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Lan M, Ren Z, Cheng C, Li G, Yang F. Small extracellular vesicles detection using dielectrophoresis-based microfluidic chip for diagnosis of breast cancer. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 259:116382. [PMID: 38749284 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) reflect the genotype and phenotype of original cells and are biomarkers for early diagnosis and treatment monitoring of tumors. Yet, their small size and low density make them difficult to isolate and detect in body fluid samples. This study proposes a novel acDEP-Exo chip filled with transparent micro-beads, which formed a non-uniform electrical field, and finally achieved rapid, sensitive, and tunable sEVs capture and detection. The method requires only 20-50 μL of sample, achieved a limit of detection (LOD) of 161 particles/μL, and can detect biomarkers within 13 min. We applied the chip to analyze the two markers of sEV's EpCAM and MUC1 in clinical plasma samples from breast cancer (BC) patients and healthy volunteers and found that the combined evaluation of sEV's biomarkers has extremely high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. The present study introduces an alternative approach to sEVs isolation and detection, has a great potential in real-time sEVs-based liquid biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Lan
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Ze Ren
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
| | - Fang Yang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China.
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2
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Wei X, Liu S, Cao Y, Wang Z, Chen S. Polymers in Engineering Extracellular Vesicle Mimetics: Current Status and Prospective. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051496. [PMID: 37242738 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of a high delivery efficiency by traditional nanomedicines during cancer treatment is a challenging task. As a natural mediator for short-distance intercellular communication, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have garnered significant attention owing to their low immunogenicity and high targeting ability. They can load a variety of major drugs, thus offering immense potential. In order to overcome the limitations of EVs and establish them as an ideal drug delivery system, polymer-engineered extracellular vesicle mimics (EVMs) have been developed and applied in cancer therapy. In this review, we discuss the current status of polymer-based extracellular vesicle mimics in drug delivery, and analyze their structural and functional properties based on the design of an ideal drug carrier. We anticipate that this review will facilitate a deeper understanding of the extracellular vesicular mimetic drug delivery system, and stimulate the progress and advancement of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Wei
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Sihang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Key Laboratory for Thin Film and Microfabrication of the Ministry of Education, UM-SJTU Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yifeng Cao
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Department of Electronic Chemicals, Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Zhejiang Sundoc Pharmaceutical Science and Tech Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Shengfu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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3
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Xing X, lv Q, Sun C, Song J, Chen Z, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Wang Z. One-step preparation of PEG segment-functionalized polystyrene microspheres and their application as latex in LOCI. NEW J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj05630e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PEG segment-functionalized polystyrene microspheres were prepared by one-step copolymerization of amphiphilic macromolecular monomers, and further used as the latex for photosensitive polymer microspheres in luminescent oxygen channeling assay (LOCI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Xing
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China
| | - Qingyu lv
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, P. R. China
| | - Chunyu Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China
| | - Jia Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China
| | - Zhixin Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China
| | - Yong Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China
| | - Ye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, P. R. China
| | - Yongqiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, P. R. China
| | - Zhifei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China
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4
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Affinity-based isolation of extracellular vesicles and the effects on downstream molecular analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:7051-7067. [PMID: 35732746 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04178-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are transport vesicles with diameters ranging from 30 to 1000 nm, secreted by cells in both physiological and pathological conditions. By using the EV shuttling system, biomolecular cargo such as proteins and genetic materials travels between cells resulting in intercellular communication and epigenetic regulation. Because the presence of EVs and cargo molecules in body fluids can predict the state of the parental cells, EV isolation techniques from complex biofluids have been developed. Further exploration of EVs through downstream molecular analysis depends heavily on those isolation technologies. Methodologies based either on physical separation or on affinity binding have been used to isolate EVs. Affinity-based methods for EV isolation are known to produce highly specific and efficient isolation results. However, so far, there is a lack of literature summarizing these methods and their effects on downstream EV molecular analysis. In the present work, we reviewed recent efforts on developing affinity-based methods for the isolation of EVs, with an emphasis on comparing their effects on downstream analysis of EV molecular cargo. Antibody-based isolation techniques produce highly pure EVs, but the harsh eluents damage the EV structure, and some antibodies stay bound to the EVs after elution. Aptamer-based methods use relatively mild elution conditions and release EVs in their native form, but their isolation efficiencies need to be improved. The membrane affinity-based method and other affinity-based methods based on the properties of the EV lipid bilayer also isolate intact EVs, but they can also result in contaminants. From the perspective of affinity-based methods, we investigated the influence of the isolation methods of choice on downstream EV molecular analysis.
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5
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Lee YT, Tran BV, Wang JJ, Liang IY, You S, Zhu Y, Agopian VG, Tseng HR, Yang JD. The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Disease Progression and Detection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3076. [PMID: 34203086 PMCID: PMC8233859 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13123076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver malignancy and one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Despite the improvements in surveillance and treatment, the prognosis of HCC remains poor. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of phospholipid bilayer-enclosed particles circulating in the bloodstream and mediating intercellular communication. Emerging studies have shown that EVs play a crucial role in regulating the proliferation, immune escape, and metastasis of HCC. In addition, because EVs are present in the circulation at relatively early stages of disease, they are getting attention as an attractive biomarker for HCC detection. Over the past decade, dedicated efforts have been made to isolate EVs more efficiently and make them useful tools in different clinical settings. In this review article, we provide an overview of the EVs isolation methods and highlight the role of EVs as mediators in the pathogenesis and progression of HCC. Lastly, we summarize the potential applications of EVs in early-stage HCC detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Te Lee
- California NanoSystems Institute, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (Y.-T.L.); (I.Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.-R.T.)
