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Chen Y, Ma S, Zhou M, Yao Y, Gao X, Fan X, Wu G. Advancements in the preparation technology of small molecule artificial antigens and their specific antibodies: a comprehensive review. Analyst 2024; 149:4583-4599. [PMID: 39140248 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00501e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Small molecules find extensive application in medicine, food safety, and environmental studies, particularly in biomedicine. Immunoassay technology, leveraging the specific recognition between antigens and antibodies, offers a superior alternative to traditional physical and chemical analysis methods. This approach allows for the rapid and accurate detection of small molecular compounds, owing to its high sensitivity, specificity, and swift analytical capabilities. However, small molecular compounds often struggle to effectively stimulate an immune response due to their low molecular weight, weak antigenicity, and limited antigenic epitopes. To overcome this, coupling small molecule compounds with macromolecular carriers to form complete antigens is typically required to induce specific antibodies in animals. Consequently, the preparation of small-molecule artificial antigens and the production of efficient specific antibodies are crucial for achieving precise immunoassays. This paper reviews recent advancements in small molecule antibody preparation technology, emphasizing the design and synthesis of haptens, the coupling of haptens with carriers, the purification and identification of artificial antigens, and the preparation of specific antibodies. Additionally, it evaluates the current technological shortcomings and limitations while projecting future trends in artificial antigen synthesis and antibody preparation technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaya Chen
- Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Shuo Ma
- Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Meiling Zhou
- Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yuming Yao
- Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xun Gao
- Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiaobo Fan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Guoqiu Wu
- Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
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The influence of hapten spacer arm length on antibody response and immunoassay development. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1239:340699. [PMID: 36628767 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies against small molecules with high titer and high affinity are always pursued in the field of vaccines for drugs of abuse, antidotes to toxins and immunoassays in medical, environmental, and food safety. The exposure degree of the target molecule to the immune system is critical to induce a strongly specific antibody response, thus, the spacer arm length between the target molecule and carrier protein plays an important role. However, the influence of spacer arm length on antibody titer, affinity, and assay performance is not yet clear and highly demanded to be addressed. In the present study, we proposed a model study to answer the question by using two typical small molecules, melamine and p-nitroaniline, which were introduced by varied spacer arms with increasing alkane linear length from 2 to 12 carbon atoms brick by brick. The spacer arm lengths of the haptens were obtained by computational chemistry. The titer and affinity of mouse antisera were analyzed and compared, showing that all haptens with spacer arms of 6-8 carbon atoms, i.e. 6.3-8.8 Å in length, induced strong antibodies represented by the highest titer and affinity without exception, while the haptens with spacer arms of 2-4 carbon atoms and 10-12 carbon atoms, i.e. 1.5-3.9 Å and 11.3-13.9 Å in length, failed to induce high-quality antibody response. Moreover, the titer and sensitivity of the subsequently developed immunoassays were significantly affected by using coating haptens with different spacer arm lengths, and coating haptens with a spacer arm of 6.3-8.8 Å in length delivered the optimum detection performance. The antibody recognition mechanism study further confirmed that the hapten spacer arm length had a critical effect on the recognition properties of the induced antibody, which should be interactive with the spacer arm each other. This study showed that the hapten with appropriate spacer arm length is important to antibody response and immunoassay development, providing a valuable and general clue for the rational design of hapten.
