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Syryn H, Van de Velde J, De Clercq G, Verdin H, Dheedene A, Peelman F, Sinclair A, Ayers KL, Bathgate RAD, Cools M, De Baere E. Biallelic RXFP2 variants lead to congenital bilateral cryptorchidism and male infertility, supporting a role of RXFP2 in spermatogenesis. Hum Reprod 2024; 39:2353-2363. [PMID: 39222519 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deae195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Does RXFP2 disruption impair male fertility? SUMMARY ANSWER We identified biallelic variants in RXFP2 in patients with male infertility due to spermatogenic arrest at the spermatid stage, supporting a role of RXFP2 in human spermatogenesis, specifically in germ cell maturation. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Since RXFP2, the receptor for INSL3, plays a crucial role in testicular descent during prenatal development, biallelic variants lead to bilateral cryptorchidism, as described in four families to date. While animal models have also suggested a function in spermatogenesis, the postnatal functions of RXFP2 and its ligand INSL3, produced in large amounts by the testes from puberty throughout adulthood, are largely unknown. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A family with two male members affected by impaired fertility due to spermatogenic maturation arrest and a history of bilateral cryptorchidism underwent clinical, endocrinological, histological, genomic, in vitro cellular, and in silico investigations. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The endocrinological and histological findings were correlated with publicly available single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data. The genomic defects have been characterized using long-read sequencing and validated with in silico modeling and an in vitro cyclic AMP reporter gene assay. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE An intragenic deletion of exon 1-5 of RXFP2 (NM_130806.5) was detected in trans with a hemizygous missense variant c.229G>A, p.(Glu77Lys). The p.(Glu77Lys) variant caused no clear change in cell surface expression or ability to bind INSL3, but displayed absence of a cAMP signal in response to INSL3, indicating a loss-of-function. Testicular biopsy in the proband showed a maturation arrest at the spermatid stage, corresponding to the highest level of RXFP2 expression in scRNA-seq data, thereby providing a potential explanation for the impaired fertility. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Although this is so far the only study of human cases that supports the role of RXFP2 in spermatogenic maturation, this is corroborated by several animal studies that have already demonstrated a postnatal function of INSL3 and RXFP2 in spermatogenesis. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This study corroborates RXFP2 as gene implicated in autosomal recessive congenital bilateral cryptorchidism due to biallelic variants, rather than autosomal-dominant cryptorchidism due to monoallelic RXFP2 variants. Our findings also support that RXFP2 is essential in human spermatogenesis, specifically in germ cell maturation, and that biallelic disruption can cause male infertility through spermatogenic arrest at the spermatid stage. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) Funding was provided by the Bellux Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology (BELSPEED) and supported by a Research Foundation Flanders (FWO) senior clinical investigator grant (E.D.B., 1802220N) and a Ghent University Hospital Special Research Fund grant (M.C., FIKO-IV institutional fund). The authors declare no conflict of interest. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Syryn
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Julie Van de Velde
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Griet De Clercq
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hannah Verdin
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annelies Dheedene
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Peelman
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andrew Sinclair
- Royal Children's Hospital & Department of Paediatrics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Katie L Ayers
- Royal Children's Hospital & Department of Paediatrics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ross A D Bathgate
- The Florey Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Martine Cools
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elfride De Baere
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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2
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Amin A, Perera ND, Tomas D, Cuic B, Radwan M, Hatters DM, Turner BJ, Shabanpoor F. Systemic administration of a novel Beclin 1-derived peptide significantly upregulates autophagy in the spinal motor neurons of autophagy reporter mice. Int J Pharm 2024; 659:124198. [PMID: 38816263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy, an intracellular degradation system, plays a vital role in protecting cells by clearing damaged organelles, pathogens, and protein aggregates. Autophagy upregulation through pharmacological interventions has gained significant attention as a potential therapeutic avenue for proteinopathies. Here, we report the development of an autophagy-inducing peptide (BCN4) derived from the Beclin 1 protein, the master regulator of autophagy. To deliver the BCN4 into cells and the central nervous system (CNS), it was conjugated to our previously developed cell and blood-brain barrier-penetrating peptide (CPP). CPP-BCN4 significantly upregulated autophagy and reduced protein aggregates in motor neuron (MN)-like cells. Moreover, its systemic administration in a reporter mouse model of autophagy resulted in a significant increase in autophagy activity in the spinal MNs. Therefore, this novel autophagy-inducing peptide with a demonstrated ability to upregulate autophagy in the CNS has significant potential for the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases with protein aggregates as a characteristic feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azin Amin
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Nirma D Perera
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Doris Tomas
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Brittany Cuic
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Mona Radwan
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Danny M Hatters
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Bradley J Turner
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Fazel Shabanpoor
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia; School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
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3
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Wu H, Hoare BL, Handley TNG, Akhter Hossain M, Bathgate RAD. Development of a synthetic relaxin-3/INSL5 chimeric peptide ligand for NanoBiT complementation binding assays. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 224:116238. [PMID: 38677442 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
INSL5 and relaxin-3 are relaxin family peptides with important roles in gut and brain function, respectively. They mediate their actions through the class A GPCRs RXFP4 and RXFP3. RXFP4 has been proposed to be a therapeutic target for colon motility disorders whereas RXFP3 targeting could be effective for neurological conditions such as anxiety. Validation of these targets has been limited by the lack of specific ligands and the availability of robust ligand-binding assays for their development. In this study, we have utilized NanoBiT complementation to develop a SmBiT-conjugated tracer for use with LgBiT-fused RXFP3 and RXFP4. The low affinity between LgBiT:SmBiT should result in a low non-specific luminescence signal and enable the quantification of binding without the tedious separation of non-bound ligands. We used solid-phase peptide synthesis to produce a SmBiT-labelled RXFP3/4 agonist, R3/I5, where SmBiT was conjugated to the B-chain N-terminus via a PEG12 linker. Both SmBiT-R3/I5 and R3/I5 were synthesized and purified in high purity and yield. Stable HEK293T cell lines expressing LgBiT-RXFP3 and LgBiT-RXFP4 were produced and demonstrated normal signaling in response to the synthetic R3/I5 peptide. Binding was first characterized in whole-cell binding kinetic assays validating that the SmBiT-R3/I5 bound to both cell lines with nanomolar affinity with minimal non-specific binding without bound and free SmBiT-R3/I5 separation. We then optimized membrane binding assays, demonstrating easy and robust analysis of both saturation and competition binding from frozen membranes. These assays therefore provide an appropriate rigorous binding assay for the high-throughput analysis of RXFP3 and RXFP4 ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkang Wu
- The Florey, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Mohammed Akhter Hossain
- The Florey, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Ross A D Bathgate
- The Florey, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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4
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Ahmed SS, Youssef AO, Mohamed EH, Attia MS. A highly selective optical sensor Eu-BINAM for assessment of high sensitivity cardiac troponin tumor marker in serum of cancer patients. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 300:122887. [PMID: 37224630 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A novel, easy, touchy and selective spectrofluorimetric technique has been successfully applied for sensitive determination of High Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin (TNHS I) in the serum samples of patients suffering malignant tumors through the usage of optical sensor Eu3+-BINAM complex. The technique is primarily based on quenching of the Eu3+-BINAM complex's luminescence intensity upon introducing various concentrations of High Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin (TNHS I). The synthesis and characterization of the optical sensor was performed via absorption and emission. The sensor was also adapted to offer excitation at 394 nm in acetonitrile at pH 7.5. Concentration of High Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin (TNHS I) in serum samples was found to be proportional to the luminescence intensity quenching of the Eu3+-BINAM complex, most prominently at λem = 618 nm. The limit of the dynamic range is 4.26 × 10-4 to 2 ng/mL. The limit of detection and quantitation were calculated to be 1.35 and 4.10 ng/mL, respectively. The suggested analytical approach proved its applicability, simplicity and comparatively interference- free. The technique was effectively recruited to quantify High Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin (TNHS I) in human serum samples. The proposed technique could be further extended to evaluate some biomarkers associated with malignancy related diseases in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahenda S Ahmed