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Benjamin V. Tran
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (B.V.T.); (V.G.A.)
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jasmine J. Wang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
| | - Icy Y. Liang
- California NanoSystems Institute, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (Y.-T.L.); (I.Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.-R.T.)
| | - Sungyong You
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Departments of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Yazhen Zhu
- California NanoSystems Institute, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (Y.-T.L.); (I.Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.-R.T.)
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Vatche G. Agopian
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (B.V.T.); (V.G.A.)
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Hsian-Rong Tseng
- California NanoSystems Institute, Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (Y.-T.L.); (I.Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (H.-R.T.)
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Ju Dong Yang
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Comprehensive Transplant Center Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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6
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Romano E, Netti PA, Torino E. Exosomes in Gliomas: Biogenesis, Isolation, and Preliminary Applications in Nanomedicine. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13100319. [PMID: 33086616 PMCID: PMC7603361 DOI: 10.3390/ph13100319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are phospholipid-based particles endogenously produced by both normal and tumor cells. Initially identified as a pathway for shuttling cellular waste, for a long time they were thought to act as “garbage bags”, and only in the past few years have they emerged as a promising drug delivery system. In this review, we provide an overview of the knowledge about exosome architecture and biogenesis and the recent progress in isolation methods. Furthermore, we describe the mechanisms involved in both extra- and intracellular communication with a focus on glioma brain tumors. Glioma is considered a rare disease and is the most prominent aggressive brain malignancy. How exosomes target glial tumoral cells in vivo remains largely unknown. However, they are able to influence numerous physio-pathological aspects. Here, we discuss the role they play in this heterogeneous and complex microenvironment and their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Romano
- Department of Chemical, Materials Engineering & Industrial Production, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; (E.R.); (P.A.N.)
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biomaterials, CRIB, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care, CABHC, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, IIT@CRIB, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Antonio Netti
- Department of Chemical, Materials Engineering & Industrial Production, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; (E.R.); (P.A.N.)
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biomaterials, CRIB, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care, CABHC, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, IIT@CRIB, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Enza Torino
- Department of Chemical, Materials Engineering & Industrial Production, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy; (E.R.); (P.A.N.)
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biomaterials, CRIB, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care, CABHC, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, IIT@CRIB, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-328-955-8158
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7
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Jafari D, Malih S, Eini M, Jafari R, Gholipourmalekabadi M, Sadeghizadeh M, Samadikuchaksaraei A. Improvement, scaling-up, and downstream analysis of exosome production. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 40:1098-1112. [PMID: 32772758 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1805406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are the most researched extracellular vesicles. In many biological, physiological, and pathological studies, they have been identified as suitable candidates for treatment and diagnosis of diseases by acting as the carriers of both drugs and genes. Considerable success has been achieved regarding the use of exosomes for tissue regeneration, cancer diagnosis, and targeted drug/gene delivery to specific tissues. While major progress has been made in exosome extraction and purification, extraction of large quantities of exosomes is still a major challenge. This issue limits the scope of both exosome-based research and therapeutic development. In this review, we have aimed to summarize experimental studies focused at increasing the number of exosomes. Biotechnological studies aimed at identifying the pathways of exosome biogenesis to manipulate some genes in order to increase the production of exosomes. Generally, two major strategies are employed to increase the production of exosomes. First, oogenesis pathways are genetically manipulated to overexpress activator genes of exosome biogenesis and downregulate the genes involved in exosome recycling pathways. Second, manipulation of the cell culture medium, treatment with specific drugs, and limiting certain conditions can force the cell to produce more exosomes. In this study, we have reviewed and categorized these strategies. It is hoped that the information presented in this review will provide a better understanding for expanding biotechnological approaches in exosome-based therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davod Jafari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Malih
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Eini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasool Jafari
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mazaher Gholipourmalekabadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Sadeghizadeh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Samadikuchaksaraei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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8
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Wang S, Du L, Jin Z, Xin Y, Mattoussi H. Enhanced Stabilization and Easy Phase Transfer of CsPbBr3 Perovskite Quantum Dots Promoted by High-Affinity Polyzwitterionic Ligands. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12669-12680. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Wang
- Florida State University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Liang Du
- Florida State University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Zhicheng Jin
- Florida State University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Yan Xin
- Florida State University, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Hedi Mattoussi
- Florida State University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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Yang Q, Dong Y, Qiu Y, Yang X, Cao H, Wu Y. Design of Functional Magnetic Nanocomposites for Bioseparation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 191:111014. [PMID: 32325362 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic materials have been widely used in bioseparation in recent years due to their good biocompatibility, magnetic properties, and high binding capacity. In this review, we provide a brief introduction on the preparation and bioseparation applications of magnetic materials including the synthesis and surface modification of magnetic nanoparticles as well as the preparation and applications of magnetic nanocomposites in the separation of proteins, peptides, cells, exosomes and blood. The current limitations and remaining challenges in the fabrication process of magnetic materials for bioseparation will be also detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China; Dehong Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Dehong Teachers' College, Dehong, Yunnan 678400, PR China
| | - Yi Dong
- Dehong Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Dehong Teachers' College, Dehong, Yunnan 678400, PR China
| | - Yong Qiu
- Dehong Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Dehong Teachers' College, Dehong, Yunnan 678400, PR China
| | - Xinzhou Yang
- Dehong Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Dehong Teachers' College, Dehong, Yunnan 678400, PR China
| | - Han Cao
- Dehong Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Dehong Teachers' College, Dehong, Yunnan 678400, PR China
| | - Yao Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, PR China.