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Bai Y, Fei J, Wu W, Dou L, Liu M, Shao S, Yu W, Wen K, Shen J, Wang Z. Minimum Distance Between Two Epitopes in Sandwich Immunoassays for Small Molecules. Anal Chem 2022; 94:17843-17852. [PMID: 36519948 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The pursuit of the limit between dimensionalities is a scientific goal with high applicability. Sandwich immunoassay, usually based on two antibodies binding two epitopes, is one of the most popular mainstay tools in both academic and industrial fields. Herein, we determined and evaluated the minimum distance of two epitopes in sandwich immunoassays for small molecules. Briefly, nine model analytes comprising two hapten epitopes, that is, melamine (MEL) and p-nitroaniline (NIA), were designed by increasing the linear chain linkers brick by brick. Two groups of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were produced with different recognition properties toward MEL and NIA using 12 new haptens with different spacer arms. The results indicated that two epitopes of the analyte with a distance of only 2.4 Å could be simultaneously bound by two mAbs, which is the known limit of epitope distance in sandwich immunoassays thus far. We further found that an epitope distance of below 8.8 Å for the analyte generally induces noticeable steric hindrance of antibodies, preventing a sandwich immunoassay with high probability. These observations were investigated and evaluated by molecular docking, molecular dynamics, and surface plasmon resonance and using model and real analytes. Altogether, we determined the minimum distance of two epitopes and explored the molecular mechanism of the antibody-analyte-antibody ternary complex in sandwich immunoassays, providing a theoretical basis for hapten design, antibody discovery and development, and sandwich immunoassay establishment for small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Bai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, 030001 Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Fei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weilin Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Leina Dou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Minggang Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shibei Shao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Guo L, Liu M, Li Q, Dong B, Li H, Mari GM, Liu R, Yu W, Yu X, Wang Z, Zhang S, Shen J, Wen K. Synthesis and characterization of tracers and development of a fluorescence polarization immunoassay for amantadine with high sensitivity in chicken. J Food Sci 2021; 86:4754-4767. [PMID: 34549423 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) is a homogeneous and rapid analytical method that is suitable for high-throughput screening of large numbers of samples. However, FPIA typically suffers from lower sensitivity than the well-established enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), limiting its wide application as an analytical tool that can be run with trace levels of an analyte. Herein, a highly sensitive FPIA for detecting amantadine (AMD) in chicken is described. To achieve high sensitivity, nine chemical tracers of AMD that employ different fluoresceins, fluorescein derivatives, and haptens were synthesized and paired with four previously produced monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The effect of the tracer structure on the sensitivity of FPIA was investigated and discussed. We found that the tracers with a linear and shorter bridge between adamantane and fluorescein generally provided higher sensitivity. After optimization, N'-(1-adamantyl) ethylenediamine (AEDA), an AMD structural analogue labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), achieved the lowest IC50 value (1.0 ng/ml) in the FPIA, which was comparable to that of the heterologous ELISA format that used the same mAb7G2. We also investigated the possible recognition mechanism of mAbs in terms of conformational and electronic aspects. The developed FPIA was applied to chicken to detect AMD residue, demonstrating a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.9 µg/kg with recoveries of 76.5-89.3% and coefficients of variation (CVs) below 14.5%. These results show that the proposed FPIA is an efficient, accurate, and convenient method for the rapid screening of AMD residues in chicken. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) was developed to determine and quantify amantadine (AMD) in chicken samples with high sensitivity. This homogeneous method avoids coating and washing steps and may provide high-throughput AMD screening in chicken in 10 min with high accuracy and precision. FPIA can be used as a monitoring tool and contribute significantly to the rapid detection of AMD in chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuchuan Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Meixuan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Baolei Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongfang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ghulam Mujtaba Mari
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuezhi Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Suxia Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Zeng K, Zhang Z, Liu L, Shao J, Gu L, Liu H, Qu G, Shi J, Jiang GB. A typical derivative and byproduct of tetrabromobisphenol A: Development of novel high-throughput immunoassays and systematic investigation of their distributions in Taizhou, an e-waste recycling area in eastern China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114382. [PMID: 32229371 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Environmental distribution and concentration of tetrabromobisphenol A bis- (2-hydroxyethyl) ether (TBBPA-DHEE) and tetrabromobisphenol A mono- (hydroxyethyl) ether (TBBPA-MHEE), are obscure due to the lack of available analytical methods. Here two novel immunoassays were established to systematically investigate their distributions in Taizhou, Eastern China. Five monoclonal antibodies against pollutants were generated with two designed haptens through animal immunization. After matched with different coating antigens/antibodies, ELISAs were established (LOD for TBBPA-DHEE, 0.12 ng/mL, based on OVA-M3/mAb-D4G6; LOD for TBBPA-MHEE, 0.79 ng/mL, based on OVA-M3/mAb-D2G6) and applied for investigation of their occurrences at a typical e-waste recycling area after 2-year samples collection, where the total 33 water, 32 soil and 16 biological samples were collected with the highest concentrations of 3.46 ng/mL, 2.76 ng/g (dry weight, dw) and 5.01 ng/g (dw), respectively. Meanwhile, our study also indicated that at the centralizing e-waste recycling sites the serious pollution for both chemicals still existed despite of various efforts. Besides, obvious improvements were observed at an abandoned e-waste recycling region treated and remedied for many years by the local Chinese government. These findings highlight the importance of policy decisions in treatment of pollutants to reduce organic pollutant-related health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zeng