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed O Youssef
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ekram H Mohamed
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, British University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Attia
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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5
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Pustovit RV, Zhang X, Liew JJ, Praveen P, Liu M, Koo A, Oparija-Rogenmozere L, Ou Q, Kocan M, Nie S, Bathgate RA, Furness JB, Hossain MA. A Novel Antagonist Peptide Reveals a Physiological Role of Insulin-Like Peptide 5 in Control of Colorectal Function. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:1665-1674. [PMID: 34661082 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like peptide 5 (INSL5), the natural ligand for the relaxin family peptide receptor 4 (RXFP4), is a gut hormone that is exclusively produced by colonic L-cells. We have recently developed an analogue of INSL5, INSL5-A13, that acts as an RXFP4 agonist in vitro and stimulates colorectal propulsion in wild-type mice but not in RXFP4-knockout mice. These results suggest that INSL5 may have a physiological role in the control of colorectal motility. To investigate this possibility, in this study we designed and developed a novel INSL5 analogue, INSL5-A13NR. This compound is a potent antagonist, without significant agonist activity, in two in vitro assays. We report here for the first time that this novel antagonist peptide blocks agonist-induced increase in colon motility in mice that express RXFP4. Our data also show that colorectal propulsion induced by intracolonic administration of bacterial products (short-chain fatty acids, SCFAs) is antagonized by INSL5-A13NR. Therefore, INSL5-A13NR is an important research tool and potential drug lead for the treatment of colon motility disorders, such as bacterial diarrheas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan V Pustovit
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Department of Anatomy and Physiology; School of Biosciences, Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Bio21 Institute; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology; School of Chemistry; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Xiaozhou Zhang
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Department of Anatomy and Physiology; School of Biosciences, Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Bio21 Institute; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology; School of Chemistry; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jamie Jm Liew
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Department of Anatomy and Physiology; School of Biosciences, Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Bio21 Institute; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology; School of Chemistry; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Praveen Praveen
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Department of Anatomy and Physiology; School of Biosciences, Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Bio21 Institute; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology; School of Chemistry; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Mengjie Liu
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Department of Anatomy and Physiology; School of Biosciences, Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Bio21 Institute; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology; School of Chemistry; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ada Koo
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Department of Anatomy and Physiology; School of Biosciences, Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Bio21 Institute; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology; School of Chemistry; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Lalita Oparija-Rogenmozere
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Department of Anatomy and Physiology; School of Biosciences, Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Bio21 Institute; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology; School of Chemistry; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Qinghao Ou
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Department of Anatomy and Physiology; School of Biosciences, Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Bio21 Institute; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology; School of Chemistry; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Martina Kocan
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Department of Anatomy and Physiology; School of Biosciences, Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Bio21 Institute; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology; School of Chemistry; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Shuai Nie
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Department of Anatomy and Physiology; School of Biosciences, Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Bio21 Institute; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology; School of Chemistry; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ross Ad Bathgate
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Department of Anatomy and Physiology; School of Biosciences, Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Bio21 Institute; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology; School of Chemistry; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - John B Furness
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Department of Anatomy and Physiology; School of Biosciences, Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Bio21 Institute; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology; School of Chemistry; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Mohammed Akhter Hossain
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Department of Anatomy and Physiology; School of Biosciences, Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Bio21 Institute; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology; School of Chemistry; The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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6
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Mishra NK, Østergaard M, Midtgaard SR, Strindberg SS, Winkler S, Wu S, Sørensen TJ, Hassenkam T, Poulsen JCN, Lo Leggio L, Nielsen HM, Arleth L, Christensen NJ, Thulstrup PW, Jensen KJ. Controlling the fractal dimension in self-assembly of terpyridine modified insulin by Fe 2+ and Eu 3+ to direct in vivo effects. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:8467-8473. [PMID: 33984105 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr00414j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metal ion-induced self-assembly (SA) of proteins into higher-order structures can provide new, dynamic nano-assemblies. Here, the synthesis and characterization of a human insulin (HI) analog modified at LysB29 with the tridentate chelator 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine (Tpy) is described. SA of this new insulin analog (LysB29Tpy-HI) in the presence of the metal ions Fe2+ and Eu3+ at different concentrations was studied in solution by fluorescence luminescence and CD spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and small-angle X-ray scattering, while surface assembly was probed by AFM. Unique oligomerization was observed in solution, as Fe2+ yielded small magenta-colored discrete non-native assemblies, while Eu3+ caused the formation of large fractal assemblies. Binding of both metal ions to Tpy was demonstrated spectroscopically, and emission lifetime experiments revealed a distinct Eu3+ coordination geometry that included two water molecules. SAXS suggested that LysB29Tpy-HI with Fe2+ oligomerized to a discrete, roughly octameric species, while LysB29Tpy-HI with Eu3+ gave very large assemblies that could be modelled as fractals. The fractal dimensionality increased with the Eu3+ concentration. We propose that this is a consequence of Eu3+ binding to both Tpy and to free carboxylic acid groups on the insulin surface. LysB29Tpy-HI maintained insulin receptor affinity, and showed extended blood glucose lowering and plasma concentration after subcutaneous injection in rats. The combination of metal ion directed SA and native SA provides control of nano-scale fractal dimensionality and points towards use in therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Kumar Mishra
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and Biobarriers in Drug Delivery and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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7
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Lin L, Lin G, Zhou Q, Bathgate RAD, Gong GQ, Yang D, Liu Q, Wang MW. Design, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of tricyclic derivatives as selective RXFP4 agonists. Bioorg Chem 2021; 110:104782. [PMID: 33730669 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Relaxin family peptide receptors (RXFPs) are the potential therapeutic targets for neurological, cardiovascular, and metabolic indications. Among them, RXFP3 and RXFP4 (formerly known as GPR100 or GPCR142) are homologous class A G protein-coupled receptors with short N-terminal domain. Ligands of RXFP3 or RXFP4 are only limited to endogenous peptides and their analogues, and no natural product or synthetic agonists have been reported to date except for a scaffold of indole-containing derivatives as dual agonists of RXFP3 and RXFP4. In this study, a new scaffold of tricyclic derivatives represented by compound 7a was disclosed as a selective RXFP4 agonist after a high-throughput screening campaign against a diverse library of 52,000 synthetic and natural compounds. Two rounds of structural modification around this scaffold were performed focusing on three parts: 2-chlorophenyl group, 4-hydroxylphenyl group and its skeleton including cyclohexane-1,3-dione and 1,2,4-triazole group. Compound 14b with a new skeleton of 7,9-dihydro-4H-thiopyrano[3,4-d][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-8(5H)-one was thus obtained. The enantiomers of 7a and 14b were also resolved with their 9-(S)-conformer favoring RXFP4 agonism. Compared with 7a, compound 9-(S)-14b exhibited 2.3-fold higher efficacy and better selectivity for RXFP4 (selective ratio of RXFP4 vs. RXFP3 for 9-(S)-14b and 7a were 26.9 and 13.9, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Guangyao Lin
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingtong Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ross A D Bathgate
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Grace Qun Gong
- The National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dehua Yang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; The National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Qing Liu
- The National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; The National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China.
