1
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Stepanova M, Levit M, Egorova T, Nashchekina Y, Sall T, Demyanova E, Guryanov I, Korzhikova-Vlakh E. Poly(2-Deoxy-2-Methacrylamido-D-Glucose)-Based Complex Conjugates of Colistin, Deferoxamine and Vitamin B12: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:1080. [PMID: 39204425 PMCID: PMC11359296 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16081080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Growing resistance to traditional antibiotics poses a global threat to public health. In this regard, modification of known antibiotics, but with limited applications due to side effects, is one of the extremely promising approaches at present. In this study, we proposed the synthesis of novel complex polymeric conjugates of the peptide antibiotic colistin (CT). A biocompatible and water-soluble synthetic glycopolymer, namely, poly(2-deoxy-2-methacrylamido-D-glucose) (PMAG), was used as a polymer carrier. In addition to monoconjugates containing CT linked to PMAG by hydrolyzable and stable bonds, a set of complex conjugates also containing the siderophore deferoxamine (DFOA) and vitamin B12 was developed. The structures of the conjugates were confirmed by 1H NMR and FTIR-spectroscopy, while the compositions of conjugates were determined by UV-Vis spectrophotometry and HPLC analysis. The buffer media with pH 7.4, corresponding to blood or ileum pH, and 5.2, corresponding to the intestinal pH after ingestion or pH in the focus of inflammation, were used to study the release of CT. The resulting conjugates were examined for cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity. All conjugates showed less cytotoxicity than free colistin. A Caco-2 cell permeability assay was carried out for complex conjugates to simulate the drug absorption in the intestine. In contrast to free CT, which showed very low permeability through the Caco-2 monolayer, the complex polymeric conjugates of vitamin B12 and CT provided significant transport. The antimicrobial activity of the conjugates depended on the conjugate composition. It was found that conjugates containing CT linked to the polymer by a hydrolyzable bond were found to be more active than conjugates with a non-hydrolyzable bond between CT and PMAG. Conjugates containing DFOA complexed with Fe3+ were characterized by enhanced antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa compared to other conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Stepanova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Mariia Levit
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Tatiana Egorova
- Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, 197110 St. Petersburg, Russia; (T.E.); (E.D.)
| | - Yulia Nashchekina
- Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Tatiana Sall
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Elena Demyanova
- Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations, 197110 St. Petersburg, Russia; (T.E.); (E.D.)
| | - Ivan Guryanov
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Evgenia Korzhikova-Vlakh
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (M.S.); (M.L.)
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2
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Motz RN, Kamyabi G, Nolan EM. Experimental methods for evaluating siderophore-antibiotic conjugates. Methods Enzymol 2024; 702:21-50. [PMID: 39155112 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2024.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Siderophore-antibiotic conjugates (SACs) are of past and current interest for delivering antibacterials into Gram-negative bacterial pathogens that express siderophore receptors. Studies of SACs are often multifaceted and involve chemical and biological approaches. Major goals are to evaluate the antimicrobial activity and uptake of novel SACs and use the resulting data to inform further mode-of-action studies and molecular design strategies. In this chapter, we describe four key methods that we apply when investigating the antimicrobial activity and uptake of novel SACs based on the siderophore enterobactin (Ent). These methods are based on approaches from the siderophore literature as well as established protocols for antimicrobial activity testing, and include assays for evaluating SAC antimicrobial activity, time-kill kinetics, siderophore competition, and bacterial cell uptake using 57Fe. These assays have served us well in characterizing our Ent-based conjugates and can be applied to study SACs that use other siderophores as targeting vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel N Motz
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Ghazal Kamyabi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Elizabeth M Nolan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States.
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3
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Wang TSA, Chen PL, Chen YCS, Chiu YW, Lin ZJ, Kao CY, Hung HM. Evaluation of the Stereochemistry of Staphyloferrin A for Developing Staphylococcus-Specific Targeting Conjugates. Chembiochem 2024:e202400480. [PMID: 38965052 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Bacteria in the genus Staphylococcus are pathogenic and harmful to humans. Alarmingly, some Staphylococcus, such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) have spread worldwide and become notoriously resistant to antibiotics, threatening and concerning public health. Hence, the development of new Staphylococcus-targeting diagnostic and therapeutic agents is urgent. Here, we chose the S. aureus-secreted siderophore staphyloferrin A (SA) as a guiding unit. We developed a series of Staphyloferrin A conjugates (SA conjugates) and showed the specific targeting ability to Staphylococcus bacteria. Furthermore, among the structural factors we evaluated, the stereo-chemistry of the amino acid backbone of SA conjugates is essential to efficiently target Staphylococci. Finally, we demonstrated that fluorescent Staphyloferrin A probes (SA-FL probes) could specifically target Staphylococci in complex bacterial mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Shing Andrew Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan (R.O.C
| | - Pin-Lung Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan (R.O.C
| | - Yi-Chen Sarah Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan (R.O.C
| | - Yu-Wei Chiu
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan (R.O.C
| | - Zih-Jheng Lin
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan (R.O.C
| | - Chih-Yao Kao
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan (R.O.C
| | - Hsuan-Min Hung
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Emerging Material and Advanced Devices, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan (R.O.C
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4
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Southwell JW, Wilson KS, Thomas GH, Duhme-Klair AK. Enhancement of growth media for extreme iron limitation in Escherichia coli. Access Microbiol 2024; 6:000735.v4. [PMID: 39045240 PMCID: PMC11261726 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000735.v4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential nutrient for microbial growth and bacteria have evolved numerous routes to solubilize and scavenge this biometal, which is often present at very low concentrations in host tissue. We recently used a MOPS-based medium to induce iron limitation in Escherichia coli K-12 during the characterization of novel siderophore-conjugated antibiotics. In this study we confirm that growth media derived from commercially available M9 salts are unsuitable for studies of iron-limited growth, probably through the contamination of the sodium phosphate buffer components with over 100 µM iron. In contrast, MOPS-based media that are treated with metal-binding Chelex resin allow the free iron concentration to be reduced to growth-limiting levels. Despite these measures a small amount of E. coli growth is still observed in these iron-depleted media. By growing E. coli in conditions that theoretically increase the demand for iron-dependent enzymes, namely by replacing the glucose carbon source for acetate and by switching to a microaerobic atmosphere, we can reduce background growth even further. Finally, we demonstrate that by adding an exogeneous siderophore to the growth media which is poorly used by E. coli, we can completely prevent growth, perhaps mimicking the situation in host tissue. In conclusion, this short study provides practical experimental insight into low iron media and how to augment the growth conditions of E. coli for extreme iron-limited growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W. Southwell
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Keith S. Wilson
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Gavin H. Thomas
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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5
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Huang YJ, Zang YP, Peng LJ, Yang MH, Lin J, Chen WM. Cajaninstilbene acid derivatives conjugated with siderophores of 3-hydroxypyridin-4(1H)-ones as novel antibacterial agents against Gram-negative bacteria based on the Trojan horse strategy. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 269:116339. [PMID: 38537513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The low permeability of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is a serious obstacle to the development of new antibiotics against them. Conjugation of antibiotic with siderophore based on the "Trojan horse strategy" is a promising strategy to overcome the outer membrane obstacle. In this study, series of antibacterial agents were designed and synthesized by conjugating the 3-hydroxypyridin-4(1H)-one based siderophores with cajaninstilbene acid (CSA) derivative 4 which shows good activity against Gram-positive bacteria by targeting their cell membranes but is ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria. Compared to the inactive parent compound 4, the conjugates 45c or 45d exhibits significant improvement in activity against Gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and especially P. aeruginosa (minimum inhibitory concentrations, MICs = 7.8-31.25 μM). The antibacterial activity of the conjugates is attributed to the CSA derivative moiety, and the action mechanism is by disruption of bacterial cell membranes. Further studies on the uptake mechanisms showed that the bacterial siderophore-dependent iron transport system was involved in the uptake of the conjugates. In addition, the conjugates 45c and 45d showed a lower cytotoxic effects in vivo and in vitro and a positive therapeutic effect in the treatment of C. elegans infected by P. aeruginosa. Overall, our work describes a new class and a promising 3-hydroxypyridin-4(1H)-one-CSA derivative conjugates for further development as antibacterial agents against Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jun Huang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou, 511400, China
| | - Yi-Peng Zang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou, 511400, China
| | - Li-Jun Peng
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou, 511400, China
| | - Ming-Han Yang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou, 511400, China
| | - Jing Lin
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou, 511400, China.
| | - Wei-Min Chen
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou, 511400, China.
