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Seah R, Siripongvutikorn S, Wichienchot S, Usawakesmanee W. Functionality and Health-Promoting Properties of Polysaccharide and Plant-Derived Substances from Mesona chinensis. Foods 2024; 13:1134. [PMID: 38611438 PMCID: PMC11011351 DOI: 10.3390/foods13071134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Mesona chinensis, in Thai called Chao Kuay and in Chinese Hsian-tsao, belongs to the Lamiaceae family. This herbal plant grows widely in Southern China, Taiwan (China), Malaysia, the Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam, and Thailand. The Mesona plant is used to make functional products such as drinks and soft textured sweet treats, and also traditional medicine, to treat heat stroke, high blood pressure, heart attack, high blood sugar, hepatic diseases, colon diseases, inflammatory conditions, and to alleviate myalgia. The proximate composition of M. chinensis is a mixture of protein, fat, fiber, ash, and minerals. The main biological compounds in M. chinensis extracts are polysaccharides, terpenoids, flavonoids, and polyphenols, with wide-ranging pharmacological properties including antioxidant, antidiabetic, antilipidemic, carcinoma-inhibitory, renal-protective, antihypertensive, DNA damage-protective, and anti-inflammatory effects. This review investigated the proximate composition, polysaccharide type, and pharmacological properties of M. chinensis extracts. Phytochemical properties enhance the actions of the gut microbiota and improve health benefits. This review assessed the functional and medicinal activities of M. chinensis extracts. Future studies should further elucidate the in vitro/in vivo mechanisms of this plant extract and its impact on gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romson Seah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Fatoni University, Yarang, Pattani 94160, Thailand;
| | - Sunisa Siripongvutikorn
- Centre of Excellence in Functional Foods and Gastronomy, Faculty of Agro-Industry Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; (S.W.); (W.U.)
| | - Santad Wichienchot
- Centre of Excellence in Functional Foods and Gastronomy, Faculty of Agro-Industry Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; (S.W.); (W.U.)
| | - Worapong Usawakesmanee
- Centre of Excellence in Functional Foods and Gastronomy, Faculty of Agro-Industry Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand; (S.W.); (W.U.)
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2
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Baroudi A, Jaradat K, Karton A. 6-Endo-dig versus 5-exo-dig: Exploring Radical Cyclization Preference with First-, Second-, and Third-row Linkers using High-level Quantum Chemical Methods. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202300426. [PMID: 37392178 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
As an expansion upon Baldwin rules, the cyclization reactions of hex-5-yn-1-yl radical systems with different first-, second-, and third-row linkers are explored at the CCSD(T) level via means of the SMD(benzene)-G4(MP2) thermochemical protocol. Unlike C, O, and N linkers, systems with B, Si, P, S, Ge, As, and Se linkers are shown to favor 6-endo-dig cyclization. This offers fundamental insights into the rational synthetic design of cyclic compounds. A thorough analysis of stereoelectronic effects, cyclization barriers, and intrinsic barriers illustrates that structural changes alter the cyclization preference by mainly impacting 5-exo-dig reaction barriers. Based on the high-level computational modeling, we proceed to develop a new tool for cyclization preference prediction from the correlation between cyclization barriers and radical structural parameters (e. g., linker bond length and bond angle). A strong correlation is found between the radical attack trajectory angle and the reaction barrier heights, i. e., cyclization preference. Finally, the influence of stereoelectronic effects on the two radical cyclization pathways is further investigated in stereoisomers of hypervalent silicon system, which provides novel insight into cyclization control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulkader Baroudi
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Kuwait
| | - Khaled Jaradat
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Kuwait
| | - Amir Karton
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
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3
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Lyu J, Irwin JJ, Shoichet BK. Modeling the expansion of virtual screening libraries. Nat Chem Biol 2023; 19:712-718. [PMID: 36646956 PMCID: PMC10243288 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-022-01234-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Recently, 'tangible' virtual libraries have made billions of molecules readily available. Prioritizing these molecules for synthesis and testing demands computational approaches, such as docking. Their success may depend on library diversity, their similarity to bio-like molecules and how receptor fit and artifacts change with library size. We compared a library of 3 million 'in-stock' molecules with billion-plus tangible libraries. The bias toward bio-like molecules in the tangible library decreases 19,000-fold versus those 'in-stock'. Similarly, thousands of high-ranking molecules, including experimental actives, from five ultra-large-library docking campaigns are also dissimilar to bio-like molecules. Meanwhile, better-fitting molecules are found as the library grows, with the score improving log-linearly with library size. Finally, as library size increases, so too do rare molecules that rank artifactually well. Although the nature of these artifacts changes from target to target, the expectation of their occurrence does not, and simple strategies can minimize their impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankun Lyu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John J Irwin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Brian K Shoichet
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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4
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Gago F. Computational Approaches to Enzyme Inhibition by Marine Natural Products in the Search for New Drugs. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:100. [PMID: 36827141 PMCID: PMC9961086 DOI: 10.3390/md21020100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The exploration of biologically relevant chemical space for the discovery of small bioactive molecules present in marine organisms has led not only to important advances in certain therapeutic areas, but also to a better understanding of many life processes. The still largely untapped reservoir of countless metabolites that play biological roles in marine invertebrates and microorganisms opens new avenues and poses new challenges for research. Computational technologies provide the means to (i) organize chemical and biological information in easily searchable and hyperlinked databases and knowledgebases; (ii) carry out cheminformatic analyses on natural products; (iii) mine microbial genomes for known and cryptic biosynthetic pathways; (iv) explore global networks that connect active compounds to their targets (often including enzymes); (v) solve structures of ligands, targets, and their respective complexes using X-ray crystallography and NMR techniques, thus enabling virtual screening and structure-based drug design; and (vi) build molecular models to simulate ligand binding and understand mechanisms of action in atomic detail. Marine natural products are viewed today not only as potential drugs, but also as an invaluable source of chemical inspiration for the development of novel chemotypes to be used in chemical biology and medicinal chemistry research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Gago
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & IQM-CSIC Associate Unit, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, E-28805 Madrid, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
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5
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Hu B, Yan W, Jiang P, Jiang L, Yuan X, Lin J, Jiao Y, Jin Y. Switchable synthesis of natural-product-like lawsones and indenopyrazoles through regioselective ring-expansion of indantrione. Commun Chem 2023; 6:17. [PMID: 36697885 PMCID: PMC9849474 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00807-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lawsones and indenopyrazoles are the prevalent structural motifs and building blocks in pharmaceuticals and bioactive molecules, but their synthesis has always remained challenging as no comprehensive protocol has been outlined to date. Herein, a metal-free, ring-expansion reaction of indantrione with diazomethanes, generated in situ from the N-tosylhydrazones, has been developed for the synthesis of lawsone and indenopyrazole derivatives in acetonitrile and alcohol solvents, respectively. It provides these valuable lawsone and pyrazole skeletons in good yields and high levels of diastereoselectivity from simple and readily available starting materials. DFT calculations were used to explore the mechanism in different solutions. The synthetic application example also showed the prospects of this method for the preparation of valuable compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingwei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, 650091, Kunming, China
| | - Wenxin Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecular, Ministry of Education, Hunan University of Science and Technology, 411201, Xiangtan, China
| | - Peiyun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, 650091, Kunming, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, 650091, Kunming, China
| | - Xu Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, 650091, Kunming, China
| | - Jun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, 650091, Kunming, China
| | - Yinchun Jiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecular, Ministry of Education, Hunan University of Science and Technology, 411201, Xiangtan, China.
| | - Yi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, 650091, Kunming, China.