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8
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Zaykov AN, Gelfanov VM, Liu F, DiMarchi RD. Synthesis and Characterization of the R27S Genetic Variant of Insulin-like Peptide 5. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:852-859. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N. Zaykov
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis; 5225 Exploration Drive Indianapolis IN 46241 USA
| | - Vasily M. Gelfanov
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis; 5225 Exploration Drive Indianapolis IN 46241 USA
| | - Fa Liu
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Seattle; 530 Fairview Avenue N. #5000 Seattle WA 98109 USA
| | - Richard D. DiMarchi
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis; 5225 Exploration Drive Indianapolis IN 46241 USA
- Department of Chemistry; Indiana University; 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington IN 47405 USA
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9
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Hossain MA, Wade JD. Novel Methods for the Chemical Synthesis of Insulin Superfamily Peptides and of Analogues Containing Disulfide Isosteres. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:2116-2127. [PMID: 28829564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The insulin superfamily of peptides is ubiquitous within vertebrates and invertebrates and is characterized by the presence of a set of three disulfide bonds in a unique disposition. With the exception of insulin-like growth factors I and II, which are single chain peptides, the remaining 8 members of the human insulin superfamily are two-chain peptides containing one intramolecular and two intermolecular disulfide bridges. These structural features have long made the chemical synthesis of the peptides a considerable challenge, in particular, including their correct disulfide bond pairing and formation. However, they have also afforded the opportunity to develop modern solid phase synthesis methods for the preparation of such peptides that incorporate novel or improved chemical methods for the controlled introduction of both disulfide bonds and their surrogates, both during and after peptide chain assembly. In turn, this has enabled a detailed probing of the structure and function relationship of this small but complex superfamily of peptides. After initially using and subsequently identifying significant limitations of the approach of simultaneous random chain combination and oxidative folding, our laboratory undertook to develop robust chemical synthesis strategies in concert with orthogonal cysteine S-protecting groups and corresponding regioselective disulfide bond formation. These have included the separate synthesis of each of the two chains or of the two chains linked by an artificial C-peptide that is removed following postoxidative folding. These, in turn, have enabled an increased ease of acquisition in a good yield of not only members of human insulin superfamily but other insulin-like peptides. Importantly, these successful methods have enabled, for the first time, a detailed analysis of the role that the disulfide bonds play in the structure and function of such peptides. This was achieved by selective removal of the disulfide bonds or by the judicious insertion of disulfide isosteres that possess structurally subtle variations in bond length, hydrophobicity, and angle. These include lactam, dicarba, and cystathionine, each of which has required modifications to the peptide synthesis protocols for their successful placement within the peptides. Together, these synthesis improvements and the novel chemical developments of cysteine/cystine analogues have greatly aided in the development of novel insulin-like peptide (INSL) analogues, principally with intra-A-chain disulfide isosteres, possessing not only improved functional properties such as increased receptor selectivity but also, with one important and unexpected exception, greater in vivo half-lives due to stability against disulfide reductases. Such analogues greatly will aid further biochemical and pharmacological analyses to delineate the structure-function relationships of INSLs and also future potential drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Akhter Hossain
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience
and Mental Health and School
of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - John D. Wade
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience
and Mental Health and School
of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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10
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Distinct activation modes of the Relaxin Family Peptide Receptor 2 in response to insulin-like peptide 3 and relaxin. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3294. [PMID: 28607406 PMCID: PMC5468325 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03638-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Relaxin family peptide receptor 2 (RXFP2) is a GPCR known for its role in reproductive function. It is structurally related to the human relaxin receptor RXFP1 and can be activated by human gene-2 (H2) relaxin as well as its cognate ligand insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3). Both receptors possess an N-terminal low-density lipoprotein type a (LDLa) module that is necessary for activation and is joined to a leucine-rich repeat domain by a linker. This linker has been shown to be important for H2 relaxin binding and activation of RXFP1 and herein we investigate the role of the equivalent region of RXFP2. We demonstrate that the linker’s highly-conserved N-terminal region is essential for activation of RXFP2 in response to both ligands. In contrast, the linker is necessary for H2 relaxin, but not INSL3, binding. Our results highlight the distinct mechanism by which INSL3 activates RXFP2 whereby ligand binding mediates reorientation of the LDLa module by the linker region to activate the RXFP2 transmembrane domains in conjunction with the INSL3 A-chain. In contrast, relaxin activation of RXFP2 involves a more RXFP1-like mechanism involving binding to the LDLa-linker, reorientation of the LDLa module and activation of the transmembrane domains by the LDLa alone.
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11
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Dantas de Araujo A, Wu C, Wu KC, Reid RC, Durek T, Lim J, Fairlie DP. Europium-Labeled Synthetic C3a Protein as a Novel Fluorescent Probe for Human Complement C3a Receptor. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:1669-1676. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Dantas de Araujo
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular
Bioscience, ‡Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular
Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and §Centre for Inflammation Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Chongyang Wu
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular
Bioscience, ‡Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular
Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and §Centre for Inflammation Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Kai-Chen Wu
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular
Bioscience, ‡Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular
Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and §Centre for Inflammation Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Robert C. Reid
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular
Bioscience, ‡Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular
Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and §Centre for Inflammation Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas Durek
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular
Bioscience, ‡Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular
Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and §Centre for Inflammation Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Junxian Lim
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular
Bioscience, ‡Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular
Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and §Centre for Inflammation Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular
Bioscience, ‡Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular
Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and §Centre for Inflammation Disease Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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12
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Novel bioluminescent binding assays for interaction studies of protein/peptide hormones with their receptors. Amino Acids 2016; 48:1151-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2220-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Liu F, Zaykov AN, Levy JJ, DiMarchi RD, Mayer JP. Chemical synthesis of peptides within the insulin superfamily. J Pept Sci 2016; 22:260-70. [PMID: 26910514 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of insulin has inspired fundamental advances in the art of peptide science while simultaneously revealing the structure-function relationship of this centrally important metabolic hormone. This review highlights milestones in the chemical synthesis of insulin that can be divided into two separate approaches: (i) disulfide bond formation driven by protein folding and (ii) chemical reactivity-directed sequential disulfide bond formation. Common to the two approaches are the persistent challenges presented by the hydrophobic nature of the individual A-chain and B-chain and the need for selective disulfide formation under mildly oxidative conditions. The extension and elaboration of these synthetic approaches have been ongoing within the broader insulin superfamily. These structurally similar peptides include the insulin-like growth factors and also the related peptides such as relaxin that signal through G-protein-coupled receptors. After a half-century of advances in insulin chemistry, we have reached a point where synthesis is no longer limiting structural and biological investigation within this family of peptide hormones. The future will increasingly focus on the refinement of structure to meet medicinal purposes that have long been pursued, such as the development of a glucose-sensitive insulin. Copyright © 2016 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa Liu
- Calibrium LLC, 11711 N. Meridian Street, Carmel, IN, 46032, USA
| | - Alexander N Zaykov
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Jay J Levy
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Richard D DiMarchi
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - John P Mayer
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
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14
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Haugaard-Kedström LM, Wong LLL, Bathgate RAD, Rosengren KJ. Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of a europium-labelled single-chain antagonist for binding studies of the relaxin-3 receptor RXFP3. Amino Acids 2015; 47:1267-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-1961-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Kong RCK, Bathgate RAD, Bruell S, Wade JD, Gooley PR, Petrie EJ. Mapping Key Regions of the RXFP2 Low-Density Lipoprotein Class-A Module That Are Involved in Signal Activation. Biochemistry 2014; 53:4537-48. [DOI: 10.1021/bi500797d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roy C. K. Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Bio21 Molecular
Science and Biotechnology Institute, ‡Florey Institute of Neuroscience
and Mental Health, and §School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ross A. D. Bathgate
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Bio21 Molecular
Science and Biotechnology Institute, ‡Florey Institute of Neuroscience
and Mental Health, and §School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Shoni Bruell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Bio21 Molecular
Science and Biotechnology Institute, ‡Florey Institute of Neuroscience
and Mental Health, and §School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - John D. Wade
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Bio21 Molecular