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6
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Kharga K, Jha S, Vishwakarma T, Kumar L. Current developments and prospects of the antibiotic delivery systems. Crit Rev Microbiol 2024:1-40. [PMID: 38425122 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2024.2321480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotics have remained the cornerstone for the treatment of bacterial infections ever since their discovery in the twentieth century. The uproar over antibiotic resistance among bacteria arising from genome plasticity and biofilm development has rendered current antibiotic therapies ineffective, urging the development of innovative therapeutic approaches. The development of antibiotic resistance among bacteria has further heightened the clinical failure of antibiotic therapy, which is often linked to its low bioavailability, side effects, and poor penetration and accumulation at the site of infection. In this review, we highlight the potential use of siderophores, antibodies, cell-penetrating peptides, antimicrobial peptides, bacteriophages, and nanoparticles to smuggle antibiotics across impermeable biological membranes to achieve therapeutically relevant concentrations of antibiotics and combat antimicrobial resistance (AMR). We will discuss the general mechanisms via which each delivery system functions and how it can be tailored to deliver antibiotics against the paradigm of mechanisms underlying antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kusum Kharga
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Shubhang Jha
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Tanvi Vishwakarma
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Lokender Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Himachal Pradesh, India
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7
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Weng C, Tan YLK, Koh WG, Ang WH. Harnessing Transition Metal Scaffolds for Targeted Antibacterial Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310040. [PMID: 37621226 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance, caused by persistent adaptation and growing resistance of pathogenic bacteria to overprescribed antibiotics, poses one of the most serious and urgent threats to global public health. The limited pipeline of experimental antibiotics in development further exacerbates this looming crisis and new drugs with alternative modes of action are needed to tackle evolving pathogenic adaptation. Transition metal complexes can replenish this diminishing stockpile of drug candidates by providing compounds with unique properties that are not easily accessible using pure organic scaffolds. We spotlight four emerging strategies to harness these unique properties to develop new targeted antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Weng
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
| | | | - Wayne Gareth Koh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
| | - Wee Han Ang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School of Integrative Sciences and Engineering, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
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8
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Pijuan J, Moreno DF, Yahya G, Moisa M, Ul Haq I, Krukiewicz K, Mosbah R, Metwally K, Cavalu S. Regulatory and pathogenic mechanisms in response to iron deficiency and excess in fungi. Microb Biotechnol 2023; 16:2053-2071. [PMID: 37804207 PMCID: PMC10616654 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for all eukaryote organisms because of its redox properties, which are important for many biological processes such as DNA synthesis, mitochondrial respiration, oxygen transport, lipid, and carbon metabolism. For this reason, living organisms have developed different strategies and mechanisms to optimally regulate iron acquisition, transport, storage, and uptake in different environmental responses. Moreover, iron plays an essential role during microbial infections. Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been of key importance for decrypting iron homeostasis and regulation mechanisms in eukaryotes. Specifically, the transcription factors Aft1/Aft2 and Yap5 regulate the expression of genes to control iron metabolism in response to its deficiency or excess, adapting to the cell's iron requirements and its availability in the environment. We also review which iron-related virulence factors have the most common fungal human pathogens (Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Candida albicans). These factors are essential for adaptation in different host niches during pathogenesis, including different fungal-specific iron-uptake mechanisms. While being necessary for virulence, they provide hope for developing novel antifungal treatments, which are currently scarce and usually toxic for patients. In this review, we provide a compilation of the current knowledge about the metabolic response to iron deficiency and excess in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Pijuan
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Molecular MedicineInstitut de Recerca Sant Joan de DéuBarcelonaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIIIMadridSpain
| | - David F. Moreno
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental BiologyYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
- Systems Biology InstituteYale UniversityWest HavenConnecticutUSA
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et CellulaireIllkirchFrance
| | - Galal Yahya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of PharmacyZagazig UniversityAl SharqiaEgypt
| | - Mihaela Moisa
- Faculty of Medicine and PharmacyUniversity of OradeaOradeaRomania
| | - Ihtisham Ul Haq
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Polymers TechnologySilesian University of TechnologyGliwicePoland
- Programa de Pós‐graduação em Inovação TecnológicaUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo HorizonteBrazil
| | - Katarzyna Krukiewicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Polymers TechnologySilesian University of TechnologyGliwicePoland
- Centre for Organic and Nanohybrid ElectronicsSilesian University of TechnologyGliwicePoland
| | - Rasha Mosbah
- Infection Control UnitHospitals of Zagazig UniversityZagazigEgypt
| | - Kamel Metwally
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of TabukTabukSaudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of PharmacyZagazig UniversityZagazigEgypt
| | - Simona Cavalu
- Faculty of Medicine and PharmacyUniversity of OradeaOradeaRomania
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9
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Cela EM, Urquiza D, Gómez MI, Gonzalez CD. New Weapons to Fight against Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1477. [PMID: 37887178 PMCID: PMC10603739 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12101477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue infections faces several challenges, such as the increased incidence of antibiotic-resistant strains and the fact that the antibiotics available to treat methicillin-resistant S. aureus present low bioavailability, are not easily metabolized, and cause severe secondary effects. Moreover, besides the susceptibility pattern of the S. aureus isolates detected in vitro, during patient treatment, the antibiotics may never encounter the bacteria because S. aureus hides within biofilms or inside eukaryotic cells. In addition, vascular compromise as well as other comorbidities of the patient may impede proper arrival to the skin when the antibiotic is given parenterally. In this manuscript, we revise some of the more promising strategies to improve antibiotic sensitivity, bioavailability, and delivery, including the combination of antibiotics with bactericidal nanomaterials, chemical inhibitors, antisense oligonucleotides, and lytic enzymes, among others. In addition, alternative non-antibiotic-based experimental therapies, including the delivery of antimicrobial peptides, bioactive glass nanoparticles or nanocrystalline cellulose, phototherapies, and hyperthermia, are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana M. Cela
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina; (E.M.C.); (D.U.); (M.I.G.)
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - Dolores Urquiza
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina; (E.M.C.); (D.U.); (M.I.G.)
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Departamento de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Biotecnológicas, Universidad Maimónides, Buenos Aires C1405BCK, Argentina
| | - Marisa I. Gómez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina; (E.M.C.); (D.U.); (M.I.G.)
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Departamento de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Biotecnológicas, Universidad Maimónides, Buenos Aires C1405BCK, Argentina
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Cintia D. Gonzalez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina; (E.M.C.); (D.U.); (M.I.G.)
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
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10
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Mohammed HHH, Ali DME, Badr M, Habib AGK, Mahmoud AM, Farhan SM, Gany SSHAE, Mohamad SA, Hayallah AM, Abbas SH, Abuo-Rahma GEDA. Synthesis and molecular docking of new N4-piperazinyl ciprofloxacin hybrids as antimicrobial DNA gyrase inhibitors. Mol Divers 2023; 27:1751-1765. [PMID: 36152132 PMCID: PMC10415461 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10528-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of N-4 piperazinyl ciprofloxacin derivatives as urea-tethered ciprofloxacin-chalcone hybrids 2a-j and thioacetyl-linked ciprofloxacin-pyrimidine hybrids 5a-i were synthesized. The target compounds were investigated for their antibacterial activity against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and C. albicans strains, respectively. Ciprofloxacin derivatives 2a-j and 5a-i revealed broad antibacterial activity against either Gram positive or Gram negative strains, with MIC range of 0.06-42.23 µg/mL compared to ciprofloxacin with an MIC range of 0.15-3.25 µg/mL. Among the tested compounds, hybrids 2b, 2c, 5a, 5b, 5h, and 5i exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity with MIC range of 0.06-1.53 µg/mL against the tested bacterial strains. On the other hand, compounds 2c, 2e, 5c, and 5e showed comparable antifungal activity to ketoconazole against candida albicans with MIC range of 2.03-3.89 µg/mL and 2.6 µg/mL, respectively. Further investigations showed that some ciprofloxacin hybrids have inhibitory activity against DNA gyrase as potential molecular target compared to ciprofloxacin with IC50 range of 0.231 ± 0.01-7.592 ± 0.40 µM and 0.323 ± 0.02 µM, respectively. Docking studies of compounds 2b, 2c, 5b, 5c, 5e, 5h, and 5i on the active site of DNA gyrase (PDB: 2XCT) confirmed their ability to form stable complex with the target enzyme like that of ciprofloxacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamada H H Mohammed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt.
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, 61519, Egypt.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, New Minia City, 61768, Egypt.
| | | | - Mohamed Badr
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Ahmed G K Habib
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Abobakr Mohamed Mahmoud
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, New Minia City, 61768, Egypt
| | - Sarah M Farhan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, New Minia City, 61768, Egypt
| | | | - Soad A Mohamad
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, New Minia, Minya, 61768, Egypt
| | - Alaa M Hayallah
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, El Fateh, 71526, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sphinx University, New Assiut, Egypt
| | - Samar H Abbas
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, 61519, Egypt
| | - Gamal El-Din A Abuo-Rahma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, 61519, Egypt.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, New Minia City, 61768, Egypt.