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10
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Xin X, Li P, Zhu Y, Shi L, Yuan J, Shen J. Mussel-Inspired Surface Functionalization of PET with Zwitterions and Silver Nanoparticles for the Dual-Enhanced Antifouling and Antibacterial Properties. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:1788-1797. [PMID: 30089363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we designed and constructed a dual functional surface with antimicrobial and antifouling abilities to prevent protein and bacterial attachment that are significant challenges in biomedical devices. Primary amino-group-capped sulfobetaine of DMMSA was synthesized and then grafted onto polydopamine pretreated PET sheets via click chemistry. The sheets were subsequently immersed into silver ion solution, in which the absorbed silver ions were reduced to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in situ by a polydopamine layer. The antifouling assays demonstrated that the resultant PET/DMMSA/AgNPs sheets exhibited great antifouling performances against bovine serum albumin (BSA), bovine fibrinogen (BFG), platelets, and bacteria, the critical proteins/microorganisms leading to implant failure. The antibacterial data suggested that the sheets had dual functions as inhibitors of bacterial growth and bactericide and could efficiently delay the biofilm formation. This repelling and killing approach is green and simple, with potential biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanxuan Xin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science , Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science , Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Yinyan Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science , Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Leigang Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science , Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Jiang Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science , Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Jian Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science , Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing 210023 , China
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11
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Sarma D, Carl P, Climent E, Schneider RJ, Rurack K. Multifunctional Polystyrene Core/Silica Shell Microparticles with Antifouling Properties for Bead-Based Multiplexed and Quantitative Analysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:1321-1334. [PMID: 30507151 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b10306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Commercial bead-based assays are commonly built upon polystyrene particles. The polymeric carrier can be encoded with organic dyes and has ideal material properties for cytometric applications such as low density and high refractive index. However, functional groups are conventionally integrated during polymerization and subsequent modification is limited to the reactivity of those groups. Additionally, polystyrene as the core material leads to many hydrophobic areas still being present on the beads' surfaces even after functionalization, rendering the particles prone to nonspecific adsorption during an application. The latter calls for several washing steps and the use of additives in (bio)analytical assays. In this contribution, we show how these limitations can be overcome by using monodisperse polystyrene (PS) core/silica (SiO2) shell particles (SiO2@PS). Two different hydrophobic BODIPY (boron-dipyrromethene) dyes were encapsulated inside a poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) -stabilized polystyrene core in different concentrations to create 5-plex arrays in two separate detection channels of a cytometer. A subsequent modification of the silica shell with an equimolar APTES/PEGS (aminopropyltriethoxysilane/polyethylene glycol silane) blend added multifunctional properties to the hybrid core/shell microparticles in a single step: APTES provides amino groups for the attachment of a caffeine derivative (as a hapten) to create antigen-coupled microspheres; the PEG moiety effectively suppresses nonspecific binding of antibodies, endowing the surface with antifouling properties. The particles were applied in a competitive fluorescence immunoassay in suspension, and a highly selective wash-free assay for the detection of caffeine in beverages was developed as a proof of concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Sarma
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Reference Materials , Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) , Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
- Department of Chemistry , Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Peter Carl
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Reference Materials , Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) , Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
- Department of Chemistry , Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Estela Climent
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Reference Materials , Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) , Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Rudolf J Schneider
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Reference Materials , Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) , Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
- Technische Universität Berlin , Straße des 17. Juni 135 , 10623 Berlin , Germany
| | - Knut Rurack
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Reference Materials , Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) , Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
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12
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Ramirez MI, Amorim MG, Gadelha C, Milic I, Welsh JA, Freitas VM, Nawaz M, Akbar N, Couch Y, Makin L, Cooke F, Vettore AL, Batista PX, Freezor R, Pezuk JA, Rosa-Fernandes L, Carreira ACO, Devitt A, Jacobs L, Silva IT, Coakley G, Nunes DN, Carter D, Palmisano G, Dias-Neto E. Technical challenges of working with extracellular vesicles. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:881-906. [PMID: 29265147 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr08360b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are gaining interest as central players in liquid biopsies, with potential applications in diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic guidance in most pathological conditions. These nanosized particles transmit signals determined by their protein, lipid, nucleic acid and sugar content, and the unique molecular pattern of EVs dictates the type of signal to be transmitted to recipient cells. However, their small sizes and the limited quantities that can usually be obtained from patient-derived samples pose a number of challenges to their isolation, study and characterization. These challenges and some possible options to overcome them are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel I Ramirez
- Fundação Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil and Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Catarina Gadelha
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ivana Milic
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, England, UK
| | | | | | - Muhammad Nawaz
- Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil and University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Naveed Akbar
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Yvonne Couch
- Acute Stroke Programme, RDM-Investigative Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Laura Makin
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Fiona Cooke
- University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, UK
| | - Andre L Vettore
- Federal University of São Paulo campus Diadema, Diadema, Brazil
| | | | | | - Julia A Pezuk
- Universidade Anhanguera de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lívia Rosa-Fernandes
- Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Andrew Devitt
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, England, UK
| | | | | | - Gillian Coakley
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Diana N Nunes
- CIPE, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Dave Carter
- Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, England, UK
| | - Giuseppe Palmisano
- Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil and IRCCS, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Emmanuel Dias-Neto
- CIPE, A.C.Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. and Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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13
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous particles found in a variety of biofluids that encapsulate molecular information from the cell, which they originate from. This rich source of information that is easily obtained can then be mined to find diagnostic biomarkers. This article explores the current biological understanding of EVs and specific methods to isolate and analyze them. A case study of a company leading the charge in using EVs in diagnostic assays is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay N Strotman
- PGXL Technologies, 201 East Jefferson Street, Suite 306, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.
