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Li Z, Zhang Z, Rosen ST, Feng M. Function and mechanism of bispecific antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2. CELL INSIGHT 2024; 3:100150. [PMID: 38374826 PMCID: PMC10875118 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellin.2024.100150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
As the dynamic evolution of SARS-CoV-2 led to reduced efficacy in monoclonal neutralizing antibodies and emergence of immune escape, the role of bispecific antibodies becomes crucial in bolstering antiviral activity and suppressing immune evasion. This review extensively assesses a spectrum of representative bispecific antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2, delving into their characteristics, design formats, mechanisms of action, and associated advantages and limitations. The analysis encompasses factors influencing the selection of parental antibodies and strategies for incorporating added benefits in bispecific antibody design. Furthermore, how different classes of parental antibodies contribute to augmenting the broad-spectrum neutralization capability within bispecific antibodies is discussed. In summary, this review presents analyses and discussions aimed at offering valuable insights for shaping future strategies in bispecific antibody design to effectively confront the challenges posed by SARS-CoV-2 and propel advancements in antiviral therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Li
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Zengyuan Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, CA, USA
| | - Steven T. Rosen
- Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Mingye Feng
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
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2
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Pharmacokinetic Developability and Disposition Profiles of Bispecific Antibodies: A Case Study with Two Molecules. Antibodies (Basel) 2021; 11:antib11010002. [PMID: 35076469 PMCID: PMC8788489 DOI: 10.3390/antib11010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (BsAb) that engage multiple pathways are a promising therapeutic strategy to improve and prolong the efficacy of biologics in complex diseases. In the early stages of discovery, BsAbs often exhibit a broad range of pharmacokinetic (PK) behavior. Optimization of the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) interactions and removal of undesirable physiochemical properties have been used to improve the 'pharmacokinetic developability' for various monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics, yet there is a sparsity of such information for BsAbs. The present work evaluated the influence of FcRn interactions and inherent physiochemical properties on the PK of two related single chain variable fragment (scFv)-based BsAbs. Despite their close relation, the two BsAbs exhibit disparate PK in cynomolgus monkeys with BsAb-1 having an aberrant clearance of ~2 mL/h/kg and BsAb-2 displaying a an ~10-fold slower clearance (~0.2 mL/h/kg). Evaluation of the physiochemical characteristics of the molecules, including charge, non-specific binding, thermal stability, and hydrophobic properties, as well as FcRn interactions showed some differences. In-depth drug disposition results revealed that a substantial disparity in the complete release from FcRn at a neutral pH is a primary factor contributing to the rapid clearance of the BsAb-1 while other biophysical characteristics were largely comparable between molecules.
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3
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Sawant MS, Streu CN, Wu L, Tessier PM. Toward Drug-Like Multispecific Antibodies by Design. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7496. [PMID: 33053650 PMCID: PMC7589779 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of antibody therapeutics is strongly influenced by their multifunctional nature that couples antigen recognition mediated by their variable regions with effector functions and half-life extension mediated by a subset of their constant regions. Nevertheless, the monospecific IgG format is not optimal for many therapeutic applications, and this has led to the design of a vast number of unique multispecific antibody formats that enable targeting of multiple antigens or multiple epitopes on the same antigen. Despite the diversity of these formats, a common challenge in generating multispecific antibodies is that they display suboptimal physical and chemical properties relative to conventional IgGs and are more difficult to develop into therapeutics. Here we review advances in the design and engineering of multispecific antibodies with drug-like properties, including favorable stability, solubility, viscosity, specificity and pharmacokinetic properties. We also highlight emerging experimental and computational methods for improving the next generation of multispecific antibodies, as well as their constituent antibody fragments, with natural IgG-like properties. Finally, we identify several outstanding challenges that need to be addressed to increase the success of multispecific antibodies in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manali S. Sawant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (M.S.S.); (C.N.S.)
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Craig N. Streu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (M.S.S.); (C.N.S.)
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
- Department of Chemistry, Albion College, Albion, MI 49224, USA
| | - Lina Wu
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Peter M. Tessier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (M.S.S.); (C.N.S.)