Science and Biotechnology Institute, ‡Florey Institute of Neuroscience
and Mental Health, and §School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Paul R. Gooley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Bio21 Molecular
Science and Biotechnology Institute, ‡Florey Institute of Neuroscience
and Mental Health, and §School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Emma J. Petrie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Bio21 Molecular
Science and Biotechnology Institute, ‡Florey Institute of Neuroscience
and Mental Health, and §School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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16
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Shabanpoor F, Bathgate RAD, Wade JD, Hossain MA. C-terminus of the B-chain of relaxin-3 is important for receptor activity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82567. [PMID: 24349312 PMCID: PMC3859608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Human relaxin-3 is a neuropeptide that is structurally similar to human insulin with two chains (A and B) connected by three disulfide bonds. It is expressed primarily in the brain and has modulatory roles in stress and anxiety, feeding and metabolism, and arousal and behavioural activation. Structure-activity relationship studies have shown that relaxin-3 interacts with its cognate receptor RXFP3 primarily through its B-chain and that its A-chain does not have any functional role. In this study, we have investigated the effect of modification of the B-chain C-terminus on the binding and activity of the peptide. We have chemically synthesised and characterized H3 relaxin as C-termini acid (both A and B chains having free C-termini; native form) and amide forms (both chains’ C-termini were amidated). We have confirmed that the acid form of the peptide is more potent than its amide form at both RXFP3 and RXFP4 receptors. We further investigated the effects of amidation at the C-terminus of individual chains. We report here for the first time that amidation at the C-terminus of the B-chain of H3 relaxin leads to significant drop in the binding and activity of the peptide at RXFP3/RXFP4 receptors. However, modification of the A-chain C-terminus does not have any effect on the activity. We have confirmed using circular dichroism spectroscopy that there is no secondary structural change between the acid and amide form of the peptide, and it is likely that it is the local C-terminal carboxyl group orientation that is crucial for interacting with the receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazel Shabanpoor
- Florey Institute for Neuroscience & Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ross A. D. Bathgate
- Florey Institute for Neuroscience & Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John D. Wade
- Florey Institute for Neuroscience & Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (MAH); (JDW)
| | - Mohammed Akhter Hossain
- Florey Institute for Neuroscience & Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (MAH); (JDW)
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17
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Chan LJ, Smith CM, Chua BE, Lin F, Bathgate RAD, Separovic F, Gundlach AL, Hossain MA, Wade JD. Synthesis of fluorescent analogs of relaxin family peptides and their preliminary in vitro and in vivo characterization. Front Chem 2013; 1:30. [PMID: 24790958 PMCID: PMC3982560 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2013.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Relaxin, a heterodimeric polypeptide hormone, is a key regulator of collagen metabolism and multiple vascular control pathways in humans and rodents. Its actions are mediated via its cognate G-protein-coupled receptor, RXFP1 although it also "pharmacologically" activates RXFP2, the receptor for the related, insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3), which has specific actions on reproduction and bone metabolism. Therefore, experimental tools to facilitate insights into the distinct biological actions of relaxin and INSL3 are required, particularly for studies of tissues containing both RXFP1 and RXFP2. Here, we chemically functionalized human (H2) relaxin, the RXFP1-selective relaxin analog H2:A(4-24)(F23A), and INSL3 to accommodate a fluorophore without marked reduction in binding or activation propensity. Chemical synthesis of the two chains for each peptide was followed by sequential regioselective formation of their three disulfide bonds. Click chemistry conjugation of Cy5.5 at the B-chain N-terminus, with conservation of the disulfide bonds, yielded analogs displaying appropriate selective binding affinity and ability to activate RXFP1 and/or RXFP2 in vitro. The in vivo biological activity of Cy5.5-H2 relaxin and Cy5.5-H2:A(4-24)(F23A) was confirmed in mice, as acute intracerebroventricular (icv) infusion of these peptides (but not Cy5.5-INSL3) stimulated water drinking, an established behavioral response elicited by central RXFP1 activation. The central distribution of Cy5.5-conjugated peptides was examined in mice killed 30 min after infusion, revealing higher fluorescence within brain tissue near-adjacent to the cerebral ventricle walls relative to deeper brain areas. Production of fluorophore-conjugated relaxin family peptides will facilitate future pharmacological studies to probe the function of H2 relaxin/RXFP1 and INSL3/RXFP2 signaling in vivo while tracking their distribution following central or peripheral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J Chan
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne VIC, Australia ; School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne VIC, Australia
| | - Craig M Smith
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne VIC, Australia ; Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne VIC, Australia
| | - Berenice E Chua
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne VIC, Australia
| | - Feng Lin
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne VIC, Australia
| | - Ross A D Bathgate
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne VIC, Australia ; Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne VIC, Australia ; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne VIC, Australia
| | | | - Andrew L Gundlach
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne VIC, Australia ; Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne VIC, Australia
| | - Mohammed Akhter Hossain
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne VIC, Australia ; School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne VIC, Australia ; Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne VIC, Australia
| | - John D Wade
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne VIC, Australia ; School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne VIC, Australia ; Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne VIC, Australia
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18
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Alexander SPH, Benson HE, Faccenda E, Pawson AJ, Sharman JL, Spedding M, Peters JA, Harmar AJ. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14: G protein-coupled receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 170:1459-581. [PMID: 24517644 PMCID: PMC3892287 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12444/full. G protein-coupled receptors are one of the seven major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being G protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, ion channels, catalytic receptors, nuclear hormone receptors, transporters and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. A new landscape format has easy to use tables comparing related targets. It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2013, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the website www.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in conjunction with NC-IUPHAR and provides the official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately in IUPHAR-DB and the Guide to Receptors and Channels, providing a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen PH Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical SchoolNottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Helen E Benson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Elena Faccenda
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Adam J Pawson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Joanna L Sharman
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | | | - John A Peters
- Neuroscience Division, Medical Education Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of DundeeDundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Anthony J Harmar
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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A novel ultrasensitive bioluminescent receptor-binding assay of INSL3 through chemical conjugation with nanoluciferase. Biochimie 2013; 95:2454-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Belgi A, Bathgate RAD, Kocan M, Patil N, Zhang S, Tregear GW, Wade JD, Hossain MA. Minimum active structure of insulin-like peptide 5. J Med Chem 2013; 56:9509-16. [PMID: 24188028 DOI: 10.1021/jm400924p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like peptide 5 (INSL5) is a complex two-chain peptide hormone constrained by three disulfide bonds in a pattern identical to insulin. High expression of INSL5 in the colon suggests roles in activation of colon motility and appetite control. A more recent study indicates it may have significant roles in the regulation of insulin secretion and β-cell homeostasis. This peptide thus has considerable potential for the treatment of eating disorders, obesity, and/or diabetes. However, the synthesis of INSL5 is extremely challenging either by chemical or recombinant means. The A-chain is very poorly soluble and the B-chain is highly aggregating in nature which, together, makes their postsynthesis handling and purification very difficult. Given these difficulties, we have developed a highly active INSL5 analogue that has a much simpler structure with two disulfide bonds and is thus easier to assemble compared to native INSL5. This minimized peptide represents an attractive new mimetic for investigating the functional role of INSL5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Belgi
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, §Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and ∥School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne , Victoria 3010, Australia
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21
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Total chemical synthesis of a heterodimeric interchain bis-lactam-linked Peptide: application to an analogue of human insulin-like Peptide 3. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDES 2013; 2013:504260. [PMID: 24288548 PMCID: PMC3830869 DOI: 10.1155/2013/504260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonreducible cystine isosteres represent important peptide design elements in that they can maintain a near-native tertiary conformation of the peptide while simultaneously extending the in vitro and in vivo half-life of the biomolecule. Examples of these cystine mimics include dicarba, diselenide, thioether, triazole, and lactam bridges. Each has unique physicochemical properties that impact upon the resulting peptide conformation. Each also requires specific conditions for its formation via chemical peptide synthesis protocols. While the preparation of peptides containing two lactam bonds within a peptide is technically possible and reported by others, to date there has been no report of the chemical synthesis of a heterodimeric peptide linked by two lactam bonds. To examine the feasibility of such an assembly, judicious use of a complementary combination of amine and acid protecting groups together with nonfragment-based, total stepwise solid phase peptide synthesis led to the successful preparation of an analogue of the model peptide, insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3), in which both of the interchain disulfide bonds were replaced with a lactam bond. An analogue containing a single disulfide-substituted interchain lactam bond was also prepared. Both INSL3 analogues retained significant cognate RXFP2 receptor binding affinity.