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6
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Rapid assembly of 1,3-indanedione-based spirocyclic tetrahydroquinolines for inducing human lung cancer cell apoptosis. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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7
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Lenci E, Trabocchi A. Diversity‐Oriented Synthesis and Chemoinformatics: A Fruitful Synergy towards Better Chemical Libraries. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lenci
- Universita degli Studi di Firenze Department of Chemistry Via della Lastruccia 1350019Italia 50019 Sesto Fiorentino ITALY
| | - Andrea Trabocchi
- University of Florence: Universita degli Studi di Firenze Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff" ITALY
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8
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Bouayad-Gervais S, Nielsen CDT, Turksoy A, Sperger T, Deckers K, Schoenebeck F. Access to Cyclic N-Trifluoromethyl Ureas through Photocatalytic Activation of Carbamoyl Azides. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:6100-6106. [PMID: 35333063 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We report the mild activation of carbamoyl azides to the corresponding nitrenes using a blue light/[Ir]-catalyzed strategy, which enables stereospecific access to N-trifluoromethyl imidazolidinones and benzimidazolones. These novel structural motifs proved to be highly robust, allowing their downstream diversification. On the basis of our combined computational and experimental studies, we propose that an electron rebound with the excited metal catalyst is undergone, involving a reduction-triggered nitrogen loss, followed by oxidation to the corresponding carbamoyl nitrene and subsequent C-H insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Bouayad-Gervais
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian D-T Nielsen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Abdurrahman Turksoy
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Theresa Sperger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Kristina Deckers
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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9
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Wang WN, Liu RM, Zhang L, Liu XL, Dai YF, Yu ZB, Peng LJ. Ring opening and skeletal reconstruction of 3-vinyl benzofuranone-chromone synthons: catalyst-free access to skeletally-diverse 2-pyridone and optically active imidazoline derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:2227-2232. [PMID: 35237774 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02432a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Herein is reported the first example of ring opening and skeletal reconstruction of 3-vinyl benzofuranone-chromones 1 as versatile synthons, which can react with ammonia or primary aliphatic amines as binucleophiles, for the eco-friendly and atom-economical synthesis of diverse and functionalized 2-pyridones 3 with potential biological activity in good to excellent yields (77-93%). When using optically active 1,2-diphenylethylenediamine 2 as the binucleophile, the in situ generated 2-pyridone intermediates are successfully transformed to novel optically active functionalized imidazoline derivatives 4 with high efficiency (up to 87% yield). In particular, this is the first report on the catalyst-free intramolecular cyclization occurring between an amide and a primary aliphatic amine for the construction of imidazoline molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Na Wang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for the Exploitation of Homology Resources of Southwest Medicine and Food, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Ren-Ming Liu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for the Exploitation of Homology Resources of Southwest Medicine and Food, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for the Exploitation of Homology Resources of Southwest Medicine and Food, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Xiong-Li Liu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for the Exploitation of Homology Resources of Southwest Medicine and Food, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Yi-Feng Dai
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for the Exploitation of Homology Resources of Southwest Medicine and Food, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Zhang-Biao Yu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for the Exploitation of Homology Resources of Southwest Medicine and Food, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Li-Jun Peng
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for the Exploitation of Homology Resources of Southwest Medicine and Food, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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10
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Abstract
![]()
Natural products
are the result of Nature’s exploration
of biologically relevant chemical space through evolution and an invaluable
source of bioactive small molecules for chemical biology and medicinal
chemistry. Novel concepts for the discovery of new bioactive compound
classes based on natural product structure may enable exploration
of wider biologically relevant chemical space. The pseudo-natural
product concept merges the relevance of natural product structure
with efficient exploration of chemical space by means of fragment-based
compound development to inspire the discovery of new bioactive chemical
matter through de novo combination of natural product
fragments in unprecedented arrangements. The novel scaffolds retain
the biological relevance of natural products but are not obtainable
through known biosynthetic pathways which can lead to new chemotypes
that may have unexpected or unprecedented bioactivities. Herein, we
cover the workflow of pseudo-natural product design and development,
highlight recent examples, and discuss a cheminformatic analysis in
which a significant portion of biologically active synthetic compounds
were found to be pseudo-natural products. We compare the concept to
natural evolution and discuss pseudo-natural products as the human-made
equivalent, i.e. the chemical evolution of natural product structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Grigalunas
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn Strasse 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Susanne Brakmann
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn Strasse 4a, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn Strasse 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn Strasse 4a, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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11
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Saldívar-González FI, Aldas-Bulos VD, Medina-Franco JL, Plisson F. Natural product drug discovery in the artificial intelligence era. Chem Sci 2022; 13:1526-1546. [PMID: 35282622 PMCID: PMC8827052 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04471k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products (NPs) are primarily recognized as privileged structures to interact with protein drug targets. Their unique characteristics and structural diversity continue to marvel scientists for developing NP-inspired medicines, even though the pharmaceutical industry has largely given up. High-performance computer hardware, extensive storage, accessible software and affordable online education have democratized the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in many sectors and research areas. The last decades have introduced natural language processing and machine learning algorithms, two subfields of AI, to tackle NP drug discovery challenges and open up opportunities. In this article, we review and discuss the rational applications of AI approaches developed to assist in discovering bioactive NPs and capturing the molecular "patterns" of these privileged structures for combinatorial design or target selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F I Saldívar-González
- DIFACQUIM Research Group, School of Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Avenida Universidad 3000 04510 Mexico Mexico
| | - V D Aldas-Bulos
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad (Langebio), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN Irapuato Guanajuato Mexico
| | - J L Medina-Franco
- DIFACQUIM Research Group, School of Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Avenida Universidad 3000 04510 Mexico Mexico
| | - F Plisson
- CONACYT - Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad (Langebio), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN Irapuato Guanajuato Mexico
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12
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Oberpaul M, Brinkmann S, Marner M, Mihajlovic S, Leis B, Patras MA, Hartwig C, Vilcinskas A, Hammann PE, Schäberle TF, Spohn M, Glaeser J. Combination of high-throughput microfluidics and FACS technologies to leverage the numbers game in natural product discovery. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 15:415-430. [PMID: 34165868 PMCID: PMC8867984 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput platforms facilitating screening campaigns of environmental samples are needed to discover new products of natural origin counteracting the spreading of antimicrobial resistances constantly threatening human and agricultural health. We applied a combination of droplet microfluidics and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-based technologies to access and assess a microbial environmental sample. The cultivation performance of our microfluidics workflow was evaluated in respect to the utilized cultivation media by Illumina amplicon sequencing of a pool of millions of droplets, respectively. This enabled the rational selection of a growth medium supporting the isolation of microbial diversity from soil (five phyla affiliated to 57 genera) including a member of the acidobacterial subgroup 1 (genus Edaphobacter). In a second phase, the entire diversity covered by 1071 cultures was used for an arrayed bioprospecting campaign, resulting in > 6000 extracts tested against human pathogens and agricultural pests. After redundancy curation by using a combinatorial chemical and genomic fingerprinting approach, we assigned the causative agents present in the extracts. Utilizing UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS-guided fractionation and microplate-based screening assays in combination with molecular networking the production of bioactive ionophorous macrotetrolides, phospholipids, the cyclic lipopetides massetolides E, F, H and serratamolide A and many derivatives thereof was shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Oberpaul
