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Pyo A, Yun M, Song B, Kwon SY, Min JJ, Kim DY. Synthesis and evaluation of 18F-labeled procainamide as a PET imaging agent for malignant melanoma. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 96:129528. [PMID: 37852422 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma has an aggressive nature and a high metastatic propensity resulting in the highest mortality rate of any skin cancer. In this study, we synthesized 18F-labeled procainamide (PCA) for detection of melanoma using positron emission tomography (PET), and evaluated its biological characteristics. The non-decay-corrected radiochemical yield of 18F-PCA was 10-15% and its in vitro stability was over 98% for 2 h. At 1 h, cellular uptake of 18F-PCA was 3.8-fold higher in a group with the presence of l-tyrosine than in a non-l-tyrosine-treated group. Furthermore, 18F-PCA permitted visualization of B16F10 (mouse melanoma) xenografts on microPET after intravenous injection, and was retained in the tumor for 60 min, with a high tumor-to-liver uptake ratio. 18F-PCA showed specific melanoma uptake in primary lesions with a high melanin targeting ability in small animal models. 18F-PCA may have potential as a PET imaging agent for direct melanoma detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayoung Pyo
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Misun Yun
- Hygenic Safety-Material Research Group, Technology Innovation Research Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Boreum Song
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Young Kwon
- Innovation Center for Molecular Probe Development, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Joon Min
- Innovation Center for Molecular Probe Development, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Republic of Korea; CNCure Biotech, Hwasun, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Yeon Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea; CNCure Biotech, Hwasun, Republic of Korea.
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Prendergast CM, Capaccione KM, Lopci E, Das JP, Shoushtari AN, Yeh R, Amin D, Dercle L, De Jong D. More than Just Skin-Deep: A Review of Imaging's Role in Guiding CAR T-Cell Therapy for Advanced Melanoma. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:992. [PMID: 36900136 PMCID: PMC10000712 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13050992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced melanoma is one of the deadliest cancers, owing to its invasiveness and its propensity to develop resistance to therapy. Surgery remains the first-line treatment for early-stage tumors but is often not an option for advanced-stage melanoma. Chemotherapy carries a poor prognosis, and despite advances in targeted therapy, the cancer can develop resistance. CAR T-cell therapy has demonstrated great success against hematological cancers, and clinical trials are deploying it against advanced melanoma. Though melanoma remains a challenging disease to treat, radiology will play an increasing role in monitoring both the CAR T-cells and response to therapy. We review the current imaging techniques for advanced melanoma, as well as novel PET tracers and radiomics, in order to guide CAR T-cell therapy and manage potential adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor M. Prendergast
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kathleen M. Capaccione
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Egesta Lopci
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, IRCSS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Jeeban P. Das
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Randy Yeh
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Daniel Amin
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Laurent Dercle
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Dorine De Jong
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Shi H, Cheng Z. MC1R and melanin-based molecular probes for theranostic of melanoma and beyond. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:3034-3044. [PMID: 36008707 PMCID: PMC9712491 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00970-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is accounting for most of skin cancer-associated mortality. The incidence of melanoma increased every year worldwide especially in western countries. Treatment efficiency is highly related to the stage of melanoma. Therefore, accurate staging and restaging play a pivotal role in the management of melanoma patients. Though 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron-emission tomography (PET) has been widely used in imaging of tumor metastases, novel radioactive probes for specific targeted imaging of both primary and metastasized melanoma are still desired. Melanocortin receptor 1 (MC1R) and melanin are two promising biomarkers specifically for melanoma, and numerous research groups including us have been actively developing a plethora of radioactive probes based on targeting of MC1R or melanin for over two decades. In this review, some of the MC1R-targeted tracers and melanin-associated molecular imaging probes developed in our research and others have been briefly summarized, and it provides a quick glance of melanoma-targeted probe design and may contribute to further developing novel molecular probes for cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Molecular Imaging Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Molecular Imaging Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, 264117, China.
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Xu J, Chen H, Rogers BE, Katzenellenbogen JA, Zhou D. Solid phase radiosynthesis of an olaparib derivative using 4-[ 18F] fluorobenzoic acid and in vivo evaluation in breast and prostate cancer xenograft models for PARP-1 expression. Nucl Med Biol 2022; 114-115:65-70. [PMID: 36193598 PMCID: PMC10061341 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Solid-phase synthesis and conjugation reactions of acids and amines using coupling reagents are common in organic synthesis, but rare in 18F radiochemistry. 4-[18F]Fluorobenzoic acid (FBA) is a useful building block, but is seldom used directly with coupling reagents for the preparation of 18F radiopharmaceuticals. To overcome the inconveniences associated with using [18F]FBA in conjugation reactions, we have developed a non-covalent solid-phase synthesis (SPS) strategy for the radiosynthesis of [18F]PARPi, a derivative of olaparib as a Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) radioligand. METHODS Fluoro-, bromo- and iodo-benzoic derivatives of olaparib were synthesized, and their PARP-1 affinities were measured using a recently developed cell culture-based competitive assay. To produce [18F]PARPi, [18F]FBA was radiosynthesized and purified using a cation-exchange cartridge, and then trapped by an anion-exchange resin cartridge, on which the solid-phase radiosynthesis was carried out to produce the desired product. [18F]PARPi was evaluated in vivo in breast and prostate xenograft tumor models by microPET imaging, biodistribution and autoradiography. RESULTS The best derivatives of olaparib were identified as compound 4, 7 and 8. [18F]4 ([18F]PARPi) was radiosynthesized in high radiochemical yield, high molar activity and high radiochemical purity using this SPS strategy. The in vivo evaluation of [18F]PARPi demonstrates the PARP-1 specific uptake of [18F]PARPi in the animal models. CONCLUSIONS This method is simple and efficient, having great potential for the synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals starting from [18F]FBA or other radiolabeled aromatic acids. Using [18F]PARPi prepared by this method, we demonstrated the promise of [18F]PARPi in the nuclear imaging of PARP-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbin Xu
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Huaping Chen
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Buck E Rogers
- Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - John A Katzenellenbogen
- Department of Chemistry and Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Dong Zhou
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Translating Molecules into Imaging—The Development of New PET Tracers for Patients with Melanoma. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12051116. [PMID: 35626272 PMCID: PMC9139963 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12051116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a deadly disease that often exhibits relentless progression and can have both early and late metastases. Recent advances in immunotherapy and targeted therapy have dramatically increased patient survival for patients with melanoma. Similar advances in molecular targeted PET imaging can identify molecular pathways that promote disease progression and therefore offer physiological information. Thus, they can be used to assess prognosis, tumor heterogeneity, and identify instances of treatment failure. Numerous agents tested preclinically and clinically demonstrate promising results with high tumor-to-background ratios in both primary and metastatic melanoma tumors. Here, we detail the development and testing of multiple molecular targeted PET-imaging agents, including agents for general oncological imaging and those specifically for PET imaging of melanoma. Of the numerous radiopharmaceuticals evaluated for this purpose, several have made it to clinical trials and showed promising results. Ultimately, these agents may become the standard of care for melanoma imaging if they are able to demonstrate micrometastatic disease and thus provide more accurate information for staging. Furthermore, these agents provide a more accurate way to monitor response to therapy. Patients will be able to receive treatment based on tumor uptake characteristics and may be able to be treated earlier for lesions that with traditional imaging would be subclinical, overall leading to improved outcomes for patients.
