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Conjugates of Tetrapyrrolic Macrocycles as Potential Anticancer Target-Oriented Photosensitizers. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2023; 381:10. [PMID: 36826755 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-023-00421-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is a minimally invasive treatment of tumors using photosensitizers, light, and reactive oxygen species, which can destroy cellular structures. With the development of photodynamic therapy, significant efforts have been made to create new efficient photosensitizers with improved delivery to cells, stability, and selectivity against cancer tissues. Naturally occurring tetrapyrrolic macrocycles, such as porphyrins and chlorins, are very attractive as photosensitizers, and their structural modification and conjugation with other biologically active molecules are promising approaches for creating new photosensitizers specifically targeting cancer cells. The present review aims to highlight recent developments in the design, preparation, and investigation of complex conjugates of tetrapyrrolic macrocycles, which can potentially be used as sensitizers for target-oriented photodynamic therapy of cancer. In this review, we discuss the structure, photodynamic effect, and anticancer activity of the following conjugates of tetrapyrrolic macrocycles: (1) conjugates obtained by modifying peripheral substituents in porphyrins and chlorins; (2) conjugates of porphyrins and chlorins with lipids, carbohydrates, steroids, and peptides; (3) conjugates of porphyrins and chlorins with anticancer drugs and some other biologically active molecules; (4) metal-containing conjugates. The question of how the conjugate structure affects its specificity, internalization, localization, and photoinduced toxicity within cancer cells is the focus of this review.
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2
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Practical Guidance for Developing Small-Molecule Optical Probes for In Vivo Imaging. Mol Imaging Biol 2023; 25:240-264. [PMID: 36745354 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-023-01800-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The WMIS Education Committee (2019-2022) reached a consensus that white papers on molecular imaging could be beneficial for practitioners of molecular imaging at their early career stages and other scientists who are interested in molecular imaging. With this consensus, the committee plans to publish a series of white papers on topics related to the daily practice of molecular imaging. In this white paper, we aim to provide practical guidance that could be helpful for optical molecular imaging, particularly for small molecule probe development and validation in vitro and in vivo. The focus of this paper is preclinical animal studies with small-molecule optical probes. Near-infrared fluorescence imaging, bioluminescence imaging, chemiluminescence imaging, image-guided surgery, and Cerenkov luminescence imaging are discussed in this white paper.
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3
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Ma Y, Wu Y, Wang X, Gao G, Zhou X. Research Progress of Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probes Based on 1,3-Dichloro-7-hydroxy-9,9-dimethyl-2(9 H)-acridone (DDAO). CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202206044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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4
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High-throughput optical assays for sensing serine hydrolases in living systems and their applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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5
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Rubtsova NI, Hart MC, Arroyo AD, Osharovich SA, Liebov BK, Miller J, Yuan M, Cochran JM, Chong S, Yodh AG, Busch TM, Delikatny EJ, Anikeeva N, Popov AV. NIR Fluorescent Imaging and Photodynamic Therapy with a Novel Theranostic Phospholipid Probe for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1852-1863. [PMID: 34139845 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
New exogenous probes are needed for both imaging diagnostics and therapeutics. Here, we introduce a novel nanocomposite near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent imaging probe and test its potency as a photosensitizing agent for photodynamic therapy (PDT) against triple-negative breast cancer cells. The active component in the nanocomposite is a small molecule, pyropheophorbide a-phosphatidylethanolamine-QSY21 (Pyro-PtdEtn-QSY), which is imbedded into lipid nanoparticles for transport in the body. The probe targets abnormal choline metabolism in cancer cells; specifically, the overexpression of phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC) in breast, prostate, and ovarian cancers. Pyro-PtdEtn-QSY consists of a NIR fluorophore and a quencher, attached to a PtdEtn moiety. It is selectively activated by PC-PLC resulting in enhanced fluorescence in cancer cells compared to normal cells. In our in vitro investigation, four breast cancer cell lines showed higher probe activation levels than noncancerous control cells, immortalized human mammary gland cells, and normal human T cells. Moreover, the ability of this nanocomposite to function as a sensitizer in PDT experiments on MDA-MB-231 cells suggests that the probe is promising as a theranostic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia I Rubtsova
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Michael C Hart
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Alejandro D Arroyo
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Sofya A Osharovich
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Benjamin K Liebov
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Joann Miller
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Bldg 421, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Min Yuan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Bldg 421, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Cochran
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Sanghoon Chong
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Arjun G Yodh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Theresa M Busch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Bldg 421, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - E James Delikatny
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Nadia Anikeeva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, United States
| | - Anatoliy V Popov
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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6
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Rees SWP, Leung E, Reynisson J, Barker D, Pilkington LI. Development of 2-Morpholino-N-hydroxybenzamides as anti-proliferative PC-PLC inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2021; 114:105152. [PMID: 34328856 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC) is a key enzyme involved in the metabolism of the mammalian phospholipid phosphatidylcholine into secondary messengers diacylglycerol (DAG) and phosphocholine. DAG and phosphocholine have been identified to amplify various cellular processes involved in oncogenesis such as proliferation, cell-cycle activation, differentiation and motility, therefore making PC-PLC a potential target for novel anti-cancer treatments. The current literature standard for PC-PLC inhibition, tricyclodecan-9-yl-potassium xanthate (D609), has been shown to arrest proliferation in multiple cancer cell lines, however, it is not drug-like resulting in low aqueous stability, making it a poor drug candidate. 2-Morpholinobenzoic acids have been shown to have improved PC-PLC inhibitory activity compared to D609, with molecular modelling identifying chelation of the carboxylic acid to catalytic Zn2+ ions in the PC-PLC active site being a key interaction. In this study, the carboxylic acid motif was replaced with a hydroxamic acid to strengthen the Zn2+ interaction. It was found that the hydroxamic acid derivatives displayed PC-PLC inhibitory activity similar, or better, than D609. Furthermore, these novel inhibitors had potent anti-proliferative activity in MDA-MB-231 and HCT-116 cancer cell lines, far greater than D609 and previous 2-morpholinobenzoic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun W P Rees
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Euphemia Leung
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Jóhannes Reynisson
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Hornbeam Building, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
| | - David Barker
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - Lisa I Pilkington
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
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7
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Yu Z, Jiang F, Hu C, Tang B. Functionalized nanoprobes for in situ detection of telomerase. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:3736-3748. [PMID: 33876119 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc08412c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Telomerase, a special ribonucleoprotein reverse transcriptase, can maintain the length and stability of telomeres and plays an important role in cell proliferation and differentiation. Due to the distinguishable expression level in normal cells and cancer cells, telomerase has become an important biomarker for cancer diagnosis and prognosis evaluation. Despite major breakthroughs in the field of telomerase detection, the extracts in the cell lysate are still the first choice as the analyte nevertheless, which will bring serious inaccuracies compared with the real intracellular activity. With the development of nanotechnology and nanomaterials, extraordinary progress has been made in telomerase detection by employing different versatile nanoprobes. In this review, we list the superiority of nanoprobes and systematically summarize the applications of nanoprobes in telomerase detection from the aspects of various nanomaterials and discuss the current challenges and potential trends in the future design of nanoprobes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengze Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China.