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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4
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Yang B, Zhao M, Wu H, Lu Q. A Comprehensive Review of Biological Agents for Lupus: Beyond Single Target. Front Immunol 2020; 11:539797. [PMID: 33123125 PMCID: PMC7573553 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.539797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that involves multiple immune cells. Due to its complex pathogenesis, the effectiveness of traditional treatment methods is limited. Many patients have developed resistance to conventional treatment or are not sensitive to steroid and immunosuppressant therapy, and so emerging therapeutic antibodies have become an alternative and have been shown to work well in many patients with moderate and severe SLE. This review summarizes the biological agents that are in the preclinical and clinical trial study of SLE. In addition to the various monoclonal antibodies that have been studied for a long time, such as belimumab and rituximab, we focused on another treatment for SLE, bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) such as tibulizumab, which simultaneously targets multiple pathogenic cytokines or pathways. Although the application of BsAbs in cancer has been intensively studied, their application in autoimmune diseases is still in the infant stage. This unique combined mechanism of action may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyi Yang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Haijing Wu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University; Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenomics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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5
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Kaitao L, William R, Zhou Y, Cheng Z. Single-molecule investigations of T-cell activation. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2019; 12:102-110. [PMID: 32296738 PMCID: PMC7158867 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
T-cell activation is the central event governing its development, differentiation, and effector functions. T-cell activation is initiated by the direct physical interaction of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) with cognate peptide presented by the major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) molecule expressed on the antigen presenting cell (APC) surface. Since the identification of TCR as the only receptor for antigen on T cells three decades ago, studies have elucidated the major molecular players and signaling events responding to TCR stimulation. However, the question of how the physical event of pMHC binding is converted across the membrane into chemical events to initiate signal transduction remains elusive. Here we review recent investigations of T-cell activation using single-molecule force and fluorescence techniques that shed new light on this key question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Kaitao
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Rittase William
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Yuan Zhou
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Zhu Cheng
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
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6
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Lim SI. Site-specific bioconjugation and self-assembly technologies for multi-functional biologics: on the road to the clinic. Drug Discov Today 2019; 25:168-176. [PMID: 31610287 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The expanding portfolio of biotherapeutics both in the research and development (R&D) and market sectors is shaping new opportunities towards multifunctional biologics (MFBs). The combination of new or pre-existing therapeutic agents into a single multifunctional format makes it possible to develop new pharmacological actions to significantly improve their efficacy and safety. In this review, I focus on novel platform technologies that are being exploited in the biotech industry to produce MFBs with potential therapeutic benefits that include half-life extension, targeted delivery, T cell engagement, and improved vaccination. In this regard, technologies of key importance are site-specific bioconjugation and self-assembly, which allow homogeneous, defined, and scalable process developments for several MFBs that are advancing towards clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung In Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Datta-Mannan A, Brown RM, Fitchett J, Heng AR, Balasubramaniam D, Pereira J, Croy JE. Modulation of the Biophysical Properties of Bifunctional Antibodies as a Strategy for Mitigating Poor Pharmacokinetics. Biochemistry 2019; 58:3116-3132. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonathan Fitchett
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Biotechnology Center, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Aik Roy Heng
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Biotechnology Center, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Deepa Balasubramaniam
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Biotechnology Center, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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8