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Branch for BioresourcesGiessen35392Germany
| | - Stephan Brinkmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Branch for BioresourcesGiessen35392Germany
| | - Michael Marner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Branch for BioresourcesGiessen35392Germany
| | - Sanja Mihajlovic
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Branch for BioresourcesGiessen35392Germany
| | - Benedikt Leis
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Branch for BioresourcesGiessen35392Germany
| | - Maria A. Patras
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Branch for BioresourcesGiessen35392Germany
| | - Christoph Hartwig
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Branch for BioresourcesGiessen35392Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Branch for BioresourcesGiessen35392Germany
- Institute for Insect BiotechnologyJustus‐Liebig‐University‐GiessenGiessen35392Germany
| | | | - Till F. Schäberle
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Branch for BioresourcesGiessen35392Germany
- Institute for Insect BiotechnologyJustus‐Liebig‐University‐GiessenGiessen35392Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Giessen‐Marburg‐LangenGiessen35392Germany
| | - Marius Spohn
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Branch for BioresourcesGiessen35392Germany
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13
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Jacob C, Baguia H, Dubart A, Oger S, Thilmany P, Beaudelot J, Deldaele C, Peruško S, Landrain Y, Michelet B, Neale S, Romero E, Moucheron C, Van Speybroeck V, Theunissen C, Evano G. A general synthesis of azetidines by copper-catalysed photoinduced anti-Baldwin radical cyclization of ynamides. Nat Commun 2022; 13:560. [PMID: 35091551 PMCID: PMC8799647 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28098-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A general anti-Baldwin radical 4-exo-dig cyclization from nitrogen-substituted alkynes is reported. Upon reaction with a heteroleptic copper complex in the presence of an amine and under visible light irradiation, a range of ynamides were shown to smoothly cyclize to the corresponding azetidines, useful building blocks in natural product synthesis and medicinal chemistry, with full control of the regioselectivity of the cyclization resulting from a unique and underrated radical 4-exo-dig pathway. The construction of four-membered rings via a 4-exo-dig cyclization was originally theorized to be unfavourable and only recently shown in sparse examples. Here the authors present a photochemical, radical 4-exo-dig cyclization of ynamides to form azetidines, promoted by copper photoredox catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Jacob
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.,Organic Synthesis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hajar Baguia
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Amaury Dubart
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Samuel Oger
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Thilmany
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Beaudelot
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/08, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christopher Deldaele
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefano Peruško
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.,Organic Synthesis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Yohann Landrain
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bastien Michelet
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Samuel Neale
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Tech Lane Ghent Science Park Campus A, Technologiepark 46, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Eugénie Romero
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cécile Moucheron
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/08, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Veronique Van Speybroeck
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Tech Lane Ghent Science Park Campus A, Technologiepark 46, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
| | - Cédric Theunissen
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Gwilherm Evano
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
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14
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Zhang L, Liu RM, Wang WN, Liu XL, Dai YF, Yu ZB, Peng LJ. 3-Vinyl oxindole-chromone synthon as a skeletal reconstruction reactant for the synthesis of 2-hydroxy benzoyl pyridones. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj06112g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The first example of 3-vinyl oxindole-chromones in the ring opening and recyclization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for the Exploition of Homology Resources of Southwest Medicine and Food, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Ren-Ming Liu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for the Exploition of Homology Resources of Southwest Medicine and Food, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Wei-Na Wang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for the Exploition of Homology Resources of Southwest Medicine and Food, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xiong-Li Liu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for the Exploition of Homology Resources of Southwest Medicine and Food, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yi-Feng Dai
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for the Exploition of Homology Resources of Southwest Medicine and Food, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Zhang-Biao Yu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for the Exploition of Homology Resources of Southwest Medicine and Food, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Li-Jun Peng
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for the Exploition of Homology Resources of Southwest Medicine and Food, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
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15
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Dzobo K. The Role of Natural Products as Sources of Therapeutic Agents for Innovative Drug Discovery. COMPREHENSIVE PHARMACOLOGY 2022. [PMCID: PMC8016209 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-820472-6.00041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Emerging threats to human health require a concerted effort in search of both preventive and treatment strategies, placing natural products at the center of efforts to obtain new therapies and reduce disease spread and associated mortality. The therapeutic value of compounds found in plants has been known for ages, resulting in their utilization in homes and in clinics for the treatment of many ailments ranging from common headache to serious conditions such as wounds. Despite the advancement observed in the world, plant based medicines are still being used to treat many pathological conditions or are used as alternatives to modern medicines. In most cases, these natural products or plant-based medicines are used in an un-purified state as extracts. A lot of research is underway to identify and purify the active compounds responsible for the healing process. Some of the current drugs used in clinics have their origins as natural products or came from plant extracts. In addition, several synthetic analogues are natural product-based or plant-based. With the emergence of novel infectious agents such as the SARS-CoV-2 in addition to already burdensome diseases such as diabetes, cancer, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS, there is need to come up with new drugs that can cure these conditions. Natural products offer an opportunity to discover new compounds that can be converted into drugs given their chemical structure diversity. Advances in analytical processes make drug discovery a multi-dimensional process involving computational designing and testing and eventual laboratory screening of potential drug candidates. Lead compounds will then be evaluated for safety, pharmacokinetics and efficacy. New technologies including Artificial Intelligence, better organ and tissue models such as organoids allow virtual screening, automation and high-throughput screening to be part of drug discovery. The use of bioinformatics and computation means that drug discovery can be a fast and efficient process and enable the use of natural products structures to obtain novel drugs. The removal of potential bottlenecks resulting in minimal false positive leads in drug development has enabled an efficient system of drug discovery. This review describes the biosynthesis and screening of natural products during drug discovery as well as methods used in studying natural products.
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16
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New Diterpenoids from Mesona procumbens with Antiproliferative Activities Modulate Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in Human Leukemia Cancer Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111108. [PMID: 34832890 PMCID: PMC8622523 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesona procumbens is a popular material used in foods and herbal medicines in Asia for clearing heat and resolving toxins. However, phytochemical research on this plant is very rare. In this study, eleven new diterpenoids, mesonols A-K (1–11), comprising seven ent-kauranes, three ent-atisanes, and one sarcopetalane, were isolated from its methanolic extract. Structural elucidation of compounds 1–11 was performed by spectroscopic methods, especially 2D NMR, HRESIMS, and X-ray crystallographic analysis. All isolates were assessed for their antiproliferative activity, and compounds 1–4 showed potential antiproliferative activities against A549, Hep-3B, PC-3, HT29, and U937 cancer cells, with IC50 values ranging from 1.97 to 19.86 µM. The most active compounds, 1 and 2, were selected for further investigation of their effects on cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and ROS generation in U937 human leukemia cancer cells. Interestingly, it was found that compounds 1 and 2 induced antiproliferative effects in U937 cells through different mechanisms. Compound 1 caused cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and subsequent cell death in a dose- and time-dependent manner. However, 2-mediated antiproliferation of U937 cells triggered ROS-mediated mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis. These results provide insight into the molecular mechanism involved in the antiproliferative activities of compounds 1 and 2 in U937 cells. Altogether, the study showed that new diterpenoid compounds 1 and 2 from M. procumbens are potent and promising anticancer agents.