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8
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Varandas PAMM, Cobb AJA, Segundo MA, Silva EMP. Emergent Glycerophospholipid Fluorescent Probes: Synthesis and Applications. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 31:417-435. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A. M. M. Varandas
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexander J. A. Cobb
- Department of Chemistry, King’s College London, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, United Kingdom
| | - Marcela A. Segundo
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduarda M. P. Silva
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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9
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Arlauckas SP, Browning EA, Poptani H, Delikatny EJ. Imaging of cancer lipid metabolism in response to therapy. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2019; 32:e4070. [PMID: 31107583 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lipids represent a diverse array of molecules essential to the cell's structure, defense, energy, and communication. Lipid metabolism can often become dysregulated during tumor development. During cancer therapy, targeted inhibition of cell proliferation can likewise cause widespread and drastic changes in lipid composition. Molecular imaging techniques have been developed to monitor altered lipid profiles as a biomarker for cancer diagnosis and treatment response. For decades, MRS has been the dominant non-invasive technique for studying lipid metabolite levels. Recent insights into the oncogenic transformations driving changes in lipid metabolism have revealed new mechanisms and signaling molecules that can be exploited using optical imaging, mass spectrometry imaging, and positron emission tomography. These novel imaging modalities have provided researchers with a diverse toolbox to examine changes in lipids in response to a wide array of anticancer strategies including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, signal transduction inhibitors, gene therapy, immunotherapy, or a combination of these strategies. The understanding of lipid metabolism in response to cancer therapy continues to evolve as each therapeutic method emerges, and this review seeks to summarize the current field and areas of unmet needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Philip Arlauckas
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Systems Biology, Mass General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Anne Browning
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Harish Poptani
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Edward James Delikatny
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Sonkar K, Ayyappan V, Tressler CM, Adelaja O, Cai R, Cheng M, Glunde K. Focus on the glycerophosphocholine pathway in choline phospholipid metabolism of cancer. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2019; 32:e4112. [PMID: 31184789 PMCID: PMC6803034 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Activated choline metabolism is a hallmark of carcinogenesis and tumor progression, which leads to elevated levels of phosphocholine and glycerophosphocholine in all types of cancer tested so far. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy applications have played a key role in detecting these elevated choline phospholipid metabolites. To date, the majority of cancer-related studies have focused on phosphocholine and the Kennedy pathway, which constitutes the biosynthesis pathway for membrane phosphatidylcholine. Fewer and more recent studies have reported on the importance of glycerophosphocholine in cancer. In this review article, we summarize the recent literature on glycerophosphocholine metabolism with respect to its cancer biology and its detection by magnetic resonance spectroscopy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Sonkar
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vinay Ayyappan
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Caitlin M. Tressler
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Oluwatobi Adelaja
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ruoqing Cai
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Menglin Cheng
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristine Glunde
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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11
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Detection and Differentiation of Breast Cancer Sub-Types using a cPLA2α Activatable Fluorophore. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6122. [PMID: 30992473 PMCID: PMC6467920 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41626-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α) has been shown to be elevated in breast cancer and is a potential biomarker in the differentiation of molecular sub-types. Using a cPLA2α activatable fluorophore, DDAO arachidonate, we explore its ability to function as a contrast agent in fluorescence-guided surgery. In cell lines ranging in cPLA2α expression and representing varying breast cancer sub-types, we show DDAO arachidonate activates with a high correlation to cPLA2α expression level. Using a control probe, DDAO palmitate, in addition to cPLA2α inhibition and genetic knockdown, we show that this activation is a result of cPLA2α activity. In mouse models, using an ex vivo tumor painting technique, we show that DDAO arachidonate activates to a high degree in basal-like versus luminal-like breast tumors and healthy mammary tissue. Finally, we show that using an in vivo model, orthotopic basal-like tumors give significantly high probe activation compared to healthy mammary fat pads and surrounding tissue. Together we conclude that cPLA2α activatable fluorophores such as DDAO arachidonate may serve as a useful contrast agent for the visualization of tumor margins in the fluorescence-guided surgery of basal-like breast cancer.
