extracellular matrix and a reduction in vascularization, inflammatory cells, and COX-2 expression. The SH-aPDT approach resulted in complete disease clearance assessed 30 days after treatment initiation with significant reduction of the periodontal pocket and re-formation of the junctional epithelium at the enamel-cementum junction. PS isolation on a SH strip minimizes the potential for bacteria to develop resistance, where the treatment may be aided by the oxygen supply retained within the SH surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Coradi Tonon
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom St, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Alessandra Nara de Souza Rastelli
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araraquara, Sao Paulo State University-UNESP, 1680 Humaita St., Araraquara, SP 14801-903, Brazil
| | - Chathuna Bodahandi
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, New York 10314, United States
| | - Goutam Ghosh
- SingletO2 Therapeutics LLC, VentureLink, Room 524B, 211 Warren St, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
| | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom St, Boston, MA 02114, United States
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - QianFeng Xu
- SingletO2 Therapeutics LLC, VentureLink, Room 524B, 211 Warren St, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
| | - Alexander Greer
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
- SingletO2 Therapeutics LLC, VentureLink, Room 524B, 211 Warren St, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, United States
| | - Alan M. Lyons
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, New York 10314, United States
- SingletO2 Therapeutics LLC, VentureLink, Room 524B, 211 Warren St, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
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12
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Curieses Andrés CM, Pérez de la Lastra JM, Andrés Juan C, Plou FJ, Pérez-Lebeña E. From reactive species to disease development: Effect of oxidants and antioxidants on the cellular biomarkers. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2023; 37:e23455. [PMID: 37437103 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The influence of modern lifestyle, diet, exposure to chemicals such as phytosanitary substances, together with sedentary lifestyles and lack of exercise play an important role in inducing reactive stress (RS) and disease. The imbalance in the production and scavenging of free radicals and the induction of RS (oxidative, nitrosative, and halogenative) plays an essential role in the etiology of various chronic pathologies, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. The implication of free radicals and reactive species injury in metabolic disturbances and the onset of many diseases have been accumulating for several decades, and are now accepted as a major cause of many chronic diseases. Exposure to elevated levels of free radicals can cause molecular structural impact on proteins, lipids, and DNA, as well as functional alteration of enzyme homeostasis, leading to aberrations in gene expression. Endogenous depletion of antioxidant enzymes can be mitigated using exogenous antioxidants. The current interest in the use of exogenous antioxidants as adjunctive agents for the treatment of human diseases allows a better understanding of these diseases, facilitating the development of new therapeutic agents with antioxidant activity to improve the treatment of various diseases. Here we examine the role that RS play in the initiation of disease and in the reactivity of free radicals and RS in organic and inorganic cellular components.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Celia Andrés Juan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Cinquima Institute, Faculty of Sciences, Valladolid University, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Plou
- Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry, CSIC-Spanish Research Council, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Yamamoto H, Yamaoka K, Shinohara A, Shibata K, Takao KI, Ogura A. Red-light-mediated Barton decarboxylation reaction and one-pot wavelength-selective transformations. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11243-11250. [PMID: 37860659 PMCID: PMC10583705 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03643j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In organic chemistry, selecting mild conditions for transformations and saving energy are increasingly important for achieving sustainable development goals. Herein, we describe a red-light-mediated Barton decarboxylation using readily available red-light-emitting diodes as the energy source and zinc tetraphenylporphyrin as the catalyst, avoiding explosive or hazardous reagents or external heating. Mechanistic studies suggest that the reaction probably proceeds via Dexter energy transfer between the activated catalyst and the Barton ester. Furthermore, a one-pot wavelength-selective reaction within the visible light range is developed in combination with a blue-light-mediated photoredox reaction, demonstrating the compatibility of two photochemical transformations based on mechanistic differences. This one-pot process expands the limits of the decarboxylative Giese reaction beyond polarity matching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Yamamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku Yokohama 223-8522 Japan
| | - Kohei Yamaoka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku Yokohama 223-8522 Japan
| | - Ann Shinohara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku Yokohama 223-8522 Japan
| | - Kouhei Shibata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku Yokohama 223-8522 Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Takao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku Yokohama 223-8522 Japan
| | - Akihiro Ogura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku Yokohama 223-8522 Japan
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14
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Abstract
Endogenous photosensitizers play a critical role in both beneficial and harmful light-induced transformations in biological systems. Understanding their mode of action is essential for advancing fields such as photomedicine, photoredox catalysis, environmental science, and the development of sun care products. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of endogenous photosensitizers in human skin, investigating the connections between their electronic excitation and the subsequent activation or damage of organic biomolecules. We gather the physicochemical and photochemical properties of key endogenous photosensitizers and examine the relationships between their chemical reactivity, location within the skin, and the primary biochemical events following solar radiation exposure, along with their influence on skin physiology and pathology. An important take-home message of this review is that photosensitization allows visible light and UV-A radiation to have large effects on skin. The analysis presented here unveils potential causes for the continuous increase in global skin cancer cases and emphasizes the limitations of current sun protection approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick L Bastos
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frank H Quina
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnic School, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maurício S Baptista
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Vera CC, Borsarelli CD. Photo-induced protein modifications: a range of biological consequences and applications. Biophys Rev 2023; 15:569-576. [PMID: 37681095 PMCID: PMC10480124 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-023-01081-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins are the most abundant biomolecules in living organisms and tissues and are also present in many natural and processed foods and beverages, as well as in pharmaceuticals and therapeutics. When exposed to UV-visible light, proteins containing endogenous or exogenous chromophores can undergo direct and indirect photochemical processes, resulting in protein modifications including oxidation of residues, cross-linking, proteolysis, covalent binding to molecules and interfaces, and conformational changes. When these modifications occur in an uncontrolled manner in a physiological context, they can lead to biological dysfunctions that ultimately result in cell death. However, rational design strategies involving light-activated protein modification have proven to be a valuable tool for the modulation of protein function or even for the construction of new biomaterials. This mini-review describes the fundamentals of photochemical processes in proteins and explores some of their emerging biomedical and nanobiotechnological applications, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT), photobonding for wound healing, photobioprinting, photoimmobilization of biosensors and enzymes for sensing, and biocatalysis, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cecilia Vera
- Instituto de Bionanotecnología del NOA (INBIONATEC), CONICET. Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero (UNSE), RN 9, Km 1125, G4206XCP Santiago del Estero, Argentina
| | - Claudio Darío Borsarelli
- Instituto de Bionanotecnología del NOA (INBIONATEC), CONICET. Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero (UNSE), RN 9, Km 1125, G4206XCP Santiago del Estero, Argentina
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16
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Yagi K, Ohira K, Yamana K, Imato K, Kawasaki R, Ikeda A, Ooyama Y. Development of water-soluble phenazine-2,3-diol-based photosensitizers for singlet oxygen generation. Org Biomol Chem 2023. [PMID: 37161772 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00491k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Phenazine-2,3-diol-based dyes, KY-1Na and KY-2Na bearing one and two carboxylic acid sodium salts, respectively, have been newly developed as water-soluble photosensitizers (PSs) possessing the ability to generate singlet oxygen (1O2). In order to evaluate the solubility of KY-1Na and KY-2Na in water, the hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity of the two PSs was investigated by experimental measurement of the logarithms (log Po/w) of the 1-octanol/water partition coefficient (Po/w) for the PS. The log Po/w values of both KY-1Na and KY-2Na were determined to be -0.9, indicating that both the PSs are more hydrophilic than Rose Bengal (-0.6) and have hydrophilicity equivalent to methylene blue (-0.9). Both the PSs in water show a broad photoabsorption band in the range of 500 to 600 nm. Thus, we estimated the 1O2 quantum yields (ΦΔ) of KY-1Na and KY-2Na in water by using 9,10-anthracenediyl-bis(methylene)dimalonic acid (ABDA) as a water-soluble 1O2 scavenger. It was found that in water the ΦΔ value (0.19) of KY-2Na is higher than that of KY-1Na (0.06). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggested that the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) distributions for the molecular structure of KY-2Na are adequately separated, leading to a decrease in the energy gap (ΔEST) between the singlet state (S1) and the triplet state (T1) that causes efficient intersystem crossing (ISC), compared to that for the molecular structure of KY-1Na. Indeed, time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) calculations demonstrated that the ΔEST(S1-T1) value (0.82 eV) of KY-2Na is smaller than that (0.98 eV) of KY-1Na, resulting in a relatively high ΦΔ value of KY-2Na. Consequently, we demonstrate that phenazine-2,3-diol-based PSs bearing carboxylic acid salts possess high solubility and moderate 1O2 generation ability in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Yagi
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan.