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17
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Hügel HM, de Silva NH, Siddiqui A, Blanch E, Lingham A. Natural spirocyclic alkaloids and polyphenols as multi target dementia leads. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 43:116270. [PMID: 34153839 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The U rhynchophylla, U tomentosa, Isatis indigotica Fortune, Voacanga Africana, herbal constituents, fungal extracts from Aspergillus duricaulis culture media, include spirooxindoles, polyphenols or bridged spirocyclic alkaloids. Their constituents exhibit specific and synergistic multiple neuroprotective properties including inhibiting of Aβ fibril induced cytotoxicity, NMDA receptor inhibition in mice models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The pioneering research from Woodward to Waldmann has advanced the synthesis of spirocyclic alkaloids. Furthermore, the elucidation of the genetic analysis, biochemical pathways that links strictosidine to the alkaloids akuammicine, stemmadenine, tabersonine, catharanthine, will now enable the biotechnological generation, also stimulate synthesis of related bridged spirocyclic alkaloids for medicinal investigations. From the value of spirocyclic structures as multi target dementia leads, we hypothesise that simpler Lipinski-like natural/synthetic alkaloid analogues may likewise be discovered that provide neurocognitive enhancing activities against dementia and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut M Hügel
- Applied Chemistry & Environmental Science, School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia.
| | - Nilamuni H de Silva
- Applied Chemistry & Environmental Science, School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Aimen Siddiqui
- Applied Chemistry & Environmental Science, School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Ewan Blanch
- Applied Chemistry & Environmental Science, School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Anthony Lingham
- Applied Chemistry & Environmental Science, School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
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18
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Alonso F, Galilea A, Mañez PA, Acebedo SL, Cabrera GM, Otero M, Barquero AA, Ramírez JA. Beyond Pseudo-natural Products: Sequential Ugi/Pictet-Spengler Reactions Leading to Steroidal Pyrazinoisoquinolines That Trigger Caspase-Independent Death in HepG2 Cells. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:1945-1955. [PMID: 33682316 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we describe how stereochemically complex polycyclic compounds can be generated by applying a synthetic sequence comprising an intramolecular Ugi reaction followed by a Pictet-Spengler cyclization on steroid-derived scaffolds. The resulting compounds, which combine a fragment derived from a natural product and a scaffold not found in nature. are both structurally distinct and globally similar to natural products at the same time, and interrogate an alternative region of the chemical space. One of the new compounds showed significant antiproliferative activity on HepG2 cells through a caspase-independent cell-death mechanism, an appealing feature when new antitumor compounds are searched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Alonso
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, 1428, Argentina.,Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos Aplicados a Química Orgánica (UMYMFOR), CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, 1428, Argentina)
| | - Agustín Galilea
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, 1428, Argentina.,Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos Aplicados a Química Orgánica (UMYMFOR), CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, 1428, Argentina)
| | - Pau Arroyo Mañez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, 1428, Argentina.,Departamento de Química Orgánica de la Facultad de Farmacia, Universitat de València, Valencia, 46100, Spain
| | - Sofía L Acebedo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, 1428, Argentina.,Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos Aplicados a Química Orgánica (UMYMFOR), CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, 1428, Argentina)
| | - Gabriela M Cabrera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, 1428, Argentina.,Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos Aplicados a Química Orgánica (UMYMFOR), CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, 1428, Argentina)
| | - Marcelo Otero
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires and Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires (IFIBA), Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, 1428, Argentina
| | - Andrea A Barquero
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Departamento de Química Biológica, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, 1428, Argentina.,Instituto de Quimica Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, 1428, Argentina
| | - Javier A Ramírez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, 1428, Argentina.,Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos Aplicados a Química Orgánica (UMYMFOR), CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, 1428, Argentina)
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19
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Liu Y, Zhang Y, Huang Q, Gou C, Li Q, Dai Q, Leng H, Li J. Organocatalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of Tetrahydro‐Furanyl Spirooxindoles via [3+2] Annulations of 3‐Hydroxyoxindoles and Cyclic Ketolactams. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics School of Pharmacy Chengdu University Chengdu 610106 People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics School of Pharmacy Chengdu University Chengdu 610106 People's Republic of China
| | - Qian‐Wei Huang
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics School of Pharmacy Chengdu University Chengdu 610106 People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan Gou
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics School of Pharmacy Chengdu University Chengdu 610106 People's Republic of China
| | - Qing‐Zhu Li
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics School of Pharmacy Chengdu University Chengdu 610106 People's Republic of China
| | - Qing‐Song Dai
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics School of Pharmacy Chengdu University Chengdu 610106 People's Republic of China
| | - Hai‐Jun Leng
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics School of Pharmacy Chengdu University Chengdu 610106 People's Republic of China
| | - Jun‐Long Li
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics School of Pharmacy Chengdu University Chengdu 610106 People's Republic of China
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20
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Zhou W, Li Z, Tian YP, Han XX, Liu XL. Chromone–indanedione reactant: a bifunctional 3C synthon for diastereoselective construction of skeleton-diversified bispiro-[chromanocyclopentane-oxindole-indanedione]. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02257a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A new type of bifunctional 3C synthon, a chromone–indanedione precursor, was employed for diastereoselective Michael/Michael cycloaddition with methyleneindolinones to generate a series of potentially bioactive bispiro-[chromanocyclopentane-oxindole-indanedione] frameworks with skeletal diversity in a single operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Guiyang
- P. R. China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for the Exploitation of Homology Resources of Medicine and Food
| | - Zheng Li
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for the Exploitation of Homology Resources of Medicine and Food
- Guizhou University
- Guiyang
- P. R. China
| | - You-Ping Tian
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Guiyang
- P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Xue Han
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for the Exploitation of Homology Resources of Medicine and Food
- Guizhou University
- Guiyang
- P. R. China
| | - Xiong-Li Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Guiyang
- P. R. China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for the Exploitation of Homology Resources of Medicine and Food
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21
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Seyrani H, Ramezanpour S, Vaezghaemi A, Kobarfard F. A sequential Ugi–Smiles/transition-metal-free endo-dig Conia–ene cyclization: the selective synthesis of saccharin substituted 2,5-dihydropyrroles. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01159f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A convenient, transition-metal-free access to a series of unprecedented saccharin substituted 2,5-dihydropyrroles is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Seyrani
- Department of Chemistry, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sorour Ramezanpour
- Department of Chemistry, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aref Vaezghaemi
- Department of Chemistry, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Kobarfard
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti School of Pharmacy Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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22