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Brinkmann U, Kontermann RE. The making of bispecific antibodies. MAbs 2017; 9:182-212. [PMID: 28071970 PMCID: PMC5297537 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1268307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 603] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past two decades we have seen a phenomenal evolution of bispecific antibodies for therapeutic applications. The 'zoo' of bispecific antibodies is populated by many different species, comprising around 100 different formats, including small molecules composed solely of the antigen-binding sites of two antibodies, molecules with an IgG structure, and large complex molecules composed of different antigen-binding moieties often combined with dimerization modules. The application of sophisticated molecular design and genetic engineering has solved many of the technical problems associated with the formation of bispecific antibodies such as stability, solubility and other parameters that confer drug properties. These parameters may be summarized under the term 'developability'. In addition, different 'target product profiles', i.e., desired features of the bispecific antibody to be generated, mandates the need for access to a diverse panel of formats. These may vary in size, arrangement, valencies, flexibility and geometry of their binding modules, as well as in their distribution and pharmacokinetic properties. There is not 'one best format' for generating bispecific antibodies, and no single format is suitable for all, or even most of, the desired applications. Instead, the bispecific formats collectively serve as a valuable source of diversity that can be applied to the development of therapeutics for various indications. Here, a comprehensive overview of the different bispecific antibody formats is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Brinkmann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Munich, Im Nonnenwald, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Roland E. Kontermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring, Stuttgart, Germany
- Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstraße, Stuttgart, Germany
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Datta-Mannan A, Croy JE, Schirtzinger L, Torgerson S, Breyer M, Wroblewski VJ. Aberrant bispecific antibody pharmacokinetics linked to liver sinusoidal endothelium clearance mechanism in cynomolgus monkeys. MAbs 2017; 8:969-82. [PMID: 27111637 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1178435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) can affect multiple disease pathways, thus these types of constructs potentially provide promising approaches to improve efficacy in complex disease indications. The specific and non-specific clearance mechanisms/biology that affect monoclonal antibody (mAb) pharmacokinetics are likely involved in the disposition of BsAbs. Despite these similarities, there are a paucity of studies on the in vivo biology that influences the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of BsAbs. The present case study evaluated the in vivo disposition of 2 IgG-fusion BsAb formats deemed IgG-ECD (extracellular domain) and IgG-scFv (single-chain Fv) in cynomolgus monkeys. These BsAb molecules displayed inferior in vivo pharmacokinetic properties, including a rapid clearance (> 0.5 mL/hr/kg) and short half-life relative to their mAb counterparts. The current work evaluated factors in vivo that result in the aberrant clearance of these BsAb constructs. Results showed the rapid clearance of the BsAbs that was not attributable to target binding, reduced neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) interactions or poor molecular/biochemical properties. Evaluation of the cellular distribution of the constructs suggested that the major clearance mechanism was linked to binding/association with liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) versus liver macrophages. The role of LSECs in facilitating the clearance of the IgG-ECD and IgG-scFv BsAb constructs described in these studies was consistent with the minimal influence of clodronate-mediated macrophage depletion on the pharmacokinetics of the constructs in cynomolgus monkeys The findings in this report are an important demonstration that the elucidation of clearance mechanisms for some IgG-ECD and IgG-scFv BsAb molecules can be unique and complicated, and may require increased attention due to the proliferation of these more complex mAb-like structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Datta-Mannan
- a Department of Drug Disposition, Development/ Commercialization , Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center , Indianapolis , Indiana , USA
| | - Johnny E Croy
- b Department of Biotechnology Discovery Research , Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center , Indianapolis , Indiana , USA
| | - Linda Schirtzinger
- a Department of Drug Disposition, Development/ Commercialization , Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center , Indianapolis , Indiana , USA
| | - Stacy Torgerson
- a Department of Drug Disposition, Development/ Commercialization , Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center , Indianapolis , Indiana , USA
| | - Matthew Breyer
- b Department of Biotechnology Discovery Research , Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center , Indianapolis , Indiana , USA
| | - Victor J Wroblewski
- a Department of Drug Disposition, Development/ Commercialization , Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center , Indianapolis , Indiana , USA
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10
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Dimasi N, Fleming R, Sachsenmeier KF, Bezabeh B, Hay C, Wu J, Sult E, Rajan S, Zhuang L, Cariuk P, Buchanan A, Bowen MA, Wu H, Gao C. Guiding bispecific monovalent antibody formation through proteolysis of IgG1 single-chain. MAbs 2017; 9:438-454. [PMID: 28055299 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1277301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed an IgG1 domain-tethering approach to guide the correct assembly of 2 light and 2 heavy chains, derived from 2 different antibodies, to form bispecific monovalent antibodies in IgG1 format. We show here that assembling 2 different light and heavy chains by sequentially connecting them with protease-cleavable polypeptide linkers results in the generation of monovalent bispecific antibodies that have IgG1 sequence, structure and functional properties. This approach was used to generate a bispecific monovalent antibody targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor and the type I insulin-like growth factor receptor that: 1) can be produced and purified using standard IgG1 techniques; 2) exhibits stability and structural features comparable to IgG1; 3) binds both targets simultaneously; and 4) has potent anti-tumor activity. Our strategy provides new engineering opportunities for bispecific antibody applications, and, most importantly, overcomes some of the limitations (e.g., half-antibody and homodimer formation, light chains mispairing, multi-step purification), inherent with some of the previously described IgG1-based bispecific monovalent antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazzareno Dimasi