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11
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Rayner B, Verderosa AD, Ferro V, Blaskovich MAT. Siderophore conjugates to combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:800-822. [PMID: 37252105 PMCID: PMC10211321 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00465h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat to society due to the increasing emergence of multi-drug resistant bacteria that are not susceptible to our last line of defence antibiotics. Exacerbating this issue is a severe gap in antibiotic development, with no new clinically relevant classes of antibiotics developed in the last two decades. The combination of the rapidly increasing emergence of resistance and scarcity of new antibiotics in the clinical pipeline means there is an urgent need for new efficacious treatment strategies. One promising solution, known as the 'Trojan horse' approach, hijacks the iron transport system of bacteria to deliver antibiotics directly into cells - effectively tricking bacteria into killing themselves. This transport system uses natively produced siderophores, which are small molecules with a high affinity for iron. By linking antibiotics to siderophores, to make siderophore antibiotic conjugates, the activity of existing antibiotics can potentially be reinvigorated. The success of this strategy was recently exemplified with the clinical release of cefiderocol, a cephalosporin-siderophore conjugate with potent antibacterial activity against carbapenem-resistant and multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacilli. This review discusses the recent advancements in siderophore antibiotic conjugates and the challenges associated with the design of these compounds that need to be overcome to deliver more efficacious therapeutics. Potential strategies have also been suggested for new generations of siderophore-antibiotics with enhanced activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Rayner
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Anthony D Verderosa
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Vito Ferro
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland Australia
| | - Mark A T Blaskovich
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland Australia
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12
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Peukert C, Vetter AC, Fuchs HLS, Harmrolfs K, Karge B, Stadler M, Brönstrup M. Siderophore conjugation with cleavable linkers boosts the potency of RNA polymerase inhibitors against multidrug-resistant E. coli. Chem Sci 2023; 14:5490-5502. [PMID: 37234900 PMCID: PMC10208051 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06850h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing antibiotic resistance, foremost in Gram-negative bacteria, requires novel therapeutic approaches. We aimed to enhance the potency of well-established antibiotics targeting the RNA polymerase (RNAP) by utilizing the microbial iron transport machinery to improve drug translocation across their cell membrane. As covalent modifications resulted in moderate-low antibiotic activity, cleavable linkers were designed that permit a release of the antibiotic payload inside the bacteria and unperturbed target binding. A panel of ten cleavable siderophore-ciprofloxacin conjugates with systematic variation at the chelator and the linker moiety was used to identify the quinone trimethyl lock in conjugates 8 and 12 as the superior linker system, displaying minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ≤1 μM. Then, rifamycins, sorangicin A and corallopyronin A, representatives of three structurally and mechanistically different natural product RNAP inhibitor classes, were conjugated via the quinone linker to hexadentate hydroxamate and catecholate siderophores in 15-19 synthetic steps. MIC assays revealed an up to 32-fold increase in antibiotic activity against multidrug-resistant E. coli for conjugates such as 24 or 29 compared to free rifamycin. Experiments with knockout mutants in the transport system showed that translocation and antibiotic effects were conferred by several outer membrane receptors, whose coupling to the TonB protein was essential for activity. A functional release mechanism was demonstrated analytically by enzyme assays in vitro, and a combination of subcellular fractionation and quantitative mass spectrometry proved cellular uptake of the conjugate, release of the antibiotic, and its increased accumulation in the cytosol of bacteria. The study demonstrates how the potency of existing antibiotics against resistant Gram-negative pathogens can be boosted by adding functions for active transport and intracellular release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Peukert
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Inhoffenstraße 7 38124 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Anna C Vetter
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Inhoffenstraße 7 38124 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Hazel L S Fuchs
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Inhoffenstraße 7 38124 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Kirsten Harmrolfs
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Inhoffenstraße 7 38124 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Bianka Karge
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Inhoffenstraße 7 38124 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Marc Stadler
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Inhoffenstraße 7 38124 Braunschweig Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstraße 7 38124 Braunschweig Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig Spielmannstraße 7 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Mark Brönstrup
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Inhoffenstraße 7 38124 Braunschweig Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Inhoffenstraße 7 38124 Braunschweig Germany
- Institute for Organic Chemistry (IOC), Leibniz Universität Hannover Schneiderberg 1B 30167 Hannover Germany
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13
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Frei A, Verderosa AD, Elliott AG, Zuegg J, Blaskovich MAT. Metals to combat antimicrobial resistance. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:202-224. [PMID: 37117903 PMCID: PMC9907218 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00463-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 132.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria, similar to most organisms, have a love-hate relationship with metals: a specific metal may be essential for survival yet toxic in certain forms and concentrations. Metal ions have a long history of antimicrobial activity and have received increasing attention in recent years owing to the rise of antimicrobial resistance. The search for antibacterial agents now encompasses metal ions, nanoparticles and metal complexes with antimicrobial activity ('metalloantibiotics'). Although yet to be advanced to the clinic, metalloantibiotics are a vast and underexplored group of compounds that could lead to a much-needed new class of antibiotics. This Review summarizes recent developments in this growing field, focusing on advances in the development of metalloantibiotics, in particular, those for which the mechanism of action has been investigated. We also provide an overview of alternative uses of metal complexes to combat bacterial infections, including antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and radionuclide diagnosis of bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Frei
- Community for Open Antimicrobial Drug Discovery, Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Anthony D Verderosa
- Community for Open Antimicrobial Drug Discovery, Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alysha G Elliott
- Community for Open Antimicrobial Drug Discovery, Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Johannes Zuegg
- Community for Open Antimicrobial Drug Discovery, Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark A T Blaskovich
- Community for Open Antimicrobial Drug Discovery, Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
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14
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Wang YY, Zhang XY, Zhong XL, Huang YJ, Lin J, Chen WM. Design and Synthesis of 3-Hydroxy-pyridin-4(1 H)-ones-Ciprofloxacin Conjugates as Dual Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Agents against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Med Chem 2023; 66:2169-2193. [PMID: 36692083 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c02044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections are often complicated by the fact that it can easily form a biofilm that increases its resistance to antibiotics. Consequently, the development of novel antibacterial agents against biofilm-associated drug-resistant P. aeruginosa is urgently needed. Herein, we report a series of 3-hydroxy-pyridin-4(1H)-ones-ciprofloxacin conjugates that were designed and synthesized as dual antibacterial and antibiofilm agents against P. aeruginosa. A potential 2-substituted 3-hydroxy-1,6-dimethylpyridin-4(1H)-one-ciprofloxacin conjugate (5e) was identified and had the best minimum inhibitory concentrations of 0.86 and 0.43 μM against P. aeruginosa 27853 and PAO1 and reduced 78.3% of biofilm formation. In addition, 5e eradicates mature biofilms and kills living bacterial cells that are incorporated into the biofilm. Studies on the antibiofilm mechanism of conjugates showed that 5e interferes with iron uptake by bacteria, inhibits their motility, and reduces the production of virulence. These results demonstrate that 3-hydroxy-pyridin-4(1H)-ones-ciprofloxacin conjugates are potent in the treatment of biofilm-associated drug-resistant P. aeruginosa infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Wang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Zhang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Zhong
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Yong-Jun Huang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Jing Lin
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Wei-Min Chen
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, #855 Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou 511400, China
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15
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Southwell JW, Herman R, Raines DJ, Clarke JE, Böswald I, Dreher T, Gutenthaler SM, Schubert N, Seefeldt J, Metzler‐Nolte N, Thomas GH, Wilson KS, Duhme‐Klair A. Siderophore-Linked Ruthenium Catalysts for Targeted Allyl Ester Prodrug Activation within Bacterial Cells. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202536. [PMID: 36355416 PMCID: PMC10108276 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Due to rising resistance, new antibacterial strategies are needed, including methods for targeted antibiotic release. As targeting vectors, chelating molecules called siderophores that are released by bacteria to acquire iron have been investigated for conjugation to antibacterials, leading to the clinically approved drug cefiderocol. The use of small-molecule catalysts for prodrug activation within cells has shown promise in recent years, and here we investigate siderophore-linked ruthenium catalysts for the activation of antibacterial prodrugs within cells. Moxifloxacin-based prodrugs were synthesised, and their catalyst-mediated activation was demonstrated under anaerobic, biologically relevant conditions. In the absence of catalyst, decreased antibacterial activities were observed compared to moxifloxacin versus Escherichia coli K12 (BW25113). A series of siderophore-linked ruthenium catalysts were investigated for prodrug activation, all of which displayed a combinative antibacterial effect with the prodrug, whereas a representative example displayed little toxicity against mammalian cell lines. By employing complementary bacterial growth assays, conjugates containing siderophore units based on catechol and azotochelin were found to be most promising for intracellular prodrug activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reyme Herman
- University of YorkDepartment of BiologyHeslingtonWentworth WayYO10 5DDUK
| | - Daniel J. Raines
- University of YorkDepartment of ChemistryHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | - Justin E. Clarke
- University of YorkYork Structural Biology LaboratoryHeslingtonYO10 5DDUK
| | - Isabelle Böswald
- University of YorkDepartment of ChemistryHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | - Thorsten Dreher
- University of YorkDepartment of ChemistryHeslingtonYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | | | - Nicole Schubert
- Anorganische ChemieRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Jana Seefeldt
- Anorganische ChemieRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Nils Metzler‐Nolte
- Anorganische ChemieRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Gavin H. Thomas
- University of YorkDepartment of BiologyHeslingtonWentworth WayYO10 5DDUK
| | - Keith S. Wilson
- University of YorkYork Structural Biology LaboratoryHeslingtonYO10 5DDUK
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16
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Bellavita R, Leone L, Maione A, Falcigno L, D'Auria G, Merlino F, Grieco P, Nastri F, Galdiero E, Lombardi A, Galdiero S, Falanga A. Synthesis of temporin L hydroxamate-based peptides and evaluation of their coordination properties with iron(III ). Dalton Trans 2023; 52:3954-3963. [PMID: 36744636 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt04099a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ferric iron is an essential nutrient for bacterial growth. Pathogenic bacteria synthesize iron-chelating entities known as siderophores to sequestrate ferric iron from host organisms in order to colonize and replicate. The development of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) conjugated to iron chelators represents a promising strategy for reducing the iron availability, inducing bacterial death, and enhancing simultaneously the efficacy of AMPs. Here we designed, synthesized, and characterized three hydroxamate-based peptides Pep-cyc1, Pep-cyc2, and Pep-cyc3, derived from a cyclic temporin L peptide (Pep-cyc) developed previously by some of us. The Fe3+ complex formation of each ligand was characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and IR and NMR spectroscopies. In addition, the effect of Fe3+ on the stabilization of the α-helix conformation of hydroxamate-based peptides and the cotton effect were examined by CD spectroscopy. Moreover, the antimicrobial results obtained in vitro on some Gram-negative strains (K. pneumoniae and E. coli) showed the ability of each peptide to chelate efficaciously Fe3+ obtaining a reduction of MIC values in comparison to their parent peptide Pep-cyc. Our results demonstrated that siderophore conjugation could increase the efficacy and selectivity of AMPs used for the treatment of infectious diseases caused by Gram-negative pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Bellavita
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Linda Leone
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Angela Maione
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Falcigno
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Gabriella D'Auria
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Francesco Merlino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Paolo Grieco
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Flavia Nastri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Emilia Galdiero
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Lombardi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli "Federico II", Napoli, Italy
| | - Stefania Galdiero
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Annarita Falanga
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", via Università 100, 80055, Portici, Italy.