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Meng F, Liang Z, Zhao K, Luo C. Drug design targeting active posttranslational modification protein isoforms. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:1701-1750. [PMID: 33355944 DOI: 10.1002/med.21774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Modern drug design aims to discover novel lead compounds with attractable chemical profiles to enable further exploration of the intersection of chemical space and biological space. Identification of small molecules with good ligand efficiency, high activity, and selectivity is crucial toward developing effective and safe drugs. However, the intersection is one of the most challenging tasks in the pharmaceutical industry, as chemical space is almost infinity and continuous, whereas the biological space is very limited and discrete. This bottleneck potentially limits the discovery of molecules with desirable properties for lead optimization. Herein, we present a new direction leveraging posttranslational modification (PTM) protein isoforms target space to inspire drug design termed as "Post-translational Modification Inspired Drug Design (PTMI-DD)." PTMI-DD aims to extend the intersections of chemical space and biological space. We further rationalized and highlighted the importance of PTM protein isoforms and their roles in various diseases and biological functions. We then laid out a few directions to elaborate the PTMI-DD in drug design including discovering covalent binding inhibitors mimicking PTMs, targeting PTM protein isoforms with distinctive binding sites from that of wild-type counterpart, targeting protein-protein interactions involving PTMs, and hijacking protein degeneration by ubiquitination for PTM protein isoforms. These directions will lead to a significant expansion of the biological space and/or increase the tractability of compounds, primarily due to precisely targeting PTM protein isoforms or complexes which are highly relevant to biological functions. Importantly, this new avenue will further enrich the personalized treatment opportunity through precision medicine targeting PTM isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanwang Meng
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, the Center for Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhongjie Liang
- Center for Systems Biology, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Kehao Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, the Center for Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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23
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DMAP-catalyzed decarboxylative [3+2] cycloadditions: A strategy for diastereoselective synthesis of trifluoromethylated chromanone-fused pyrrolidinyl spirooxindoles. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Abstract
Covering: 1986 to 2020Natural products are an enduring source of chemical information useful for probing biologically relevant chemical space. Toward gathering further structure-activity relationship (SAR) information for a particular natural product, synthetic chemists traditionally proceeded first by a total synthesis effort followed by the synthesis of simplified derivatives. While this approach has proven fruitful, it often does not incorporate hypotheses regarding structural features necessary for bioactivity at the synthetic planning stage, but rather focuses on the rapid assembly of the targeted natural product; a goal that often supersedes the opportunity to gather SAR information en route to the natural product. Furthermore, access to simplified variants of a natural product possessing only the proposed essential structural features necessary for bioactivity, typically at lower oxidation states overall, is sometimes non-trivial from the original established synthetic route. In recent years, several synthetic design strategies were described to streamline the process of finding bioactive molecules in concert with fathering further SAR studies for targeted natural products. This review article will briefly discuss traditional retrosynthetic strategies and contrast them to selected examples of recent synthetic strategies for the investigation of biologically relevant chemical space revealed by natural products. These strategies include: diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS), biology-oriented synthesis (BIOS), diverted-total synthesis (DTS), analogue-oriented synthesis (AOS), two-phase synthesis, function-oriented synthesis (FOS), and computed affinity/dynamically ordered retrosynthesis (CANDOR). Finally, a description of pharmacophore-directed retrosynthesis (PDR) developed in our laboratory and initial applications will be presented that was initially inspired by a retrospective analysis of our synthetic route to pateamine A completed in 1998.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanyal J Truax
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76710, USA.
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi‐Qiang Hou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 People's Republic of China
| | - Da‐Ming Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 People's Republic of China
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26
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Ren P, Miao X, Tang T, Wu Y, Wang J, Zeng Y, Li Y, Gao K, Yang YL. Construction of a meroterpenoid-like compound collection by precursor-assisted biosynthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:5850-5856. [PMID: 32692341 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01235a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural products (NPs) and their derivatives play a pivotal role in drug discovery due to their complexity and diversity. The strategies to rapidly generate NP-like compounds offer unique opportunities to access bioactive compounds. Here we present a new approach, precursor-assisted biosynthesis (PAB), for the creation of NP-like compounds by combination of artificial supplementation of common precursors and divergent post-modifications of precursor-deficient fungi. This method was applied to construct a meroterpenoid-like compound collection containing 43 compounds with diverse molecular scaffolds. Extensive bioactive screening of the collection revealed novel STING (stimulator of interferon genes) inhibitors, cytotoxic and antifungal compounds. This result indicates that PAB is an effective methodology for producing compound collections for the purpose of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panlong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Xinyu Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Ting Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yueting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Ying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Kun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yan-Long Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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27
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Thobokholt EN, Larghi EL, Bracca ABJ, Kaufman TS. Isolation and synthesis of cryptosanguinolentine (isocryptolepine), a naturally-occurring bioactive indoloquinoline alkaloid. RSC Adv 2020; 10:18978-19002. [PMID: 35518305 PMCID: PMC9054090 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03096a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosanguinolentine (isocryptolepine) is one of the minor naturally-occurring monomeric indoloquinoline alkaloids, isolated from the West African climbing shrub Cryptolepis sanguinolenta. The natural product displays such a simple and unique skeleton, which chemists became interested in well before it was found in Nature. Because of its structure and biological activity, the natural product has been targeted for synthesis on numerous occasions, employing a wide range of different strategies. Hence, discussed here are aspects related to the isolation of isocryptolepine, as well as the various approaches toward its total synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elida N Thobokholt
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario Suipacha 531 S2002LRK Rosario Argentina +54-341-4370477 +54-341-4370477
| | - Enrique L Larghi
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario Suipacha 531 S2002LRK Rosario Argentina +54-341-4370477 +54-341-4370477
| | - Andrea B J Bracca
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario Suipacha 531 S2002LRK Rosario Argentina +54-341-4370477 +54-341-4370477
| | - Teodoro S Kaufman
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario Suipacha 531 S2002LRK Rosario Argentina +54-341-4370477 +54-341-4370477
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28
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Laroche B, Bouvarel T, Louis-Sylvestre M, Nay B. Diversity-oriented synthesis of 17-spirosteroids. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:880-887. [PMID: 32461769 PMCID: PMC7214869 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS) approach has been used to functionalize 17-ethynyl-17-hydroxysteroids through a one-pot procedure involving a ring-closing enyne metathesis (RCEYM) and a Diels–Alder reaction on the resulting diene, under microwave irradiations. Taking advantage of the propargyl alcohol moiety present on commercially available steroids, this classical strategy was applied to mestranol and lynestrenol, giving a collection of new complex 17-spirosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Laroche
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptations des Micro-organismes (MCAM), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Bouvarel
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptations des Micro-organismes (MCAM), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Martin Louis-Sylvestre
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, ENSTA, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Bastien Nay
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptations des Micro-organismes (MCAM), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, ENSTA, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau Cedex, France
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29
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Deep SAR matrix: SAR matrix expansion for advanced analog design using deep learning architectures. FUTURE DRUG DISCOVERY 2020. [DOI: 10.4155/fdd-2020-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Enhancing the structure–activity relationship matrix (SARM) methodology through integration of deep learning and expansion of chemical space coverage. Background: Analog design is of critical importance for medicinal chemistry. The SARM approach, which combines systematic structural organization of compound series with analog design, is put into scientific context. Methodology: The new DeepSARM concept is introduced. The architecture of SARM-integrated deep generative models is detailed and the workflow for advanced analog design and matrix expansion described. Exemplary application: The DeepSARM approach is applied to design analogs of kinase inhibitors taking kinome-wide chemical space into account. Future perspective: Practical applications of DeepSARM will be a major focal point. Different applications are discussed. New computational features will be added to prioritize virtual candidate compounds.