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12
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Feng L, Yang Y, Huo X, Tian X, Feng Y, Yuan H, Zhao L, Wang C, Chu P, Long F, Wang W, Ma X. Highly Selective NIR Probe for Intestinal β-Glucuronidase and High-Throughput Screening Inhibitors to Therapy Intestinal Damage. ACS Sens 2018; 3:1727-1734. [PMID: 30149692 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
β-Glucuronidase (GLU) as a vital factor in enterohepatic circulation and drug-inducing enteropathy has been given more and more attention in recent years. In this study, an off-on near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe (DDAO-glu) for selectively and sensitively sensing GLU was developed on the basis of its substrate preference. DDAO-glu can rapidly and selectively respond to bacterial GLU under physiological conditions for detecting the real-time intestinal GLU bioactivity of complex biological systems such as human feces in clinic. Meantime, DDAO-glu has been successfully applied for visualization of endogenous GLU in bacterial biofilm, thallus, and even in vivo. Using this NIR probe, we successfully visualized the real distribution of intestinal GLU in the enterohepatic circulation. Furthermore, a high-throughput screening method was successfully established by our probe, and a potent natural inhibitor of GLU was identified as (-)-epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG) for effectively preventing NSAIDs-inducing enteropathy in vivo. DDAO-glu could serve as a powerful tool for exploring real physical functions of intestinal GLU in enterohepatic circulation, under physiological and pathological contexts, and developing the novel inhibitors of GLU to therapy acute drug-inducing enteropathy in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Feng
- College of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, the National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
- Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yongliang Yang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaokui Huo
- College of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, the National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiangge Tian
- College of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, the National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yujie Feng
- College of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, the National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Hanwen Yuan
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Sino-Pakistan TCM and Ethnomedicine Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Lijian Zhao
- Bio/Medical Experiment Center, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, the National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
- Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Peng Chu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Feida Long
- Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Wei Wang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Sino-Pakistan TCM and Ethnomedicine Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
| | - Xiaochi Ma
- College of Integrative Medicine, College of Pharmacy, the National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug Development of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
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Liebov B, Arroyo AD, Rubtsova NI, Osharovich SA, Delikatny EJ, Popov AV. Nonprotecting Group Synthesis of a Phospholipase C Activatable Probe with an Azo-Free Quencher. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:6867-6873. [PMID: 29978148 PMCID: PMC6026834 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The near-infrared fluorescent activatable smart probe Pyro-phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn)-QSY was synthesized and observed to selectively fluoresce in the presence of phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC). PC-PLC is an important biological target as it is known to be upregulated in a variety of cancers, including triple negative breast cancer. Pyro-PtdEtn-QSY features a QSY21 quenching moiety instead of the Black Hole Quencher-3 (BHQ-3) used previously because the latter contains an azo bond, which could lead to biological instability.
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14
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Dube S, Dube H, Green NB, Larsen EM, White A, Johnson RJ, Kowalski JR. In Vivo Delivery and Activation of Masked Fluorogenic Hydrolase Substrates by Endogenous Hydrolases in C. elegans. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1807-1813. [PMID: 28703362 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Protein expression and localization are often studied in vivo by tagging molecules with green fluorescent protein (GFP), yet subtle changes in protein levels are not easily detected. To develop a sensitive in vivo method to amplify fluorescence signals and allow cell-specific quantification of protein abundance changes, we sought to apply an enzyme-activated cellular fluorescence system in vivo by delivering ester-masked fluorophores to Caenorhabditis elegans neurons expressing porcine liver esterase (PLE). To aid uptake into sensory neuron membranes, we synthesized two novel fluorogenic hydrolase substrates with long hydrocarbon tails. Recombinant PLE activated these fluorophores in vitro. In vivo activation occurred in sensory neurons, along with potent activation in intestinal lysosomes quantifiable by imaging and microplate and partially attributable to gut esterase 1 (GES-1) activity. These data demonstrate the promise of biorthogonal hydrolases and their fluorogenic substrates as in vivo neuronal imaging tools and for characterizing endogenous C. elegans hydrolase substrate specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shataakshi Dube
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, 4600 Sunset Avenue, Indianapolis, IN, 46208, USA
| | - Hitesh Dube
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, 4600 Sunset Avenue, Indianapolis, IN, 46208, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, 4600 Sunset Avenue, Indianapolis, IN, 46208, USA
| | - Nicole B Green
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, 4600 Sunset Avenue, Indianapolis, IN, 46208, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, 4600 Sunset Avenue, Indianapolis, IN, 46208, USA
| | - Erik M Larsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, 4600 Sunset Avenue, Indianapolis, IN, 46208, USA
| | - Alex White
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, 4600 Sunset Avenue, Indianapolis, IN, 46208, USA
| | - R Jeremy Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, 4600 Sunset Avenue, Indianapolis, IN, 46208, USA
| | - Jennifer R Kowalski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Butler University, 4600 Sunset Avenue, Indianapolis, IN, 46208, USA
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15
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Paris L, Podo F, Spadaro F, Abalsamo L, Pisanu ME, Ricci A, Cecchetti S, Altabella L, Buoncervello M, Lozneanu L, Bagnoli M, Ramoni C, Canevari S, Mezzanzanica D, Iorio E, Canese R. Phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C inhibition reduces HER2-overexpression, cell proliferation and in vivo tumor growth in a highly tumorigenic ovarian cancer model. Oncotarget 2017; 8:55022-55038. [PMID: 28903399 PMCID: PMC5589638 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Antagonizing the oncogenic effects of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) with current anti-HER2 agents has not yet yielded major progress in the treatment of advanced HER2-positive epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Using preclinical models to explore alternative molecular mechanisms affecting HER2 overexpression and oncogenicity may lead to new strategies for EOC patient treatment. We previously reported that phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC) exerts a pivotal role in regulating HER2 overexpression in breast cancer cells. The present study, conducted on two human HER2-overexpressing EOC cell lines - SKOV3 and its in vivo-passaged SKOV3.ip cell variant characterized by enhanced in vivo tumorigenicity - and on SKOV3.ip xenografts implanted in SCID mice, showed: a) about 2-fold higher PC-PLC and HER2 protein expression levels in SKOV3.ip compared to SKOV3 cells; b) physical association of PC-PLC with HER2 in non-raft domains; c) HER2 internalization and ca. 50% reduction of HER2 mRNA and protein expression levels in SKOV3.ip cells exposed to the PC-PLC inhibitor tricyclodecan-9-yl-potassium xanthate (D609); d) differential effects of D609 and trastuzumab on HER2 protein expression and cell proliferation; e) decreased in vivo tumor growth in SKOV3.ip xenografts during in vivo treatment with D609; f) potential use of in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and imaging (MRI) parameters as biomarkers of EOC response to PC-PLC inhibition. Overall, these findings support the view that PC-PLC inhibition may represent an effective means to target the tumorigenic effects of HER2 overexpression in EOC and that in vivo MR approaches can efficiently monitor its effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Paris