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17
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Dvoretckaia A, Egorova T, Dzhuzha A, Levit M, Sivtsov E, Demyanova E, Korzhikova-Vlakh E. Polymyxin B Conjugates with Bio-Inspired Synthetic Polymers of Different Nature. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031832. [PMID: 36768160 PMCID: PMC9915011 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence and growth of bacterial resistance to antibiotics poses an enormous threat to humanity in the future. In this regard, the discovery of new antibiotics and the improvement of existing ones is a priority task. In this study, we proposed the synthesis of new polymeric conjugates of polymyxin B, which is a clinically approved but limited-use peptide antibiotic. In particular, three carboxylate-bearing polymers and one synthetic glycopolymer were selected for conjugation with polymyxin B (PMX B), namely, poly(α,L-glutamic acid) (PGlu), copolymer of L-glutamic acid and L-phenylalanine (P(Glu-co-Phe)), copolymer of N-vinyl succinamic acid and N-vinylsuccinimide (P(VSAA-co-VSI)), and poly(2-deoxy-2-methacrylamido-D-glucose) (PMAG). Unlike PGlu and PMAG, P(Glu-co-Phe) and P(VSAA-co-VSI) are amphiphilic and form nanoparticles in aqueous media. A number of conjugates with different polymyxin B loading were synthesized and characterized. In addition, the complex conjugates of PGLu or PMAG with polymyxin B and deferoxamine (siderophore) were obtained. A release of PMX B from Schiff base and amide-linked polymer conjugates was studied in model buffer media with pH 7.4 and 5.8. In both cases, a more pronounced release was observed under slightly acidic conditions. The cytotoxicity of free polymers and PMX B as well as their conjugates was examined in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293T cell line). All conjugates demonstrated reduced cytotoxicity compared to the free antibiotic. Finally, the antimicrobial efficacy of the conjugates against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was determined and compared. The lowest values of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were observed for polymyxin B and polymyxin B/deferoxamine conjugated with PMAG. Among the polymers tested, PMAG appears to be the most promising carrier for delivery of PMX B in conjugated form due to the good preservation of the antimicrobial properties of PMX B and the ability of controlled drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dvoretckaia
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana Egorova
- State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations FMBA of Russia, 197110 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Apollinariia Dzhuzha
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mariia Levit
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Eugene Sivtsov
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technical University), 190013 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena Demyanova
- State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations FMBA of Russia, 197110 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Evgenia Korzhikova-Vlakh
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence:
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18
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Feng W, Chittò M, Moriarty TF, Li G, Wang X. Targeted Drug Delivery Systems for Eliminating Intracellular Bacteria. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2200311. [PMID: 36189899 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular survival of pathogenic bacteria requires a range of survival strategies and virulence factors. These infections are a significant clinical challenge, wherein treatment frequently fails because of poor antibiotic penetration, stability, and retention in host cells. Drug delivery systems (DDSs) are promising tools to overcome these shortcomings and enhance the efficacy of antibiotic therapy. In this review, the classification and the mechanisms of intracellular bacterial persistence are elaborated. Furthermore, the systematic design strategies applied to DDSs to eliminate intracellular bacteria are also described, and the strategies used for internalization, intracellular activation, bacterial targeting, and immune enhancement are highlighted. Finally, this overview provides guidance for constructing functionalized DDSs to effectively eliminate intracellular bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China.,AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, 7270, Switzerland
| | - Marco Chittò
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, 7270, Switzerland
| | | | - Guofeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
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19
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Du GF, Dong Y, Fan X, Yin A, Le YJ, Yang XY. Proteomic Investigation of the Antibacterial Mechanism of Cefiderocol against Escherichia coli. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0109322. [PMID: 35980225 PMCID: PMC9603102 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01093-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial mechanism of cefiderocol (CFDC) using data-independent acquisition quantitative proteomics combined with cellular and molecular biological assays. Numerous differentially expressed proteins related to the production of NADH, reduced cofactor flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2), NADPH and reactive oxygen species (ROS), iron-sulfur cluster binding, and iron ion homeostasis were found to be upregulated by CFDC. Furthermore, parallel reaction monitoring analysis validated these results. Meanwhile, we confirmed that the levels of NADH, ROS, H2O2, and iron ions were induced by CFDC, and the sensitivity of Escherichia coli to CFDC was inhibited by the antioxidant vitamin C, N-acetyl-l-cysteine, and deferoxamine. Moreover, deferoxamine also suppressed the H2O2 stress induced by CFDC. In addition, knockout of the NADH-quinone oxidoreductase genes (nuoA, nuoC, nuoE, nuoF, nuoG, nuoJ, nuoL, nuoM) in the respiratory chain attenuated the sensitivity of E. coli to CFDC far beyond the effects of cefepime and ceftazidime; in particular, the E. coli BW25113 ΔnuoJ strain produced 60-fold increases in MIC to CFDC compared to that of the wild-type E. coli BW25113 strain. The present study revealed that CFDC exerts its antibacterial effects by inducing ROS stress by elevating the levels of NADH and iron ions in E. coli. IMPORTANCE CFDC was the first FDA-approved siderophore cephalosporin antibiotic in 2019 and is known for its Trojan horse tactics and broad antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteria. However, its antibacterial mechanism is not fully understood, and whether it has an impact on in vivo iron ion homeostasis remains unknown. To comprehensively reveal the antibacterial mechanisms of CFDC, data-independent acquisition quantitative proteomics combined with cellular and molecular biological assays were performed in this study. The findings will further facilitate our understanding of the antibacterial mechanism of CFDC and may provide a theoretical foundation for controlling CFDC resistance in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Fei Du
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical Technology School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Dong
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaolu Fan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Technical Evaluation of Fertility Regulation for Non-human Primate (Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital), Fuzhou, China
| | - Ankang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical Technology School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yao-Jin Le
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Yang
- Department of Bioengineering, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
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20
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Yang J, Banas VS, Patel KD, Rivera GSM, Mydy LS, Gulick AM, Wencewicz TA. An acyl-adenylate mimic reveals the structural basis for substrate recognition by the iterative siderophore synthetase DesD. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102166. [PMID: 35750210 PMCID: PMC9356276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Siderophores are conditionally essential metabolites used by microbes for environmental iron sequestration. Most Streptomyces strains produce hydroxamate-based desferrioxamine (DFO) siderophores composed of repeating units of N1-hydroxy-cadaverine (or N1-hydroxy-putrescine) and succinate. The DFO biosynthetic operon, desABCD, is highly conserved in Streptomyces; however, expression of desABCD alone does not account for the vast structural diversity within this natural product class. Here, we report the in vitro reconstitution and biochemical characterization of four DesD orthologs from Streptomyces strains that produce unique DFO siderophores. Under in vitro conditions, all four DesD orthologs displayed similar saturation steady-state kinetics (Vmax = 0.9–2.5 μM⋅min−1) and produced the macrocyclic trimer DFOE as the favored product, suggesting a conserved role for DesD in the biosynthesis of DFO siderophores. We further synthesized a structural mimic of N1-hydroxy-N1-succinyl-cadaverine (HSC)-acyl-adenylate, the HSC-acyl sulfamoyl adenosine analog (HSC-AMS), and obtained crystal structures of DesD in the ATP-bound, AMP/PPi-bound, and HSC-AMS/Pi-bound forms. We found HSC-AMS inhibited DesD orthologs (IC50 values = 48–53 μM) leading to accumulation of linear trimeric DFOG and di-HSC at the expense of macrocyclic DFOE. Addition of exogenous PPi enhanced DesD inhibition by HSC-AMS, presumably via stabilization of the DesD–HSC-AMS complex, similar to the proposed mode of adenylate stabilization where PPi remains buried in the active site. In conclusion, our data suggest that acyl-AMS derivatives may have utility as chemical probes and bisubstrate inhibitors to reveal valuable mechanistic and structural insight for this unique family of adenylating enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Victoria S Banas
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ketan D Patel
- Department of Structural Biology, Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences at the University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Gerry S M Rivera
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Lisa S Mydy
- Department of Structural Biology, Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences at the University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Andrew M Gulick
- Department of Structural Biology, Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences at the University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.
| | - Timothy A Wencewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA.