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Functional link between bone morphogenetic proteins and insulin-like peptide 3 signaling in modulating ovarian androgen production. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E1426-35. [PMID: 23530236 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1222216110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are firmly implicated as intra-ovarian regulators of follicle development and steroidogenesis. Here we report a microarray analysis showing that treatment of cultured bovine theca cells (TC) with BMP6 significantly (>twofold; P < 0.01) up- or down-regulated expression of 445 genes. Insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) was the most heavily down-regulated gene (-43-fold) with cytochrome P450, subfamily XVII (CYP17A1) and other key steroidogenic transcripts including steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR), cytochrome P450 family 11, subfamily A1 (CYP11A1) and 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (HSD3B1) also down-regulated. BMP6 also reduced expression of nuclear receptor subfamily 5A1 (NR5A1) known to target the promoter regions of the aforementioned genes. Real-time PCR confirmed these findings and also revealed a marked reduction in expression of INSL3 receptor, relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 2 (RXFP2). Secretion of INSL3 protein and androstenedione were also suppressed suggesting a functional link between BMP and INSL3 pathways in controlling androgen synthesis. RNAi-mediated knockdown of INSL3 reduced INSL3 mRNA (75%) and protein (94%) level and elicited a 77% reduction in CYP17A1 mRNA and 83% reduction in androstenedione secretion. Knockdown of RXFP2 also reduced CYP17A1 expression (81%) and androstenedione secretion (88%). Conversely, treatment with exogenous (human) INSL3 increased androstenedione secretion ∼twofold. The CYP17A1 inhibitor abiraterone abolished androgen secretion and reduced expression of both INSL3 and RXFP2. Collectively, these findings indicate a positive autoregulatory role for INSL3 signaling in maintaining thecal androgen production, and visa versa. Moreover, BMP6-induced suppression of thecal androgen synthesis may be mediated, at least in part, by reduced INSL3-RXFP2 signaling.
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23
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Preliminary Structure–Function Relationship Studies on Insulin-Like Peptide 5 (INSL5). Int J Pept Res Ther 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-013-9341-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Bruell S, Kong RCK, Petrie EJ, Hoare B, Wade JD, Scott DJ, Gooley PR, Bathgate RAD. Chimeric RXFP1 and RXFP2 Receptors Highlight the Similar Mechanism of Activation Utilizing Their N-Terminal Low-Density Lipoprotein Class A Modules. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:171. [PMID: 24273532 PMCID: PMC3822782 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Relaxin family peptide (RXFP) receptors 1 and 2 are unique G-protein coupled receptors in that they contain an N-terminal low-density lipoprotein type A (LDLa) module which is necessary for receptor activation. The current hypothesis suggests that upon ligand binding the LDLa module interacts with the transmembrane (TM) domain of a homodimer partner receptor to induce the active receptor conformations. We recently demonstrated that three residues in the N-terminus of the RXFP1 LDLa module are potentially involved in hydrophobic interactions with the receptor to drive activation. RXFP2 shares two out of three of the residues implicated, suggesting that the two LDLa modules could be interchanged without adversely affecting activity. However, in 2007 it was shown that a chimera consisting of the RXFP1 receptor with its LDLa swapped for that of RXFP2 did not signal. We noticed this construct also contained the RXFP2 region linking the LDLa to the leucine-rich repeats. We therefore constructed chimeric RXFP1 and RXFP2 receptors with their LDLa modules swapped immediately C-terminally to the final cysteine residue of the module, retaining the native linker. In addition, we exchanged the TM domains of the chimeras to explore if matching the LDLa module with the TM domain of its native receptor altered activity. All of the chimeras were expressed at the surface of HEK293T cells with ligand binding profiles similar to the wild-type receptors. Importantly, as predicted, ligand binding was able to induce cAMP-based signaling. Chimeras of RXFP1 with the LDLa of RXFP2 demonstrated reduced H2 relaxin potency with the pairing of the RXFP2 TM with the RXFP2 LDLa necessary for full ligand efficacy. In contrast the ligand-mediated potencies and efficacies on the RXFP2 chimeras were similar suggesting the RXFP1 LDLa module has similar efficacy on the RXFP2 TM domain. Our studies demonstrate the LDLa modules of RXFP1 and RXFP2 modulate receptor activation via a similar mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoni Bruell
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health , Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
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Vanier GS. Microwave-assisted solid-phase peptide synthesis based on the Fmoc protecting group strategy (CEM). Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1047:235-49. [PMID: 23943491 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-544-6_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microwave-assisted peptide synthesis has become one of the most widely used tools by peptide chemists for the synthesis of both routine and difficult peptide sequences. Microwave technology significantly reduces the synthesis time while also improving the quality of the peptides produced. Microwave energy allows most amino acid couplings to be completed in just 5 min. The Fmoc removal can also be accelerated in the microwave decreasing the reaction time from at least 15 min to only 3 min in most cases. Common side reactions such as racemization and aspartimide formation are easily controllable with optimized methods that can be applied routinely. This protocol outlines the detailed procedure for performing both manual and automated microwave-assisted peptide synthesis of two difficult peptide sequences, ACP (65-74) and β-amyloid, in high purity and yield.