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Roma, Italy
| | - Franca Podo
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Roma, Italy
| | - Francesca Spadaro
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Roma, Italy
| | - Laura Abalsamo
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Pisanu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ricci
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Roma, Italy
| | - Serena Cecchetti
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Roma, Italy
| | - Luisa Altabella
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Buoncervello
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Roma, Italy
| | - Ludmila Lozneanu
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133, Milano, Italy.,Department of Histology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Grigore T. Popa", 700115, Iasi, Romania
| | - Marina Bagnoli
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Carlo Ramoni
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Roma, Italy
| | - Silvana Canevari
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Delia Mezzanzanica
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Egidio Iorio
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Roma, Italy
| | - Rossella Canese
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Roma, Italy
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16
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Meares A, Satraitis A, Akhigbe J, Santhanam N, Swaminathan S, Ehudin M, Ptaszek M. Amphiphilic BODIPY-Hydroporphyrin Energy Transfer Arrays with Broadly Tunable Absorption and Deep Red/Near-Infrared Emission in Aqueous Micelles. J Org Chem 2017; 82:6054-6070. [PMID: 28516773 PMCID: PMC5873324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BODIPY-hydroporphyrin energy transfer arrays allow for development of a family of fluorophores featuring a common excitation band at 500 nm, tunable excitation band in the deep red/near-infrared window, and tunable emission. Their biomedical applications are contingent upon retaining their optical properties in an aqueous environment. Amphiphilic arrays containing PEG-substituted BODIPY and chlorins or bacteriochlorins were prepared and their optical and fluorescence properties were determined in organic solvents and aqueous surfactants. The first series of arrays contains BODIPYs with PEG substituents attached to the boron, whereas in the second series, PEG substituents are attached to the aryl at the meso positions of BODIPY. For both series of arrays, excitation of BODIPY at 500 nm results in efficient energy transfer to and bright emission of hydroporphyrin in the deep-red (640-660 nm) or near-infrared (740-760 nm) spectral windows. In aqueous solution of nonionic surfactants (Triton X-100 and Tween 20) arrays from the second series exhibit significant quenching of fluorescence, whereas properties of arrays from the first series are comparable to those observed in polar organic solvents. Reported arrays possess large effective Stokes shift (115-260 nm), multiple excitation wavelengths, and narrow, tunable deep-red/near-IR fluorescence in aqueous surfactants, and are promising candidates for a variety of biomedical-related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Meares
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, 21250 Maryland, United States
| | - Andrius Satraitis
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, 21250 Maryland, United States
| | - Joshua Akhigbe
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, 21250 Maryland, United States
| | - Nithya Santhanam
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, 21250 Maryland, United States
| | - Subramani Swaminathan
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, 21250 Maryland, United States
| | - Melanie Ehudin
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, 21250 Maryland, United States
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, 21250 Maryland, United States
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17
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Podo F, Paris L, Cecchetti S, Spadaro F, Abalsamo L, Ramoni C, Ricci A, Pisanu ME, Sardanelli F, Canese R, Iorio E. Activation of Phosphatidylcholine-Specific Phospholipase C in Breast and Ovarian Cancer: Impact on MRS-Detected Choline Metabolic Profile and Perspectives for Targeted Therapy. Front Oncol 2016; 6:171. [PMID: 27532027 PMCID: PMC4969288 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidation of molecular mechanisms underlying the aberrant phosphatidylcholine cycle in cancer cells plays in favor of the use of metabolic imaging in oncology and opens the way for designing new targeted therapies. The anomalous choline metabolic profile detected in cancer by magnetic resonance spectroscopy and spectroscopic imaging provides molecular signatures of tumor progression and response to therapy. The increased level of intracellular phosphocholine (PCho) typically detected in cancer cells is mainly attributed to upregulation of choline kinase, responsible for choline phosphorylation in the biosynthetic Kennedy pathway, but can also be partly produced by activation of phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC). This hydrolytic enzyme, known for implications in bacterial infection and in plant survival to hostile environmental conditions, is reported to be activated in mitogen- and oncogene-induced phosphatidylcholine cycles in mammalian cells, with effects on cell signaling, cell cycle regulation, and cell proliferation. Recent investigations showed that PC-PLC activation could account for 20–50% of the intracellular PCho production in ovarian and breast cancer cells of different subtypes. Enzyme activation was associated with PC-PLC protein overexpression and subcellular redistribution in these cancer cells compared with non-tumoral counterparts. Moreover, PC-PLC coimmunoprecipitated with the human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) and EGFR in HER2-overexpressing breast and ovarian cancer cells, while pharmacological PC-PLC inhibition resulted into long-lasting HER2 downregulation, retarded receptor re-expression on plasma membrane and antiproliferative effects. This body of evidence points to PC-PLC as a potential target for newly designed therapies, whose effects can be preclinically and clinically monitored by metabolic imaging methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Podo
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Unit, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Luisa Paris
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Unit, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Serena Cecchetti
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Unit, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Francesca Spadaro
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Unit, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Laura Abalsamo
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Unit, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Carlo Ramoni
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Unit, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Alessandro Ricci
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Unit, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Maria Elena Pisanu
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Unit, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Francesco Sardanelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Research Hospital Policlinico San Donato , Milan , Italy
| | - Rossella Canese
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Unit, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Egidio Iorio
- Molecular and Cellular Imaging Unit, Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
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18
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Arlauckas SP, Popov AV, Delikatny EJ. Choline kinase alpha-Putting the ChoK-hold on tumor metabolism. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 63:28-40. [PMID: 27073147 PMCID: PMC5360181 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that lipid metabolism is drastically altered during tumor development and response to therapy. Choline kinase alpha (ChoKα) is a key mediator of these changes, as it represents the first committed step in the Kennedy pathway of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis and ChoKα expression is upregulated in many human cancers. ChoKα activity is associated with drug resistant, metastatic, and malignant phenotypes, and represents a robust biomarker and therapeutic target in cancer. Effective ChoKα inhibitors have been developed and have recently entered clinical trials. ChoKα's clinical relevance was, until recently, attributed solely to its production of second messenger intermediates of phospholipid synthesis. The recent discovery of a non-catalytic scaffolding function of ChoKα may link growth receptor signaling to lipid biogenesis and requires a reinterpretation of the design and validation of ChoKα inhibitors. Advances in positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and optical imaging methods now allow for a comprehensive understanding of ChoKα expression and activity in vivo. We will review the current understanding of ChoKα metabolism, its role in tumor biology and the development and validation of targeted therapies and companion diagnostics for this important regulatory enzyme. This comes at a critical time as ChoKα-targeting programs receive more clinical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Arlauckas