| | - Kazuki Ohira
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan.
| | - Keita Yamana
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan.
| | - Keiichi Imato
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan.
| | - Riku Kawasaki
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Ikeda
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan.
| | - Yousuke Ooyama
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan.
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17
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Motyka R, Nastula K, Pander P, Honisz D, Tomczyk M, Erfurt K, Blacha-Grzechnik A. S/Se-Terchalcogenophene-C 60 Dyads: Synthesis and Characterization of Optical and Photosensitizing Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2605. [PMID: 37048899 PMCID: PMC10095422 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Fullerenes have been long investigated for application as singlet oxygen sources. Even though they possess high photosensitizing efficiency, their practical use is still limited, mostly because of insufficient absorption of visible and/or near-infrared light. This limitation can be overcome by introducing organic chromophores that absorb longer-wavelength light, either by covalent attachment to C60 or by its encapsulation in a polymeric matrix. In this work, we investigated the photosensitizing properties of the C60 molecule functionalized with organic units comprising thiophene or selenophene rings. The chemical structures of the synthesized dyads were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The influence of the S/Se atoms and vinyl linkage between the organic unit and C60 on the absorptive and emissive properties of the dyads was investigated and correlated with their photosensitizing activity. For the latter, we used a standard chemical singlet oxygen trap. A selected dyad C60ThSe2 was also applied as a source of singlet oxygen in a model photocatalyzed synthesis of the fine chemical juglone from 1,5-dihydroxynapthalene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Motyka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, Curie-Sklodowskiej 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Klaudia Nastula
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Piotr Pander
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Centre for Organic and Nanohybrid Electronics, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 22B, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Damian Honisz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Mateusz Tomczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Karol Erfurt
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Agata Blacha-Grzechnik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Centre for Organic and Nanohybrid Electronics, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 22B, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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18
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Bouteille Q, Sonet D, Hennebelle M, Desvergne JP, Morvan E, Scalabre A, Pouget E, Méreau R, Bibal B. Singlet Oxygen Responsive Molecular Receptor to Modulate Atropisomerism and Cation Binding. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203210. [PMID: 36639240 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In switchable molecular recognition, 1 O2 stimulus responsive receptors offer a unique structural change that is rarely exploited. The employed [4+2] reaction between 1 O2 and anthracene derivatives is quantitative, reversible and easily implemented. To evaluate the full potential of this new stimulus, a non-macrocyclic anthracene-based host was designed for the modular binding of cations. The structural investigation showed that 1 O2 controlled the atropisomerism in an on/off fashion within the pair of hosts. The binding studies revealed higher association constants for the endoperoxide receptor compared to the parent anthracene, due to a more favoured preorganization of the recognition site. The fatigue of the 1 O2 switchable hosts and their complexes was monitored over five cycles of cycloaddition/cycloreversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Bouteille
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires UMR CNRS 5255, Université de Bordeaux, 351 cours de la Libération, 33405, Talence, France
| | - Dorian Sonet
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires UMR CNRS 5255, Université de Bordeaux, 351 cours de la Libération, 33405, Talence, France
| | - Marc Hennebelle
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires UMR CNRS 5255, Université de Bordeaux, 351 cours de la Libération, 33405, Talence, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Desvergne
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires UMR CNRS 5255, Université de Bordeaux, 351 cours de la Libération, 33405, Talence, France
| | - Estelle Morvan
- Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, UAR 3033 CNRS INSERM, Université de Bordeaux, 2 rue Roger Escarpit, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Antoine Scalabre
- Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et des Nanoobjets, UMR CNRS 5248, Université de Bordeaux, 2 rue Roger Escarpit, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Emilie Pouget
- Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et des Nanoobjets, UMR CNRS 5248, Université de Bordeaux, 2 rue Roger Escarpit, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Raphaël Méreau
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires UMR CNRS 5255, Université de Bordeaux, 351 cours de la Libération, 33405, Talence, France
| | - Brigitte Bibal
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires UMR CNRS 5255, Université de Bordeaux, 351 cours de la Libération, 33405, Talence, France
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19
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Souris JS, Leoni L, Zhang HJ, Pan A, Tanios E, Tsai HM, Balyasnikova IV, Bissonnette M, Chen CT. X-ray Activated Nanoplatforms for Deep Tissue Photodynamic Therapy. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:673. [PMID: 36839041 PMCID: PMC9962876 DOI: 10.3390/nano13040673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), the use of light to excite photosensitive molecules whose electronic relaxation drives the production of highly cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), has proven an effective means of oncotherapy. However, its application has been severely constrained to superficial tissues and those readily accessed either endoscopically or laparoscopically, due to the intrinsic scattering and absorption of photons by intervening tissues. Recent advances in the design of nanoparticle-based X-ray scintillators and photosensitizers have enabled hybridization of these moieties into single nanocomposite particles. These nanoplatforms, when irradiated with diagnostic doses and energies of X-rays, produce large quantities of ROS and permit, for the first time, non-invasive deep tissue PDT of tumors with few of the therapeutic limitations or side effects of conventional PDT. In this review we examine the underlying principles and evolution of PDT: from its initial and still dominant use of light-activated, small molecule photosensitizers that passively accumulate in tumors, to its latest development of X-ray-activated, scintillator-photosensitizer hybrid nanoplatforms that actively target cancer biomarkers. Challenges and potential remedies for the clinical translation of these hybrid nanoplatforms and X-ray PDT are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S. Souris
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Integrated Small Animal Imaging Research Resource, Office of Shared Research Facilities, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lara Leoni
- Integrated Small Animal Imaging Research Resource, Office of Shared Research Facilities, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hannah J. Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Integrated Small Animal Imaging Research Resource, Office of Shared Research Facilities, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ariel Pan
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Laboratory of Structural Biophysics and Mechanobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Eve Tanios
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hsiu-Ming Tsai
- Integrated Small Animal Imaging Research Resource, Office of Shared Research Facilities, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Marc Bissonnette
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Chin-Tu Chen