| | - Mark W Linder
- PGXL Technologies, 201 East Jefferson Street, Suite 306, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 511 S Floyd Street, MDR Building, Room 204, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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14
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Yoshida M, Hibino K, Yamamoto S, Matsumura S, Yajima Y, Shiba K. Preferential capture of EpCAM-expressing extracellular vesicles on solid surfaces coated with an aptamer-conjugated zwitterionic polymer. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 115:536-544. [PMID: 29105734 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) collectively represent small vesicles that are secreted from cells and carry biomolecules (e.g., miRNA, lncRNA, mRNA, proteins, lipids, metabolites, etc.) that originate in those cells. Body fluids, such as blood and saliva, include large numbers of EVs, making them potentially a rich source of diagnostic information. However, these EVs are mixtures of vesicles released from diseased tissues as well as from normal cells. This heterogeneous nature therefore blurs the clinical information obtainable from EV-based diagnosis. Here, we synthesized an EpCAM-affinity coating agent, which consists of a peptide aptamer for EpCAM and a zwitterionic MPC polymer, and have shown that this conjugate endowed the surfaces of inorganic materials with the preferential affinity to EpCAM-expressing EVs. This coating agent, designated as EpiVeta, could be useful as a coating for various diagnostic devices to allow concentration of cancer-related EVs from heterogeneous EV mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutaka Yoshida
- Division of Protein Engineering, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Implantology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan.,Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Hibino
- Division of Protein Engineering, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamamoto
- Division of Protein Engineering, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Implantology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan.,Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sachiko Matsumura
- Division of Protein Engineering, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasutomo Yajima
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Implantology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan.,Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Shiba
- Division of Protein Engineering, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto, Tokyo, Japan.,Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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van Andel E, de Bus I, Tijhaar EJ, Smulders MMJ, Savelkoul HFJ, Zuilhof H. Highly Specific Binding on Antifouling Zwitterionic Polymer-Coated Microbeads as Measured by Flow Cytometry. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:38211-38221. [PMID: 29064669 PMCID: PMC5682608 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b09725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Micron- and nano-sized particles are extensively used in various biomedical applications. However, their performance is often drastically hampered by the nonspecific adsorption of biomolecules, a process called biofouling, which can cause false-positive and false-negative outcomes in diagnostic tests. Although antifouling coatings have been extensively studied on flat surfaces, their use on micro- and nanoparticles remains largely unexplored, despite the widespread experimental (specifically, clinical) uncertainties that arise because of biofouling. Here, we describe the preparation of magnetic micron-sized beads coated with zwitterionic sulfobetaine polymer brushes that display strong antifouling characteristics. These coated beads can then be equipped with recognition elements of choice, to enable the specific binding of target molecules. First, we present a proof of principle with biotin-functionalized beads that are able to specifically bind fluorescently labeled streptavidin from a complex mixture of serum proteins. Moreover, we show the versatility of the method by demonstrating that it is also possible to functionalize the beads with mannose moieties to specifically bind the carbohydrate-binding protein concanavalin A. Flow cytometry was used to show that thus-modified beads only bind specifically targeted proteins, with minimal/near-zero nonspecific protein adsorption from other proteins that are present. These antifouling zwitterionic polymer-coated beads, therefore, provide a significant advancement for the many bead-based diagnostic and other biosensing applications that require stringent antifouling conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther van Andel
- Laboratory of Organic
Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen
University, De Elst 1, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ian de Bus
- Laboratory of Organic
Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin J. Tijhaar
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen
University, De Elst 1, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten M. J. Smulders
- Laboratory of Organic
Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Huub F. J. Savelkoul
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen
University, De Elst 1, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic
Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- School of
Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Chemical and Materials Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Pombo‐García K, Rühl CL, Lam R, Barreto JA, Ang C, Scammells PJ, Comba P, Spiccia† L, Graham B, Joshi T, Stephan H. Zwitterionic Modification of Ultrasmall Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Reduced Protein Corona Formation. Chempluschem 2017; 82:638-646. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201700052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karina Pombo‐García
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf 01328 Dresden Germany
| | - Carmen L. Rühl
- Heidelberg University Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Centre for Scientific Computing Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Raymond Lam
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University Parkville VIC 3052 Australia
| | - José A. Barreto
- School of Chemistry Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Ching‐Seng Ang
- BIO21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Peter J. Scammells
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University Parkville VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Peter Comba
- Heidelberg University Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Centre for Scientific Computing Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Leone Spiccia†
- School of Chemistry Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Bim Graham
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University Parkville VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Tanmaya Joshi
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf 01328 Dresden Germany
| | - Holger Stephan
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf 01328 Dresden Germany
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17