- Department of Radiology, 317 Anatomy-Chemistry Building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anatoliy V Popov
- Department of Radiology, 317 Anatomy-Chemistry Building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - E James Delikatny
- Department of Radiology, 317 Anatomy-Chemistry Building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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19
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Shi H, Sun W, Liu C, Gu G, Ma B, Si W, Fu N, Zhang Q, Huang W, Dong X. Tumor-targeting, enzyme-activated nanoparticles for simultaneous cancer diagnosis and photodynamic therapy. J Mater Chem B 2015; 4:113-120. [PMID: 32262814 DOI: 10.1039/c5tb02041g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Specific targeting towards tumors and the on-site activation of photosensitizers to diagnose tumors and reduce side effects for patients are currently the main challenges for photodynamic therapy (PDT) in the clinic. Herein, uniform diiodostyryl bodipy conjugated hyaluronic acid nanoparticles (DBHA-NPs) were successfully synthesized. The evaluation of their PDT effect at both a cellular level and in animal models of tumor-bearing mice shows that the DBHA-NPs present a remarkable suppression of tumorous growth due to their specific targeting and enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. More importantly, the enzyme-activated "self-assembly and disaggregation" behavior in tumors can lead to the on-site activation of DBHA-NPs, which can diagnose the tumor exactly and reduce the side effects for patients significantly. These findings confirm that DBHA-NPs have significant potential for photodynamically activated cancer theranostics in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxia Shi
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
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20
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Chiorazzo MG, Bloch NB, Popov AV, Delikatny EJ. Synthesis and Evaluation of Cytosolic Phospholipase A(2) Activatable Fluorophores for Cancer Imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:2360-70. [PMID: 26426140 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Activatable fluorophores selective to cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to image triple negative breast cancer cells. The activatable constructs were synthesized by esterification of a small molecule fluorophore with a fatty acid resulting in ablated fluorescence. Selectivity for cPLA2 was generated through the choice of fluorophore and fatty acid. Esterification with arachidonic acid was sufficient to impart specificity to cPLA2 when compared to esterification with palmitic acid. In vitro analysis of probes incorporated into phosphatidylcholine liposomes demonstrated that a nonselective phospholipase (sPLA2 group IB) was able to hydrolyze both arachidonate and palmitate coupled fluorophores resulting in the generation of fluorescence. Of the four fluorophores tested, DDAO (7-hydroxy-9H-(1,3-dichloro-9,9-dimethylacridin-2-one)) was observed to perform optimally in vitro and was analyzed further in 4175-Luc+ cells, a metastatic triple negative human breast cancer cell line expressing high levels of cPLA2. In contrast to the in vitro analysis, DDAO arachidonate was shown to activate selectively in 4175-Luc+ cells compared to the control DDAO palmitate as measured by fluorescence microscopy and quantitated with fluorescence spectroscopy. The addition of two agents known to activate cPLA2 enhanced DDAO arachidonate fluorescence without inducing any change to DDAO palmitate. Inhibition of cPLA2 resulted in reduced fluorescence of DDAO arachidonate but not DDAO palmitate. Together, we report the synthesis of a cPLA2 selective activatable fluorophore capable of detecting cPLA2 in triple negative breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Chiorazzo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.,Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Noah B Bloch
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Anatoliy V Popov
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Edward J Delikatny
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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21
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Cecchetti S, Bortolomai I, Ferri R, Mercurio L, Canevari S, Podo F, Miotti S, Iorio E. Inhibition of Phosphatidylcholine-Specific Phospholipase C Interferes with Proliferation and Survival of Tumor Initiating Cells in Squamous Cell Carcinoma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136120. [PMID: 26402860 PMCID: PMC4581859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The role of phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC), the enzyme involved in cell differentiation and proliferation, has not yet been explored in tumor initiating cells (TICs). We investigated PC-PLC expression and effects of PC-PLC inhibition in two adherent (AD) squamous carcinoma cell lines (A431 and CaSki), with different proliferative and stemness potential, and in TIC-enriched floating spheres (SPH) originated from them. Results Compared with immortalized non-tumoral keratinocytes (HaCaT) A431-AD cells showed 2.5-fold higher PC-PLC activity, nuclear localization of a 66-kDa PC-PLC isoform, but a similar distribution of the enzyme on plasma membrane and in cytoplasmic compartments. Compared with A431-AD, A431-SPH cells showed about 2.8-fold lower PC-PLC protein and activity levels, but similar nuclear content. Exposure of adherent cells to the PC-PLC inhibitor D609 (48h) induced a 50% reduction of cell proliferation at doses comprised between 33 and 50 μg/ml, without inducing any relevant cytotoxic effect (cell viability 95±5%). In A431-SPH and CaSki-SPH D609 induced both cytostatic and cytotoxic effects at about 20 to 30-fold lower doses (IC50 ranging between 1.2 and 1.6 μg/ml). Furthermore, D609 treatment of A431-AD and CaSki-AD cells affected the sphere-forming efficiency, which dropped in both cells, and induced down-modulation of stem-related markers mRNA levels (Oct4, Nestin, Nanog and ALDH1 in A431; Nestin and ALDH1 in CaSki cells). Conclusions These data suggest that the inhibition of PC-PLC activity may represent a new therapeutic approach to selectively target the most aggressive and tumor promoting sub-population of floating spheres originated from squamous cancer cells possessing different proliferative and stemness potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Cecchetti
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Ileana Bortolomai
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Renata Ferri
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Mercurio
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvana Canevari
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail: (FP); (SC)
| | - Franca Podo
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail: (FP); (SC)
| | - Silvia Miotti
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Egidio Iorio
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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22
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A drug carrier targeting murine uPAR for photodynamic therapy and tumor imaging. Acta Biomater 2015; 23:116-126. [PMID: 26004218 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been used as an effective therapeutical modality for tumors. In PDT, a photosensitizer was used to capture the light of specific wavelength, leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species and cytotoxicity surrounding the photosensitizer. Modifications of photosensitizers to enhance tumor specificity are common approaches to increase the efficacy and reduce the side effects of PDT. Previously, we developed a human serum albumin (HSA)-based drug carrier fused with the human amino-terminal fragment (hATF), which binds to a tumor surface marker (urokinase receptor, uPAR). However, hATF-HSA binds to murine uPAR much weaker (79-fold) than to human uPAR, and is not optimal for applications on murine tumor models. In this study, we developed a murine version of the drug carrier (mATF-HSA). A photosensitizer (mono-substituted β-carboxy phthalocyanine zinc, CPZ) was loaded into this carrier, giving a rather stable macromolecule (mATF-HSA:CPZ) that was shown to bind to murine uPAR in vitro. In addition, we evaluated both the photodynamic therapy efficacy and tumor retention capability of the macromolecule (at a dose of 0.05mg CPZ/kg mouse body weight) on murine hepatoma-22 (H22) tumor bearing mouse model. mATF-HSA:CPZ showed more accumulation in tumors compared to its human counterpart (hATF-HSA:CPZ) measured by quantitative fluorescence molecular tomography (FMT). Besides, mATF-HSA:CPZ exhibited a higher tumor killing efficacy than hATF-HSA:CPZ. Together, the macromolecule mATF-HSA is a promising tumor-specific drug carrier on murine tumor models and is an useful tool to study tumor biology on murine tumor models.