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Integrated Small Animal Imaging Research Resource, Office of Shared Research Facilities, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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20
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Andrés CMC, Pérez de la Lastra JM, Juan CA, Plou FJ, Pérez-Lebeña E. Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Cancer and COVID-19 as Associated with Oxidative Stress. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:218. [PMID: 36851096 PMCID: PMC9966263 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells MDSCs are a heterogeneous population of cells that expand beyond their physiological regulation during pathologies such as cancer, inflammation, bacterial, and viral infections. Their key feature is their remarkable ability to suppress T cell and natural killer NK cell responses. Certain risk factors for severe COVID-19 disease, such as obesity and diabetes, are associated with oxidative stress. The resulting inflammation and oxidative stress can negatively impact the host. Similarly, cancer cells exhibit a sustained increase in intrinsic ROS generation that maintains the oncogenic phenotype and drives tumor progression. By disrupting endoplasmic reticulum calcium channels, intracellular ROS accumulation can disrupt protein folding and ultimately lead to proteostasis failure. In cancer and COVID-19, MDSCs consist of the same two subtypes (PMN-MSDC and M-MDSC). While the main role of polymorphonuclear MDSCs is to dampen the response of T cells and NK killer cells, they also produce reactive oxygen species ROS and reactive nitrogen species RNS. We here review the origin of MDSCs, their expansion mechanisms, and their suppressive functions in the context of cancer and COVID-19 associated with the presence of superoxide anion •O2- and reactive oxygen species ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Manuel Pérez de la Lastra
- Cinquima Institute and Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Valladolid University, Paseo de Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Celia Andrés Juan
- Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology, CSIC-Spanish Research Council, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, 3, 38206 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Plou
- Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry, CSIC-Spanish Research Council, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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21
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Khong QT, Li D, Wilson BAP, Ranguelova K, Dalilian M, Smith EA, Wamiru A, Goncharova EI, Grkovic T, Voeller D, Lipkowitz S, Schnermann MJ, O'Keefe BR, Du L. Photochemical Dimerization of Plakinidine B Leads to Potent Inhibition of the E3 Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase CBL-B. Org Lett 2022; 24:9468-9472. [PMID: 36516994 PMCID: PMC10681237 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A new dimeric alkaloid plakoramine A [(±)-1] was identified from a marine sponge Plakortis sp. Chiral-phase HPLC separation of (±)-1 led to the purified enantiomers (+)-1 and (-)-1 which both potently inhibited CBL-B E3 ubiquitin ligase activities. The absolute configurations of the enantiomers were determined by quantum chemical calculations. Scrutinization of the purification conditions revealed a previously undescribed, nonenzymatic route to form (±)-1 via photochemical conversion of its naturally occurring monomeric counterpart, plakinidine B (2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan T Khong
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
| | - Donghao Li
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Brice A P Wilson
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
| | | | - Masoumeh Dalilian
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
| | - Emily A Smith
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
| | - Antony Wamiru
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
| | - Ekaterina I Goncharova
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
| | - Tanja Grkovic
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
- Natural Products Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21701-1201, United States
| | - Donna Voeller
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1578, United States
| | - Stanley Lipkowitz
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1578, United States
| | - Martin J Schnermann
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Barry R O'Keefe
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
- Natural Products Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21701-1201, United States
| | - Lin Du
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, United States
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22
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Baptista MS, Cadet J, Greer A, Thomas AH. Practical Aspects in the Study of Biological Photosensitization Including Reaction Mechanisms and Product Analyses: A Do's and Don'ts Guide †. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 99:313-334. [PMID: 36575651 DOI: 10.1111/php.13774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of light with natural matter leads to a plethora of photosensitized reactions. These reactions cause the degradation of biomolecules, such as DNA, lipids, proteins, being therefore detrimental to the living organisms, or they can also be beneficial by allowing the treatment of several diseases by photomedicine. Based on the molecular mechanistic understanding of the photosensitization reactions, we propose to classify them in four processes: oxygen-dependent (type I and type II processes) and oxygen-independent [triplet-triplet energy transfer (TTET) and photoadduct formation]. In here, these processes are discussed by considering a wide variety of approaches including time-resolved and steady-state techniques, together with solvent, quencher, and scavenger effects. The main aim of this survey is to provide a description of general techniques and approaches that can be used to investigate photosensitization reactions of biomolecules together with basic recommendations on good practices. Illustration of the suitability of these approaches is provided by the measurement of key biomarkers of singlet oxygen and one-electron oxidation reactions in both isolated and cellular DNA. Our work is an educational review that is mostly addressed to students and beginners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício S Baptista
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jean Cadet
- Département de Médecine Nucléaire et de Radiobiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexander Greer
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York, USA.,Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrés H Thomas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), CCT La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
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23
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Fleming AM, Xiao S, Chabot MB, Burrows CJ. Fluorophore-mediated Photooxidation of the Guanine Heterocycle. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2022; 35:e4325. [PMID: 36388261 PMCID: PMC9642976 DOI: 10.1002/poc.4325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent dyes are routinely used to visualize DNA or RNA in various experiments, and some dyes also act as photosensitizers capable of catalyzing oxidation reactions. The present studies explored whether the common labeling dyes fluorescein, rhodamine, BODIPY, or cyanine3 (Cy3) can function as photosensitizers to oxidize nucleic acid polymers. Photoirradiation of each dye in the presence of the guanine (G) heterocycle, which is the most sensitive toward oxidation, identified slow rates of nucleobase oxidation in the nucleoside and DNA contexts. For all four fluorophores studied, the only product detected was spiroiminodihydantoin (Sp) suggesting the dyes functioned as Type II photosensitizers and generate singlet oxygen (1O2). The nucleoside reactions were then conducted in D2O solutions, known to increase the lifetime of 1O2, which resulted in a ~6-fold increase in the Sp yield, further supporting the classification of these dyes as Type II photosensitizers. Lastly, we inspected the pattern of G reactivity with the dyes upon photoirradiation in the context of a parallel-stranded G-quadruplex. The G nucleotides in the two exterior G-tetrads were found to be oxidation prone, providing the third line of evidence that the dyes are Type II photooxidants. The present work found that the common dyes fluorescein, rhodamine, BODIPY, or Cy3 can drive G oxidation but with a slow rate and low overall yield. This will likely not impact many experiments using dyes to study nucleic acids except for those that have long exposures with high-intensity lights, such as sequencing-by-synthesis experiments using fluorescence as the readout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M. Fleming