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21
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Pandey A, Cao M, Boros E. Tracking Uptake and Metabolism of Xenometallomycins Using a Multi-Isotope Tagging Strategy. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:878-888. [PMID: 35319188 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic and naturally occurring siderophores and their conjugates provide access to the bacterial cytoplasm via active membrane transport. Previously, we displaced iron with the radioactive isotope 67Ga to quantify and track in vitro and in vivo uptake and distribution of siderophore Trojan Horse antibiotic conjugates. Here, we introduce a multi-isotope tagging strategy to individually elucidate the fate of metal cargo and the ligand construct with radioisotopes 67Ga and 124I. We synthesized gallium(III) model complexes of a ciprofloxacin-functionalized linear desferrichrome (Ga-D6) and deferoxamine (Ga-D7) incorporating an iodo-tyrosine linker to enable radiolabeling using the metal-binding (67Ga) and the cargo-conjugation site (124I). Radiochemical experiments with Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa wt strains show that 67Ga-D6/D7 and Ga-D6-124I/D7-124I have comparable uptake, indicating intact complex import and siderophore-mediated uptake. In naive mice, 67Ga-D6/D7 and Ga-D6-124I/D7-124I demonstrate predominantly renal clearance; urine metabolite analysis indicates in vivo dissociation of Ga(III) is a likely mechanism of degradation for 67Ga-D6/D7 when compared to ligand radiolabeled compounds, Ga-D6-124I/D7-124I, which remain >60% intact in urine. Cumulatively, this work demonstrates that a multi-isotope tagging strategy effectively elucidates the in vitro uptake, pharmacokinetics, and in vivo stability of xenometallomycins with modular chemical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurva Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Minhua Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Eszter Boros
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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22
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Pecoraro L, Wang X, Shah D, Song X, Kumar V, Shakoor A, Tripathi K, Ramteke PW, Rani R. Biosynthesis Pathways, Transport Mechanisms and Biotechnological Applications of Fungal Siderophores. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 8:21. [PMID: 35049961 PMCID: PMC8781417 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is the fourth most abundant element on earth and represents an essential nutrient for life. As a fundamental mineral element for cell growth and development, iron is available for uptake as ferric ions, which are usually oxidized into complex oxyhydroxide polymers, insoluble under aerobic conditions. In these conditions, the bioavailability of iron is dramatically reduced. As a result, microorganisms face problems of iron acquisition, especially under low concentrations of this element. However, some microbes have evolved mechanisms for obtaining ferric irons from the extracellular medium or environment by forming small molecules often regarded as siderophores. Siderophores are high affinity iron-binding molecules produced by a repertoire of proteins found in the cytoplasm of cyanobacteria, bacteria, fungi, and plants. Common groups of siderophores include hydroxamates, catecholates, carboxylates, and hydroximates. The hydroxamate siderophores are commonly synthesized by fungi. L-ornithine is a biosynthetic precursor of siderophores, which is synthesized from multimodular large enzyme complexes through non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs), while siderophore-Fe chelators cell wall mannoproteins (FIT1, FIT2, and FIT3) help the retention of siderophores. S. cerevisiae, for example, can express these proteins in two genetically separate systems (reductive and nonreductive) in the plasma membrane. These proteins can convert Fe (III) into Fe (II) by a ferrous-specific metalloreductase enzyme complex and flavin reductases (FREs). However, regulation of the siderophore through Fur Box protein on the DNA promoter region and its activation or repression depend primarily on the Fe availability in the external medium. Siderophores are essential due to their wide range of applications in biotechnology, medicine, bioremediation of heavy metal polluted environments, biocontrol of plant pathogens, and plant growth enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Pecoraro
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China; (X.W.); (D.S.); (X.S.); (A.S.); (R.R.)
| | - Xiao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China; (X.W.); (D.S.); (X.S.); (A.S.); (R.R.)
| | - Dawood Shah
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China; (X.W.); (D.S.); (X.S.); (A.S.); (R.R.)
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | - Xiaoxuan Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China; (X.W.); (D.S.); (X.S.); (A.S.); (R.R.)
| | - Vishal Kumar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyongsan 38541, Korea;
| | - Abdul Shakoor
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China; (X.W.); (D.S.); (X.S.); (A.S.); (R.R.)
- College of Geography and Environmental Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Keshawanand Tripathi
- Center for Conservation and Utilization of Blue-Green Algae, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India;
| | - Pramod W. Ramteke
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Mandsaur University, Mandsaur 458001, India;
| | - Rupa Rani
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China; (X.W.); (D.S.); (X.S.); (A.S.); (R.R.)
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad 826004, India
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23
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Dietrich A, Steffens U, Sass P, Bierbaum G. The hypersusceptible antibiotic screening strain Staphylococcus aureus SG511-Berlin harbors multiple mutations in regulatory genes. Int J Med Microbiol 2021; 311:151545. [PMID: 34896903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2021.151545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic plasticity of Staphylococcus aureus has facilitated the evolution of many virulent and drug-resistant strains. Here we present the sequence of the 2.74 Mbp genome of S. aureus SG511-Berlin, which is frequently used for antibiotic screening. Although S. aureus SG511 and the related methicillin-resistant S. aureus MRSA252 share a high similarity in their core genomes, indicated by an average nucleotide identity (ANI) of 99.83%, the accessory genomes of these strains differed, as nearly no mobile elements and resistance determinants were identified in the genome of S. aureus SG511. Susceptibility testing showed that S. aureus SG511 was susceptible to most of the tested antibiotics of different classes. Intriguingly, and in contrast to the standard laboratory strain S. aureus HG001, S. aureus SG511 was even hyper-susceptible towards cell wall and membrane targeting agents, with the exception of the MurA-inhibitor fosfomycin. In depth comparative genome analysis revealed that, in addition to the loss of function mutation in the antibiotic sensor histidine kinase gene graS, further mutations had occurred in the lysyltransferase gene mprF, the structural giant protein gene ebh, and the regulator genes codY and saeR, which might contribute to antibiotic susceptibility. In addition, an insertion element in agrC abolishes Agr-activity in S. aureus SG511, and the spa and sarS genes, which encode the surface protein SpA and its transcriptional regulator, were deleted. Thus, the lack of mobile resistance genes together with multiple mutations affecting cell envelope morphology may render S. aureus SG511 hyper-susceptible towards most cell wall targeting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Dietrich
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Ursula Steffens
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Peter Sass
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Gabriele Bierbaum
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
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24
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Oliveira F, Rohde H, Vilanova M, Cerca N. Fighting Staphylococcus epidermidis Biofilm-Associated Infections: Can Iron Be the Key to Success? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:798563. [PMID: 34917520 PMCID: PMC8670311 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.798563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is one of the most important commensal microorganisms of human skin and mucosae. However, this bacterial species is also the cause of severe infections in immunocompromised patients, specially associated with the utilization of indwelling medical devices, that often serve as a scaffold for biofilm formation. S. epidermidis strains are often multidrug resistant and its association with biofilm formation makes these infections hard to treat. Their remarkable ability to form biofilms is widely regarded as its major pathogenic determinant. Although a significant amount of knowledge on its biofilm formation mechanisms has been achieved, we still do not understand how the species survives when exposed to the host harsh environment during invasion. A previous RNA-seq study highlighted that iron-metabolism associated genes were the most up-regulated bacterial genes upon contact with human blood, which suggested that iron acquisition plays an important role in S. epidermidis biofilm development and escape from the host innate immune system. In this perspective article, we review the available literature on the role of iron metabolism on S. epidermidis pathogenesis and propose that exploiting its dependence on iron could be pursued as a viable therapeutic alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Oliveira
- Centre of Biological Engineering, Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira (LIBRO), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Holger Rohde
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Vilanova
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Cerca
- Centre of Biological Engineering, Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira (LIBRO), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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25
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Aldrich KE, Livshits MY, Stromberg LR, Janicke MT, Nhu Lam M, Stein B, Wagner GL, Abergel RJ, Mukundan H, Kozimor SA, Lilley LM. Th IV-Desferrioxamine: characterization of a fluorescent bacterial probe. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:15310-15320. [PMID: 34636377 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02177j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Diversifying our ability to guard against emerging pathogenic threats is essential for keeping pace with global health challenges, including those presented by drug-resistant bacteria. Some modern diagnostic and therapeutic innovations to address this challenge focus on targeting methods that exploit bacterial nutrient sequestration pathways, such as the desferrioxamine (DFO) siderophore used by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) to sequester FeIII. Building on recent studies that have shown DFO to be a versatile vehicle for chemical delivery, we show proof-of-principle that the FeIII sequestration pathway can be used to deliver a potential radiotherapeutic. Our approach replaces the FeIII nutrient sequestered by H4DFO+ with ThIV and made use of a common fluorophore, FITC, which we covalently bonded to DFO to provide a combinatorial probe for simultaneous chelation paired with imaging and spectroscopy, H3DFO_FITC. Combining insight provided from FITC-based imaging with characterization by NMR spectroscopy, we demonstrated that the fluorescent DFO_FITC conjugate retained the ThIV chelation properties of native H4DFO+. Fluorescence microscopy with both [Th(DFO_FITC)] and [Fe(DFO_FITC)] complexes showed similar uptake by S. aureus and increased intercellular accumulation as compared to the FITC and unchelated H3DFO_FITC controls. Collectively, these results demonstrate the potential for the newly developed H3DFO_FITC conjugate to be used as a targeting vector and bacterial imaging probe for S. aureus. The results presented within provide a framework to expand H4DFO+ and H3DFO_FITC to relevant radiotherapeutics (like 227Th).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mila Nhu Lam
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, USA.
| | - Benjamin Stein
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, USA.