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30
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Rizvi MA, Hussain Z, Ali F, Amin A, Mir SH, Rydzek G, Jagtap RM, Pardeshi SK, Qadri RA, Ariga K. Bioactive supra decorated thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid derivatives attenuate cellular oxidative stress by enhancing catalase activity. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:7942-7951. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00253d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive (2S,4R)-3-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid molecules restructure enzymes through complexation, allowing enhancing their activity to protect cells from oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zakir Hussain
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Kashmir
- Srinagar
- India
| | - Fasil Ali
- Department of Studies and Research in Biochemistry
- Mangalore University
- India
| | - Asif Amin
- Department of Biotechnology
- University of Kashmir
- Srinagar 190006
- India
| | - Sajjad Husain Mir
- Advanced Materials and Bio Engineering Research Centre (AMBER)
- Ireland
- Department of Chemistry
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
| | - Gaulthier Rydzek
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier
- UMR 5253
- CNRS
- ENSCM
- Univ. Montpellier
| | - Rohidas M. Jagtap
- Department of Chemistry
- Savitribai Phule Pune University
- Pune 411007
- India
| | | | - Raies A. Qadri
- Department of Biotechnology
- University of Kashmir
- Srinagar 190006
- India
| | - Katsuhiko Ariga
- World Premier International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA)
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Tsukuba 305-0044
- Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences
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31
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Kumaravel K, Rajarathinam B, Vasuki G. Water-triggered union of multi-component reactions towards the synthesis of a 4 H-chromene hybrid scaffold. RSC Adv 2020; 10:29109-29113. [PMID: 35521150 PMCID: PMC9055991 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05105e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An unprecedented union of multi-component reactions to construct pyrazole- and pyranopyrazole-adorned 4H-chromene from simple reactants in water at ambient temperature is reported. This innovative tactic has integrated two distinct four-component reactions (4CRs) that occur transiently to form four new heterocycles via ten covalent bonds in a single step. A union of multi-component reactions to construct pyrazole- and pyranopyrazole-adorned 4H-chromene from simple reactants in water at RT is reported. 2 distinct four-component reactions occur transiently to form 4 new heterocycles via 10 covalent bonds in a single step.![]()
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32
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Singh M, Paul AK, Singh V. A transition metal-free approach towards the regioselective synthesis of β-carboline tethered pyrroles and 2,3-dihydro-1 H-pyrroles. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj02315a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A transition metal-free one-pot sequential approach has been unfolded for the synthesis of β-carboline tethered pyrroles and 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrroles by using highly diverse 1-formyl-9H-β-carbolines as a template.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manpreet Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology (NIT)
- Jalandhar
- India
| | - Avijit Kumar Paul
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra
- India
| | - Virender Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology (NIT)
- Jalandhar
- India
- Department of Chemistry
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33
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Efficient identification of novel anti-glioma lead compounds by machine learning models. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 189:111981. [PMID: 31978780 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most devastating and widespread primary central nervous system tumor. Pharmacological treatment of this malignance is limited by the selective permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and relies on a single drug, temozolomide (TMZ), thus making the discovery of new compounds challenging and urgent. Therefore, aiming to discover new anti-glioma drugs, we developed robust machine learning models for predicting anti-glioma activity and BBB penetration ability of new compounds. Using these models, we prioritized 41 compounds from our in-house library of compounds, for further in vitro testing against three glioma cell lines and astrocytes. Subsequently, the most potent and selective compounds were resynthesized and tested in vivo using an orthotopic glioma model. This approach revealed two lead candidates, 4m and 4n, which efficiently decreased malignant glioma development in mice, probably by inhibiting thioredoxin reductase activity, as shown by our enzymological assays. Moreover, these two compounds did not promote body weight reduction, death of animals, or altered hematological and toxicological markers, making then good candidates for lead optimization as anti-glioma drug candidates.
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34
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Ageshina AA, Chesnokov GA, Topchiy MA, Alabugin IV, Nechaev MS, Asachenko AF. Making endo-cyclizations favorable again: a conceptually new synthetic approach to benzotriazoles via azide group directed lithiation/cyclization of 2-azidoaryl bromides. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:4523-4534. [PMID: 30994147 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00615j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although benzotriazoles are important and ubiquitous, currently there is only one conceptual approach to their synthesis: bridging the two ortho-amino groups with an electrophilic nitrogen atom. Herein, we disclose a new practical alternative - the endo-cyclization of 2-azidoaryl lithiums obtained in situ from 2-azido-aryl bromides. The scope of the reaction is illustrated using twenty-four examples with a variety of alkyl, alkoxy, perfluoroalkyl, and halogen substituents. We found that the directing effect of the azide group allows selective metal-halogen exchange in aryl azides containing several bromine atoms. Furthermore, (2-bromophenyl)diazomethane undergoes similar cyclization to give an indazole. Thus, cyclizations of aryl lithiums containing an ortho-X = Y = Z group emerge as a new general approach for the synthesis of aromatic heterocycles. DFT computations suggested that the observed endo-selectivity applies to the anionic cyclizations of other functionalities that undergo "1,1-additions" (i.e., azides, diazo compounds, and isonitriles). In contrast, cyclizations with the heteroatomic functionalities that follow the "1,2-addition" pattern (cyanates, thiocyanates, isocyanates, isothiocyanates, and nitriles) prefer the exo-cyclization path. Hence, such reactions expand the current understanding of stereoelectronic factors in anionic cyclizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra A Ageshina
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Leninskiy prospect 29, Russian Federation.
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35
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Gong Y, Xu SW, Liu XW, Li Z, Liu XL, Yao Z, Zhou Y. Thermal-mediated [1,3]-hydrogen transfer as the key step: access to oxindole-chromone hybrid collection with structural diversity. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:9567-9572. [PMID: 31686070 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02193k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by the chemistry and biology of chromone and oxindole derivatives, herein we report the first example of thermal-mediated [1,3]-hydrogen transfer as the key step for the efficient synthesis of oxindole-chromone hybrid collections 2, which avoids additional catalyst and solvent conditions. All the oxindole-chromones 2 are smoothly obtained in >99% yields in all cases, avoiding column chromatography purification. In particular, the products 2 can act as potential synthons for further elaboration in structural diversity, which might be valuable in organic and medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Gong
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China. and Guizhou Engineering Center for Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Wen Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China.
| | - Xiong-Wei Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China.
| | - Zheng Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China.
| | - Xiong-Li Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China. and Guizhou Engineering Center for Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Yao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China. and Guizhou Engineering Center for Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China.