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Sunkara V, Woo HK, Cho YK. Emerging techniques in the isolation and characterization of extracellular vesicles and their roles in cancer diagnostics and prognostics. Analyst 2017; 141:371-81. [PMID: 26535415 DOI: 10.1039/c5an01775k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived nanovesicles, present in almost all types of body fluids, which play an important role in intercellular communication and are involved in the transport of biological signals for regulating diverse cellular functions. Due to the increasing clinical interest in the role of EVs in tumor promotion, various techniques for their isolation, detection, and characterization are being developed. In this review, we present an overview of the current EV isolation and characterization methods in addition to their applications and limitations. Furthermore, EVs as the potential emerging biomarkers in cancer management and their clinical implementation are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya Sunkara
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun-Kyung Woo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yoon-Kyoung Cho
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea. and Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), UNIST-gil 50, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Synthesis, characterization, solution and antioxidant properties of novel tetrakis{4-[N-((3-dimethylamino)propyl)amide]phenoxy}nickel (II) phthalocyanine and its water soluble derivatives. J Organomet Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2016.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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19
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Abstract
Cancer diagnosis and therapy is steadily improving. Still, diagnosis is frequently late and diagnosis and follow-up procedures mostly are time-consuming and expensive. Searching for tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) in body fluids may provide an alternative, minimally invasive, yet highly reliable diagnostic tool. Beyond this, there is strong evidence that TEX could become a potent therapeutics. Exosomes, small vesicles delivered by many cells of the organism, are found in all body fluids. Exosomes are characterized by lipid composition, common and donor cell specific proteins, mRNA, small non-coding RNA including miRNA and DNA. Particularly the protein and miRNA markers received much attention as they may allow for highly specific diagnosis and can provide hints toward tumor aggressiveness and progression, where exosome-based diagnosis and follow-up is greatly facilitated by the recovery of exosomes in body fluids, particularly the peripheral blood. Beyond this, exosomes are the most important intercellular communicators that modulate, instruct, and reprogram their surrounding as well as distant organs. In concern about TEX this includes message transfer from tumor cells toward the tumor stroma, the premetastatic niche, the hematopoietic system and, last but not least, the instruction of non-cancer stem cells by cancer-initiating cells (CIC). Taking this into account, it becomes obvious that "tailored" exosomes offer themselves as potent therapeutic delivery system. In brief, during the last 4-5 years there is an ever-increasing, overwhelming interest in exosome research. This boom appears fully justified provided the content of the exosomes becomes most thoroughly analyzed and their mode of intercellular interaction can be unraveled in detail as this knowledge will open new doors toward cancer diagnosis and therapy including immunotherapy and CIC reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Zöller
- Tumor Cell Biology, University Hospital of Surgery, im Neuenheimer Feld 365, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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20
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Stremersch S, De Smedt SC, Raemdonck K. Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of extracellular vesicles. J Control Release 2016; 244:167-183. [PMID: 27491882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During the past two decades, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been identified as important mediators of intercellular communication, enabling the functional transfer of bioactive molecules from one cell to another. Consequently, it is becoming increasingly clear that these vesicles are involved in many (patho)physiological processes, providing opportunities for therapeutic applications. Moreover, it is known that the molecular composition of EVs reflects the physiological status of the producing cell and tissue, rationalizing their exploitation as biomarkers in various diseases. In this review the composition, biogenesis and diversity of EVs is discussed in a therapeutic and diagnostic context. We describe emerging therapeutic applications, including the use of EVs as drug delivery vehicles and as cell-free vaccines, and reflect on future challenges for clinical translation. Finally, we discuss the use of EVs as a biomarker source and highlight recent studies and clinical successes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Stremersch
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Raemdonck
- Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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21
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Osteikoetxea X, Németh A, Sódar BW, Vukman KV, Buzás EI. Extracellular vesicles in cardiovascular disease: are they Jedi or Sith? J Physiol 2016; 594:2881-94. [PMID: 26872404 DOI: 10.1113/jp271336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the recent past, extracellular vesicles have become recognized as important players in cell biology and biomedicine. Extracellular vesicles, including exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies, are phospholipid bilayer-enclosed structures found to be secreted by most if not all cells. Extracellular vesicle secretion represents a universal and highly conserved active cellular function. Importantly, increasing evidence supports that extracellular vesicles may serve as biomarkers and therapeutic targets or tools in human diseases. Cardiovascular disease undoubtedly represents one of the most intensely studied and rapidly growing areas of the extracellular vesicle field. However, in different studies related to cardiovascular disease, extracellular vesicles have been shown to exert diverse and sometimes discordant biological effects. Therefore, it might seem a puzzle whether these vesicles are in fact beneficial or detrimental to cardiovascular health. In this review we provide a general introduction to extracellular vesicles and an overview of their biological roles in cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, we aim to untangle the various reasons for the observed discrepancy in biological effects of extracellular vesicles in cardiovascular diseases. To this end, we provide several examples that demonstrate that the observed functional diversity is in fact due to inherent differences among various types of extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xabier Osteikoetxea
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Németh
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barbara W Sódar
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina V Vukman
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edit Irén Buzás
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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22