| | | | - Rebecca J Abergel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
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26
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Zscherp R, Coetzee J, Vornweg J, Grunenberg J, Herrmann J, Müller R, Klahn P. Biomimetic enterobactin analogue mediates iron-uptake and cargo transport into E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Chem Sci 2021; 12:10179-10190. [PMID: 34377407 PMCID: PMC8336463 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02084f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The design, synthesis and biological evaluation of the artificial enterobactin analogue EntKL and several fluorophore-conjugates thereof are described. EntKL provides an attachment point for cargos such as fluorophores or antimicrobial payloads. Corresponding conjugates are recognized by outer membrane siderophore receptors of Gram-negative pathogens and retain the natural hydrolyzability of the tris-lactone backbone. Initial density-functional theory (DFT) calculations of the free energies of solvation (ΔG(sol)) and relaxed Fe-O force constants of the corresponding [Fe-EntKL]3- complexes indicated a similar iron binding constant compared to natural enterobactin (Ent). The synthesis of EntKL was achieved via an iterative assembly based on a 3-hydroxylysine building block over 14 steps with an overall yield of 3%. A series of growth recovery assays under iron-limiting conditions with Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutant strains that are defective in natural siderophore synthesis revealed a potent concentration-dependent growth promoting effect of EntKL similar to natural Ent. Additionally, four cargo-conjugates differing in molecular size were able to restore growth of E. coli indicating an uptake into the cytosol. P. aeruginosa displayed a stronger uptake promiscuity as six different cargo-conjugates were found to restore growth under iron-limiting conditions. Imaging studies utilizing BODIPYFL-conjugates, demonstrated the ability of EntKL to overcome the Gram-negative outer membrane permeability barrier and thus deliver molecular cargos via the bacterial iron transport machinery of E. coli and P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Zscherp
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig Hagenring 30 D-38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Janetta Coetzee
- Department for Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research and Department of Pharmacy at Universität des Saarlandes Campus Building E 8.1 D-66123 Saarbrücken Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) Site Hannover-Braunschweig Germany
| | - Johannes Vornweg
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig Hagenring 30 D-38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Jörg Grunenberg
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig Hagenring 30 D-38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Jennifer Herrmann
- Department for Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research and Department of Pharmacy at Universität des Saarlandes Campus Building E 8.1 D-66123 Saarbrücken Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) Site Hannover-Braunschweig Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Department for Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research and Department of Pharmacy at Universität des Saarlandes Campus Building E 8.1 D-66123 Saarbrücken Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) Site Hannover-Braunschweig Germany
| | - Philipp Klahn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig Hagenring 30 D-38106 Braunschweig Germany
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27
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Pfister J, Petrik M, Bendova K, Matuszczak B, Binder U, Misslinger M, Kühbacher A, Gsaller F, Haas H, Decristoforo C. Antifungal Siderophore Conjugates for Theranostic Applications in Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis Using Low-Molecular TAFC Scaffolds. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:558. [PMID: 34356941 PMCID: PMC8304796 DOI: 10.3390/jof7070558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a life-threatening form of fungal infection, primarily in immunocompromised patients and associated with significant mortality. Diagnostic procedures are often invasive and/or time consuming and existing antifungals can be constrained by dose-limiting toxicity and drug interaction. In this study, we modified triacetylfusarinine C (TAFC), the main siderophore produced by the opportunistic pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus), with antifungal molecules to perform antifungal susceptibility tests and molecular imaging. A variation of small organic molecules (eflornithine, fludioxonil, thiomersal, fluoroorotic acid (FOA), cyanine 5 (Cy5) with antifungal activity were coupled to diacetylfusarinine C (DAFC), resulting in a "Trojan horse" to deliver antifungal compounds specifically into A. fumigatus hyphae by the major facilitator transporter MirB. Radioactive labeling with gallium-68 allowed us to perform in vitro characterization (distribution coefficient, stability, uptake assay) as well as biodistribution experiments and PET/CT imaging in an IPA rat infection model. Compounds chelated with stable gallium were used for antifungal susceptibility tests. [Ga]DAFC-fludioxonil, -FOA, and -Cy5 revealed a MirB-dependent active uptake with fungal growth inhibition at 16 µg/mL after 24 h. Visualization of an A. fumigatus infection in lungs of a rat was possible with gallium-68-labeled compounds using PET/CT. Heterogeneous biodistribution patterns revealed the immense influence of the antifungal moiety conjugated to DAFC. Overall, novel antifungal siderophore conjugates with promising fungal growth inhibition and the possibility to perform PET imaging combine both therapeutic and diagnostic potential in a theranostic compound for IPA caused by A. fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Pfister
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Milos Petrik
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, 77200 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (M.P.); (K.B.)
| | - Katerina Bendova
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, 77200 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (M.P.); (K.B.)
| | - Barbara Matuszczak
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Ulrike Binder
- Institute of Hygiene & Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Matthias Misslinger
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.M.); (A.K.); (F.G.); (H.H.)
| | - Alexander Kühbacher
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.M.); (A.K.); (F.G.); (H.H.)
| | - Fabio Gsaller
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.M.); (A.K.); (F.G.); (H.H.)
| | - Hubertus Haas
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.M.); (A.K.); (F.G.); (H.H.)
| | - Clemens Decristoforo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
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28
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Kim DY, Kim HJ. Function of Fimsbactin B as an Acinetobacter-Selective Antibiotic Delivery Vehicle. Org Lett 2021; 23:5256-5260. [PMID: 34133175 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ability of fimsbactin B, a natural siderophore of Acinetobacter baumannii, to function as an antibiotic delivery vehicle was investigated by synthesizing three structurally diversified fimsbactin B-cefaclor conjugates. Their antimicrobial activities were Acinetobacter-selective and up to 128-fold more potent than that of cefaclor alone. This activity enhancement originated from the fimsbactin-B-dependent active uptake of cefaclor. Thus, fimsbactin-B-based antibiotic delivery can be an effective approach in combating antibiotic-resistant Acinetobacter infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Center for ProteoGenomics Research, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak Joong Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Center for ProteoGenomics Research, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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29
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Zampieri D, Mamolo MG. Hybridization Approach to Drug Discovery Inhibiting Mycobacterium tuberculosis-An Overview. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 21:777-788. [PMID: 32814528 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200819151342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide and the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent, mainly due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Recently, clinical prognoses have worsened due to the emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) and extensive-drug resistant (XDR) tuberculosis, which lead to the need for new, efficient and safe drugs. Among the several strategies, polypharmacology could be considered one of the best solutions, in particular, the multitarget directed ligands strategy (MTDLs), based on the synthesis of hybrid ligands acting against two targets of the pathogen. The framework strategy comprises linking, fusing and merging approaches to develop new chemical entities. With these premises, this review aims to provide an overview of the recent hybridization approach, in medicinal chemistry, of the most recent and promising multitargeting antimycobacterial candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Zampieri
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, P.le Europa 1, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Maria G Mamolo
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, P.le Europa 1, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
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30
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Klebba PE, Newton SMC, Six DA, Kumar A, Yang T, Nairn BL, Munger C, Chakravorty S. Iron Acquisition Systems of Gram-negative Bacterial Pathogens Define TonB-Dependent Pathways to Novel Antibiotics. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5193-5239. [PMID: 33724814 PMCID: PMC8687107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an indispensable metabolic cofactor in both pro- and eukaryotes, which engenders a natural competition for the metal between bacterial pathogens and their human or animal hosts. Bacteria secrete siderophores that extract Fe3+ from tissues, fluids, cells, and proteins; the ligand gated porins of the Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane actively acquire the resulting ferric siderophores, as well as other iron-containing molecules like heme. Conversely, eukaryotic hosts combat bacterial iron scavenging by sequestering Fe3+ in binding proteins and ferritin. The variety of iron uptake systems in Gram-negative bacterial pathogens illustrates a range of chemical and biochemical mechanisms that facilitate microbial pathogenesis. This document attempts to summarize and understand these processes, to guide discovery of immunological or chemical interventions that may thwart infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip E Klebba
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Salete M C Newton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - David A Six
- Venatorx Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 30 Spring Mill Drive, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, United States
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Taihao Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Brittany L Nairn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bethel University, 3900 Bethel Drive, St. Paul, Minnesota 55112, United States
| | - Colton Munger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Somnath Chakravorty
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
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31
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Pandey A, Boros E. Coordination Complexes to Combat Bacterial Infections: Recent Developments, Current Directions and Future Opportunities. Chemistry 2021; 27:7340-7350. [PMID: 33368662 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Drug discovery aimed at the efficient eradication of life-threatening bacterial infections, especially in light of the emergence of multi-drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria, has remained a challenge for medicinal chemists over the past several decades. As nutrient acquisition and metabolism at the host-pathogen interface become better elucidated, new drug targets continue to emerge. Metal homeostasis is among these processes, and thus provides opportunities for medicinal inorganic chemists to alter or disrupt these processes selectively to impart bacteriostatic or bacteriotoxic effects. In this minireview, we showcase some of the recent work from the field of metal-based antibacterial agents and highlight divergent strategies and mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurva Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Eszter Boros
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
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32
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Terra L, Ratcliffe N, Castro HC, Vicente ACP, Dyson P. Biotechnological Potential of Streptomyces Siderophores as New Antibiotics. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:1407-1421. [PMID: 32389112 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200510235512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Siderophores are small-molecule iron-chelators produced by microorganisms and plants growing mostly under low iron conditions. Siderophores allow iron capture and transport through cell membranes into the cytoplasm, where iron is released for use in biological processes. These bacterial iron uptake systems can be used for antibiotic conjugation or as targets for killing pathogenic bacteria. Siderophores have been explored recently because of their potential applications in environmental and therapeutic research. They are present in Streptomyces, Grampositive bacteria that are an important source for discovering new siderophores. OBJECTIVE This review summarizes siderophore molecules produced by the genus Streptomyces emphasizing their potential as biotechnological producers and also illustrating genomic tools for discovering siderophores useful for treating bacterial infections. METHODS The literature search was performed using PUBMED and MEDLINE databases with keywords siderophore, secondary metabolites, Trojan horse strategy, sideromycin and Streptomyces. The literature research focused on bibliographic databases including all siderophores identified in the genus Streptomyces. In addition, reference genomes of Streptomyces from GenBank were used to identify siderophore biosynthetic gene clusters by using the antiSMASH platform. RESULTS This review has highlighted some of the many siderophore molecules produced by Streptomyces, illustrating the diversity of their chemical structures and a wide spectrum of bioactivities against pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, the possibility of using siderophores conjugated with antibiotics could be an alternative to overcome bacterial resistance to drugs and could improve their therapeutic efficacy. CONCLUSION This review confirms the importance of Streptomyces as a rich source of siderophores, and underlines their potential as antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Terra
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, UFF, Brazil
| | - Norman Ratcliffe
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, UFF, Brazil
| | - Helena Carla Castro
- Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ciencias e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biologia, UFF, Brazil
| | | | - Paul Dyson
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
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33
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Fan D, Fang Q. Siderophores for medical applications: Imaging, sensors, and therapeutics. Int J Pharm 2021; 597:120306. [PMID: 33540031 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Siderophores are low-molecular-weight chelators produced by microorganisms to scavenge iron from the environment and deliver it to cells via specific receptors. Tremendous researches on the molecular basis of siderophore regulation, synthesis, secretion, and uptake have inspired their diverse applications in the medical field. Replacing iron with radionuclides in siderophores, such as the most prominent Ga-68 for positron emission tomography (PET), carves out ways for targeted imaging of infectious diseases and cancers. Additionally, the high affinity of siderophores for metal ions or microorganisms makes them a potent detecting moiety in sensors that can be used for diagnosis. As for therapeutics, the notable Trojan horse-inspired siderophore-antibiotic conjugates demonstrate enhanced toxicity against multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens. Besides, siderophores can tackle iron overload diseases and, when combined with moieties such as hydrogels and nanoparticles, a wide spectrum of iron-induced diseases and even cancers. In this review, we briefly outline the related mechanisms, before summarizing the siderophore-based applications in imaging, sensors, and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Fan
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ambient Particles Health Effects and Prevention Techniques, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Qiaojun Fang
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ambient Particles Health Effects and Prevention Techniques, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China; Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Beijing 101408, PR China.