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26
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Shabanpoor F, Hossain MA, Lin F, Wade JD. Sequential formation of regioselective disulfide bonds in synthetic peptides with multiple disulfide bonds. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1047:81-87. [PMID: 23943479 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-544-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Numerous methods have been developed for the formation of disulfide bonds in recombinant DNA-derived and chemically synthesized peptides and proteins, but only a few have found widespread acceptance. The choice of method(s) for formation of disulfide in synthetic peptides and proteins needs to be tailored for each individual polypeptide in such a way so that the reaction conditions are selective, efficient, and safe and give the maximum yield. Here we describe the sequential formation of three disulfide bonds regioselectively which has been optimized for the synthesis of two-chained, heterodimeric polypeptide members of the insulin-relaxin superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazel Shabanpoor
- Florey Neuroscience Institutes, School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Zhang WJ, Gao XJ, Liu YL, Shao XX, Guo ZY. Design, recombinant preparation and europium-labeling of a fully active easily-labeled INSL3 analog for receptor-binding assays. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Chan LJ, Rosengren KJ, Layfield SL, Bathgate RAD, Separovic F, Samuel CS, Hossain MA, Wade JD. Identification of key residues essential for the structural fold and receptor selectivity within the A-chain of human gene-2 (H2) relaxin. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:41152-64. [PMID: 23024363 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.409284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human gene-2 (H2) relaxin is currently in Phase III clinical trials for the treatment of acute heart failure. It is a 53-amino acid insulin-like peptide comprising two chains and three disulfide bonds. It interacts with two of the relaxin family peptide (RXFP) receptors. Although its cognate receptor is RXFP1, it is also able to cross-react with RXFP2, the native receptor for a related peptide, insulin-like peptide 3. In order to understand the basis of this cross-reactivity, it is important to elucidate both binding and activation mechanisms of this peptide. The primary binding mechanism of this hormone has been extensively studied and well defined. H2 relaxin binds to the leucine-rich repeats of RXFP1 and RXFP2 using B-chain-specific residues. However, little is known about the secondary interaction that involves the A-chain of H2 relaxin and transmembrane exoloops of the receptors. We demonstrate here through extensive mutation of the A-chain that the secondary interaction between H2 relaxin and RXFP1 is not driven by any single amino acid, although residues Tyr-3, Leu-20, and Phe-23 appear to contribute. Interestingly, these same three residues are important drivers of the affinity and activity of H2 relaxin for RXFP2 with additional minor contributions from Lys-9, His-12, Lys-17, Arg-18, and Arg-22. Our results provide new insights into the mechanism of secondary activation interaction of RXFP1 and RXFP2 by H2 relaxin, leading to a potent and RXFP1-selective analog, H2:A(4-24)(F23A), which was tested in vitro and in vivo and found to significantly inhibit collagen deposition similar to native H2 relaxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J Chan
- Florey Neuroscience Institutes, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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29
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Scott DJ, Rosengren KJ, Bathgate RAD. The different ligand-binding modes of relaxin family peptide receptors RXFP1 and RXFP2. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:1896-906. [PMID: 22973049 DOI: 10.1210/me.2012-1188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Relaxin and insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) are peptide hormones with a number of important physiological roles in reproduction, regulation of extracellular matrix turnover, and cardiovascular function. Relaxin and INSL3 mediate their actions through the closely related G-protein coupled receptors, relaxin family peptide receptors 1 and 2 (RXFP1 and RXFP2), respectively. These receptors have large extracellular domains (ECD) that contain high-affinity ligand-binding sites within their 10 leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing modules. Although relaxin can bind and activate both RXFP1 and RXFP2, INSL3 can only bind and activate RXFP2. To investigate whether this difference is related to the nature of the high-affinity ECD binding site or to differences in secondary binding sites involving the receptor transmembrane (TM) domain, we created a suite of constructs with RXFP1/2 chimeric ECD attached to single TM helices. We show that by changing as little as one LRR, representing four amino acid substitutions, we were able to engineer a high-affinity INSL3-binding site into the ECD of RXFP1. Molecular modeling of the INSL3-RXFP2 interaction based on extensive experimental data highlights the differences in the binding mechanisms of relaxin and INSL3 to the ECD of their cognate receptors. Interestingly, when the engineered RXFP1/2 ECD were introduced into full-length RXFP1 constructs, INSL3 exhibited only low affinity and efficacy on these receptors. These results highlight critical differences both in the ECD binding and in the coordination of the ECD-binding site with the TM domain, and provide new mechanistic insights into the binding and activation events of RXFP1 and RXFP2 by their native hormone ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Scott
- Florey Neuroscience Institutes and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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30
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Shabanpoor F, Bathgate RA, Belgi A, Chan LJ, Nair VB, Wade JD, Hossain MA. Site-specific conjugation of a lanthanide chelator and its effects on the chemical synthesis and receptor binding affinity of human relaxin-2 hormone. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 420:253-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.02.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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31
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Shabanpoor F, Akhter Hossain M, Ryan PJ, Belgi A, Layfield S, Kocan M, Zhang S, Samuel CS, Gundlach AL, Bathgate RAD, Separovic F, Wade JD. Minimization of human relaxin-3 leading to high-affinity analogues with increased selectivity for relaxin-family peptide 3 receptor (RXFP3) over RXFP1. J Med Chem 2012; 55:1671-81. [PMID: 22257012 DOI: 10.1021/jm201505p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Relaxin-3 is a neuropeptide that is implicated in the regulation of stress responses and memory. The elucidation of its precise physiological role(s) has, however, been hampered by cross-activation of the relaxin-2 receptor, RXFP1, in the brain. The current study undertook to develop analogues of human relaxin-3 (H3 relaxin) that can selectively bind and activate its receptor, RXFP3. We developed a high-affinity selective agonist (analogue 2) by removal of the intra-A chain disulfide bond and deletion of 10 residues from the N terminus of the A chain. Further truncation of this analogue from the C terminus of the B chain to Cys(B22) and addition of an Arg(B23) led to a high-affinity, RXFP3-selective, competitive antagonist (analogue 3). Central administration of analogue 2 in rats increased food intake, which was blocked by prior coadministration of analogue 3. These novel RXFP3-selective peptides represent valuable pharmacological tools to study the physiological roles of H3 relaxin/RXFP3 systems in the brain and important leads for the development of novel compounds for the treatment of affective and cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazel Shabanpoor
- Florey Neuroscience Institutes, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Bathgate RAD, Zhang S, Hughes RA, Rosengren KJ, Wade JD. The structural determinants of insulin-like Peptide 3 activity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:11. [PMID: 22654853 PMCID: PMC3356098 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) is a hormone and/or paracrine factor which is a member of the relaxin peptide family. It has key roles as a fertility regulator in both males and females. The receptor for INSL3 is the leucine rich repeat (LRR) containing G-protein coupled receptor 8 (LGR8) which is now known as relaxin family peptide receptor 2 (RXFP2). Receptor activation by INSL3 involves binding to the LRRs in the large ectodomain of RXFP2 by residues within the B-chain of INSL3 as well as an interaction with the transmembrane exoloops of the receptor. Although the binding to the LRRs is well characterized the features of the peptide and receptor involved in the exoloop interaction are currently unknown. This study was designed to determine the key INSL3 determinants for RXFP2 activation. A chimeric peptide approach was first utilized to demonstrate that the A-chain is critical for receptor activation. Replacement of the INSL3 A-chain with that from the related peptides INSL5 and INSL6 resulted in complete loss of activity despite only minor changes in binding affinity. Subsequent replacement of specific A-chain residues with those from the INSL5 peptide highlighted that the N-terminus of the A-chain of INSL3 is critical for its activity. Remarkably, replacement of the entire N-terminus with four or five alanine residues resulted in peptides with near native activity suggesting that specific residues are not necessary for activity. Additionally removal of two amino acids at the C-terminus of the A-chain and mutation of Lys-8 in the B-chain also resulted in minor decreases in peptide activity. Therefore we have demonstrated that the activity of the INSL3 peptide is driven predominantly by residues 5-9 in the A-chain, with minor additional contributions from the two C-terminal A-chain residues and Lys-8 in the B-chain. Using this new knowledge, we were able to produce a truncated INSL3 peptide structure which retained native activity, despite having 14 fewer residues than the parent peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross A. D. Bathgate
- Florey Neuroscience Institutes, University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Ross A. D. Bathgate and John D. Wade, Florey Neuroscience Institutes, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3031, Australia. e-mail: ;
| | - Soude Zhang
- Florey Neuroscience Institutes, University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard A. Hughes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - K. Johan Rosengren
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of QueenslandBrisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - John D. Wade
- Florey Neuroscience Institutes, University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Chemistry, University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Ross A. D. Bathgate and John D. Wade, Florey Neuroscience Institutes, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3031, Australia. e-mail: ;
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33
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Pedersen SL, Tofteng AP, Malik L, Jensen KJ. Microwave heating in solid-phase peptide synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:1826-44. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15214a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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34
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Site-specific DOTA/europium-labeling of recombinant human relaxin-3 for receptor-ligand interaction studies. Amino Acids 2011; 43:983-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1164-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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35
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Belgi A, Hossain MA, Shabanpoor F, Chan L, Zhang S, Bathgate RAD, Tregear GW, Wade JD. Structure and Function Relationship of Murine Insulin-like Peptide 5 (INSL5): Free C-Terminus Is Essential for RXFP4 Receptor Binding and Activation. Biochemistry 2011; 50:8352-61. [DOI: 10.1021/bi201093m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Belgi
- Florey
Neuroscience Institutes, ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and §School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria
3010, Australia
| | - Mohammed A. Hossain
- Florey
Neuroscience Institutes, ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and §School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria
3010, Australia
| | - Fazel Shabanpoor
- Florey
Neuroscience Institutes, ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and §School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria
3010, Australia
| | - Linda Chan
- Florey
Neuroscience Institutes, ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and §School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria
3010, Australia
| | - Suode Zhang
- Florey
Neuroscience Institutes, ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and §School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria
3010, Australia
| | - Ross A. D. Bathgate
- Florey
Neuroscience Institutes, ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and §School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria
3010, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W. Tregear
- Florey
Neuroscience Institutes, ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and §School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria
3010, Australia
| | - John D. Wade
- Florey
Neuroscience Institutes, ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and §School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria
3010, Australia
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36
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Hossain MA, Rosengren KJ, Samuel CS, Shabanpoor F, Chan LJ, Bathgate RAD, Wade JD. The minimal active structure of human relaxin-2. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:37555-65. [PMID: 21878627 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.282194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
H2 relaxin is a peptide hormone associated with a number of therapeutically relevant physiological effects, including regulation of collagen metabolism and multiple vascular control pathways. It is currently in phase III clinical trials for the treatment of acute heart failure due to its ability to induce vasodilation and influence renal function. It comprises 53 amino acids and is characterized by two separate polypeptide chains (A-B) that are cross-linked by three disulfide bonds. This size and complex structure represents a considerable challenge for the chemical synthesis of H2 relaxin, a major limiting factor for the exploration of modifications and derivatizations of this peptide, to optimize effect and drug-like characteristics. To address this issue, we describe the solid phase peptide synthesis and structural and functional evaluation of 24 analogues of H2 relaxin with truncations at the termini of its peptide chains. We show that it is possible to significantly truncate both the N and C termini of the B-chain while still retaining potent biological activity. This suggests that these regions are not critical for interactions with the H2 relaxin receptor, RXFP1. In contrast, truncations do reduce the activity of H2 relaxin for the related receptor RXFP2 by improving RXFP1 selectivity. In addition to new mechanistic insights into the function of H2 relaxin, this study identifies a critical active core with 38 amino acids. This minimized core shows similar antifibrotic activity as native H2 relaxin when tested in human BJ3 cells and thus represents an attractive receptor-selective lead for the development of novel relaxin therapeutics.