- a Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Ryan Fleming
- a Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | | | - Binyam Bezabeh
- a Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Carl Hay
- c Oncology Research, MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Jincheng Wu
- d Research Bioinformatics, MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Erin Sult
- c Oncology Research, MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Saravanan Rajan
- a Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Li Zhuang
- a Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Peter Cariuk
- e Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune , Cambridge , UK
| | - Andrew Buchanan
- e Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune , Cambridge , UK
| | - Michael A Bowen
- a Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Herren Wu
- a Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Changshou Gao
- a Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
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11
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Tushir-Singh J. Antibody-siRNA conjugates: drugging the undruggable for anti-leukemic therapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2016; 17:325-338. [PMID: 27977315 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2017.1273344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Generating effective RNAi-based therapies with the potential to achieve leukemia remission remains critical unmet need. Despite a growing number of leukemia clinical trials, tissue specific delivery of therapeutic siRNA is a major roadblock in translating its clinical potential. The most recent reports in the antibody-siRNA-conjugates (ARCs) field add new dimensions to leukemic therapy, where a covalently ligated therapeutic antisense-RNA with the potential to repress the oncogenic transcript is selectively delivered into the cancer cells. Despite ARC localization to leukemic cells due to high affinity antigen-antibody interactions, multiple challenges exist to unlock the therapeutic potential of siRNA targeting. Areas covered: This review focuses on antibody and siRNA-based therapies for leukemia as well as potential antibody engineering-based strategies to generate an optimal ARC platform. Expert opinion: In vitro and clinical results have revealed that non-targeted delivery and inefficient cellular internalization of therapeutic siRNA are major contributing factors for the lack of efficacy in leukemia patients. Rational antibody design and selective protein engineering with the potential to neutralize siRNA charge, stabilize ARC complex, restrict off-targeted delivery, optimize endosomal escape, and extend serum half-life will generate clinically relevant leukemic therapies that are safe, selective, and effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jogender Tushir-Singh
- a Laboratory of Novel Biologics, Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics , University of Virginia Cancer Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine , Charlottesville , VA , USA
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12
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Antigen specificity can be irrelevant to immunocytokine efficacy and biodistribution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:3320-5. [PMID: 25733854 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1416159112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokine therapy can activate potent, sustained antitumor responses, but collateral toxicity often limits dosages. Although antibody-cytokine fusions (immunocytokines) have been designed with the intent to localize cytokine activity, systemic dose-limiting side effects are not fully ameliorated by attempted tumor targeting. Using the s.c. B16F10 melanoma model, we found that a nontoxic dose of IL-2 immunocytokine synergized with tumor-specific antibody to significantly enhance therapeutic outcomes compared with immunocytokine monotherapy, concomitant with increased tumor saturation and intratumoral cytokine responses. Examination of cell subset biodistribution showed that the immunocytokine associated mainly with IL-2R-expressing innate immune cells, with more bound immunocytokine present in systemic organs than the tumor microenvironment. More surprisingly, immunocytokine antigen specificity and Fcγ receptor interactions did not seem necessary for therapeutic efficacy or biodistribution patterns because immunocytokines with irrelevant specificity and/or inactive mutant Fc domains behaved similarly to tumor-specific immunocytokine. IL-2-IL-2R interactions, rather than antibody-antigen targeting, dictated immunocytokine localization; however, the lack of tumor targeting did not preclude successful antibody combination therapy. Mathematical modeling revealed immunocytokine size as another driver of antigen targeting efficiency. This work presents a safe, straightforward strategy for augmenting immunocytokine efficacy by supplementary antibody dosing and explores underappreciated factors that can subvert efforts to purposefully alter cytokine biodistribution.