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36
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Vidhani DV, Alabugin IV. Controlled Evolution of the Cope Rearrangement: Transition from Concerted to Interrupted and Aborted Pericyclic Reactions Regulated by a Switch Built from an Intramolecular Frustrated Lewis Pair. J Org Chem 2019; 84:14844-14853. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Igor V. Alabugin
- Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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37
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Zhou X, Cheng Y, Chen J, Yu X, Xiao W, Chen J. Copper‐Catalyzed Radical Cross‐Coupling of Oxime Esters and Sulfinates for Synthesis of Cyanoalkylated Sulfones. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue‐Song Zhou
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education College of ChemistryCentral China Normal University 152 Luoyu Road Hubei 430079 P. R. China
| | - Ying Cheng
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education College of ChemistryCentral China Normal University 152 Luoyu Road Hubei 430079 P. R. China
| | - Jun Chen
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education College of ChemistryCentral China Normal University 152 Luoyu Road Hubei 430079 P. R. China
| | - Xiao‐Ye Yu
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education College of ChemistryCentral China Normal University 152 Luoyu Road Hubei 430079 P. R. China
| | - Wen‐Jing Xiao
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education College of ChemistryCentral China Normal University 152 Luoyu Road Hubei 430079 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryShanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
| | - Jia‐Rong Chen
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education College of ChemistryCentral China Normal University 152 Luoyu Road Hubei 430079 P. R. China
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38
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Wang S, Dong G, Sheng C. Structural simplification: an efficient strategy in lead optimization. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:880-901. [PMID: 31649841 PMCID: PMC6804494 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The trend toward designing large hydrophobic molecules for lead optimization is often associated with poor drug-likeness and high attrition rates in drug discovery and development. Structural simplification is a powerful strategy for improving the efficiency and success rate of drug design by avoiding "molecular obesity". The structural simplification of large or complex lead compounds by truncating unnecessary groups can not only improve their synthetic accessibility but also improve their pharmacokinetic profiles, reduce side effects and so on. This review will summarize the application of structural simplification in lead optimization. Numerous case studies, particularly those involving successful examples leading to marketed drugs or drug-like candidates, will be introduced and analyzed to illustrate the design strategies and guidelines for structural simplification.
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Key Words
- 11β-HSD, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
- 3D, three-dimensional
- ADMET, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity
- AM2, adrenomedullin-2 receptor
- BIOS, biology-oriented synthesis
- CCK, cholecystokinin receptor
- CGRP, calcitonin gene-related peptide
- Drug design
- Drug discovery
- GlyT1, glycine transport 1
- HBV, hepatitis B virus
- HDAC, histone deacetylase
- HLM, human liver microsome
- JAKs, Janus tyrosine kinases
- LE, ligand efficiency
- Lead optimization
- LeuRS, leucyl-tRNA synthetase
- MCRs, multicomponent reactions
- MDR-TB, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
- MW, molecular weight
- NP, natural product
- NPM, nucleophosmin
- PD, pharmacodynamic
- PK, pharmacokinetic
- PKC, protein kinase C
- Pharmacophore-based simplification
- Reducing chiral centers
- Reducing rings number
- SAHA, vorinostat
- SAR, structure‒activity relationship
- SCONP, structural classification of natural product
- Structural simplification
- Structure-based simplification
- TSA, trichostatin A
- TbLeuRS, T. brucei LeuRS
- ThrRS, threonyl-tRNA synthetase
- VANGL1, van-Gogh-like receptor protein 1
- aa-AMP, aminoacyl-AMP
- aa-AMS, aminoacylsulfa-moyladenosine
- aaRSs, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
- hA3 AR, human A3 adenosine receptor
- mTORC1, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengzheng Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Guoqiang Dong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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39
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Yoshimori A, Horita Y, Tanoue T, Bajorath J. Method for Systematic Analogue Search Using the Mega SAR Matrix Database. J Chem Inf Model 2019; 59:3727-3734. [PMID: 31468964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Analogue searching is a typical requirement in hit expansion, hit-to-lead, and lead optimization projects. A new computational methodology is introduced to search for existing and virtual analogues of active compounds. The approach is based upon the SAR matrix (SARM) data structure that was originally developed for the systematic identification and structural organization of analogue series. The SARM-based analogue search algorithm further extends the capacity of current substructure-based methods by (i) simultaneously considering existing and virtual analogues that populate chemical space around query compounds, (ii) permitting not only R-group replacements but also well-defined chemical modifications in core structures to further expand the analogue space, and (iii) automatically extracting all possible analogues from large pools. In addition, as a basis for analogue searching following the SARM concept, the Mega-SARM database is introduced. Mega-SARM is derived from nearly 3.7 million compounds and contains ∼250 000 matrices with structurally related analogue series and more than 1.5 million virtual candidate compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Yoshimori
- Institute for Theoretical Medicine, Inc. , 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome , Fujisawa , Kanagawa 251-0012 , Japan
| | - Yuichi Horita
- INFOGRAM, Inc. , 2-17-19 Yasuda Building No. 5 3F, Hakataekimae, Hakata-ku , Fukuoka City , Fukuoka 812-0011 , Japan
| | - Toru Tanoue
- INFOGRAM, Inc. , 2-17-19 Yasuda Building No. 5 3F, Hakataekimae, Hakata-ku , Fukuoka City , Fukuoka 812-0011 , Japan
| | - Jürgen Bajorath
- Department of Life Science Informatics, B-IT, LIMES Program Unit Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry , Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität , Endenicher Allee 19c , D-53115 Bonn , Germany
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40
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Schneidewind T, Kapoor S, Garivet G, Karageorgis G, Narayan R, Vendrell-Navarro G, Antonchick AP, Ziegler S, Waldmann H. The Pseudo Natural Product Myokinasib Is a Myosin Light Chain Kinase 1 Inhibitor with Unprecedented Chemotype. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 26:512-523.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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41
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Liu XL, Zhou G, Gong Y, Yao Z, Zuo X, Zhang WH, Zhou Y. Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Bispirooxindole-Based Hexahydroxanthones with Five Contiguous Stereocenters. Org Lett 2019; 21:2528-2531. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiong-Li Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
- Guizhou Engineering Center for Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Gen Zhou
- Guizhou Engineering Center for Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Yi Gong
- Guizhou Engineering Center for Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Yao
- Guizhou Engineering Center for Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Xiong Zuo
- Guizhou Engineering Center for Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Hui Zhang
- Guizhou Engineering Center for Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
- Guizhou Engineering Center for Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P.R. China
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42
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Lenci E, Trabocchi A. Smart Design of Small‐Molecule Libraries: When Organic Synthesis Meets Cheminformatics. Chembiochem 2019; 20:1115-1123. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lenci
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”University of Florence Via della Lastruccia 13 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Florence Italy
| | - Andrea Trabocchi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”University of Florence Via della Lastruccia 13 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Florence Italy
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43
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Leonardi M, Estévez V, Villacampa M, Menéndez JC. Diversity‐Oriented Synthesis of Complex Pyrrole‐Based Architectures from Very Simple Starting Materials. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Leonardi
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas. Facultad de FarmaciaUniversidad Complutense 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Verónica Estévez
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas. Facultad de FarmaciaUniversidad Complutense 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Mercedes Villacampa
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas. Facultad de FarmaciaUniversidad Complutense 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - J. Carlos Menéndez
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas. Facultad de FarmaciaUniversidad Complutense 28040 Madrid Spain
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44