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37
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Shabanpoor F, Zhang S, Hughes RA, Hossain MA, Layfield S, Ferraro T, Bathgate RAD, Separovic F, Wade JD. Design and development of analogues of dimers of insulin-like peptide 3 B-chain as high-affinity antagonists of the RXFP2 receptor. Biopolymers 2011; 96:81-7. [PMID: 20560146 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) is one of 10 members of the human relaxin-insulin superfamily of peptides. It is a peptide hormone that is expressed by fetal and postnatal testicular Leydig cells and postnatal ovarian thecal cells. It mediates testicular descent during fetal life and suppresses sperm apoptosis in adult males, whereas, in females, it causes oocyte maturation. INSL3 has also been shown to promote thyroid tumor growth and angiogenesis in human. These actions of INSL3 are mediated through its G protein-coupled receptor, RXFP2. INSL3, a two-chained peptide, binds to its receptor primarily via its B-chain, whereas elements of the A-chain are essential for receptor activation. In an attempt to design a high-affinity antagonist with potential clinical application as an anticancer agent as well as a contraceptive, we have previously prepared a synthetic parallel dimer of INSL3 B-chain and demonstrated that it binds to RXFP2 with high affinity. In this work, we undertook full pharmacological characterization of this peptide and show that it can antaogonize INSL3-mediated cAMP signaling through RXFP2. Further refinement by truncation of 18 residues yielded a minimized analogue that retained full binding affinity and INSL3 antagonism. It is an attractive lead peptide for in vivo evaluation as an inhibitor of male and female fertility and of INSL3-mediated carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazel Shabanpoor
- Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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38
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Haugaard-Kedström LM, Shabanpoor F, Hossain MA, Clark RJ, Ryan PJ, Craik DJ, Gundlach AL, Wade JD, Bathgate RAD, Rosengren KJ. Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of a Single-Chain Peptide Antagonist for the Relaxin-3 Receptor RXFP3. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:4965-74. [DOI: 10.1021/ja110567j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Richard J. Clark
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | | | - David J. Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | | | | | | | - K. Johan Rosengren
- School of Natural Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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39
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Shabanpoor F, Separovic F, Wade JD. General method for selective labelling of double-chain cysteine-rich peptides with a lanthanide chelate via solid-phase synthesis. J Pept Sci 2011; 17:169-73. [PMID: 21308873 DOI: 10.1002/psc.1307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The use of lanthanides in preference to radioisotopes as probes for various biological assays has gained enormous popularity. The introduction of lanthanide chelates to peptides/proteins can be carried out either in solution using a commercially available labelling kit or by solid-phase peptide synthesis using an appropriate lanthanide chelate. Herein, a detailed protocol for the latter is provided for the labelling of peptides or small proteins with diethylenetriamine-N, N, N″, N″-tetra-tert-butyl acetate-N'-acetic acid (DTPA) chelate or other similar chelates on a solid support using a chimeric insulin-like peptide composed of human insulin-like peptide 5 (INSL5) A-chain and relaxin-3 B-chain as a model peptide. Copyright © 2011 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazel Shabanpoor
- Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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40
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Luo X, Liu YL, Layfield S, Shao XX, Bathgate RAD, Wade JD, Guo ZY. A simple approach for the preparation of mature human relaxin-3. Peptides 2010; 31:2083-8. [PMID: 20688116 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Relaxin-3 (also known as INSL7) is the most recently identified member of the insulin-like family. It is predominantly expressed in the nucleus incertus of the brain and involved in the control of stress response, food intake, and reproduction. In the present work, we have established a simple approach for the preparation of the mature human relaxin-3 peptide. We first designed and recombinantly expressed a single-chain relaxin-3 precursor in E. coli cells. After purification by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography, refolding in vitro through disulfide reshuffling, and digestion by endoproteinase Asp-N, mature human relaxin-3 was obtained in high yield and at low cost. Peptide mapping and circular dichroism spectroscopy studies suggested that the recombinant relaxin-3 adopted an insulin-like fold with the expected disulfide linkages. The recombinant mature relaxin-3 was fully active in both RXFP3 binding and activation assays. The activity of the single-chain precursor was very low, suggesting that a free C-terminus of the B-chain is necessary for receptor-binding and activation of relaxin-3. Our present work provides a highly efficient approach for the preparation of relaxin-3 as well as its analogues for functional and structural analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Luo
- Institute of Protein Research, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
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41
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Zhang S, Hughes RA, Bathgate RAD, Shabanpoor F, Hossain MA, Lin F, van Lierop B, Robinson AJ, Wade JD. Role of the intra-A-chain disulfide bond of insulin-like peptide 3 in binding and activation of its receptor, RXFP2. Peptides 2010; 31:1730-6. [PMID: 20570702 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 05/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INSL3 is a member of the insulin-IGF-relaxin superfamily and plays a key role in male fetal development and in adult germ cell maturation. It is the cognate ligand for RXFP2, a leucine-rich repeat containing G-protein coupled receptor. To date, and in contrast to our current knowledge of the key structural features that are required for the binding of INSL3 to RXFP2, comparatively little is known about the key residues that are required to elicit receptor activation and downstream cell signaling. Early evidence suggests that these are contained principally within the A-chain. To further explore this hypothesis, we have undertaken an examination of the functional role of the intra-A-chain disulfide bond. Using solid-phase peptide synthesis together with regioselective disulfide bond formation, two analogs of human INSL3 were prepared in which the intra-chain disulfide bond was replaced, one in which the corresponding Cys residues were substituted with the isosteric Ser and the other in which the Cys were removed altogether. Both of these peptides retained nearly full RXFP2 receptor binding but were devoid of cAMP activity (receptor activation), indicating that the intra-A-chain disulfide bond makes a significant contribution to the ability of INSL3 to act as an RXFP2 agonist. Replacement of the disulfide bond with a metabolically stable dicarba bond yielded two isomers of INSL3 that each exhibited bioactivity similar to native INSL3. This study highlights the critical structural role played by the intra-A-chain disulfide bond of INSL3 in mediating agonist actions through the RXFP2 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suode Zhang
- Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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42
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Murase T, Kajihara Y. Synthesis of the glycosylated polypeptide chain of an inducible costimulator on T-cells. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:1324-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 02/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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43
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44
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Relaxin family peptide. Br J Pharmacol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00501_57.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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45