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Yoo CE, Moon HS, Kim YJ, Park JM, Park D, Han KY, Park K, Sun JM, Park WY. Highly dense, optically inactive silica microbeads for the isolation and identification of circulating tumor cells. Biomaterials 2015; 75:271-278. [PMID: 26513419 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Efficient isolation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from whole blood is a major challenge for the clinical application of CTCs. Here, we report an efficient method to isolate CTCs from whole blood using highly dense and transparent silica microbeads. The surfaces of silica microbeads were fully covered with an antibody to capture CTCs, and blocked by zwitterionic moieties to prevent the non-specific adsorption of blood cells. Owing to the high density of the silica microbeads, the complexation of CTCs with silica microbeads resulted in the efficient sedimentation of CTC-microbead complexes, which enabled their discrimination from other blood cells in density gradient media. Model CTCs (MCF-7, HCC827, and SHP-77) with various levels of epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) were isolated efficiently, especially those with low EpCAM expression (SHP-77). Moreover, the transparency of silica microbeads enabled CTCs to be clearly identified without interference caused by microbeads. The improved sensitivity resulted in increased CTC recovery from patient samples compared with the FDA-approved CellSearch system (14/15 using our method; 5/15 using the CellSearch system). These results indicate that the isolation method described in this report constitutes a powerful tool for the isolation of CTCs from whole blood, which has important applications in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Eun Yoo
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute (SBRI), Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., Seoul 135-710, South Korea; Samsung Genome Institute (SGI), Samsung Medical Center (SMC), Seoul 135-710, South Korea
| | - Hui-Sung Moon
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute (SBRI), Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., Seoul 135-710, South Korea; Samsung Genome Institute (SGI), Samsung Medical Center (SMC), Seoul 135-710, South Korea
| | - Yeon Jeong Kim
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute (SBRI), Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., Seoul 135-710, South Korea; Samsung Genome Institute (SGI), Samsung Medical Center (SMC), Seoul 135-710, South Korea
| | - Jong-Myeon Park
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute (SBRI), Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., Seoul 135-710, South Korea; Samsung Genome Institute (SGI), Samsung Medical Center (SMC), Seoul 135-710, South Korea
| | - Donghyun Park
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute (SBRI), Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., Seoul 135-710, South Korea; Samsung Genome Institute (SGI), Samsung Medical Center (SMC), Seoul 135-710, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Yeon Han
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute (SBRI), Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., Seoul 135-710, South Korea; Samsung Genome Institute (SGI), Samsung Medical Center (SMC), Seoul 135-710, South Korea
| | - Keunchil Park
- Department of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 440-746, South Korea
| | - Jong-Mu Sun
- Department of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 440-746, South Korea
| | - Woong-Yang Park
- Samsung Genome Institute (SGI), Samsung Medical Center (SMC), Seoul 135-710, South Korea; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 440-746, South Korea.
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23
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Çolak S, Yıldız SZ, Çaylak Delibaş N, Pişkin H, Hökelek T. Crystal structure of 4-(3,4-di-cyano-phen-oxy)-N-[3-(di-methyl-amino)-prop-yl]benzamide mono-hydrate: a phen-oxy-phthalo-nitrile derivative. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2015; 71:1042-1044. [PMID: 26396843 PMCID: PMC4555371 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989015014991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In the title compound, C20H20N4O2·H2O, the planes of the phen-oxy and phthalo-nitrile rings are oriented at a dihedral angle of 60.39 (5)°. The 3-(di--methyl-amino)-propyl chain has an extended conformation and is cis with respect to the phthalo-nitrile ring. In the crystal, O-H⋯O, O-H⋯N and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules to form slabs parallel to (100). There are also C-H⋯O and C-H⋯N hydrogen bonds and C-H⋯π inter-actions present within the slabs. The slabs are linked by a pair of inversion-related C-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, involving phthalo-nitrile rings, forming a three-dimensional structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senem Çolak
- Department of Chemistry, Sakarya University, 54187 Esentepe, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Salih Zeki Yıldız
- Department of Chemistry, Sakarya University, 54187 Esentepe, Sakarya, Turkey
| | | | - Hasan Pişkin
- Department of Physics, Sakarya University, 54187 Esentepe, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Tuncer Hökelek
- Department of Physics, Hacettepe University, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
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24
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Methods of isolating extracellular vesicles impact down-stream analyses of their cargoes. Methods 2015; 87:3-10. [PMID: 25766927 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 444] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viable tumor cells actively release vesicles into the peripheral circulation and other biologic fluids, which exhibit proteins and RNAs characteristic of that cell. Our group demonstrated the presence of these extracellular vesicles of tumor origin within the peripheral circulation of cancer patients and proposed their utility for diagnosing the presence of tumors and monitoring their response to therapy in the 1970s. However, it has only been in the past 10 years that these vesicles have garnered interest based on the recognition that they serve as essential vehicles for intercellular communication, are key determinants of the immunosuppressive microenvironment observed in cancer and provide stability to tumor-derived components that can serve as diagnostic biomarkers. To date, the clinical utility of extracellular vesicles has been hampered by issues with nomenclature and methods of isolation. The term "exosomes" was introduced in 1981 to denote any nanometer-sized vesicles released outside the cell and to differentiate them from intracellular vesicles. Based on this original definition, we use "exosomes" as synonymous with "extracellular vesicles." While our original studies used ultracentrifugation to isolate these vesicles, we immediately became aware of the significant impact of the isolation method on the number, type, content and integrity of the vesicles isolated. In this review, we discuss and compare the most commonly utilized methods for purifying exosomes for post-isolation analyses. The exosomes derived from these approaches have been assessed for quantity and quality of specific RNA populations and specific marker proteins. These results suggest that, while each method purifies exosomal material, there are pros and cons of each and there are critical issues linked with centrifugation-based methods, including co-isolation of non-exosomal materials, damage to the vesicle's membrane structure and non-standardized parameters leading to qualitative and quantitative variability. The down-stream analyses of these resulting varying exosomes can yield misleading results and conclusions.