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Sargun A, Johnstone TC, Zhi H, Raffatellu M, Nolan EM. Enterobactin- and salmochelin-β-lactam conjugates induce cell morphologies consistent with inhibition of penicillin-binding proteins in uropathogenic Escherichia coli CFT073. Chem Sci 2021; 12:4041-4056. [PMID: 34163675 PMCID: PMC8179508 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04337k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The design and synthesis of narrow-spectrum antibiotics that target a specific bacterial strain, species, or group of species is a promising strategy for treating bacterial infections when the causative agent is known. In this work, we report the synthesis and evaluation of four new siderophore-β-lactam conjugates where the broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotics cephalexin (Lex) and meropenem (Mem) are covalently attached to either enterobactin (Ent) or diglucosylated Ent (DGE) via a stable polyethylene glycol (PEG3) linker. These siderophore-β-lactam conjugates showed enhanced minimum inhibitory concentrations against Escherichia coli compared to the parent antibiotics. Uptake studies with uropathogenic E. coli CFT073 demonstrated that the DGE-β-lactams target the pathogen-associated catecholate siderophore receptor IroN. A comparative analysis of siderophore-β-lactams harboring ampicillin (Amp), Lex and Mem indicated that the DGE-Mem conjugate is advantageous because it targets IroN and exhibits low minimum inhibitory concentrations, fast time-kill kinetics, and enhanced stability to serine β-lactamases. Phase-contrast and fluorescence imaging of E. coli treated with the siderophore-β-lactam conjugates revealed cellular morphologies consistent with the inhibition of penicillin-binding proteins PBP3 (Ent/DGE-Amp/Lex) and PBP2 (Ent/DGE-Mem). Overall, this work illuminates the uptake and cell-killing activity of Ent- and DGE-β-lactam conjugates against E. coli and supports that native siderophore scaffolds provide the opportunity for narrowing the activity spectrum of antibiotics in clinical use and targeting pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Sargun
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 USA +1-617-452-2495
| | - Timothy C Johnstone
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 USA +1-617-452-2495
| | - Hui Zhi
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Manuela Raffatellu
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093 USA
- Chiba University-UC San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy, and Vaccines La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Elizabeth M Nolan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 USA +1-617-452-2495
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Nodwell MB, Britton R. Enterobactin on a Bead: Parallel, Solid Phase Siderophore Synthesis Reveals Structure-Activity Relationships for Iron Uptake in Bacteria. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:153-161. [PMID: 33290047 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A solid-phase platform for the precise and sequential synthesis of enterobactin analogues is described. This chemistry unites the power of solid-phase peptide synthesis with the unique opportunities and applications offered by siderophore chemistry. Here, a series of hybrid enterobactin hydroxamate/catecholate (HEHC) analogues were synthesized using both catechols and amino acid derived hydroxmate chelators. The HEHC analogues were evaluated for their ability to bind free iron and to promote growth in siderophore-auxotrophic mutant bacteria. We find that, in contrast to S. aureus or E. coli, a number of HEHC analogues promote growth in P. aeruginosa and structure-activity relationships (SARs) exist for the growth promotion via HEHC analogues in this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B. Nodwell
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S2, Canada
| | - Robert Britton
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S2, Canada
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36
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Nosran A, Kaur P, Randhawa V, Chhibber S, Singh V, Harjai K. Design, synthesis, molecular docking, anti-quorum sensing, and anti-biofilm activity of pyochelin-zingerone conjugate. Drug Dev Res 2021; 82:605-615. [PMID: 33398901 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we report the chemical synthesis of pyochelin-zingerone conjugate via a hydrolysable ester linkage for drug delivery as a "Trojan Horse Strategy." It is a new therapeutic approach to combat microbial infection and to address the issue of multi drug resistance in Gram-negative, nosocomial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pyochelin (Pch) is a catecholate type of phenolate siderophore produced and utilized by the pathogen P. aeruginosa to assimilate iron when colonizing the vertebrate host. Zingerone, is active component present in ginger, a dietary herb known for its anti-virulent approach against P. aeruginosa. In the present study, zingerone was exploited to act as a good substitute for existing antibiotics, known to have developed resistance by most pathogens. Encouraging results were obtained by docking analysis of pyochelin-zingerone conjugate with FptA, the outer membrane receptor of pyochelin. Conjugate also showed anti-quorum sensing activity and also inhibited swimming, swarming, and twitching motilities as well as biofilm formation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Nosran
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Parleen Kaur
- Department of Applied Sciences, Punjab Engineering College (Deemed to be University), Chandigarh, India
| | - Vinay Randhawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanjay Chhibber
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vasundhara Singh
- Department of Applied Sciences, Punjab Engineering College (Deemed to be University), Chandigarh, India
| | - Kusum Harjai
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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37
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Chemistry and Biomedical Applications of Fungal Siderophores. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-53077-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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38
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Boyce JH, Dang B, Ary B, Edmondson Q, Craik CS, DeGrado WF, Seiple IB. Platform to Discover Protease-Activated Antibiotics and Application to Siderophore-Antibiotic Conjugates. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:21310-21321. [PMID: 33301681 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Here we present a platform for discovery of protease-activated prodrugs and apply it to antibiotics that target Gram-negative bacteria. Because cleavable linkers for prodrugs had not been developed for bacterial proteases, we used substrate phage to discover substrates for proteases found in the bacterial periplasm. Rather than focusing on a single protease, we used a periplasmic extract of E. coli to find sequences with the greatest susceptibility to the endogenous mixture of periplasmic proteases. Using a fluorescence assay, candidate sequences were evaluated to identify substrates that release native amine-containing payloads. We next designed conjugates consisting of (1) an N-terminal siderophore to facilitate uptake, (2) a protease-cleavable linker, and (3) an amine-containing antibiotic. Using this strategy, we converted daptomycin-which by itself is active only against Gram-positive bacteria-into an antibiotic capable of targeting Gram-negative Acinetobacter species. We similarly demonstrated siderophore-facilitated delivery of oxazolidinone and macrolide antibiotics into a number of Gram-negative species. These results illustrate this platform's utility for development of protease-activated prodrugs, including Trojan horse antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Boyce
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Bobo Dang
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China.,Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China.,Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Beatrice Ary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Quinn Edmondson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Charles S Craik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - William F DeGrado
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Ian B Seiple
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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39
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Southwell JW, Black CM, Duhme-Klair AK. Experimental Methods for Evaluating the Bacterial Uptake of Trojan Horse Antibacterials. ChemMedChem 2020; 16:1063-1076. [PMID: 33238066 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The field of antibacterial siderophore conjugates, referred to as Trojan Horse antibacterials, has received increasing attention in recent years, driven by the rise of antimicrobial resistance. Trojan Horse antibacterials offer an opportunity to exploit the specific pathways present in bacteria for active iron uptake, potentially allowing the drugs to bypass membrane-associated resistance mechanisms. Hence, the Trojan Horse approach might enable the redesigning of old antibiotics and the development of antibacterials that target specific pathogens. Critical parts of evaluating such Trojan Horse antibacterials and improving their design are the quantification of their bacterial uptake and the identification of the pathways by which this occurs. In this minireview, we highlight a selection of the biological and chemical methods used to study the uptake of Trojan Horse antibacterials, exemplified with case studies, some of which have led to drug candidates in clinical development or approved antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Southwell
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Conor M Black
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK
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40
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Hydroxamate siderophores: Natural occurrence, chemical synthesis, iron binding affinity and use as Trojan horses against pathogens. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 208:112791. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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41
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Skwarecki AS, Nowak MG, Milewska MJ. Synthetic strategies in construction of organic low molecular-weight carrier-drug conjugates. Bioorg Chem 2020; 104:104311. [PMID: 33142423 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Inefficient transportation of polar metabolic inhibitors through cell membranes of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells precludes their direct use as drug candidates in chemotherapy. One of the possible solutions to this problem is application of the 'Trojan horse' strategy, i.e. conjugation of an active substance with a molecular carrier of organic or inorganic nature, facilitating membrane penetration. In this work, the synthetic strategies used in rational design and preparation of conjugates of bioactive agents with three types of organic low molecular-weight carriers have been reviewed. These include iron-chelating agents, siderophores and cell-penetrating peptides. Moreover, a less known but very promising "molecular umbrella" conjugation strategy has been presented. Special attention has been paid on appropriate linking strategies, especially these allowing intracellular drug release after internalisation of a conjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej S Skwarecki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Gabriela Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Michał G Nowak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Gabriela Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Maria J Milewska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Gabriela Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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42
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Chen M, He J, Xie S, Wang T, Ran P, Zhang Z, Li X. Intracellular bacteria destruction via traceable enzymes-responsive release and deferoxamine-mediated ingestion of antibiotics. J Control Release 2020; 322:326-336. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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43
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Azam MA, Jupudi S. MurD inhibitors as antibacterial agents: a review. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-020-01057-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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44
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Marchetti M, De Bei O, Bettati S, Campanini B, Kovachka S, Gianquinto E, Spyrakis F, Ronda L. Iron Metabolism at the Interface between Host and Pathogen: From Nutritional Immunity to Antibacterial Development. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2145. [PMID: 32245010 PMCID: PMC7139808 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutritional immunity is a form of innate immunity widespread in both vertebrates and invertebrates. The term refers to a rich repertoire of mechanisms set up by the host to inhibit bacterial proliferation by sequestering trace minerals (mainly iron, but also zinc and manganese). This strategy, selected by evolution, represents an effective front-line defense against pathogens and has thus inspired the exploitation of iron restriction in the development of innovative antimicrobials or enhancers of antimicrobial therapy. This review focuses on the mechanisms of nutritional immunity, the strategies adopted by opportunistic human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus to circumvent it, and the impact of deletion mutants on the fitness, infectivity, and persistence inside the host. This information finally converges in an overview of the current development of inhibitors targeting the different stages of iron uptake, an as-yet unexploited target in the field of antistaphylococcal drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialaura Marchetti
- Interdepartmental Center Biopharmanet-TEC, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (M.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Omar De Bei
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (O.D.B.); (B.C.)