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Development of Radiofluorinated Nicotinamide/Picolinamide Derivatives as Diagnostic Probes for the Detection of Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126432. [PMID: 34208566 PMCID: PMC8234188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Regarding the increased incidence and high mortality rate of malignant melanoma, practical early-detection methods are essential to improve patients’ clinical outcomes. In this study, we successfully prepared novel picolinamide–benzamide (18F-FPABZA) and nicotinamide–benzamide (18F-FNABZA) conjugates and determined their biological characteristics. The radiochemical yields of 18F-FPABZA and 18F-FNABZA were 26 ± 5% and 1 ± 0.5%, respectively. 18F-FPABZA was more lipophilic (log P = 1.48) than 18F-FNABZA (log P = 0.68). The cellular uptake of 18F-FPABZA in melanotic B16F10 cells was relatively higher than that of 18F-FNABZA at 15 min post-incubation. However, both radiotracers did not retain in amelanotic A375 cells. The tumor-to-muscle ratios of 18F-FPABZA-injected B16F10 tumor-bearing mice increased from 7.6 ± 0.4 at 15 min post-injection (p.i.) to 27.5 ± 16.6 at 3 h p.i., while those administered with 18F-FNABZA did not show a similarly dramatic increase throughout the experimental period. The results obtained from biodistribution studies were consistent with those derived from microPET imaging. This study demonstrated that 18F-FPABZA is a promising melanin-targeting positron emission tomography (PET) probe for melanotic melanoma.
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Abstract
With the emergence of new therapeutic modalities, the diagnosis of melanoma at the earliest practicable stage has become more important for improving the survival of patients. We developed a positron emission tomography (PET) imaging probe, N-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-5-[18F]fluoropicolinamide ([18F]DMPY2) and evaluated diagnostic performance in animal models. [18F]DMPY2 PET exhibited excellent performance in detecting primary and metastatic melanomas, demonstrating strong/prolonged tumoral uptake and rapid background clearance. This suggests that this radiotracer could be used as a novel PET imaging agent to obtain outstanding image quality in the diagnosis of melanoma. This is the pioneering report of pyridine-based benzamide derivative with reduced alkyl chains in the amine residue and ultrasensitive detection of melanoma lesions in living subjects compared to conventional PET imaging agents. Malignant melanoma has one of the highest mortality rates of any cancer because of its aggressive nature and high metastatic potential. Clinical staging of the disease at the time of diagnosis is very important for the prognosis and outcome of melanoma treatment. In this study, we designed and synthesized the 18F-labeled pyridine-based benzamide derivatives N-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-5-[18F]fluoropicolinamide ([18F]DMPY2) and N-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-6-[18F]fluoronicotinamide ([18F]DMPY3) to detect primary and metastatic melanoma at an early stage and evaluated their performance in this task. [18F]DMPY2 and [18F]DMPY3 were synthesized by direct radiofluorination of the bromo precursor, and radiochemical yields were ∼15–20%. Cell uptakes of [18F]DMPY2 and [18F]DMPY3 were >103-fold and 18-fold higher, respectively, in B16F10 (mouse melanoma) cells than in negative control cells. Biodistribution studies revealed strong tumor uptake and retention of [18F]DMPY2 (24.8% injected dose per gram of tissue [ID/g] at 60 min) and [18F]DMPY3 (11.7%ID/g at 60 min) in B16F10 xenografts. MicroPET imaging of both agents demonstrated strong tumoral uptake/retention and rapid washout, resulting in excellent tumor-to-background contrast in B16F10 xenografts. In particular, [18F]DMPY2 clearly visualized almost all metastatic lesions in lung and lymph nodes, with excellent image quality. [18F]DMPY2 demonstrated a significantly higher tumor-to-liver ratio than [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) and the previously reported benzamide tracers N-[2-(diethylamino)-ethyl]-5-[18F]fluoropicolinamide ([18F]P3BZA) and N-[2-(diethylamino)-ethyl]-4-[18F]fluorobenzamide ([18F]FBZA) in B16F10-bearing or SK-MEL-3 (human melanoma)-bearing mice. In conclusion, [18F]DMPY2 might have strong potential for the diagnosis of early stage primary and metastatic melanoma using positron emission tomography (PET).
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Characterization of the binding of tau imaging ligands to melanin-containing cells: putative off-target-binding site. Ann Nucl Med 2019; 33:375-382. [PMID: 30796626 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-019-01344-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Amyloid-β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau protein are the neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. In recent years, marked progress has been made in Alzheimer's disease research using tau ligands for positron emission tomography (PET). However, the issue of off-target binding, that is, the binding of ligands to regions without tau pathology, remains unresolved. Tissues with melanin-containing cells (MCCs) have been suggested as binding targets for tau ligands. In the present study, we characterized the MCC-binding properties of representative tau PET ligands. METHODS Autoradiographic studies of [18F]AV-1451 and [18F]THK5351 were conducted using postmortem human midbrain sections. Saturation-binding assays of [18F]AV-1451 and [18F]THK5351 were performed with B16F10 melanoma cells. The blocking effects of 25 compounds against [18F]THK5351 binding to B16F10 cells were used to investigate the relationship between chemical structure and MCC binding. RESULTS Autoradiography demonstrated specific binding of the radioligands in the substantia nigra. [18F]AV-1451 and [18F]THK5351 exhibited saturable binding to melanoma cells ([18F]AV-1451: Kd = 669 ± 196 nM, Bmax = 622 ± 269 pmol/mg protein; [18F]THK5351: Kd = 441 ± 126 nM, Bmax = 559 ± 75.5 pmol/mg protein). In blocking studies with melanoma cells, compounds bearing multiple aromatic rings and an aminopyridine group, including tau ligands such as AV-1451, PBB3, and a lead compound of MK-6240, exhibited the inhibition of [18F]THK5351 binding comparable to self-blocking by THK5351 (> 70% at 10 µM). CONCLUSIONS These studies suggest that the binding properties of [18F]AV-1451 and [18F]THK5351 are sufficient to expect highlighting of tissues with a high density of MCCs. The findings of the present study should aid the development of neuroimaging ligands that do not bind to MCC.