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25
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Yuan S, Xiong G, He F, Jiang W, Liang B, Choong C. Multifunctional REDV-conjugated zwitterionic polycarboxybetaine–polycaprolactone hybrid surfaces for enhanced antibacterial activity, anti-thrombogenicity and endothelial cell proliferation. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:8088-8101. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb01598g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Multifunctional PCL hybrid surfaces are developed by grafting of REDV–zwitterionic polycarboxybetaine conjugates via surface-initiated ATRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojun Yuan
- Multiphase Mass Transfer & Reaction Engineering Lab
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- 610065 China
| | - Gordon Xiong
- Division of Materials Technology
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
| | - Fei He
- Multiphase Mass Transfer & Reaction Engineering Lab
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- 610065 China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Multiphase Mass Transfer & Reaction Engineering Lab
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- 610065 China
| | - Bin Liang
- Multiphase Mass Transfer & Reaction Engineering Lab
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu
- 610065 China
| | - Cleo Choong
- Division of Materials Technology
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
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26
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Lowe S, O'Brien-Simpson NM, Connal LA. Antibiofouling polymer interfaces: poly(ethylene glycol) and other promising candidates. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py01356e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights antibiofouling polymer interfaces with emphasis on the latest developments using poly(ethylene glycol) and the design new polymeric structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Lowe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- The University of Melbourne
- Victoria
- Australia 3010
| | | | - Luke A. Connal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- The University of Melbourne
- Victoria
- Australia 3010
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27
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Muller L, Hong CS, Stolz DB, Watkins SC, Whiteside TL. Isolation of biologically-active exosomes from human plasma. J Immunol Methods 2014; 411:55-65. [PMID: 24952243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Effects of exosomes present in human plasma on immune cells have not been examined in detail. Immunological studies with plasma-derived exosomes require their isolation by procedures involving ultracentrifugation. These procedures were largely developed using supernatants of cultured cells. To test biologic activities of plasma-derived exosomes, methods are necessary that ensure adequate recovery of exosome fractions free of contaminating larger vesicles, cell fragments and protein/nucleic acid aggregates. Here, an optimized method for exosome isolation from human plasma/serum specimens of normal controls (NC) or cancer patients and its advantages and pitfalls are described. To remove undesirable plasma-contaminating components, ultrafiltration of differentially-centrifuged plasma/serum followed by size-exclusion chromatography prior to ultracentrifugation facilitated the removal of contaminants. Plasma or serum was equally acceptable as a source of exosomes based on the recovered protein levels (in μg protein/mL plasma) and TEM image quality. Centrifugation on sucrose density gradients led to large exosome losses. Fresh plasma was the best source of morphologically-intact exosomes, while the use of frozen/thawed plasma decreased exosome purity but not their biologic activity. Treatments of frozen plasma with DNAse, RNAse or hyaluronidase did not improve exosome purity and are not recommended. Cancer patients' plasma consistently yielded more isolated exosomes than did NCs' plasma. Cancer patients' exosomes also mediated higher immune suppression as evidenced by decreased CD69 expression on responder CD4+ T effector cells. Thus, the described procedure yields biologically-active, morphologically-intact exosomes that have reasonably good purity without large protein losses and can be used for immunological, biomarker and other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Muller
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Departments of Otolaryngology and Head&Neck Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chang-Sook Hong
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Simon C Watkins
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Theresa L Whiteside
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Departments of Pathology, Immunology and Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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Woodfield PA, Zhu Y, Pei Y, Roth PJ. Hydrophobically Modified Sulfobetaine Copolymers with Tunable Aqueous UCST through Postpolymerization Modification of Poly(pentafluorophenyl acrylate). Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma402391a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Woodfield
- Centre
for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Yicheng Zhu
- Centre
for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Yiwen Pei
- Centre
for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Polymer
Electronics Research Centre, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Peter J. Roth
- Centre
for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Kim G, Yong Y, Kang HJ, Park K, Kim SI, Lee M, Huh N. Zwitterionic polymer-coated immunobeads for blood-based cancer diagnostics. Biomaterials 2014; 35:294-303. [PMID: 24140041 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.09.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Both total plasma and tumor-derived microvesicle (TMV)-associated miRNAs have been proposed as potential blood-based biomarkers for cancer diagnosis. However, there has been no comparison of the two types of miRNAs for biomarker discovery because of technological challenges of isolating TMVs from human plasma. The effective isolation of TMVs can be hardly achieved with conventional immunobead-based methods due to the high content of plasma proteins. In the current study, zwitterionic sulfobetaine-conjugated immunobeads are prepared using cluster of differentiation 83 (CD83) as a candidate protein marker for breast cancer-derived microvesicles. The zwitterionic immunobeads are more than 10-fold efficient for isolating TMVs from clinical plasma samples by suppressing nonspecific protein binding than conventional immunobeads. Early-stage breast cancer can be distinguished from benign breast disease by using the sulfobetaine-modified immunobeads, whereas conventional immunobeads show poor discriminatory performance. Further, we demonstrate that miRNAs in the form of TMVs offer a major improvement over total plasma miRNAs for early cancer detection. The analyses of miRNA expression levels show that in total, 6 miRNAs are significantly upregulated in the CD83-positive microvesicles of breast cancer patients, whereas differential miRNA expression is not detected on using total plasma RNA. The results indicate that our zwitterionic immunobead platform may constitute a powerful tool to identify circulating biomarkers and open a new avenue for highly sensitive blood-based cancer diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gahee Kim
- Bio Research Center, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Mt. 14-1, Nongseo-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 446-712, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
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Zöller M. Pancreatic cancer diagnosis by free and exosomal miRNA. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2013; 4:74-90. [PMID: 24340225 PMCID: PMC3858795 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v4.i4.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PaCa) have a dismal prognosis. This is in part due to late diagnosis prohibiting surgical intervention, which provides the only curative option as PaCa are mostly chemo- and radiation resistance. Hope is raised on a reliable non-invasive/minimally invasive diagnosis that is still missing. Recently two diagnostic options are discussed, serum MicroRNA (miRNA) and serum exosomes. Serum miRNA can be free or vesicle-, particularly, exosomes-enclosed. This review will provide an overview on the current state of the diagnostic trials on free serum miRNA and proceed with an introduction of exosomes that use as a diagnostic tool in serum and other body fluids has not received sufficient attention, although serum exosome miRNA in combination with protein marker expression likely will increase the diagnostic and prognostic power. By their crosstalk with host cells, which includes binding-initiated signal transduction, as well as reprogramming target cells via the transfer of proteins, mRNA and miRNA exosomes are suggested to become a most powerful therapeutics. I will discuss which hurdles have still to be taken as well as the different modalities, which can be envisaged to make therapeutic use of exosomes. PaCa are known to most intensely crosstalk with the host as apparent by desmoplasia and frequent paraneoplastic syndromes. Thus, there is hope that the therapeutic application of exosomes brings about a major breakthrough.