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23
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Luzina EL, Popov AV. Synthesis of 3,3,3-trifluoroethyl isocyanate, carbamate and ureas. Anticancer activity evaluation of N-(3,3,3-trifluoroethyl)- N'-substituted ureas. J Fluor Chem 2015. [PMID: 26213416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A new method is described for producing 3,3,3-trifluoroethyl isocyanate from perfluoroisobutene (PFIB). Isocyanate was used for synthesis of carbamates and ureas. A series of trifluoroethyl-substituted ureas has been tested in the National Cancer Institute (NCI, Bethesda, USA) by the NCI-60 DTP Human Tumor Cell Line Screening Program at a single high dose (10-5 M). The moderate anticancer activity was shown against some types of cancer on the individual human cell lines for leukemia, non-small cell lung cancer and renal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena L Luzina
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Severnyi pr. 1, Chernogolovka, Moscow region, 142432, Russia
| | - Anatoliy V Popov
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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24
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Meares A, Satraitis A, Santhanam N, Yu Z, Ptaszek M. Deep-red emissive BODIPY-chlorin arrays excitable with green and red wavelengths. J Org Chem 2015; 80:3858-69. [PMID: 25803423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We report here the synthesis and characterization of BODIPY-chlorin arrays containing a chlorin subunit, with tunable deep-red (641-685 nm) emission, and one or two BODIPY moieties, absorbing at 504 nm. Two types of arrays were examined: one where BODIPY moieties are attached through a phenylacetylene linker at the 13- or 3,13-positions of chlorin, and a second type where BODIPY is attached at the 10-position of chlorin through an amide linker. Each of the examined arrays exhibits an efficient (≥0.80) energy transfer from BODIPY to the chlorin moiety in both toluene and DMF and exhibits intense fluorescence of chlorin upon excitation of BODIPY at ∼500 nm. Therefore, the effective Stokes shift in such arrays is in the range of 140-180 nm. Dyads with BODIPY attached at the 10-position of chlorin exhibit a bright fluorescence in a range of solvents with different polarities (i.e., toluene, MeOH, DMF, and DMSO). In contrast to this, some of the arrays in which BODIPY is attached at the 3- or at both 3,13-positons of chlorin exhibit significant reduction of fluorescence in polar solvents. Overall, dyads where BODIPY is attached at the 10-position of chlorin exhibit ∼5-fold brighter fluorescence than corresponding chlorin monomers, upon excitation at 500 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Meares
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Andrius Satraitis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Nithya Santhanam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Zhanqian Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
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25
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Huang H, Song W, Rieffel J, Lovell JF. Emerging applications of porphyrins in photomedicine. FRONTIERS IN PHYSICS 2015; 3:23. [PMID: 28553633 PMCID: PMC5445930 DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2015.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Biomedical applications of porphyrins and related molecules have been extensively pursued in the context of photodynamic therapy. Recent advances in nanoscale engineering have opened the door for new ways that porphyrins stand to potentially benefit human health. Metalloporphyrins are inherently suitable for many types of medical imaging and therapy. Traditional nanocarriers such as liposomes, dendrimers and silica nanoparticles have been explored for photosensitizer delivery. Concurrently, entirely new classes of porphyrin nanostructures are being developed, such as smart materials that are activated by specific biochemicals encountered at disease sites. Techniques have been developed that improve treatments by combining biomaterials with photosensitizers and functional moieties such as peptides, DNA and antibodies. Compared to simpler structures, these more complex and functional designs can potentially decrease side effects and lead to safer and more efficient phototherapies. This review examines recent research on porphyrin-derived materials in multimodal imaging, drug delivery, bio-sensing, phototherapy and probe design, demonstrating their bright future for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyuan Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Wentao Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - James Rieffel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan F Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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26
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1,7-Bis-( N, N-dialkylamino)perylene Bisimides: Facile Synthesis and Characterization as Near-Infrared Fluorescent Dyes. MATERIALS 2014; 7:7548-7565. [PMID: 28788262 PMCID: PMC5512673 DOI: 10.3390/ma7117548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Three symmetric alkylamino-substituted perylene bisimides with different n-alkyl chain lengths (n = 6, 12, or 18), 1,7-bis-(N,N-dialkylamino)perylene bisimides (1a–1c), were synthesized under mild condition and were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and high resolution mass spectroscopy. Their optical and electrochemical properties were measured using UV-Vis and emission spectroscopic techniques as well as cyclic voltammetry (CV). These compounds show deep green color in both solution and solid state, and are highly soluble in dichloromethane and even in nonpolar solvents such as hexane. The shapes of the absorption spectra of 1a–1c in the solution and solid state were found to be almost the same, indicating that the long alkyl chains could efficiently prevent intermolecular contact and aggregation. They show a unique charge transfer emission in the near-infrared region, of which the peak wavelengths exhibit strong solvatochromism. The dipole moments of the molecules have been estimated using the Lippert–Mataga equation, and upon excitation, they show larger dipole moment changes than that of 1,7-diaminoperylene bisimide (2). Moreover, all the dyes exhibit two irreversible one-electron oxidations and two quasi-reversible one-electron reductions in dichloromethane at modest potentials. Complementary density functional theory calculations performed on these chromophores are reported in order to rationalize their electronic structure and optical properties.