- 315 South 1400 East, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0850
| | - Songjun Xiao
- 315 South 1400 East, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0850
| | - Michael B. Chabot
- 315 South 1400 East, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0850
| | - Cynthia J. Burrows
- 315 South 1400 East, Dept. of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0850
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24
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Lei T, Cheng YY, Han X, Zhou C, Yang B, Fan XW, Chen B, Tung CH, Wu LZ. Lewis Acid-Relayed Singlet Oxygen Reaction with Enamines: Selective Dimerization of Enamines to Pyrrolin-4-ones. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16667-16675. [PMID: 36047993 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen (1O2)-mediated oxidation represents an attractive strategy for incorporation of oxygen atoms from air under mild and environmentally benign conditions. However, the 1O2 reaction with enamine suffers from fragmentation, leading to very unsuccessful transformation. Here, Lewis acid is introduced to intercept [2 + 2] or "ene" reaction intermediates of the 1O2 reaction and enables oxidative dimerization of enamines to produce pyrrolin-4-ones in good to excellent yields. Mechanistic studies reveal the formation of the imino ketone intermediate from the interaction of 1O2 and enamine, which is able to interact with Lewis acid, relaying the 1O2 reaction in enamine chemistry. For the first time, selective cross-dimerization of two different enamines is achieved. Due to the advantages of mild conditions, high chemoselectivity, and up to 99% yield, a promising strategy has been developed for synthesizing aza-heterocycles under ambient conditions, which can be further applied for the synthesis of imidazolone, quinoxaline, and highly functionalized imine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lei
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Han
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Wei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Zhu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
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25
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Wang Y, Gong Q, Pun SH, Lee HK, Zhou Y, Xu J, Miao Q. Robust Radical Cations of Hexabenzoperylene Exhibiting High Conductivity and Enabling an Organic Nonvolatile Optoelectronic Memory. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16612-16619. [PMID: 36043840 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report robust π-conjugated radical cations resulting from the oxidation of hexabenzoperylene (HBP) derivatives, HBP-B and HBP-H, which have butyl and hexyl groups, respectively, attached to the same twisted double helicene π-backbone. The radical cation of HBP-B was successfully crystallized in the form of hexafluorophosphate, which exhibited conductivity as high as 1.32 ± 0.04 S cm-1. Photochemical oxidation of HBP-H by molecular oxygen led to the formation of its radical cation in the solid state, as found with different techniques. This allowed the organic field effect transistor of HBP-H to function as a nonvolatile optoelectronic memory, with the memory switching contrast above 103 and long-term stability without using a floating gate, an electret layer, or photochromic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qi Gong
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sai Ho Pun
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hung Kay Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yaoqiang Zhou
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianbin Xu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qian Miao
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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26
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Tonon CC, Ashraf S, de Souza Rastelli AN, Ghosh G, Hasan T, Xu Q, Greer A, Lyons AM. Evaluation of photosensitizer-containing superhydrophobic surfaces for the antibacterial treatment of periodontal biofilms. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2022; 233:112458. [PMID: 35691161 PMCID: PMC10373426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a promising approach to control biofilms involved in periodontal diseases. However, certain challenges, such as staining of teeth, preferential interaction of photosensitizer (PS) with Gram-positive versus Gram-negative bacteria, and insufficient oxygen in hypoxic periodontal pockets have presented barriers to its use in the clinic. To overcome these challenges, a novel superhydrophobic (SH) film that generates airborne singlet oxygen has been developed. The SH-aPDT approach isolates the PS onto a topologically rough solid SH film on which channels allow air to diffuse to the PS surface, thus ensuring sufficient oxygen supply. Upon illumination, gas phase singlet oxygen (1O2) is produced and diffuses from the SH surface to the underlying biofilm. The killing efficacy was assessed as a function of transmitted fluence (17.9-89.5 J/cm2) and chorin e6 loading (96-1110 nmol/cm2) by counting of colony forming units, biofilm metabolism by XTT and confocal microscopy. The decrease in viability of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in a multi-species biofilm was found to be linearly dependent on the fluence as well as the loading of the PS up to 71.6 J/cm2 when 1110 nmols/cm2 of chlorin e6 was used. A > 4.6 log bacterial reduction was observed under these conditions (p < 0.05). This novel SH-aPDT approach shows promise as an effective method to disinfect multi-species bacterial biofilms associated with periodontal disease and will be evaluated in animal models in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Coradi Tonon
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom St, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Shoaib Ashraf
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom St, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Alessandra Nara de Souza Rastelli
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo State University-UNESP, 1680 Humaitá St., Araraquara, SP 14801-903, Brazil
| | - Goutam Ghosh
- SingletO(2) Therapeutics LLC, TechBox, Suite 3, 75 Clinton St, Staten Island, NY 10304, United States
| | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom St, Boston, MA 02114, United States; Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - QianFeng Xu
- SingletO(2) Therapeutics LLC, TechBox, Suite 3, 75 Clinton St, Staten Island, NY 10304, United States
| | - Alexander Greer
- SingletO(2) Therapeutics LLC, TechBox, Suite 3, 75 Clinton St, Staten Island, NY 10304, United States; Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States; Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, United States.
| | - Alan M Lyons
- SingletO(2) Therapeutics LLC, TechBox, Suite 3, 75 Clinton St, Staten Island, NY 10304, United States; Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, New York 10314, United States; Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States.
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27
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Mo2C as Pre-Catalyst for the C-H Allylic Oxygenation of Alkenes and Terpenoids in the Presence of H2O2. ORGANICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/org3030014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, commercially available molybdenum carbide (Mo2C) was used, in the presence of H2O2, as an efficient pre-catalyst for the selective C-H allylic oxygenation of several unsaturated molecules into the corresponding allylic alcohols. Under these basic conditions, an air-stable, molybdenum-based polyoxometalate cluster (Mo-POM) was formed in situ, leading to the generation of singlet oxygen (1O2), which is responsible for the oxygenation reactions. X-ray diffraction, SEM/EDX and HRMS analyses support the formation mainly of the Mo6O192− cluster. Following the proposed procedure, a series of cycloalkenes, styrenes, terpenoids and methyl oleate were successfully transformed into hydroperoxides. After subsequent reduction, the corresponding allylic alcohols were produced with good yields and in lab-scale quantities. A mechanistic study excluded a hydrogen atom transfer pathway and supported the twix-selective oxygenation of cycloalkenes on the more sterically hindered side via the 1O2 generation.