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13
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Poppinga WJ, Muñoz-Llancao P, González-Billault C, Schmidt M. A-kinase anchoring proteins: cAMP compartmentalization in neurodegenerative and obstructive pulmonary diseases. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:5603-23. [PMID: 25132049 PMCID: PMC4290705 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The universal second messenger cAMP is generated upon stimulation of Gs protein-coupled receptors, such as the β2 -adreneoceptor, and leads to the activation of PKA, the major cAMP effector protein. PKA oscillates between an on and off state and thereby regulates a plethora of distinct biological responses. The broad activation pattern of PKA and its contribution to several distinct cellular functions lead to the introduction of the concept of compartmentalization of cAMP. A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) are of central importance due to their unique ability to directly and/or indirectly interact with proteins that either determine the cellular content of cAMP, such as β2 -adrenoceptors, ACs and PDEs, or are regulated by cAMP such as the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP. We report on lessons learned from neurons indicating that maintenance of cAMP compartmentalization by AKAP5 is linked to neurotransmission, learning and memory. Disturbance of cAMP compartments seem to be linked to neurodegenerative disease including Alzheimer's disease. We translate this knowledge to compartmentalized cAMP signalling in the lung. Next to AKAP5, we focus here on AKAP12 and Ezrin (AKAP78). These topics will be highlighted in the context of the development of novel pharmacological interventions to tackle AKAP-dependent compartmentalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Poppinga
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of GroningenGroningen, The Netherlands
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningen, The Netherlands
| | - P Muñoz-Llancao
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of GroningenGroningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Cell and Neuronal Dynamics (Cenedyn), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningen, The Netherlands
| | - C González-Billault
- Laboratory of Cell and Neuronal Dynamics (Cenedyn), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - M Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of GroningenGroningen, The Netherlands
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), University Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningen, The Netherlands
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14
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Rossi EA, Rossi DL, Cardillo TM, Chang CH, Goldenberg DM. Redirected T-Cell Killing of Solid Cancers Targeted with an Anti-CD3/Trop-2–Bispecific Antibody Is Enhanced in Combination with Interferon-α. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:2341-51. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Rossi EA, Chang CH, Goldenberg DM. Anti-CD22/CD20 Bispecific antibody with enhanced trogocytosis for treatment of Lupus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98315. [PMID: 24841238 PMCID: PMC4026529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The humanized anti-CD22 antibody, epratuzumab, has demonstrated therapeutic activity in clinical trials of lymphoma, leukemia and autoimmune diseases, treating currently over 1500 cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemias, Waldenström's macroglobulinemia, Sjögren's syndrome, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Because epratuzumab reduces on average only 35% of circulating B cells in patients, and has minimal antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and negligible complement-dependent cytotoxicity when evaluated in vitro, its therapeutic activity may not result completely from B-cell depletion. We reported recently that epratuzumab mediates Fc/FcR-dependent membrane transfer from B cells to effector cells via trogocytosis, resulting in a substantial reduction of multiple BCR modulators, including CD22, CD19, CD21, and CD79b, as well as key cell adhesion molecules, including CD44, CD62L, and β7 integrin, on the surface of B cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from normal donors or SLE patients. Rituximab has clinical activity in lupus, but failed to achieve primary endpoints in a Phase III trial. This is the first study of trogocytosis mediated by bispecific antibodies targeting neighboring cell-surface proteins, CD22, CD20, and CD19, as demonstrated