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Pyo A, Kim HS, Kim HS, Yun M, Kim DY, Min JJ. N-(2-(Dimethylamino)Ethyl)-4- 18F-Fluorobenzamide: A Novel Molecular Probe for High-Contrast PET Imaging of Malignant Melanoma. J Nucl Med 2018; 60:924-929. [PMID: 30552204 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.118.221416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is an aggressive and serious form of skin cancer, with prognosis and treatment outcome depending heavily on the clinical stage of the disease at the time of diagnosis. Here, we synthesized a novel 18F-labeled benzamide derivative to target melanoma and then evaluated its biologic characteristics in small-animal models. Methods: N-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-4-18F-fluorobenzamide (18F-DMFB) was synthesized by reaction of N-succinimidyl 4-18F-fluorobenzoate with N,N-dimethylethylenediamine. The binding affinity of 18F-DMFB was measured in B16F10 (mouse melanoma) cells with or without l-tyrosine. Small-animal PET imaging with 18F-DMFB was performed on B16F10 xenograft and metastasis mouse models. Results: The overall non-decay-corrected radiochemical yield of 18F-DMFB was approximately 10%-15%. Uptake of 18F-DMFB was melanin-specific, as cellular uptake in B16F10 increased more than 18-fold in the presence of l-tyrosine. Biodistribution studies revealed that 18F-DMFB accumulated, and was retained, in B16F10 xenografts for 120 min (10, 30, 60, and 120 min: 9.24, 10.80, 13.0, and 10.59 percentage injected dose/g, respectively) after radiotracer injection. Liver uptake of 18F-DMFB decreased from 10 to 120 min and showed fast clearance (10, 30, 60, and 120 min: 11.19, 5.7, 2.47, and 0.4 percentage injected dose/g). Furthermore, 18F-DMFB allowed visualization of metastatic lesions immediately after injection and was retained in lesions for over 60 min, with a high tumor-to-background ratio. Conclusion: 18F-DMFB demonstrated a high melanin-targeting ability and tumor-specific tumor uptake in both primary and metastatic lesions in animal models bearing malignant melanoma. 18F-DMFB may be a potential PET imaging agent for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayoung Pyo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Hyeon Sik Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Hyung Seok Kim
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea; and
| | - Misun Yun
- Microbiology and Functionality Research Group, Research and Development Division, World Institute of Kimchi, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Dong-Yeon Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Jung-Joon Min
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Korea
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Intratumoral administration of carboplatin bearing poly (ε-caprolactone) nanoparticles amalgamated with in situ gel tendered augmented drug delivery, cytotoxicity, and apoptosis in melanoma tumor. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 166:339-348. [PMID: 29627747 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE In a phase II clinical trial, carboplatin (CBDCA) displayed the response rate of 19% equivalent to dacarbazine in the treatment of malignant melanoma. However, besides desirable therapeutic profile, intravenous (i.v) administration of CBDCA delivers a subtherapeutic concentration at the target site. This entails administration of CBDCA through an alternate route by using nanovectors to achieve therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of melanoma. METHODS AND RESULTS Carboplatin loaded poly(ε-caprolactone) nanoparticles (CBDCA-PCL-NPs) were formulated and amalgamated with chitosan-β-glycerophosphate gel (CBDCA-PCL-NPs-Gel) for intratumoral (i.t) administration. The mean particle size and zeta-potential of CBDCA-PCL-NPs were determined to be 54.5 ± 6.3-nm and -8.1 ± 0.9-mV, in addition to spherical shape of the nanoformulation. FT-IR spectroscopy denied any issue of chemical incompatibility between drug and polymer. XRD pattern indicated the amorphous lattice of CBDCA-PCL-NPs. The drug loading capacity of CBDCA-PCL-NPs-Gel was estimated to be 152 mg/1 ml. CBDCA-PCL-NPs-Gel demonstrated prolonged drug release up to 48 h. Furthermore, CBDCA-PCL-NPs-Gel displayed the IC50 of 80.3-μM significantly (P < 0.05) lower than 162.8-μM of CBDCA-PCL-NPs and 248.5-μM of CBDCA solution in B16F1, melanoma cancer cells. CBDCA-PCL-NPs-Gel verified 80.2% of apoptosis significantly (P < 0.01) higher than 57.6% of CBDCA-PCL-NPs and 43.4% of CBDCA solution. Continuation to this, CBDCA-PCL-NPs-Gel significantly (P < 0.01) suppressed the tumor volume to 95.5 ± 8.4-mm3 as compared to 178.9 ± 10.2-mm3 of CBDCA solution injected i.t. and 210.6 ± 17.1-mm3 displayed by CBDCA solution injected i.v. vis-à-vis 815.4 ± 17.1-mm3 tumor volume of B16F1 tumor bearing C57BL6J mice. CONCLUSION The promising preclinical results of CBDCA-PCL-NPs-Gel warrant further investigations under a set of stringent parameters for the treatment of melanoma.
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Kaur A, Jyoti K, Baldi A, Jain UK, Chandra R, Madan J. Self-assembled nanomicelles of amphiphilic clotrimazole glycyl-glycine analogue augmented drug delivery, apoptosis and restrained melanoma tumour progression. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 89:75-86. [PMID: 29752121 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In present investigation, self-assembled nanomicelles of amphiphilic clotrimazole glycyl-glycine (CLT-GG-SANMs) analogue were customized for augmenting drug delivery, permeability and apoptosis in B16F1 mouse melanoma cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo following intratumoral (i.t.) route of administration. The mean particle size of CLT-GG-SANMs was measured to be 35.9 ± 3.4 nm in addition to zeta-potential of -17.1 ± 3.5 mV. The shape of CLT-GG-SANMs was visualized to be smooth and spherical as like nanoparticles. The critical micellar concentration (CMC) of CLT-GG-SANMs was estimated to be 17 μg/ml using DPH (1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene) as a UV probe. Modification of CLT to CLT-GG-SANMs induced the amorphization in therapeutic moiety. Next, CLT suspension released only 9.7% of the drug within 1 h under dissolution testing and further analysis up to 48 h did not display any remarkable effect on the drug release. On the other hand, CLT-GG-SANMs released 46.2% of the drug significantly (P < 0.01) higher than CLT suspension at 4 h. The IC50 of CLT-GG-SANMs was measured to be 15.1-μM significantly (P < 0.05) lower than CLT suspension (IC50 > 20 μM) in B16F1 cells. Western blotting and histopathological analysis also supported the superior therapeutic efficacy of CLT-GG-SANMs in terms of higher extent of apoptosis, tumour regression and exhibition of strong antioxidant potential against B16F1 cells induced tumour in C57BL6J mice. In conclusion, in vitro and in vivo therapeutic efficacy analysis indicated that CLT-GG-SANMs may be a potential candidate for translating in to a clinically viable product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Chandigarh College of Pharmacy, Mohali, Panjab, India
| | - Kiran Jyoti
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Sachdeva College of Pharmacy, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Ashish Baldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Upendra Kumar Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Chandigarh College of Pharmacy, Mohali, Panjab, India
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India; Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Jitender Madan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Chandigarh College of Pharmacy, Mohali, Panjab, India.