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Zuchner T, Schumer F, Berger-Hoffmann R, Müller K, Lukas M, Zeckert K, Marx J, Hennig H, Hoffmann R. Highly Sensitive Protein Detection Based on Lanthanide Chelates with Antenna Ligands Providing a Linear Range of Five Orders of Magnitude. Anal Chem 2009; 81:9449-53. [DOI: 10.1021/ac902175g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thole Zuchner
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany, XynTec Chemie GmbH Wolfen, ChemiePark Bitterfeld Andresenstrasse 1a, D-06766 Wolfen, Germany, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frank Schumer
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany, XynTec Chemie GmbH Wolfen, ChemiePark Bitterfeld Andresenstrasse 1a, D-06766 Wolfen, Germany, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Renate Berger-Hoffmann
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany, XynTec Chemie GmbH Wolfen, ChemiePark Bitterfeld Andresenstrasse 1a, D-06766 Wolfen, Germany, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katrin Müller
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany, XynTec Chemie GmbH Wolfen, ChemiePark Bitterfeld Andresenstrasse 1a, D-06766 Wolfen, Germany, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mathias Lukas
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany, XynTec Chemie GmbH Wolfen, ChemiePark Bitterfeld Andresenstrasse 1a, D-06766 Wolfen, Germany, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kornelia Zeckert
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany, XynTec Chemie GmbH Wolfen, ChemiePark Bitterfeld Andresenstrasse 1a, D-06766 Wolfen, Germany, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jörg Marx
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany, XynTec Chemie GmbH Wolfen, ChemiePark Bitterfeld Andresenstrasse 1a, D-06766 Wolfen, Germany, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Horst Hennig
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany, XynTec Chemie GmbH Wolfen, ChemiePark Bitterfeld Andresenstrasse 1a, D-06766 Wolfen, Germany, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ralf Hoffmann
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany, XynTec Chemie GmbH Wolfen, ChemiePark Bitterfeld Andresenstrasse 1a, D-06766 Wolfen, Germany, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Hossain MA, Belgi A, Lin F, Zhang S, Shabanpoor F, Chan L, Belyea C, Truong HT, Blair AR, Andrikopoulos S, Tregear GW, Wade JD. Use of a Temporary “Solubilizing” Peptide Tag for the Fmoc Solid-Phase Synthesis of Human Insulin Glargine via Use of Regioselective Disulfide Bond Formation. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:1390-6. [DOI: 10.1021/bc900181a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Akhter Hossain
- Howard Florey Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Department of Medicine (AH/NH), The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia, and Metabolic Pharmaceuticals Ltd, 2/320 Lorimer Street, Port Melbourne, Victoria 3207, Australia
| | - Alessia Belgi
- Howard Florey Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Department of Medicine (AH/NH), The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia, and Metabolic Pharmaceuticals Ltd, 2/320 Lorimer Street, Port Melbourne, Victoria 3207, Australia
| | - Feng Lin
- Howard Florey Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Department of Medicine (AH/NH), The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia, and Metabolic Pharmaceuticals Ltd, 2/320 Lorimer Street, Port Melbourne, Victoria 3207, Australia
| | - Suode Zhang
- Howard Florey Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Department of Medicine (AH/NH), The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia, and Metabolic Pharmaceuticals Ltd, 2/320 Lorimer Street, Port Melbourne, Victoria 3207, Australia
| | - Fazel Shabanpoor
- Howard Florey Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Department of Medicine (AH/NH), The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia, and Metabolic Pharmaceuticals Ltd, 2/320 Lorimer Street, Port Melbourne, Victoria 3207, Australia
| | - Linda Chan
- Howard Florey Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Department of Medicine (AH/NH), The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia, and Metabolic Pharmaceuticals Ltd, 2/320 Lorimer Street, Port Melbourne, Victoria 3207, Australia
| | - Chris Belyea
- Howard Florey Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Department of Medicine (AH/NH), The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia, and Metabolic Pharmaceuticals Ltd, 2/320 Lorimer Street, Port Melbourne, Victoria 3207, Australia
| | - Hue-Trung Truong
- Howard Florey Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Department of Medicine (AH/NH), The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia, and Metabolic Pharmaceuticals Ltd, 2/320 Lorimer Street, Port Melbourne, Victoria 3207, Australia
| | - Amy R. Blair
- Howard Florey Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Department of Medicine (AH/NH), The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia, and Metabolic Pharmaceuticals Ltd, 2/320 Lorimer Street, Port Melbourne, Victoria 3207, Australia
| | - Sof Andrikopoulos
- Howard Florey Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Department of Medicine (AH/NH), The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia, and Metabolic Pharmaceuticals Ltd, 2/320 Lorimer Street, Port Melbourne, Victoria 3207, Australia
| | - Geoffrey W. Tregear
- Howard Florey Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Department of Medicine (AH/NH), The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia, and Metabolic Pharmaceuticals Ltd, 2/320 Lorimer Street, Port Melbourne, Victoria 3207, Australia
| | - John D. Wade
- Howard Florey Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, Department of Medicine (AH/NH), The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia, and Metabolic Pharmaceuticals Ltd, 2/320 Lorimer Street, Port Melbourne, Victoria 3207, Australia
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Wade JD, Lin F, Hossain MA, Shabanpoor F, Zhang S, Tregear GW. The chemical synthesis of relaxin and related peptides. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1160:11-5. [PMID: 19416151 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.03951.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Successful methods for the chemical assembly of insulin-like peptides allow the detailed study of their structure and function relationships. However, the two-chain, three-disulfide bond structure of this family of peptides, which includes relaxin, has long represented a significant challenge with respect to their chemical synthesis. Early efforts involved the random combination of the two synthetic S-reduced chains under oxidizing conditions to spontaneously form the three disulfide bonds. Such an approach, while generally effective for native sequences, is critically dependent upon the presence of intact secondary structures within the individual chains which guide the subsequent folding and oxidation pathway. This limitation prevents the use of this approach for the preparation of analogs in which these secondary elements are either absent or modified. Nowadays, the use of highly efficient solid-phase peptide synthesis methodologies together with selective S-thiol-protecting groups allows the acquisition of individual chains that can be combined by effective sequential chemically directed formation of each of the three disulfide bonds. These approaches have allowed the high-yield assembly of an array of insulin-like peptides which, in turn, has provided considerable and valuable structural and biological information.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Wade
- Howard Florey Institute, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Scott DJ, Tregear GW, Bathgate RAD. Modeling the Primary Hormone-Binding Site of RXFP1 and RXFP2. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1160:74-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.03950.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tregear GW, Bathgate RAD, Hossain MA, Lin F, Zhang S, Shabanpoor F, Scott DJ, Ma S, Gundlach AL, Samuel CS, Wade JD. Structure and Activity in the Relaxin Family of Peptides. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1160:5-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.03955.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Shabanpoor F, Hughes RA, Bathgate RAD, Separovic F, Wade JD. Development of Lanthanide-Labeled Human INSL3 as an Alternative Probe to Radioactively Labeled INSL3 for Use in Bioassays. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1160:87-90. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.03839.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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