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28
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Kersting L, Kuhn L, Anokhin M, Schuster F, Häberli C, Sambyal S, Sampath Kumar HM, Keiser J, Alabugin I, Tsogoeva SB. Visible Light‐driven Metal‐free C–H Functionalization: Access to New Bioactive Tetrahydroisoquinoline‐Butenolide Hybrids via Domino Amine Oxidation/Vinylogous Mannich Reaction. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202200109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Kersting
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Leah Kuhn
- Florida State University Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Maksim Anokhin
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Florian Schuster
- Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen Nuremberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Cécile Häberli
- University of Basel: Universitat Basel Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute SWITZERLAND
| | - Shainy Sambyal
- IICT CSIR: Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry Divison INDIA
| | - Halmuthur M. Sampath Kumar
- IICT CSIR: Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry Division INDIA
| | - Jennifer Keiser
- University of Basel: Universitat Basel Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute SWAZILAND
| | - Igor Alabugin
- Florida State University Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Svetlana B. Tsogoeva
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Chemie und Pharmazie Henkestrasse 42 91054 Erlangen GERMANY
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29
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Imran M, Chen MS. Chemically Triggered Release of Singlet Oxygen from Bisphenalenyl Endoperoxides with a Brønsted Acid. Org Lett 2022; 24:1947-1952. [PMID: 35261237 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic endoperoxides have emerged as intriguing stimulus-responsive materials for molecular oxygen (O2) storage and delivery but are currently limited in their application because they require heat to trigger O2 release. Here we present the first example of acid-triggered singlet oxygen (1O2) release that does not require external heating by treating bisphenalenyl endoperoxides (EPOs) with trifluoroacetic acid. Mechanistic studies reveal that diprotonation of EPOs leads to a >10-fold increase in cycloreversion rates by lowering the energy of activation (ΔEa) by as much as 71.1 kJ mol-1. Remarkably, acid-catalyzed 1O2 release is even demonstrated at room temperature. Chemical trapping experiments indicate that reactive 1O2 is present during acid-triggered release, which is promising for the development of these molecular materials for metal-free, on-demand 1O2 delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015-3102, United States
| | - Mark S Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015-3102, United States
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30
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Some Natural Photosensitizers and Their Medicinal Properties for Use in Photodynamic Therapy. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27041192. [PMID: 35208984 PMCID: PMC8879555 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in early diagnosis and treatment, cancer is one of the leading causes of death. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a therapy for the treatment of many diseases, including cancer. This therapy uses a combination of a photosensitizer (PS), light irradiation of appropriate length and molecular oxygen. The photodynamic effect kills cancer cells through apoptosis, necrosis, or autophagy of tumor cells. PDT is a promising approach for eliminating various cancers but is not yet as widely applied in therapy as conventional chemotherapy. Currently, natural compounds with photosensitizing properties are being discovered and identified. A reduced toxicity to healthy tissues and a lower incidence of side effects inspires scientists to seek natural PS for PDT. In this review, several groups of compounds with photoactive properties are presented. The use of natural products has been shown to be a fruitful approach in the discovery of novel pharmaceuticals. This review focused on the anticancer activity of furanocoumarins, polyacetylenes, thiophenes, tolyporphins, curcumins, alkaloid and anthraquinones in relation to the light-absorbing properties. Attention will be paid to their phototoxic and anti-cancer effects on various types of cancer.
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31
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Imran M, Chen MS. Self-Sensitized and Reversible O 2 Reactivity with Bisphenalenyls for Simple, Tunable, and Multicycle Colorimetric Oxygen-Sensing Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:1817-1825. [PMID: 34958545 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c16033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring the levels of molecular oxygen (O2) is critical for numerous applications, but there is still a long-standing challenge to develop robust and cost-effective colorimetric sensors that enable detection by changes in color. Current technologies employ chromophores that require additional additives, which inherently increase the cost and complexity. Here, we report that bisphenalenyls (PQPLs) function as the single active component for colorimetric O2 sensing through their quantitative conversion into aromatic endoperoxides (EPOs). PQPLs display self-sensitizing reactivity: they are capable of generating singlet oxygen and binding it without the need for external photosensitizers. The rates of PQPL photooxygenation depend on the electron-donating ability of substituents, which highlights a simple strategy for tuning O2 sensitivity. EPOs are stable under ambient conditions but can be thermally stimulated to convert back to PQPLs and concomitantly release O2. Polymer-supported (PTMSP) films of PQPLs (2 wt %) reproduce these reactivity trends with a rapid red-to-colorless transition that is visible to the naked eye within 1 h of exposure and show a very low limit of detection (<5 ppm O2). Films are chemically and thermally robust and maintain up to >99% of their original colorimetric response when reused and subjected to multiple cycles of photooxygenation and O2 release. The simplicity and solution processability of these materials highlight their potential as "intelligent" inks for printable colorimetric sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015-3102, United States
| | - Mark S Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015-3102, United States
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32
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Hong B, Lee A. Visible-light-mediated oxidative C–S bond cleavage of benzyl thiols through in situ activation strategy. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:5938-5942. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00089j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for the oxidative C–S bond cleavage of benzyl thiols was developed. In situ-activated silver species enabled the controlled bond cleavage of benzyl thiols to afford aldehydes and...
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33
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Tzani MA, Gioftsidou DK, Kallitsakis MG, Pliatsios NV, Kalogiouri NP, Angaridis PA, Lykakis IN, Terzidis MA. Direct and Indirect Chemiluminescence: Reactions, Mechanisms and Challenges. Molecules 2021; 26:7664. [PMID: 34946744 PMCID: PMC8705051 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Emission of light by matter can occur through a variety of mechanisms. When it results from an electronically excited state of a species produced by a chemical reaction, it is called chemiluminescence (CL). The phenomenon can take place both in natural and artificial chemical systems and it has been utilized in a variety of applications. In this review, we aim to revisit some of the latest CL applications based on direct and indirect production modes. The characteristics of the chemical reactions and the underpinning CL mechanisms are thoroughly discussed in view of studies from the very recent bibliography. Different methodologies aiming at higher CL efficiencies are summarized and presented in detail, including CL type and scaffolds used in each study. The CL role in the development of efficient therapeutic platforms is also discussed in relation to the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and singlet oxygen (1O2) produced, as final products. Moreover, recent research results from our team are included regarding the behavior of commonly used photosensitizers upon chemical activation under CL conditions. The CL prospects in imaging, biomimetic organic and radical chemistry, and therapeutics are critically presented in respect to the persisting challenges and limitations of the existing strategies to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A. Tzani
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.A.Tz.); (D.K.G.); (M.G.K.); (N.V.P.); (N.P.K.); (P.A.A.)
| | - Dimitra K. Gioftsidou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.A.Tz.); (D.K.G.); (M.G.K.); (N.V.P.); (N.P.K.); (P.A.A.)
| | - Michael G. Kallitsakis
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.A.Tz.); (D.K.G.); (M.G.K.); (N.V.P.); (N.P.K.); (P.A.A.)
| | - Nikolaos V. Pliatsios
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.A.Tz.); (D.K.G.); (M.G.K.); (N.V.P.); (N.P.K.); (P.A.A.)