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Wei W, Ehlerding EB, Lan X, Luo Q, Cai W. PET and SPECT imaging of melanoma: the state of the art. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2018; 45:132-150. [PMID: 29085965 PMCID: PMC5700861 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-017-3839-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma represents the most aggressive form of skin cancer, and its incidence continues to rise worldwide. 18F-FDG PET imaging has transformed diagnostic nuclear medicine and has become an essential component in the management of melanoma, but still has its drawbacks. With the rapid growth in the field of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging, a variety of promising probes that enable early diagnosis and detection of melanoma have been developed. The substantial preclinical success of melanin- and peptide-based probes has recently resulted in the translation of several radiotracers to clinical settings for noninvasive imaging and treatment of melanoma in humans. In this review, we focus on the latest developments in radiolabeled molecular imaging probes for melanoma in preclinical and clinical settings, and discuss the challenges and opportunities for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Wei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600# Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Room 7137, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705-2275, USA
| | - Emily B Ehlerding
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Xiaoli Lan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, No. 1277 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Quanyong Luo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600# Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Weibo Cai
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Room 7137, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705-2275, USA.
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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13
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Seddik U, Aglan H, Trencsényi G, Szabó JP, Kertész I, Kandil SA. Rapid radiosynthesis of two [ 18F]-labeled nicotinamide derivatives for malignant melanoma imaging. Appl Radiat Isot 2017; 132:142-146. [PMID: 29227835 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The rapid synthesis of two radiofluoronicotinamide derivatives, namely, [18F]MEL050 and [18F]MEL-2F has been simply performed starting from commercial materials. [18F]MEL-2F is a new, potential analogue PET-probe for melanoma imaging. [18F]MEL050 is already an excellent PET imaging probe for early specific diagnosis. The synthesis involves coupling step to obtain the precursor followed by radiofluorination. During the synthesis of the precursors different coupling reagents, such as HBTU, TFFH, HOBT, COMU and PyCIU have been applied. PyClU was found the best to reduce the coupling period to < 1h. The labeled compounds were isolated and purified by HPLC. In the in-vitro study three kinds of cells, namely, Melur (melanin free), KB-3 carcinoma cell line (non-melanoma) and B16-F10 melanoma cell line were used to evaluate the uptake of the radiotracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Seddik
- Cyclotron Project, Nuclear Research Centre, Atomic Energy Authority, B.O. 13759, Cairo, Egypt
| | - H Aglan
- Cyclotron Project, Nuclear Research Centre, Atomic Energy Authority, B.O. 13759, Cairo, Egypt
| | - G Trencsényi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Center, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - J P Szabó
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Center, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - I Kertész
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Center, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - S A Kandil
- Cyclotron Project, Nuclear Research Centre, Atomic Energy Authority, B.O. 13759, Cairo, Egypt.
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14
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Garg PK, Nazih R, Wu Y, Grinevich VP, Garg S. Selective targeting of melanoma using N-(2-diethylaminoethyl) 4-[ 18F]fluoroethoxy benzamide (4-[ 18F]FEBZA): a novel PET imaging probe. EJNMMI Res 2017; 7:61. [PMID: 28791653 PMCID: PMC5548701 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-017-0311-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to develop a positron emission tomography (PET) imaging probe that is easy to synthesize and selectively targets melanoma in vivo. Herein, we report the synthesis and preclinical evaluation of N-(2-diethylaminoethyl) 4-[18F]Fluoroethoxy benzamide (4-[18F]FEBZA). A one-step synthesis was developed to prepare 4-[18F]FEBZA in high radiochemical yields and specific activity. The binding affinity, the in vitro binding, and internalization studies were performed using B16F1 melanoma cell line. The biodistribution studies were performed in C57BL/6 normal mice, C57BL/6 mice bearing B16F1 melanoma tumor xenografts, and nu/nu athymic mice bearing HT-29 human adenocarcinoma tumor and C-32 amelanotic melanoma tumor xenografts. MicroPET studies were performed in mice bearing B16F1 and HT-29 tumor xenografts. Results 4-[18F]FEBZA was prepared in 53 ± 14% radiochemical yields and a specific activity of 8.7 ± 1.1 Ci/μmol. The overall synthesis time for 4-[18F]FEBZA was 54 ± 7 min. The in vitro binding to B16F1 cells was 60.03 ± 0.48% after 1 h incubation at 37 °C. The in vivo biodistribution studies show a rapid and high uptake of F-18 in B16F1 tumor with 8.66 ± 1.02%IA/g in this tumor at 1 h. In contrast, the uptake at 1 h in HT-29 colorectal adenocarcinoma and C-32 amelanotic melanoma tumors was significantly lower with 3.68 ± 0.47%IA/g and 3.91 ± 0.23%IA/g in HT-29 and C-32 tumors, respectively. On microPET images, the melanoma tumor was clearly visible by 10 min post-injection and the intensity in the tumor continued to increase with time. In contrast, the HT-29 tumor was not visible on the microPET scans. Conclusions A rapid and facile synthesis of 4-[18F]FEBZA is developed. This method offers a reliable production of 4-[18F]FEBZA in high radiochemical yields and specific activity. A high binding affinity to melanoma cells and high uptake in tumor was noted. The microPET scan clearly delineates the melanoma tumor by 10 min post-injection. The results from these preclinical studies support the potential of 4-[18F]FEBZA as an effective probe to image melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep K Garg
- Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston Salem, NC, USA. .,Center for Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Biomedical Research Foundation, 1505 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71133, USA.
| | - Rachid Nazih
- Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston Salem, NC, USA.,Center for Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Biomedical Research Foundation, 1505 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71133, USA
| | - Yanjun Wu
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Biomedical Research Foundation, 1505 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71133, USA
| | - Vladimir P Grinevich
- Current Address: Asinex Corporation, 10 N. Chestnut Street, St 104, Winston Salem, NC, 27101, USA
| | - Sudha Garg
- Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston Salem, NC, USA.,Center for Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Biomedical Research Foundation, 1505 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71133, USA
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15
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Kertész I, Vida A, Nagy G, Emri M, Farkas A, Kis A, Angyal J, Dénes N, Szabó JP, Kovács T, Bai P, Trencsényi G. In Vivo Imaging of Experimental Melanoma Tumors using the Novel Radiotracer 68Ga-NODAGA-Procainamide (PCA). J Cancer 2017; 8:774-785. [PMID: 28382139 PMCID: PMC5381165 DOI: 10.7150/jca.17550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The most aggressive form of skin cancer is the malignant melanoma. Because of its high metastatic potential the early detection of primary melanoma tumors and metastases using non-invasive PET imaging determines the outcome of the disease. Previous studies have already shown that benzamide derivatives, such as procainamide (PCA) specifically bind to melanin pigment. The aim of this study was to synthesize and investigate the melanin specificity of the novel 68Ga-labeled NODAGA-PCA molecule in vitro and in vivo using PET techniques. Methods: Procainamide (PCA) was conjugated with NODAGA chelator and was labeled with Ga-68 (68Ga-NODAGA-PCA). The melanin specificity of 68Ga-NODAGA-PCA was tested in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo using melanotic B16-F10 and amelanotic Melur melanoma cell lines. By subcutaneous and intravenous injection of melanoma cells tumor-bearing mice were prepared, on which biodistribution studies and small animal PET/CT scans were performed for 68Ga-NODAGA-PCA and 18FDG tracers. Results: 68Ga-NODAGA-PCA was produced with high specific activity (14.9±3.9 GBq/µmol) and with excellent radiochemical purity (98%<), at all cases. In vitro experiments showed that 68Ga-NODAGA-PCA uptake of B16-F10 cells was significantly (p≤0.01) higher than Melur cells. Ex vivo biodistribution and in vivo PET/CT studies using subcutaneous and metastatic tumor models showed significantly (p≤0.01) higher 68Ga-NODAGA-PCA uptake in B16-F10 primary tumors and lung metastases in comparison with amelanotic Melur tumors. In experiments where 18FDG and 68Ga-NODAGA-PCA uptake of B16-F10 tumors was compared, we found that the tumor-to-muscle (T/M) and tumor-to-lung (T/L) ratios were significantly (p≤0.05 and p≤0.01) higher using 68Ga-NODAGA-PCA than the 18FDG accumulation. Conclusion: Our novel radiotracer 68Ga-NODAGA-PCA showed specific binding to the melanin producing experimental melanoma tumors. Therefore, 68Ga-NODAGA-PCA is a suitable diagnostic radiotracer for the detection of melanoma tumors and metastases in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Kertész