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27
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A peptide probe for the detection of neurokinin-1 receptor by disaggregation enhanced fluorescence and magnetic resonance signals. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6487. [PMID: 25270511 PMCID: PMC4180826 DOI: 10.1038/srep06487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a novel peptide probe for the detection of neurokinin-1 receptor using disaggregation-caused signal enhancement. The probe was obtained via the aggregation of a modified substance P in a terpyridine-Fe (II) complex with Gd (III)-DOTA into well-defined nanostructures, which effectively weaken ligand fluorescence and slow the exchange rate of inner-sphere water molecules. This probe disaggregates upon binding to the neurokinin-1 receptor and activates the contrast agents to generate a fluorescent signal that positively enhances magnetic resonance imaging contrast and allows for the detection of overexpressed receptors on tumor cells and the identification of lung cancer using serum samples.
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Anikeeva N, Sykulev Y, Delikatny EJ, Popov AV. Core-based lipid nanoparticles as a nanoplatform for delivery of near-infrared fluorescent imaging agents. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING 2014; 4:507-524. [PMID: 25250201 PMCID: PMC4171838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Pyropheophorbide a (Pyro) is a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent dye and photosensitizer with high quantum yield that makes the dye suitable for tumor treatment both as an imaging and therapy agent. We have designed and synthesized a series of a Pyro-based NIR probes, based on the conjugation of Pyro with lipids. The nature of our probes requires the use of a lipophilic carrier to deliver the probes to cancer cell membranes. To address this, we have utilized lipid-based nanoparticles (LNPs) consisting of PEGylated lipids, which form the nanoparticle shell, and a lipid core. To endow the LNPs with targeting properties, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) lipids were included in the composition that enables the non-covalent attachment of His-tag targeting proteins preserving their functional activity. We found that the nature of the core molecules influence the nanoparticle size, shelf-life and stability at physiological temperature. Two different Pyro-lipid conjugates were loaded either into the core or shell of the LNPs. The conjugates revealed differential ability to be accumulated in the cell membrane of the target cells with time. Thus, the modular organization of the core-shell LNPs allows facile adjustment of their composition with goal to fine tuning the nanoparticle properties for in vivo application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Anikeeva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yuri Sykulev
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Edward J Delikatny
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anatoliy V Popov
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Jin CS, Cui L, Wang F, Chen J, Zheng G. Targeting-triggered porphysome nanostructure disruption for activatable photodynamic therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:1240-9. [PMID: 24464930 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) possess advantages over the conventional therapies with additional treatment selectivity achieved with local laser irradiation. Comparing to PTT that ablates target tissue via thermal necrosis, PDT induces target cell death via singlet oxygen without damaging the underling connective tissue, thus preserving its biological function. Activatable photosensitizers provide an additional level of treatment selectivity via the disease-associated activation mechanism. In this study, folate-conjugated porphysomes are introduced as targeting-triggered activatable nano-sized beacons for PDT. Porphysomes are reported previously as the most stable and efficient delivery system of porphyrin, but their nanostructure converts the singlet oxygen generation mechanism to thermal ablation mechanism. By folate-receptor-mediated endocytosis, folate-porphysomes are internalized into cells rapidly and resulted in efficient disruption of nanostructures, thus switching back on the photodynamic activity of the densely packed porphyrins for effective PDT. In both in vitro and in vivo studies, folate-porphysomes can achieve folate receptor-selective PDT efficacy, which proves the robustness of targeting-triggered PDT activation of porphysome nanostructure for highly selective tumor ablation. The formulation of porphysomes can be modified with other targeting ligands as activatable photosensitizers for personalized treatment in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng S. Jin
- Ontario Cancer Institute and Techna Institute; University Health Network; 101 College Street Toronto Ontario M5G 1L7 Canada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Toronto; 101 College Street Toronto Ontario M5G 1L7 Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; 101 College Street Toronto Ontario M5G 1L7 Canada
| | - Liyang Cui
- Ontario Cancer Institute and Techna Institute; University Health Network; 101 College Street Toronto Ontario M5G 1L7 Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics; University of Toronto; 101 College Street Toronto Ontario M5G 1L7 Canada
- Medical Isotopes Research Center; Peking University; 38 Xueyuan Road Beijing 10010 China
| | - Fan Wang
- Medical Isotopes Research Center; Peking University; 38 Xueyuan Road Beijing 10010 China
| | - Juan Chen
- Ontario Cancer Institute and Techna Institute; University Health Network; 101 College Street Toronto Ontario M5G 1L7 Canada
| | - Gang Zheng
- Ontario Cancer Institute and Techna Institute; University Health Network; 101 College Street Toronto Ontario M5G 1L7 Canada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Toronto; 101 College Street Toronto Ontario M5G 1L7 Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; 101 College Street Toronto Ontario M5G 1L7 Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics; University of Toronto; 101 College Street Toronto Ontario M5G 1L7 Canada
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Ptaszek M. Rational design of fluorophores for in vivo applications. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 113:59-108. [PMID: 23244789 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386932-6.00003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Several classes of small organic molecules exhibit properties that make them suitable for fluorescence in vivo imaging. The most promising candidates are cyanines, squaraines, boron dipyrromethenes, porphyrin derivatives, hydroporphyrins, and phthalocyanines. The recent designing and synthetic efforts have been dedicated to improving their optical properties (shift the absorption and emission maxima toward longer wavelengths and increase the brightness) as well as increasing their stability and water solubility. The most notable advances include development of encapsulated cyanine dyes with increased stability and water solubility, squaraine rotaxanes with increased stability, long-wavelength-absorbing boron dipyrromethenes, long-wavelength-absorbing porphyrin and hydroporphyrin derivatives, and water-soluble phthalocyanines. Recent advances in luminescence and bioluminescence have made self-illuminating fluorophores available for in vivo applications. Development of new types of hydroporphyrin energy-transfer dyads gives the promise for further advances in in vivo multicolor imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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31