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Bertok T, Klukova L, Sediva A, Kasak P, Semak V, Micusik M, Omastova M, Chovanová L, Vlček M, Imrich R, Vikartovska A, Tkac J. Ultrasensitive impedimetric lectin biosensors with efficient antifouling properties applied in glycoprofiling of human serum samples. Anal Chem 2013; 85:7324-32. [PMID: 23808876 PMCID: PMC4881809 DOI: 10.1021/ac401281t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasensitive impedimetric lectin biosensors recognizing different glycan entities on serum glycoproteins were constructed. Lectins were immobilized on a novel mixed self-assembled monolayer containing 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid for covalent immobilization of lectins and betaine terminated thiol to resist nonspecific interactions. Construction of biosensors based on Concanavalin A (Con A), Sambucus nigra agglutinin type I (SNA), and Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA) on polycrystalline gold electrodes was optimized and characterized with a battery of tools including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, various electrochemical techniques, quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and compared with a protein/lectin microarray. The lectin biosensors were able to detect glycoproteins from 1 fM (Con A), 10 fM (Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA), or 100 fM (SNA) with a linear range spanning 6 (SNA), 7 (RCA), or 8 (Con A) orders of magnitude. Furthermore, a detection limit for the Con A biosensor down to 1 aM was achieved in a sandwich configuration. A nonspecific binding of proteins for the Con A biosensor was only 6.1% (probed with an oxidized invertase) of the signal toward its analyte invertase and a negligible nonspecific interaction of the Con A biosensor was observed in diluted human sera (1000×), as well. The performance of the lectin biosensors was finally tested by glycoprofiling of human serum samples from healthy individuals and those having rheumatoid arthritis, which resulted in a distinct glycan pattern between these two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Bertok
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ludmila Klukova
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Alena Sediva
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Kasak
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, P.O.Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Vladislav Semak
- Department of Composite Materials, Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Matej Micusik
- Department of Composite Materials, Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Maria Omastova
- Department of Composite Materials, Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Lucia Chovanová
- Laboratory of Human Endocrinology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlárska 3, 833 06, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Miroslav Vlček
- Laboratory of Human Endocrinology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlárska 3, 833 06, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Richard Imrich
- Laboratory of Human Endocrinology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlárska 3, 833 06, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Alica Vikartovska
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jan Tkac
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Witwer KW, Buzás EI, Bemis LT, Bora A, Lässer C, Lötvall J, Nolte-'t Hoen EN, Piper MG, Sivaraman S, Skog J, Théry C, Wauben MH, Hochberg F. Standardization of sample collection, isolation and analysis methods in extracellular vesicle research. J Extracell Vesicles 2013; 2:20360. [PMID: 24009894 PMCID: PMC3760646 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v2i0.20360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1662] [Impact Index Per Article: 151.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of publications on extracellular RNA (exRNA) and extracellular vesicles (EV) has highlighted the potential of these molecules and vehicles as biomarkers of disease and therapeutic targets. These findings have created a paradigm shift, most prominently in the field of oncology, prompting expanded interest in the field and dedication of funds for EV research. At the same time, understanding of EV subtypes, biogenesis, cargo and mechanisms of shuttling remains incomplete. The techniques that can be harnessed to address the many gaps in our current knowledge were the subject of a special workshop of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) in New York City in October 2012. As part of the “ISEV Research Seminar: Analysis and Function of RNA in Extracellular Vesicles (evRNA)”, 6 round-table discussions were held to provide an evidence-based framework for isolation and analysis of EV, purification and analysis of associated RNA molecules, and molecular engineering of EV for therapeutic intervention. This article arises from the discussion of EV isolation and analysis at that meeting. The conclusions of the round table are supplemented with a review of published materials and our experience. Controversies and outstanding questions are identified that may inform future research and funding priorities. While we emphasize the need for standardization of specimen handling, appropriate normative controls, and isolation and analysis techniques to facilitate comparison of results, we also recognize that continual development and evaluation of techniques will be necessary as new knowledge is amassed. On many points, consensus has not yet been achieved and must be built through the reporting of well-controlled experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, MD, USA
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