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - András Vida
- Department of Medical Chemisty, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary;; MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | - Miklós Emri
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Antal Farkas
- Department of Urology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Kis
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - János Angyal
- Department of Periodontology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Noémi Dénes
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Judit P Szabó
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tünde Kovács
- Department of Medical Chemisty, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary;; MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Bai
- Department of Medical Chemisty, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary;; MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, Hungary;; Research Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary
| | - György Trencsényi
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary;; Scanomed LTD, Debrecen, Hungary
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16
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Dasargyri A, Kümin CD, Leroux JC. Targeting Nanocarriers with Anisamide: Fact or Artifact? ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1603451. [PMID: 27885719 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulating chemotherapeutics in nanoparticles can reduce the side effects of intravenous administration and improve their antitumor efficacy. Additionally, surface decoration of the nanocarriers with tumor-targeting ligands may enhance their specificity for cancer cells overexpressing the corresponding ligand-binding counterpart. The focus here is on anisamide, a low-molecular-weight benzamide derivative used as a tumor-directing moiety in functionalized nanosystems, based on its alleged interaction with Sigma receptors. The scintigraphic agents that initially inspired the use of anisamide for tumor targeting are described, and the published anisamide-tethered nanocarrier formulations are reviewed, together with a critical overview of the ligand's tumor-targeting properties. Moreover, anisamide's putative but dubious cellular target, the Sigma-1 receptor, is discussed with regard to its subcellular localization and implications in cancer. Data from in vivo studies reveal that the effect of anisamide on the antitumor efficacy of the decorated nanosystems varies considerably among the published reports. Together with the evidence questioning the interaction of anisamide with the Sigma receptors, the variability of anisamide's effect on the tumor deposition and the antitumor efficacy of the decorated drug carriers calls into question the extent of the ligand's tumor-targeting effect. Further research is necessary to elucidate the ligand's utility in tumor targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasia Dasargyri
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ), Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Carole D Kümin
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ), Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Christophe Leroux
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ), Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
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17
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Garg PK, Nazih R, Wu Y, Singh R, Garg S. 4- 11C-Methoxy N-(2-Diethylaminoethyl) Benzamide: A Novel Probe to Selectively Target Melanoma. J Nucl Med 2016; 58:827-832. [PMID: 27980051 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.116.184564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the synthesis and preclinical evaluation of a 11C-labeled probe to target melanoma using PET. Methods: The target compound 4-11C-methoxy N-(2-diethylaminoethyl) benzamide (4-11C-MBZA) was prepared via the 11C-methylation of 4-hydroxy N-(2-diethylaminoethyl) benzamide (4-HBZA). The in vitro binding was performed using B16F1 (melanoma cells), MCF-10A (breast epithelial cells), and MDA-MB 231 (breast cancer cells). The internalization studies were conducted using B16F1 cells. In vivo biodistribution and small-animal PET imaging were performed in mice bearing B16F1 melanoma tumor xenografts. Results: The target compound 4-11C-MBZA was prepared in 46% ± 7% radiochemical yields by reacting 11C-methyltriflate with 4-HBZA followed by high-performance liquid chromatography purification. The specific activity of this compound was 853 ± 29.6 GBq/μmol (23 ± 0.8 Ci/μmol). The binding of 4-11C-MBZA to B16F1, MCF-10A, and MDA-MB-231 cells was 6.41% ± 1.28%, 1.51% ± 0.17%, and 0.30% ± 0.17%, respectively. Internalization studies using B16F1 melanoma cells show 60.7% of the cell-bound activity was internalized. Results from biodistribution studies show a rapid and high uptake of radioactivity in the tumor, with uptake levels reaching 5.85 ± 0.79 and 8.13 ± 1.46 percentage injected dose per gram at 10 and 60 min, respectively. Low uptake in normal tissues in conjunction with high tumor uptake resulted in high tumor-to-tissue ratios. On small-animal PET images, the tumor was clearly delineated soon after 4-11C-MBZA injection and tumor uptake reached 4.2 percentage injected dose per gram by 20 min. These preclinical evaluations show a high propensity of 4-11C-MBZA toward melanoma tumor. Conclusion: We successfully developed 4-11C-MBZA as a PET imaging probe, displaying properties advantageous over those for its 18F analogs. These preclinical evaluation results demonstrate the clinical potential of this probe to selectively target melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep K Garg
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest University Medical Center, Winston Salem, North Carolina .,Biomedical Research Foundation, Shreveport, Louisiana; and
| | - Rachid Nazih
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest University Medical Center, Winston Salem, North Carolina.,Biomedical Research Foundation, Shreveport, Louisiana; and
| | - Yanjun Wu
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Shreveport, Louisiana; and
| | - Ravi Singh
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest University Medical Center, Winston Salem, North Carolina.,Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University Medical Center, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - Sudha Garg
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest University Medical Center, Winston Salem, North Carolina .,Biomedical Research Foundation, Shreveport, Louisiana; and
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18
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Chang CC, Chang CH, Lo YH, Lin MH, Shen CC, Liu RS, Wang HE, Chen CL. Preparation and characterization of a novel Al(18)F-NOTA-BZA conjugate for melanin-targeted imaging of malignant melanoma. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:4133-9. [PMID: 27445169 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Melanin is an attractive target for the diagnosis and treatment of malignant melanoma. Previous studies have demonstrated the specific binding ability of benzamide moiety to melanin. In this study, we developed a novel (18)F-labeled NOTA-benzamide conjugate, Al(18)F-NOTA-BZA, which can be synthesized in 30min with a radiochemical yield of 20-35% and a radiochemical purity of >95%. Al(18)F-NOTA-BZA is highly hydrophilic (logP=-1.96) and shows good in vitro stability. Intravenous administration of Al(18)F-NOTA-BZA in two melanoma-bearing mouse models revealed highly specific uptake in B16F0 melanotic melanoma (6.67±0.91 and 1.50±0.26%ID/g at 15 and 120min p.i., respectively), but not in A375 amelanotic melanoma (0.87±0.21 and 0.24±0.09%ID/g at 15 and 120min p.i., respectively). The clearance from most normal tissues was fast. A microPET scan of Al(18)F-NOTA-BZA-injected mice also displayed high-contrast tumor images as compared with normal organs. Owing to the favorable in vivo distribution of Al(18)F-NOTA-BZA after intravenous administration, the estimated absorption dose was low in all normal organs and tissues. The melanin-specific binding ability, sustained tumor retention, fast normal tissues clearance and thelow projected human dosimetry supported that Al(18)F-NOTA-BZA is a very promising melanin-specific PET probe for melanin-positive melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chao Chang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Li-Nong St., Sec. 2, Pei-tou, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsien Chang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Li-Nong St., Sec. 2, Pei-tou, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; Isotope Application Division, Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Lo
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Li-Nong St., Sec. 2, Pei-tou, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsien Lin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Taipei City Hospital, Zhongxiao Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chieh Shen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Shyan Liu
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Li-Nong St., Sec. 2, Pei-tou, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; Molecular and Genetic Imaging Core/Taiwan Mouse Clinic, National Comprehensive Mouse Phenotyping and Drug Testing Center, Taipei, Taiwan; National PET/Cyclotron Center and Department of Nuclear Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ell Wang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Li-Nong St., Sec. 2, Pei-tou, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
| | - Chuan-Lin Chen
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Li-Nong St., Sec. 2, Pei-tou, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