| | - Stefano Bettati
- Interdepartmental Center Biopharmanet-TEC, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (M.M.); (S.B.)
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Campanini
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (O.D.B.); (B.C.)
| | - Sandra Kovachka
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (S.K.); (E.G.); (F.S.)
| | - Eleonora Gianquinto
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (S.K.); (E.G.); (F.S.)
| | - Francesca Spyrakis
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (S.K.); (E.G.); (F.S.)
| | - Luca Ronda
- Interdepartmental Center Biopharmanet-TEC, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy; (M.M.); (S.B.)
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Bayrak H, Cebeci YU, Karaoğlu ŞA. Synthesis of Novel Antipyrine Derivatives Possessing Remarkable Antimicrobial Activities. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201902376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hacer Bayrak
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Processing TechnologyKaradeniz Technical University 61080 Trabzon Turkey
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46
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Pandey A, Savino C, Ahn SH, Yang Z, Van Lanen SG, Boros E. Theranostic Gallium Siderophore Ciprofloxacin Conjugate with Broad Spectrum Antibiotic Potency. J Med Chem 2019; 62:9947-9960. [PMID: 31580658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria scavenge ferric iron from the host for survival and proliferation using small-molecular chelators, siderophores. Here, we introduce and assess the gallium(III) complex of ciprofloxacin-functionalized desferrichrome (D2) as a potential therapeutic for bacterial infection using an in vitro assay and radiochemical, tracer-based approach. Ga-D2 exhibits a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.23 μM in Escherichia coli, in line with the parent fluoroquinolone antibiotic. Competitive and mutant strain assays show that Ga-D2 relies on FhuA-mediated transport for internalization. Ga-D2 is potent against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.8 μM), Staphylococcus aureus (0.94 μM), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (12.5 μM), while Fe-D2 is inactive in these strains. Radiochemical experiments with E. coli reveal that 67Ga-D2 is taken up more efficiently than 67Ga-citrate. In naive mice, 67Ga-D2 clears renally and is excreted 13% intact in the urine. These pharmacokinetic and bacterial growth inhibitory properties qualify Ga-D2 for future investigations as a diagnosis and treatment tool for infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurva Pandey
- Department of Chemistry , Stony Brook University , 100 Nicolls Road , Stony Brook 11790 , New York , United States
| | - Chloé Savino
- Department of Chemistry , Stony Brook University , 100 Nicolls Road , Stony Brook 11790 , New York , United States
| | - Shin Hye Ahn
- Department of Chemistry , Stony Brook University , 100 Nicolls Road , Stony Brook 11790 , New York , United States
| | - Zhaoyong Yang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology , Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , People's Republic of China
| | - Steven G Van Lanen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Kentucky , Lexington 40536 , Kentucky , United States
| | - Eszter Boros
- Department of Chemistry , Stony Brook University , 100 Nicolls Road , Stony Brook 11790 , New York , United States
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47
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Tonziello G, Caraffa E, Pinchera B, Granata G, Petrosillo N. Present and future of siderophore-based therapeutic and diagnostic approaches in infectious diseases. Infect Dis Rep 2019; 11:8208. [PMID: 31649808 PMCID: PMC6778818 DOI: 10.4081/idr.2019.8208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient required for the growth of almost all aerobic organisms; the iron uptake pathway in bacteria therefore represents a possible target for novel antimicrobials, including hybrids between antimicrobials and siderophores. Siderophores are low molecular weight iron chelators that bind to iron and are actively transported inside the cell through specific binding protein complexes. These binding protein complexes are present both in Gram negative bacteria, in their outer and inner membrane, and in Gram positive bacteria in their cytoplasmic membrane. Most bacteria have the ability to produce siderophores in order to survive in environments with limited concentrations of free iron, however some bacteria synthetize natural siderophore-antibiotic conjugates that exploit the siderophore-iron uptake pathway to deliver antibiotics into competing bacterial cells and gain a competitive advantage. This approach has been referred to as a Trojan Horse Strategy. To overcome the increasing global problem of antibiotic resistance in Gram negative bacteria, which often have reduced outer membrane permeability, siderophore-antibiotic hybrid conjugates have been synthetized in vitro. Cefiderocol is the first siderophore-antibiotic conjugate that progressed to late stage clinical development so far. In studies on murine models the iron-siderophore uptake pathway has been also exploited for diagnostic imaging of infectious diseases, in which labelled siderophores have been used as specific probes. The aim of this review is to describe the research progress in the field of siderophore-based therapeutic and diagnostic approaches in infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilda Tonziello
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" - IRCCS, Rome
| | - Emanuela Caraffa
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" - IRCCS, Rome
| | | | - Guido Granata
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" - IRCCS, Rome
| | - Nicola Petrosillo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" - IRCCS, Rome
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48
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Chemistry and Biology of Siderophores from Marine Microbes. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17100562. [PMID: 31569555 PMCID: PMC6836290 DOI: 10.3390/md17100562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial siderophores are multidentate Fe(III) chelators used by microbes during siderophore-mediated assimilation. They possess high affinity and selectivity for Fe(III). Among them, marine siderophore-mediated microbial iron uptake allows marine microbes to proliferate and survive in the iron-deficient marine environments. Due to their unique iron(III)-chelating properties, delivery system, structural diversity, and therapeutic potential, marine microbial siderophores have great potential for further development of various drug conjugates for antibiotic-resistant bacteria therapy or as a target for inhibiting siderophore virulence factors to develop novel broad-spectrum antibiotics. This review covers siderophores derived from marine microbes.
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49
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Negash KH, Norris JKS, Hodgkinson JT. Siderophore-Antibiotic Conjugate Design: New Drugs for Bad Bugs? Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24183314. [PMID: 31514464 PMCID: PMC6767078 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a global health concern and a current threat to modern medicine and society. New strategies for antibiotic drug design and delivery offer a glimmer of hope in a currently limited pipeline of new antibiotics. One strategy involves conjugating iron-chelating microbial siderophores to an antibiotic or antimicrobial agent to enhance uptake and antibacterial potency. Cefiderocol (S-649266) is a promising cephalosporin–catechol conjugate currently in phase III clinical trials that utilizes iron-mediated active transport and demonstrates enhanced potency against multi-drug resistant (MDR) Gram-negative pathogens. Such molecules demonstrate that siderophore–antibiotic conjugates could be important future medicines to add to our antibiotic arsenal. This review is written in the context of the chemical design of siderophore–antibiotic conjugates focusing on the differing siderophore, linker, and antibiotic components that make up conjugates. We selected chemically distinct siderophore–antibiotic conjugates as exemplary conjugates, rather than multiple analogues, to highlight findings to date. The review should offer a general guide to the uninitiated in the molecular design of siderophore–antibiotic conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kokob H Negash
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, George Porter Building, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - James K S Norris
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, George Porter Building, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - James T Hodgkinson
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, George Porter Building, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
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Kong H, Cheng W, Wei H, Yuan Y, Yang Z, Zhang X. An overview of recent progress in siderophore-antibiotic conjugates. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 182:111615. [PMID: 31434038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Multi-drug resistant infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria have become one of the most important reasons for the failure of clinical anti-infective treatment. Siderophore-antibiotic conjugates, which were designed based on a "Trojan horse" strategy wherein features enabled active uptake to bypass the Gram-negative cell wall, have been expected to be a weapon for anti-infective treatment in the clinic. Herein, we review antibiotic drug design strategies based on mimics of nature siderophores reported in recent years, we also focus our attention on the relationship between the type of linker and the corresponding antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Kong
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Weiyan Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Han Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yongliang Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Zhiheng Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
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