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Ciulla MG, Zimmermann S, Kumar K. Cascade reaction based synthetic strategies targeting biologically intriguing indole polycycles. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:413-431. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02620c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this review, cascade reaction based synthesis strategies delivering biologically intriguing indole polycycles are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gessica Ciulla
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie
- 44227 Dortmund
- Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie
- 44227 Dortmund
- Germany
- Fakultät Chemie und Chemische Biologie Technische Universität Dortmund
| | - Kamal Kumar
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie
- 44227 Dortmund
- Germany
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45
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Zhang X, Huang QF, Zou WL, Li QZ, Feng X, Jia ZQ, Liu Y, Li JL, Wang QW. Synthetic approach to skeletally diverse nitrogen heterocycles from dicyano-2-methylenebut-3-enoates. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00509a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Divergent synthesis of three types of azaheterocycles, including vinylaziridines, pyrroline and 2-aminopyridines, has been achieved through [2 + 1], formal-[4 + 1] and [5 + 1] annulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhang
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chengdu 610041
- China
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
| | - Qing-Fei Huang
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chengdu 610041
- China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Wen-Lin Zou
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
- Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics
- Chengdu University
- Chengdu 610052
- PR China
| | - Qing-Zhu Li
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
- Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics
- Chengdu University
- Chengdu 610052
- PR China
| | - Xin Feng
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
- Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics
- Chengdu University
- Chengdu 610052
- PR China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Jia
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
- Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics
- Chengdu University
- Chengdu 610052
- PR China
| | - Yue Liu
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
- Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics
- Chengdu University
- Chengdu 610052
- PR China
| | - Jun-Long Li
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chengdu 610041
- China
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
| | - Qi-Wei Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chengdu 610041
- China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
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46
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Chen S, Wang GL, Xu SW, Tian MY, Zhang M, Liu XL, Yuan WC. Regio- and stereoselective [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction: access to isoxazole-dispirobisoxindoles featuring three contiguous stereocenters. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:6551-6556. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01203f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel methodology toward the diversity-oriented asymmetric construction of densely functionalized isoxazole-dispirobisoxindoles was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Chen
- Guizhou Medicine Edible Plant Resources Application Development Engineering Laboratory
- Guizhou University
- Guiyang
- China
| | - Guan-Lian Wang
- Guizhou Medicine Edible Plant Resources Application Development Engineering Laboratory
- Guizhou University
- Guiyang
- China
| | - Sheng-Wen Xu
- Guizhou Medicine Edible Plant Resources Application Development Engineering Laboratory
- Guizhou University
- Guiyang
- China
| | - Min-Yi Tian
- Guizhou Medicine Edible Plant Resources Application Development Engineering Laboratory
- Guizhou University
- Guiyang
- China
| | - Min Zhang
- Guizhou Medicine Edible Plant Resources Application Development Engineering Laboratory
- Guizhou University
- Guiyang
- China
| | - Xiong-Li Liu
- Guizhou Medicine Edible Plant Resources Application Development Engineering Laboratory
- Guizhou University
- Guiyang
- China
| | - Wei-Cheng Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Asymmetric Synthesis & Chirotechnology of Sichuan Province
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chengdu 610041
- China
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47
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Liu XL, Gong Y, Chen S, Zuo X, Yao Z, Zhou Y. Bifunctional oxindole-chromone 4C building block directed asymmetric synthesis of bispirocyclic hexahydroxanthones featuring five contiguous stereocenters and two side-by-side oxindoles. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00127a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Optically active small molecules based on privileged natural product frameworks and rich in three-dimensional complexity are in high demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong-Li Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guizhou University of Chinese Medicine
- Guiyang
- P. R. China
- Guizhou Engineering Center for Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine
| | - Yi Gong
- Guizhou Engineering Center for Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine
- Guizhou University
- Guiyang
- P. R. China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Guizhou Engineering Center for Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine
- Guizhou University
- Guiyang
- P. R. China
| | - Xiong Zuo
- Guizhou Engineering Center for Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine
- Guizhou University
- Guiyang
- P. R. China
| | - Zhen Yao
- Guizhou Engineering Center for Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine
- Guizhou University
- Guiyang
- P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guizhou University of Chinese Medicine
- Guiyang
- P. R. China
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48
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Liu XL, Yue J, Chen S, Liu HH, Yang KM, Feng TT, Zhou Y. Thermal-mediated catalyst-free heterolytic cleavage of 3-halooxindoles: rapid access to 3-functionalized-2-oxindoles. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo01222a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Herein a previously unreported catalyst-free SN1 reaction of the 3-halooxindoles to build 3-functionalized-2-oxindoles is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong-Li Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guizhou University of Chinese Medicine
- Guiyang
- P. R. China
- Guizhou Engineering Center for Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine
| | - Jing Yue
- Guizhou Engineering Center for Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine
- Guizhou University
- Guiyang
- P. R. China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Guizhou Engineering Center for Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine
- Guizhou University
- Guiyang
- P. R. China
| | - Huan-Huan Liu
- Guizhou Engineering Center for Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine
- Guizhou University
- Guiyang
- P. R. China
| | - Kai-Mo Yang
- Guizhou Engineering Center for Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine
- Guizhou University
- Guiyang
- P. R. China
| | - Ting-Ting Feng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guizhou University of Chinese Medicine
- Guiyang
- P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guizhou University of Chinese Medicine
- Guiyang
- P. R. China
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49
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George J, Kim SY, Oh K. Three-Component Reactions to Spirocyclic Pyrrolidinonylformimidamides: α-Isocyano Lactams as Two-Atom Unit in Silver-Catalyzed Formal [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions. Org Lett 2018; 20:7192-7196. [PMID: 30371083 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A facile approach to spirocyclic pyrrolidinonylformimidamides has been developed via three-component reactions of isocyanides, alkenes, and amines. The reaction proceeds through a sequence of two distinct reaction pathways; the base-catalyzed conjugate addition of α-isocyano lactams to electron-deficient alkenes and the Ag(I)-catalyzed amine insertion to the isocyanide moiety. Both reactions display markedly different reaction kinetics, allowing the one-pot three-component reactions to be performed in the presence of respective catalysts, a Brønsted base and a silver salt. The formation of spirocyclic pyrrolidin-2-ones represents an unusual use of α-isocyano lactam as a two-atom unit in a formal [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction. The successful identification of ways to defy the typical three-atom unit role of α-isocyano carbonyl compounds in the [3 + 2] cycloaddition pathways manifests a rapid assembly of medicinally important spirocyclic scaffolds from readily available starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimil George
- Center for Metareceptome Research, College of Pharmacy , Chung-Ang University , 84 Heukseok-ro , Dongjak, Seoul 06974 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Yoon Kim
- Center for Metareceptome Research, College of Pharmacy , Chung-Ang University , 84 Heukseok-ro , Dongjak, Seoul 06974 , Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsoo Oh
- Center for Metareceptome Research, College of Pharmacy , Chung-Ang University , 84 Heukseok-ro , Dongjak, Seoul 06974 , Republic of Korea
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Kumar
- Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare PhysiologieAbteilung Chemische Biologie Otto-Hahn Str. 11 44227- Dortmund Germany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare PhysiologieAbteilung Chemische Biologie Otto-Hahn Str. 11 44227- Dortmund Germany
- Technische Universität DortmundFakultät Chemie, Chemische Biologie Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 Dortmund 44221 Germany
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