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19
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Chang CC, Chang CH, Shen CC, Chen CL, Liu RS, Lin MH, Wang HE. Synthesis and characterization of a novel radioiodinated phenylacetamide and its homolog as theranostic agents for malignant melanoma. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 81:201-9. [PMID: 26517961 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Melanin is an attractive target for the diagnosis and treatment of malignant melanoma. This study reports the preparation and biological characterizations of N-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)-2-(3-(123/131)I-iodo-4- hydroxyphenyl)acetamide and N-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)-3-(3-(123/131)I-iodo-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanamide (123/131)I-IHPA and 123/131I-IHPP) as novel melanin-specific theranostic agents. These two tracers were hydrophilic, exhibited good serum stability and high binding affinity to melanin. In vitro and in vivo studies revealed rapid, high and tenacious uptakes of both 131I-IHPA and 131I-IHPP in melanotic B16F0 cell line and in C57BL/6 mice bearing B16F0 melanoma, but not in amelanonic A375 cell line and tumors. Small-animal SPECT imaging also clearly delineate B16F0 melanoma since 1 h postinjection of 123I-IHPA and 123I-IHPP in tumor-bearing mice. Owing to the favorable biodistribution of 131I-IHPA and 131I-IHPP after intravenous administration, the estimated absorption dose was low in most normal organs and relatively high in melanotic tumor. The melanin-specific binding ability, sustained tumor retention, fast normal tissues clearance and acceptable projected human dosimetry supported that these two tracers are promising theranostic agents for melanin-positive melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chao Chang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsien Chang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Isotope Application Division, Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chieh Shen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Lin Chen
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Shyan Liu
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Molecular and Genetic Imaging Core/Taiwan Mouse Clinic, National Comprehensive Mouse Phenotyping and Drug Testing Center, Taipei, Taiwan; National PET/Cyclotron Center and Department of Nuclear Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsien Lin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Taipei City Hospital, Zhongxiao Branch, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Hsin-Ell Wang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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20
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Feng H, Xia X, Li C, Song Y, Qin C, Liu Q, Zhang Y, Lan X. Imaging malignant melanoma with (18)F-5-FPN. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2015; 43:113-122. [PMID: 26260649 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-015-3134-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiolabelled benzamides are attractive candidates for targeting melanoma because they bind to melanin and exhibit high tumour uptake and retention. (18)F-5-Fluoro-N-(2-[diethylamino]ethyl)picolinamide ((18)F-5-FPN), a benzamide analogue, was prepared and its pharmacokinetics and binding affinity evaluated both in vitro and in vivo to assess its clinical potential in the diagnosis and staging of melanoma. METHODS (18)F-5-FPN was prepared and purified. Its binding specificity was measured in vitro in two different melanoma cell lines, one pigmented (B16F10 cells) and one nonpigmented (A375m cells), and in vivo in mice xenografted with the same cell lines. Dynamic and static PET images using (18)F-5-FPN were obtained in the tumour-bearing mice, and the static images were also compared with those acquired with (18)F-FDG. PET imaging with (18)F-5-FPN was also performed in B16F10 tumour-bearing mice with lung metastases. RESULTS (18)F-5-FPN was successfully prepared with radiochemical yields of 5 - 10 %. Binding of (18)F-5-FPN to B16F10 cells was much higher than to A375m cells. On dynamic PET imaging B16F10 tumours were visible about 1 min after injection of the tracer, and the uptake gradually increased over time. (18)F-5-FPN was rapidly excreted via the kidneys. B16F10 tumours were clearly visible on static images acquired 1 and 2 h after injection, with high uptake values of 24.34 ± 6.32 %ID/g and 16.63 ± 5.41 %ID/g, respectively, in the biodistribution study (five mice). However, there was no visible uptake by A375m tumours. (18)F-5-FPN and (18)F-FDG PET imaging were compared in B16F10 tumour xenografts, and the tumour-to-background ratio of (18)F-5-FPN was ten times higher than that of (18)F-FDG (35.22 ± 7.02 vs. 3.29 ± 0.53, five mice). (18)F-5-FPN PET imaging also detected simulated lung metastases measuring 1 - 2 mm. CONCLUSION (18)F-5-FPN specifically targeted melanin in vitro and in vivo with high retention and affinity and favourable pharmacokinetics. (18)F-5-FPN may be an ideal molecular probe for melanoma diagnosis and staging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Feng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, No. 1277 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xiaotian Xia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, No. 1277 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Chongjiao Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, No. 1277 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yiling Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, No. 1277 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Chunxia Qin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, No. 1277 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Qingyao Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, No. 1277 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yongxue Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, No. 1277 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xiaoli Lan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, No. 1277 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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21
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Chang CC, Chang CH, Shen CC, Chen CL, Liu RS, Lin MH, Wang HE. Synthesis and evaluation of ¹²³/¹³¹I-Iochlonicotinamide as a novel SPECT probe for malignant melanoma. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:2261-9. [PMID: 25800432 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma expresses a highly aggressive metastasis. Early diagnosis of malignant melanoma is important for patient survival. Radiolabeled benzamides and nicotinamides have been reported to be attractive candidates for malignant melanoma diagnosis as they bind to melanin, a characteristic substance that displays in malignant melanoma, and show high tumor accumulation and retention. Herein, we designed and synthesized a novel (123/131)I-labeled nicotinamide derivative that specifically binds to melanin. (123/131)I-Iochlonicotinamide was prepared with good radiochemical yield (50-70%, decay corrected) and high specific radioactivity (50-80 GBq/μmol). (131)I-Iochlonicotinamide exhibited good in vitro stability (radiochemical purity >95% after a 24-h incubation) in human serum. High uptake of (123/131)I-Iochlonicotinamide in B16F0 melanoma cells compared to that in A375 amelanotic cells demonstrated its selective binding to melanin. Intravenous administration of (123/131)I-Iochlonicotinamide in a melanoma-bearing mouse model revealed high uptake in melanotic melanoma and high tumor-to-muscle ratio. MicroSPECT scan of (123/131)I-Iochlonicotinamide injected mice also displayed high contrast tumor imaging as compared with normal organs. The radiation-absorbed dose projection for the administration of (131)I-Iochlonicotinamide to human was based on the results of biodistribution study. The effective dose appears to be approximately 0.44 mSv/MBq(-1). The specific binding of (123/131)I-Iochlonicotinamide to melanin along with a prolonged tumor retention and acceptable projected human dosimetry suggest that it may be a promising theranostic agent for treating malignant melanoma.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Humans
- Iodine Radioisotopes
- Male
- Melanoma/diagnosis
- Melanoma/drug therapy
- Melanoma/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Nude
- Molecular Probes/administration & dosage
- Molecular Probes/chemistry
- Molecular Probes/pharmacokinetics
- Molecular Structure
- Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Niacinamide/administration & dosage
- Niacinamide/chemistry
- Niacinamide/pharmacology
- Positron-Emission Tomography
- Radiopharmaceuticals/administration & dosage
- Radiopharmaceuticals/chemistry
- Radiopharmaceuticals/pharmacokinetics
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Tissue Distribution
- Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chao Chang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Li-Nong St., Sec. 2, Pei-tou District, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsien Chang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Li-Nong St., Sec. 2, Pei-tou District, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; Isotope Application Division, Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chieh Shen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Lin Chen
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Li-Nong St., Sec. 2, Pei-tou District, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Shyan Liu
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Li-Nong St., Sec. 2, Pei-tou District, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsien Lin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Taipei City Hospital, Zhongxiao Branch, No. 87, Tong-De Rd., Nan-Gang District, Taipei 11556, Taiwan.