| | - Natasa P. Kalogiouri
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.A.Tz.); (D.K.G.); (M.G.K.); (N.V.P.); (N.P.K.); (P.A.A.)
| | - Panagiotis A. Angaridis
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.A.Tz.); (D.K.G.); (M.G.K.); (N.V.P.); (N.P.K.); (P.A.A.)
| | - Ioannis N. Lykakis
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (M.A.Tz.); (D.K.G.); (M.G.K.); (N.V.P.); (N.P.K.); (P.A.A.)
| | - Michael A. Terzidis
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, Sindos Campus, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
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34
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Narayanan N, Kim JH, Santhakumar H, Joseph MM, Karunakaran V, Shamjith S, Saranya G, Sujai PT, Jayasree RS, Barman I, Maiti KK. Nanotheranostic Probe Built on Methylene Blue Loaded Cucurbituril [8] and Gold Nanorod: Targeted Phototherapy in Combination with SERS Imaging on Breast Cancer Cells. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:13415-13424. [PMID: 34871005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c08609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent advancements in a nanoarchitecture platform for safe and effective targeted phototherapy in a synergistic fashion is an absolute necessity in localized cancer therapy. Photothermal and photodynamic therapies (PTT and PDT) are considered as the most promising localized therapeutic intervention for cancer management as they have no long-term side effects and are minimally invasive and affordable. Herein, we have demonstrated a tailor-made nanotheranostic probe in which macrocyclic host cucurbituril [8] (CB[8]) is placed as a glue between two gold nanorods (GNRs) within ∼3 nm gaps in linear nanoassemblies with exquisitely sensitive plasmonics that exert combined phototherapy to investigate the therapeutic progression on human breast cancer cells. Photosensitizer methylene blue was positioned on CB[8] to impart the PDT effect, whereas GNR was responsible for PTT on a single laser trigger ensuring the synchronized phototherapy. Furthermore, the nanoconstruct was tagged with targeting anti-Her2 monoclonal antibody (MB-CB[8]@GNR-anti-Her2) for localized PTT and PDT on Her2 positive SKBR3 cells, subsequent cellular recognition by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) platform, and further assessment of the combined intracellular phototherapy. Hence, the current strategy is definitely marked as a proof-of-concept straightforward approach that implies the perfect nature of the combined phototherapy to achieve an efficient cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Narayanan
- Chemical Science & Technology Division (CSTD), Organic Chemistry Section, Industrial Estate, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Jeong Hee Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Hema Santhakumar
- Division of Biophotonics and Imaging, Bio Medical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (SCTIMST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695012, India
| | - Manu M Joseph
- Chemical Science & Technology Division (CSTD), Organic Chemistry Section, Industrial Estate, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India
| | - Varsha Karunakaran
- Chemical Science & Technology Division (CSTD), Organic Chemistry Section, Industrial Estate, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Shanmughan Shamjith
- Chemical Science & Technology Division (CSTD), Organic Chemistry Section, Industrial Estate, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Giridharan Saranya
- Chemical Science & Technology Division (CSTD), Organic Chemistry Section, Industrial Estate, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Palasseri T Sujai
- Chemical Science & Technology Division (CSTD), Organic Chemistry Section, Industrial Estate, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ramapurath S Jayasree
- Division of Biophotonics and Imaging, Bio Medical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (SCTIMST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695012, India
| | - Ishan Barman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States.,The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Kaustabh Kumar Maiti
- Chemical Science & Technology Division (CSTD), Organic Chemistry Section, Industrial Estate, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695019, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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35
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Yuan X, Yu X, He K, Zhang R, Xiao W, Lin J, Zhan Z, Cheng X, Shao Z, Jin Y. Dual C(sp 3)-H Functionalization of Cyclic Ethers via Singlet Oxygen-Mediated Ring Opening and Ring Closing. Org Lett 2021; 23:8267-8272. [PMID: 34633191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A metal-free dual C(sp3)-H bond functionalization of saturated cyclic ethers via photooxidative singlet oxygen-mediated ring opening and ring closing has been developed, providing a method for generating hydrobenzofurans/pyrans/dioxins. Mechanistic studies have confirmed that ring-opening intermediates were effectively generated by singlet oxygen-mediated C(sp3)-H activation and efficiently reacted with aldehydes and activated methylene compounds to form a wide array of products with high diastereoselectivities (up to >95:5 dr). This study is a rare example of α,β-dual C(sp3)-H bond functionalization of ethers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Xianglin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Kun He
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Ruihan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Weilie Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Jun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Zhajun Zhan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Zhihui Shao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Yi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
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36
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Liu Z, Wu H, Li J, Wang L, Akkaya EU. Naphthalene Endoperoxide Heterodimer Designed for Sustained Singlet Oxygen Release. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:26799-26804. [PMID: 34661034 PMCID: PMC8515818 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Naphthalene endoperoxides undergo thermal cycloreversion reactions to produce singlet oxygen and their parent naphthalene compounds. The rate of the reaction is dependent on the structural features, such as steric and electronic modulators. We believe that achieving a sustained release rate of singlet oxygen is important in potential biological applications. This can be achieved by tethering of two endoperoxides with different singlet oxygen release rates in a single molecular construct. Here, we report the synthesis of such a dimeric endoperoxide. Our data shows that with the biexponential reaction kinetics of singlet oxygen generation from a heterodimeric endoperoxide, it is possible to hold singlet oxygen release rates within a selected range for a longer period of time.