by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy. We show that, compared to epratuzumab, a bispecific hexavalent antibody comprising epratuzumab and veltuzumab (humanized anti-CD20 mAb) exhibits enhanced trogocytosis resulting in major reductions in B-cell surface levels of CD19, CD20, CD21, CD22, CD79b, CD44, CD62L and β7-integrin, and with considerably less immunocompromising B-cell depletion that would result with anti-CD20 mAbs such as veltuzumab or rituximab, given either alone or in combination with epratuzumab. A CD22/CD19 bispecific hexavalent antibody, which exhibited enhanced trogocytosis of some antigens and minimal B-cell depletion, may also be therapeutically useful. The bispecific antibody is a candidate for improved treatment of lupus and other autoimmune diseases, offering advantages over administration of the two parental antibodies in combination.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Bispecific/immunology
- Antibodies, Bispecific/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/pharmacology
- B-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immunological Synapses/metabolism
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/drug therapy
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Rituximab
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund A. Rossi
- Immunomedics, Inc., Morris Plains, New Jersey, United States of America
- IBC Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Morris Plains, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Chien-Hsing Chang
- Immunomedics, Inc., Morris Plains, New Jersey, United States of America
- IBC Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Morris Plains, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - David M. Goldenberg
- Immunomedics, Inc., Morris Plains, New Jersey, United States of America
- IBC Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Morris Plains, New Jersey, United States of America
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Immunology, Morris Plains, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Liu D, Cardillo TM, Wang Y, Rossi EA, Goldenberg DM, Chang CH. Trop-2-targeting tetrakis-ranpirnase has potent antitumor activity against triple-negative breast cancer. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:53. [PMID: 24606732 PMCID: PMC4015355 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ranpirnase (Rap) is an amphibian ribonuclease with reported antitumor activity, minimal toxicity, and negligible immunogenicity in clinical studies, but the unfavorable pharmacokinetics and suboptimal efficacy hampered its further clinical development. To improve the potential of Rap-based therapeutics, we have used the DOCK-AND-LOCK™ (DNL™) method to construct a class of novel IgG-Rap immunoRNases. In the present study, a pair of these constructs, (Rap)2-E1-(Rap)2 and (Rap)2-E1*-(Rap)2, comprising four copies of Rap linked to the CH3 and CK termini of hRS7 (humanized anti-Trop-2), respectively, were evaluated as potential therapeutics for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Methods The DNL-based immunoRNases, (Rap)2-E1-(Rap)2 and (Rap)2-E1*-(Rap)2, were characterized and tested for biological activities in vitro on a panel of breast cancer cell lines and in vivo in a MDA-MB-468 xenograft model. Results (Rap)2-E1-(Rap)2 was highly purified (>95%), exhibited specific cell binding and rapid internalization in MDA-MB-468, a Trop-2-expressing TNBC line, and displayed potent in vitro cytotoxicity (EC50 ≤ 1 nM) against diverse breast cancer cell lines with moderate to high expression of Trop-2, including MDA-MB-468, BT-20, HCC1806, SKBR-3, and MCF-7. In comparison, structural counterparts of (Rap)2-E1-(Rap)2, generated by substituting hRS7 with selective non-Trop-2-binding antibodies, such as epratuzumab (anti-CD22), were at least 50-fold less potent than (Rap)2-E1-(Rap)2 in MDA-MB-468 and BT-20 cells, both lacking the expression of the cognate antigen. Moreover, (Rap)2-E1-(Rap)2 was less effective (EC50 > 50 nM) in MDA-MB-231 (low Trop-2) or HCC1395 (no Trop-2), and did not show any toxicity to human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In a mouse TNBC model, a significant survival benefit was achieved with (Rap)2-E1*-(Rap)2 when given the maximal tolerated dose. Conclusions A new class of immunoRNases was generated with enhanced potency for targeted therapy of cancer. The promising results from (Rap)2-E1-(Rap)2 and (Rap)2-E1*-(Rap)2 support their further investigation as a potential treatment option for TNBC and other Trop-2-expressing cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglin Liu
- IBC Pharmaceuticals, Inc,, Morris Plains 07950, NJ, USA.