| | - Hsin-Ell Wang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Li-Nong St., Sec. 2, Pei-tou District, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
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Synthesis and preclinical characterization of [18F]FPBZA: a novel PET probe for melanoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:912498. [PMID: 25254219 PMCID: PMC4165567 DOI: 10.1155/2014/912498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Benzamide can specifically bind to melanoma cells. A 18F-labeled benzamide derivative, [18F]N-(2-diethylaminoethyl)-4-[2-(2-(2-fluoroethoxy) ethoxy)ethoxy]benzamide ([18F]FPBZA), was developed as a promising PET probe for primary and metastatic melanoma. METHODS [18F]FPBZA was synthesized via a one-step radiofluorination in this study. The specific uptake of [18F]FPBZA was studied in B16F0 melanoma cells, A375 amelanotic melanoma cells, and NB-DNJ-pretreated B16F0 melanoma cells. The biological characterization of [18F]FPBZA was performed on mice bearing B16F0 melanoma, A375 amelanotic melanoma, or inflammation lesion. RESULTS [18F]FPBZA can be prepared efficiently with a yield of 40-50%. The uptake of [18F]FPBZA by B16F0 melanoma cells was significantly higher than those by A375 tumor cells and NB-DNJ-pretreated B16F0 melanoma cells. B16F0 melanoma displayed prominent uptake of [18F]FPBZA at 2 h (7.81±0.82%ID/g), compared with A375 tumor and inflammation lesion (3.00±0.71 and 1.67±0.56%ID/g, resp.). [18F]FPBZA microPET scan clearly delineated B16F0 melanoma but not A375 tumor and inflammation lesion. In mice bearing pulmonary metastases, the lung radioactivity reached 4.77±0.36%ID/g at 2 h (versus 1.16±0.23%ID/g in normal mice). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that [18F]FPBZA PET would provide a promising and specific approach for the detection of primary and metastatic melanoma lesions.
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Liu H, Liu S, Miao Z, Jiang H, Deng Z, Hong X, Cheng Z. A novel aliphatic 18F-labeled probe for PET imaging of melanoma. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:3384-91. [PMID: 23927458 DOI: 10.1021/mp400225s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Radiofluorinated benzamide and nicotinamide analogues are promising molecular probes for the positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of melanoma. Compounds containing aromatic (benzene or pyridine) and N,N-diethylethylenediamine groups have been successfully used for development of melanin targeted PET and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging agents for melanoma. The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of using aliphatic compounds as a molecular platform for the development of a new generation of PET probes for melanoma detection. An aliphatic N,N-diethylethylenediamine precursor was directly coupled to a radiofluorination synthon, p-nitrophenyl 2-(18)F-fluoropropionate ((18)F-NFP), to produce the probe N-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)-2-(18)F-fluoropropanamide ((18)F-FPDA). The melanoma-targeting ability of (18)F-FPDA was further evaluated both in vitro and in vivo through cell uptake assays, biodistribution studies, and small animal PET imaging in C57BL/6 mice bearing B16F10 murine melanoma tumors. Beginning with the precursor (18)F-NFP, the total preparation time for (18)F-FPDA, including the final high-performance liquid chromatography purification step, was approximately 30 min, with a decay-corrected radiochemical yield of 79.8%. The melanin-targeting specificity of (18)F-FPDA was demonstrated by significantly different uptake rates in tyrosine-treated and untreated B16F10 cells in vitro. The tumor uptake of (18)F-FPDA in vivo reached 2.65 ± 0.48 %ID/g at 2 h postinjection (p.i.) in pigment-enriched B16F10 xenografts, whereas the tumor uptake of (18)F-FPDA was close to the background levels, with rates of only 0.37 ± 0.07 %ID/g at 2 h p.i. in the nonpigmented U87MG tumor mouse model. Furthermore, small animal PET imaging studies revealed that (18)F-FPDA specifically targeted the melanotic B16F10 tumor, yielding a tumor-to-muscle ratio of approximately 4:1 at 1 h p.i. and 7:1 at 2 h p.i. In summary, we report the development of a novel (18)F-labeled aliphatic compound for melanoma imaging that can be easily synthesized in high yields using the radiosynthon (18)F-NFP. The PET probe (18)F-FPDA exhibits high B16F10 tumor-targeting efficacy and favorable in vivo pharmacokinetics. Our study demonstrates that aliphatic compounds can be used as a new generation molecular platform for the development of novel melanoma targeting agents. Further evaluation and optimization of (18)F-FPDA for melanin targeted molecular imaging are therefore warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongguang Liu
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Bio-X Program, and Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University , California, 94305-5344, United States
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Synthesis, radioiodination and in vivo screening of novel potent iodinated and fluorinated radiotracers as melanoma imaging and therapeutic probes. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 63:840-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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25
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Liu H, Liu S, Miao Z, Deng Z, Shen B, Hong X, Cheng Z. Development of 18F-labeled picolinamide probes for PET imaging of malignant melanoma. J Med Chem 2013; 56:895-901. [PMID: 23301672 DOI: 10.1021/jm301740k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive skin cancer with worldwide increasing incidence. Development of positron emission tomography (PET) probes for early detection of melanoma is critical for improving the survival rate of melanoma patients. In this research, (18)F-picolinamide-based PET probes were prepared by direct radiofluorination of the bromopicolinamide precursors using no-carrier-added (18)F-fluoride. The resulting probes, (18)F-1, (18)F-2 and (18)F-3, were then evaluated in vivo by small animal PET imaging and biodistribution studies in C57BL/6 mice bearing B16F10 murine melanoma tumors. Noninvasive small animal PET studies demonstrated excellent tumor imaging contrasts for all probes, while (18)F-2 showed higher tumor to muscle ratios than (18)F-1 and (18)F-3. Furthermore, (18)F-2 demonstrated good in vivo stability as evidenced by the low bone uptake in biodistribution studies. Collectively, these findings suggest (18)F-2 as a highly promising PET probe for translation into clinical detection of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongguang Liu
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Bio-X Program, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, California, 94305-5344, USA