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37
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Kallitsakis MG, Gioftsidou DK, Tzani MA, Angaridis PA, Terzidis MA, Lykakis IN. Selective C-H Allylic Oxygenation of Cycloalkenes and Terpenoids Photosensitized by [Cu(Xantphos)(neoc)]BF 4. J Org Chem 2021; 86:13503-13513. [PMID: 34435497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We present herein for the first time the use of the [Cu(Xantphos)(neoc)]BF4 as a photocatalyst for the selective C-H allylic oxygenation of cycloalkenes into the corresponding allylic hydroperoxides or alcohols in the presence of molecular oxygen. The proposed methodology affords the products at good yields and has also been applied successfully to several bioactive terpenoids, such as geraniol, linalool, β-citronellol, and phytol. A mechanistic study involving also kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) supports the proposed singlet oxygen-mediated reaction. On the basis of the high chemoselectivity and yields and the fast and clean reaction processes observed, the present catalytic system, [Cu(Xantphos)(neoc)]BF4, has also been applied to the synthesis, at a laboratory scale, of the cis-Rose oxide, a well-known perfumery ingredient used in rose and geranium perfumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Kallitsakis
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra K Gioftsidou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Marina A Tzani
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiotis A Angaridis
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Michael A Terzidis
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, Sindos, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis N Lykakis
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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38
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Quina FH, Silva GTM. The photophysics of photosensitization: A brief overview. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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39
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Ahrens L, Maier S, Misselwitz E, Oeser T, Rominger F, Freudenberg J, Bunz UHF. TIPS-Ethynylated Naphthodiquinoline and Naphthodiacridine: Novel Diazabisacenes. Chemistry 2021; 27:10569-10573. [PMID: 33938059 PMCID: PMC8362069 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of two diazabisacenes is reported. A bisboronated naphthalene was Suzuki‐coupled to substituted ethyl nicotinates, then cyclized by intramolecular Friedel‐Crafts acylation. The resulting diketones were alkynylated and reduced to give the title compounds, bis(TIPS‐ethynyl)‐substituted naphtha[1,8‐gh:5,4‐g′h′]diquinoline and naphtho[1,8‐bc:5,4‐b′c′]diacridine. Nitrogen incorporation stabilizes the bisacenes with respect to oxidation compared to their consanguine nonaza analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Ahrens
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steffen Maier
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Erik Misselwitz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Oeser
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Freudenberg
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe H F Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Centre for Advanced Materials (CAM), Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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40
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Orfanopoulos M. Singlet Oxygen: Discovery, Chemistry, C 60 -Sensitization †. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:1182-1218. [PMID: 34240450 DOI: 10.1111/php.13486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review article refers to the discovery of excited molecular oxygen, in particular on its lower singlet excited state (1 Δg , 1 O2 ). After a short report on singlet oxygen generation, the review is focused on the chemistry of this reactive species. Specifically, the three major reactions of 1 O2 with unsaturated organic substrates, namely the [4 + 2] and [2 +2] cycloadditions as well as the ene reaction, are reviewed. The proposed mechanisms of these reactions, through the years, based on experimental and computational work, have been presented. Selected examples of singlet oxygen-synthetic applications are also mentioned. The [60]fullerene and fullereno-materials photosensitized oxidations in homogeneous, as well as in heterogeneous conditions, are also comprehensively discussed. Finally, the self-sensitized photooxidation of open cage fullerenes as well as fullerenes bearing oxidizable groups is reported.
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41
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Baptista MS, Cadet J, Greer A, Thomas AH. Photosensitization Reactions of Biomolecules: Definition, Targets and Mechanisms. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:1456-1483. [PMID: 34133762 DOI: 10.1111/php.13470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Photosensitization reactions have been demonstrated to be largely responsible for the deleterious biological effects of UV and visible radiation, as well as for the curative actions of photomedicine. A large number of endogenous and exogenous photosensitizers, biological targets and mechanisms have been reported in the past few decades. Evolving from the original definitions of the type I and type II photosensitized oxidations, we now provide physicochemical frameworks, classifications and key examples of these mechanisms in order to organize, interpret and understand the vast information available in the literature and the new reports, which are in vigorous growth. This review surveys in an extended manner all identified photosensitization mechanisms of the major biomolecule groups such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids bridging the gap with the subsequent biological processes. Also described are the effects of photosensitization in cells in which UVA and UVB irradiation triggers enzyme activation with the subsequent delayed generation of superoxide anion radical and nitric oxide. Definitions of photosensitized reactions are identified in biomolecules with key insights into cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean Cadet
- Département de Médecine Nucléaire et de Radiobiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Alexander Greer
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY, USA.,Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrés H Thomas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), CCT La Plata-CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
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42
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Tonon CC, Ashraf S, Alburquerque JQ, de Souza Rastelli AN, Hasan T, Lyons AM, Greer A. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation Using Topical and Superhydrophobic Sensitizer Techniques: A Perspective from Diffusion in Biofilms †. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:1266-1277. [PMID: 34097752 PMCID: PMC10375486 DOI: 10.1111/php.13461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review describes nanoparticle and dye diffusion in bacterial biofilms in the context of antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI). aPDI requires the diffusion of a photosensitizer (Sens) into the biofilm and subsequent photoactivation of oxygen for the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that inactivate microbes. Molecular diffusion in biofilms has been long investigated, whereas this review is intended to draw a logical link between diffusion in biofilms and ROS, a combination that leads to the current state of aPDI and superhydrophobic aPDI (SH-aPDI). This review should be of interest to photochemists, photobiologists and researchers in material and antimicrobial sciences as is ties together conventional aPDI with the emerging subject of SH-aPDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Coradi Tonon
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shoaib Ashraf
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - José Quílez Alburquerque
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alessandra Nara de Souza Rastelli
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alan M Lyons
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, Staten Island, NY, USA.,Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.,SingletO2 Therapeutics LLC, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Greer
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.,SingletO2 Therapeutics LLC, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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43
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Purba PC, Maity M, Bhattacharyya S, Mukherjee PS. A Self-Assembled Palladium(II) Barrel for Binding of Fullerenes and Photosensitization Ability of the Fullerene-Encapsulated Barrel. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14109-14116. [PMID: 33834590 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Fullerene extracts obtained from fullerene soot lack their real application due to their poor solubility in common solvents and difficulty in purification. Encapsulation of these extracts in a suitable host is an important approach to address these issues. We present a new Pd6 barrel (1), which is composed of three 1,4-dihydropyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole panels, clipped through six cis-PdII acceptors. Large open windows and cavity make it an efficient host for a large guest. Favorable interactions between the ligand and fullerene (C60 and C70 ) allows the barrel to encapsulate fullerene efficiently. Thorough investigation reveals that barrel 1 has a stronger binding affinity towards C70 over C60 , resulting in the predominant extraction of C70 from a mixture of the two. Finally, the fullerene encapsulated barrels C60 ⊂1 and C70 ⊂1 were found to be efficient for visible-light-induced singlet oxygen generation. Such preferential binding of C70 and photosensitizing ability of C60 ⊂1 and C70 ⊂1 are noteworthy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prioti Choudhury Purba
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Manoranjan Maity
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Soumalya Bhattacharyya
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Partha Sarathi Mukherjee
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
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44
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Purba PC, Maity M, Bhattacharyya S, Mukherjee PS. A Self‐Assembled Palladium(II) Barrel for Binding of Fullerenes and Photosensitization Ability of the Fullerene‐Encapsulated Barrel. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202103822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prioti Choudhury Purba
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Manoranjan Maity
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Soumalya Bhattacharyya
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Partha Sarathi Mukherjee
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India
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45
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Supramolecular Control of Singlet Oxygen Generation. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092673. [PMID: 34063309 PMCID: PMC8124681 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Singlet oxygen (1O2) is the excited state electronic isomer and a reactive form of molecular oxygen, which is most efficiently produced through the photosensitized excitation of ambient triplet oxygen. Photochemical singlet oxygen generation (SOG) has received tremendous attention historically, both for its practical application as well as for the fundamental aspects of its reactivity. Applications of singlet oxygen in medicine, wastewater treatment, microbial disinfection, and synthetic chemistry are the direct results of active past research into this reaction. Such advancements were achieved through design factors focused predominantly on the photosensitizer (PS), whose photoactivity is relegated to self-regulated structure and energetics in ground and excited states. However, the relatively new supramolecular approach of dictating molecular structure through non-bonding interactions has allowed photochemists to render otherwise inactive or less effective PSs as efficient 1O2 generators. This concise and first of its kind review aims to compile progress in SOG research achieved through supramolecular photochemistry in an effort to serve as a reference for future research in this direction. The aim of this review is to highlight the value in the supramolecular photochemistry approach to tapping the unexploited technological potential within this historic reaction.