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Liyuan Liu
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Jie Shao
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Lantian Gu
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Huizi Liu
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Guangbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Jianbo Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Gui-Bin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
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Mercader JV, Agulló C, Abad-Somovilla A, Abad-Fuentes A. A Monoclonal Antibody-Based Immunoassay for Mepanipyrim Residue Sensitive Analysis in Grape Juice and Wine. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-019-01693-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fraczyk J, Walczak M, Kaminski ZJ. New methodology for automated SPOT synthesis of peptides on cellulose using 1,3,5-triazine derivatives as linkers and as coupling reagents. J Pept Sci 2018; 24. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.3063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Fraczyk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology; 90-924 Lodz Poland
| | - Małgorzata Walczak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology; 90-924 Lodz Poland
| | - Zbigniew J. Kaminski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology; 90-924 Lodz Poland
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Thomas RG, Rivera Reyes BM, Gaston BM, Rivera Acosta NB, Bederman IR, Smith LA, Sutton MT, Wang B, Hunt JF, Bonfield TL. Conjugation of nitrated acetaminophen to Der p1 amplifies peripheral blood monocyte response to Der p1. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188614. [PMID: 29228007 PMCID: PMC5724819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An association of acetaminophen use and asthma was observed in the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood study. However there are no clear mechanisms to explain an association between acetaminophen use and immunologic pathology. In acidic conditions like those in the stomach and inflamed airway, tyrosine residues are nitrated by nitrous and peroxynitrous acids. The resulting nitrotyrosine is structurally similar to 2,4-dinitrophenol and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, known haptens that enhance immune responses by covalently binding proteins. Nitrated acetaminophen shares similar molecular structure. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized the acetaminophen phenol ring undergoes nitration under acidic conditions, producing 3-nitro-acetaminophen which augments allergic responses by acting as a hapten for environmental allergens. METHODS 3-nitro-acetaminophen was formed from acetaminophen in the presence of acidified nitrite, purified by high performance liquid chromatography, and assayed by gas-chromatography mass spectrometry. Purified 3-nitro-acetaminophen was reacted with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p1) and analyzed by mass spectrometry to identify the modification site. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells proliferation response was measured in response to 3-nitro-acetaminophen and to 3-nitro-acetaminophen-modified Der p1. RESULTS Acetaminophen was modified by nitrous acid forming 3-nitro-acetaminophen over a range of different acidic conditions consistent with airway inflammation and stomach acidity. The Der p1 protein-hapten adduct creation was confirmed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry proteomics modifying cysteine 132. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells exposed to 3-nitro-acetaminophen-modified Der p1 had increased proliferation and cytokine production compared to acetaminophen and Der p1 alone (n = 7; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION These data suggests 3-nitro-acetaminophen formation and reaction with Der p1 provides a mechanism by which stomach acid or infection-induced low airway pH in patients could enhance the allergic response to proteins such as Der p1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan G. Thomas
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - Brenda M. Rivera Reyes
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - Benjamin M. Gaston
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - Nelki B. Rivera Acosta
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ilya R. Bederman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - Laura A. Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - Morgan T. Sutton
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
| | - Benlian Wang
- Center of Proteomics and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - John F. Hunt
- Airbase Therapeutics, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Tracey L. Bonfield
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States of America
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Sedlmeier A, Gorris HH. Surface modification and characterization of photon-upconverting nanoparticles for bioanalytical applications. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:1526-60. [PMID: 25176175 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00186a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Photon-upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) can be excited by near-infrared light and emit visible light (anti-Stokes emission) which prevents autofluorescence and light scattering of biological samples. The potential for background-free imaging has attracted wide interest in UCNPs in recent years. Small and homogeneous lanthanide-doped UCNPs that display high upconversion efficiency have typically been synthesized in organic solvents. Bioanalytical applications, however, require a subsequent phase transfer to aqueous solutions. Hence, the surface properties of UCNPs must be well designed and characterized to grant both a stable aqueous colloidal dispersion and the ability to conjugate biomolecules and other ligands on the nanoparticle surface. In this review, we introduce various routes for the surface modification of UCNPs and critically discuss their advantages and disadvantages. The last part covers various analytical methods that enable a thorough examination of the progress and success of the surface functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Sedlmeier
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- und Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
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Gorris HH. Kinetic analysis of renin and its inhibitors by detecting double-labelled peptidic substrates with an immunoassay. Analyst 2013; 138:2104-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an36508e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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