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17
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Rossi DL, Rossi EA, Cardillo TM, Goldenberg DM, Chang CH. A new class of bispecific antibodies to redirect T cells for cancer immunotherapy. MAbs 2014; 6:381-91. [PMID: 24492297 PMCID: PMC3984327 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.27385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Various constructs of bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) to redirect effector T cells for the targeted killing of tumor cells have shown considerable promise in both preclinical and clinical studies. The single-chain variable fragment (scFv)-based formats, including bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) and dual-affinity re-targeting (DART), which provide monovalent binding to both CD3 on T cells and to the target antigen on tumor cells, can exhibit rapid blood clearance and neurological toxicity due to their small size (~55 kDa). Herein, we describe the generation, by the modular DOCK-AND-LOCK™) (DNL™) method, of novel T-cell redirecting bispecific antibodies, each comprising a monovalent anti-CD3 scFv covalently conjugated to a stabilized dimer of different anti-tumor Fabs. The potential advantages of this design include bivalent binding to tumor cells, a larger size (~130 kDa) to preclude renal clearance and penetration of the blood-brain barrier, and potent T-cell mediated cytotoxicity. These prototypes were purified to near homogeneity, and representative constructs were shown to provoke the formation of immunological synapses between T cells and their target tumor cells in vitro, resulting in T-cell activation and proliferation, as well as potent T-cell mediated anti-tumor activity. In addition, in vivo studies in NOD/SCID mice bearing Raji Burkitt lymphoma or Capan-1 pancreatic carcinoma indicated statistically significant inhibition of tumor growth compared with untreated controls.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edmund A Rossi
- Immunomedics, Inc; Morris Plains, NJ USA
- IBC Pharmaceuticals, Inc; Morris Plains, NJ USA
| | | | - David M Goldenberg
- Immunomedics, Inc; Morris Plains, NJ USA
- IBC Pharmaceuticals, Inc; Morris Plains, NJ USA
- Garden State Cancer Center; Center for Molecular Medicine and Immunology; Morris Plains, NJ USA
| | - Chien-Hsing Chang
- Immunomedics, Inc; Morris Plains, NJ USA
- IBC Pharmaceuticals, Inc; Morris Plains, NJ USA
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Immunogenicity and PK/PD evaluation in biotherapeutic drug development: scientific considerations for bioanalytical methods and data analysis. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:79-87. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
With the advent of novel technologies, considerable advances have been made in the evaluation of the relationship between PK and PD. Ligand-binding assays have been the primary assay format supporting PK and immunogenicity assessments. Critical and in-depth characterizations of the ligand-binding assay of interest can provide valuable understanding of the limitations, for interpreting PK/PD and immunogenicity results. This review illustrates key challenges with regard to understanding the relationship between anti-drug antibody and PK/PD, including confounding factors associated with the development and validation of ligand-binding assays, mechanisms by which anti-drug antibody impacts PK/PD, factors to consider during data analyses and interpretation, and a perspective on integrating immunogenicity data into the well-established quantitative modeling approach. Through recognizing these challenges, we propose some opportunities for improvements in the development and validation of fit-for-purpose bioanalytical methods.
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19
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The Development of Bispecific Hexavalent Antibodies as a Novel Class of DOCK-AND-LOCKTM (DNLTM) Complexes. Antibodies (Basel) 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/antib2020353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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Vacchelli E, Eggermont A, Fridman WH, Galon J, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial Watch: Immunostimulatory cytokines. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e24850. [PMID: 24073369 PMCID: PMC3782010 DOI: 10.4161/onci.24850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past two decades, the notion that cancer would merely constitute a cell-intrinsic disease has gradually been complemented by a model postulating that the immune system plays a relevant role during all stages of oncogenesis and tumor progression. Along with this conceptual shift, several strategies have been devised to stimulate tumor-specific immune responses, including relatively unselective approaches such as the systemic administration of adjuvants or immunomodulatory cytokines. One year ago, in the July issue of OncoImmunology, we described the main biological features of this large group of proteins and discussed the progress of ongoing clinical studies evaluating their safety and therapeutic potential in cancer patients. Here, we summarize the latest developments in this area of clinical research, focusing on high impact studies that have been published during the last 13 mo and clinical trials launched in the same period to investigate which cytokines can be employed as safe and efficient immunostimulatory interventions against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Vacchelli
- Institut Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Le Kremlin-Bicêtre; Paris, France ; INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France
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