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46
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Liu M, Ucar E, Liu Z, Wang L, Yang L, Xu J, Akkaya EU. Anticoagulant activity of singlet oxygen released from a water soluble endoperoxide by thermal cycloreversion. RSC Adv 2021; 11:14513-14516. [PMID: 35423982 PMCID: PMC8697772 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02569d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Singlet oxygen generated by photosensitization has limited potential in vivo due to light attenuation in tissues. However, controlled chemical generation of this reactive oxygen species is likely to open new therapeutic spaces to explore. The fact that its activity is limited by the rate of cycloreversion reaction and the diffusion distance of the excited state molecular oxygen species, is a clear advantage, considering the serious side effects of off-target anticoagulants. In this work, we present novel 1,4-naphthalene endoperoxides as potential anti-coagulant agents due to thermal release of singlet oxygen. Singlet oxygen generated by the cycloreversion of endoperoxides has anti-coagulant activity.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Meina Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology 2 Linggong Road 116024 Dalian China .,Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology 2 Linggong Road 116024 Dalian China
| | - Esma Ucar
- Department of Chemistry, Bilkent University 06800 Ankara Turkey
| | - Ziang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology 2 Linggong Road 116024 Dalian China .,Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology 2 Linggong Road 116024 Dalian China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology 2 Linggong Road 116024 Dalian China .,Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology 2 Linggong Road 116024 Dalian China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology 2 Linggong Road 116024 Dalian China
| | - Jiawei Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Medicine 110847 Shenyang China
| | - Engin U Akkaya
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology 2 Linggong Road 116024 Dalian China .,Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology 2 Linggong Road 116024 Dalian China
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47
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Fudickar W, Metz M, Mai-Linde Y, Krüger T, Kelling A, Sperlich E, Linker T. Influence of Functional Groups on the Ene Reaction of Singlet Oxygen with 1,4-Cyclohexadienes †. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:1289-1297. [PMID: 33772796 DOI: 10.1111/php.13422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The photooxygenation of 1,4-cyclohexadienes has been studied with a special focus on regio- and stereoselectivities. In all examples, only the methyl-substituted double bond undergoes an ene reaction with singlet oxygen, to afford hydroperoxides in moderate to good yields. We explain the high regioselectivities by a "large-group effect" of the adjacent quaternary stereocenter. Nitriles decrease the reactivity of singlet oxygen, presumably by quenching, but can stabilize proposed per-epoxide intermediates by polar interactions resulting in different stereoselectivities. Spiro lactams and lactones show an interesting effect on regio- and stereoselectivities of the ene reactions. Thus, singlet oxygen attacks the double bond preferentially anti to the carbonyl group, affording only one regioisomeric hydroperoxide. If the reaction occurs from the opposite face, the other regioisomer is exclusively formed by severe electrostatic repulsion in a perepoxide intermediate. We explain this unusual behavior by the fixed geometry of spiro compounds and call it a "spiro effect" in singlet oxygen ene reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Fudickar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Golm, Germany
| | - Melanie Metz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Golm, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Krüger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Golm, Germany
| | | | - Eric Sperlich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Golm, Germany
| | - Torsten Linker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Golm, Germany
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48
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Brega V, Thomas SW. Red-Emitting, Acene-Doped Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles that Respond Ratiometrically to Photogenerated 1O 2. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:13658-13665. [PMID: 33705104 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c22313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fluorophores that respond to external stimuli on demand have numerous applications in imaging and chemical or biological sensing. In this paper, we describe conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) that comprise a donor polymer matrix and a red-fluorescent, singlet oxygen-reactive heteroacene dopant (DE-TMT) that display a ratiometric response upon photo-oxidation. This ratiometric response can be tuned by the level of doping of DE-TMT, the identity of the conjugated polymer matrix used, and the blending of two conjugated polymers together to access red-shifted emission wavelengths. We followed a rational design process that combined (i) fundamental understanding of the influence of the chemical structure on luminescence spectra and efficiencies, energy transfer efficiencies, and reactivity and (ii) systematically determining how blending multiple chromophores in nanoparticles influences energy transfer efficiencies and the speed of optical responses to irradiation. Our approach of refining the compositions of these nanoparticles has yielded materials that combine many desirable characteristics for analytical applications-utility in aqueous environments, high quantum yield, emission of red light, and ratiometric luminescent responses. We anticipate that the type of approach described herein can be of use to others in designing CPNs for luminescence applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Brega
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Samuel W Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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49
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Miyamoto S, Lima RS, Inague A, Viviani LG. Electrophilic oxysterols: generation, measurement and protein modification. Free Radic Res 2021; 55:416-440. [PMID: 33494620 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2021.1879387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential component of mammalian plasma membranes. Alterations in sterol metabolism or oxidation have been linked to various pathological conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. Unsaturated sterols are vulnerable to oxidation induced by singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen species. This process yields reactive sterol oxidation products, including hydroperoxides, epoxides as well as aldehydes. These oxysterols, in particular those with high electrophilicity, can modify nucleophilic sites in biomolecules and affect many cellular functions. Here, we review the generation and measurement of reactive sterol oxidation products with emphasis on cholesterol hydroperoxides and aldehyde derivatives (electrophilic oxysterols) and their effects on protein modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayuri Miyamoto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alex Inague
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas G Viviani
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Griesbeck AG, Öngel B, Brüllingen E, Renner M. New Photochromic α-Methylchalcones Are Highly Photostable, Even under Singlet Oxygen Conditions: Breaking the α-Methyl Michael-System Reactivity by Reversible Peroxybiradical Formation. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26030642. [PMID: 33530633 PMCID: PMC7865278 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The α-methylated chalcones 7a–7e behave as P-type photochromic substances with photo-stationary states (PSS) as high as 15:85 when irradiated at 350 nm. These compounds are easily accessible in pure E-configuration by aldol condensation or by oxidative coupling/elimination. The α-methyl groups make these compounds potentially reactive with singlet oxygen following the gem-rule that predicts 1O2 regioselectivity. Even after long irradiations times in the presence of the singlet oxygen sensitizer tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) and oxygen, however, no oxygenation products were detected. Under these conditions, all substrates were converted into 9:1 E/Z-mixtures despite the use of low-energy light that does not allow direct or sensitized excitation of the substrates 7. Additionally, chalcone 7a reduced the singlet oxygen reactivity of the tiglic ketone 3a by about a factor of two, indicating substantial physical quenching of singlet oxygen by the α-methylated chalcones 7a–7e. Thus, a singlet oxygen-induced E/Z-isomerization involving 1,2-dioxatetra-methylene biradicals that leads to triplet oxygen and thermodynamic E/Z-mixtures is postulated and supported by quantum chemical (DFT)-calculations.
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