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Yu Z, Ptaszek M. Near-IR emissive chlorin-bacteriochlorin energy-transfer dyads with a common donor and acceptors with tunable emission wavelength. J Org Chem 2013; 78:10678-91. [PMID: 24079536 DOI: 10.1021/jo4016858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Design, synthesis, and optical properties of a series of novel chlorin-bacteriochlorin energy transfer dyads are described. Each dyad is composed of a common red-absorbing (645-646 nm) chlorin, as an energy donor, and a different near-IR emitting bacteriochlorin, as an energy acceptor. Each bacteriochlorin acceptor is equipped with a different set of auxochromes, so that each of them emits at a different wavelength. Dyads exhibit an efficient energy transfer (≥0.77) even for chlorin-bacteriochlorin pairs with large (up to 122 nm) separation between donor emission and acceptor absorption. Excitation of the chlorin donor results in relatively strong emission of the bacteriochlorin acceptor, with a quantum yield Φf range of 0.155-0.23 in toluene and 0.12-0.185 in DMF. The narrow, tunable emission band of bacteriochlorins enables the selection of a series of three dyads with well-resolved emissions at 732, 760, and 788 nm, and common excitation at 645 nm. Selected dyads have been also converted into bioconjugatable N-succinamide ester derivatives. The optical properties of the described dyads make them promising candidates for development of a family of near-IR fluorophores for simultaneous imaging of multiple targets, where the whole set of fluorophores can be excited with the common wavelength, and fluorescence from each can be independently detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanqian Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
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32
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Chen WY, Chen LY, Ou CM, Huang CC, Wei SC, Chang HT. Synthesis of fluorescent gold nanodot-liposome hybrids for detection of phospholipase C and its inhibitor. Anal Chem 2013; 85:8834-40. [PMID: 23964669 DOI: 10.1021/ac402043t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of fluorescent 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid-gold nanodot-liposome (11-MUA-Au ND/Lip) hybrids by incorporation of gold nanoparticles (∼3 nm) and 11-MUA molecules in hydrophobic phospholipid membranes that self-assemble to form small unilamellar vesicles. A simple and homogeneous fluorescence assay for phospholipase C (PLC) was developed on the basis of the fluorescence quenching of 11-MUA-Au ND/Lip hybrids in aqueous solution. The fluorescence of the 11-MUA-Au ND/Lip hybrids is quenched by oxygen (O2) molecules in solution, and quenching is reduced in the presence of PLC. PLC catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine units from Lip to yield diacylglycerol (DAG) and phosphocholine (PC) products, leading to the decomposition of Lip. The diacylglycerol further interacts with 11-MUA-Au NDs via hydrophobic interactions, leading to inhibition of O2 quenching. The 11-MUA-Au ND/Lip probe provides a limit of detection (at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3) of 0.21 nM for PLC, with high selectivity over other proteins, enzymes, and phospholipases. We have validated the practicality of using this probe for the determination of PLC concentrations in breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines) and nontumor cells (MCF-10A cell line), revealing that the PLC activity in the first two is at least 1.5-fold higher than that in the third. An inhibitor assay using 11-MUA-Au ND/Lip hybrids demonstrated that tricyclodecan-9-yl potassium xanthate (D609) inhibits PLC (10 nM) with an IC50 value of 3.81 ± 0.22 μM. This simple, sensitive, and selective approach holds great potential for detection of PLC in cancer cells and for the screening of anti-PLC drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Synthesis of 1-aroyl(1-arylsulfonyl)-4-bis(trifluoromethyl)alkyl semicarbazides as potential physiologically active compounds. J Fluor Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2013.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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34
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Yuan L, Lin W, Zheng K, He L, Huang W. Far-red to near infrared analyte-responsive fluorescent probes based on organic fluorophore platforms for fluorescence imaging. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:622-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35313j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1456] [Impact Index Per Article: 132.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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35
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Chevalier A, Massif C, Renard PY, Romieu A. Bioconjugatable Azo-Based Dark-Quencher Dyes: Synthesis and Application to Protease-Activatable Far-Red Fluorescent Probes. Chemistry 2012; 19:1686-99. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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36
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Luzina EL, Popov AV. Synthesis, evaluation of anticancer activity and COMPARE analysis of N-bis(trifluoromethyl)alkyl-N'-substituted ureas with pharmacophoric moieties. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 53:364-73. [PMID: 22538016 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A series of new synthesized N-bis(trifluoromethyl)alkyl-N'-substituted ureas have been tested in the National Cancer Institute (NCI, Bethesda, USA) by Program NCI-60 DTP Human Tumor Cell Line Screen at a single high dose (10(-5) M). COMPARE analysis has been carried out for all tested compounds. The tested compounds showed antitumor activity against individual cell lines. The most sensitive cell lines relative to the tested compounds are: 5 g Leukemia RPMI-8226 (GI% 52.7), Non-Small Cell Lung cancer HOP-92 (GI % 88.53), NCI-H522 (GI % 64.41), Melanoma UACC-62 (GI% 53.08), SK-MEL-5 (GI % 74.63), Breast cancer MDA-MB-468 (GI% 51.29), T-47D (GI % 65.1), 5b Leukemia K-562 (GI % 55.55), 7 m Leukemia HL-60(TB) (GI % 51.76).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena L Luzina
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Severnyi pr 1, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region 142432, Russia.
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37
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Mawn TM, Popov AV, Delikatny EJ. A quantitative continuous enzyme assay of intramolecularly quenched fluorogenic phospholipase substrates for molecular imaging. Anal Biochem 2011; 422:96-102. [PMID: 22230285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There has been recent growth in the development of activatable near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probes for molecular imaging, generally designed by placing fluorochromes on a cleavable substrate in close proximity to one another, such that they self-quench, but fluoresce on separation via enzymatic cleavage of the substrate. Although these probes offer excellent contrast, the detection of enzyme activity has largely only been described qualitatively. In order to assess the effectiveness of a probe, it is useful to have a quantitative measure, such as the enzyme-substrate kinetic parameters. We have developed an assay to determine kinetic parameters and applied it to an intramolecularly quenched molecule, Pyro-PtdEtn-BHQ, a NIR fluorescent probe specific to phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C. The development of this assay includes corrections for intermolecular quenching, calibration, optimization of reaction mixtures, and determination of kinetic and inhibition parameters. This assay can easily be extended to analyze and compare the efficiency of other fluorescent activatable phospholipase probes as suitable molecular imaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa M Mawn
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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