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Taylor SR, Roberts MP, Wyatt NA, Pham TQ, Stark D, Bourdier T, Roselt P, Katsifis A, Greguric I. Synthesis and Radiosynthesis of a Novel PET Fluorobenzyl Piperazine for Melanoma Tumour Imaging; [18F]MEL054. Aust J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1071/ch12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
2-{2-[4-(4-[18F]-Fluorobenzyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl}isoindolin-1-one ([18F]MEL054), is a new potent indolinone-based melanin binder designed to target melanotic tumours. [18F]MEL054 was prepared by an automated two-step radiosynthesis, comprising of the preparation of 4-[18F]fluorobenzaldehyde from 4-formyl-N,N,N-trimethylanilinium triflate, followed by reductive alkylation with 2-(2-oxo-2-piperazin-1-ylethyl)isoindolin-1-one. 4-[18F]Fluorobenzaldehyde was prepared on a GE TRACERlab FXFN module in 68 ± 8 % radiochemical yield (RCY, non-decay corrected), purified by a Sep-Pak Plus C18 cartridge and eluted into the reactor of an in-house modified Nuclear Interface [18F]FDG synthesis module for the subsequent reductive alkylation reaction. HPLC purification produced [18F]MEL054 in a collected RCY of 34 ± 9 % (non-decay corrected), the total preparation time (including Sep-Pak Plus C18 and HPLC purification) did not exceed 105 min. The radiochemical purity of [18F]MEL054 was greater than 99 % with a specific radioactivity of 71–119 GBq μmol–1 and [18F]MEL054 remained stable in saline solution (>98 %) after 3 h.
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27
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Kim HJ, Kim DY, Park JH, Yang SD, Hur MG, Min JJ, Yu KH. Synthesis and evaluation of a novel 68Ga-labeled DOTA-benzamide derivative for malignant melanoma imaging. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:5288-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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28
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Synthesis and characterization of a (68)Ga-labeled N-(2-diethylaminoethyl)benzamide derivative as potential PET probe for malignant melanoma. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:4915-20. [PMID: 22831797 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Radiolabeled benzamides have been reported to be attractive agents for targeting malignant melanoma as they bind melanin and display high accumulation in melanoma cells. Herein, we report the synthesis and bioevaluation of a novel (68)Ga-labeled benzamide as a potential PET agent for malignant melanoma. The novel radiotracer was synthesized in good radiochemical yields (80% decay corrected yield) and high specific radioactivity (10 GBq/μmol). Cellular uptake of (68)Ga-SCN-NOTA-BZA was significantly higher in B16F10 cells (mouse melanoma) treated with L-tyrosine. Biodistribution and micro-PET studies of (68)Ga-SCN-NOTA-BZA in B16F10-bearing mice showed selective uptake into the tumor. The radiotracer was cleared via renal excretion without further metabolism. These results demonstrate that (68)Ga-SCN-NOTA-BZA is a potential PET probe for malignant melanoma.
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Rbah-Vidal L, Vidal A, Besse S, Cachin F, Bonnet M, Audin L, Askienazy S, Dollé F, Degoul F, Miot-Noirault E, Moins N, Auzeloux P, Chezal JM. Early detection and longitudinal monitoring of experimental primary and disseminated melanoma using [18F]ICF01006, a highly promising melanoma PET tracer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2012; 39:1449-61. [PMID: 22707183 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-012-2168-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Lemaire C, Libert L, Plenevaux A, Aerts J, Franci X, Luxen A. Fast and reliable method for the preparation of ortho- and para-[18F]fluorobenzyl halide derivatives: Key intermediates for the preparation of no-carrier-added PET aromatic radiopharmaceuticals. J Fluor Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2012.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Dapueto R, Castelli R, Fernández M, Chabalgoity JA, Moreno M, Gambini JP, Cabral P, Porcal W. Biological evaluation of glucose and deoxyglucose derivatives radiolabeled with [99mTc(CO)3(H2O)3]+ core as potential melanoma imaging agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:7102-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.09.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Maisonial A, Kuhnast B, Papon J, Boisgard R, Bayle M, Vidal A, Auzeloux P, Rbah L, Bonnet-Duquennoy M, Miot-Noirault E, Galmier MJ, Borel M, Askienazy S, Dollé F, Tavitian B, Madelmont JC, Moins N, Chezal JM. Single photon emission computed tomography/positron emission tomography imaging and targeted radionuclide therapy of melanoma: new multimodal fluorinated and iodinated radiotracers. J Med Chem 2011; 54:2745-66. [PMID: 21417462 DOI: 10.1021/jm101574q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study reports a series of 14 new iodinated and fluorinated compounds offering both early imaging ((123)I, (124)I, (18)F) and systemic treatment ((131)I) of melanoma potentialities. The biodistribution of each (125)I-labeled tracer was evaluated in a model of melanoma B16F0-bearing mice, using in vivo serial γ scintigraphic imaging. Among this series, [(125)I]56 emerged as the most promising compound in terms of specific tumoral uptake and in vivo kinetic profile. To validate our multimodality concept, the radiosynthesis of [(18)F]56 was then optimized and this radiotracer has been successfully investigated for in vivo PET imaging of melanoma in B16F0- and B16F10-bearing mouse model. The therapeutic efficacy of [(131)I]56 was then evaluated in mice bearing subcutaneous B16F0 melanoma, and a significant slow down in tumoral growth was demonstrated. These data support further development of 56 for PET imaging ((18)F, (124)I) and targeted radionuclide therapy ((131)I) of melanoma using a single chemical structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Maisonial
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Imagerie Moléculaire et Thérapie Vectorisée, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Rapid and efficient synthesis of [18F]fluoronicotinamides, [18F]fluoroisonicotinamides and [18F]fluorobenzamides as potential pet radiopharmaceuticals for melanoma imaging. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Pfluger T, Melzer HI, Schneider V, La Fougere C, Coppenrath E, Berking C, Bartenstein P, Weiss M. PET/CT in malignant melanoma: contrast-enhanced CT versus plain low-dose CT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2011; 38:822-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-010-1702-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Greguric I, Taylor S, Pham T, Wyatt N, Jiang CD, Bourdier T, Loc'h C, Roselt P, Neels OC, Katsifis A. Radiosynthesis of a Novel PET Fluoronicotinamide for Melanoma Tumour PET Imaging; [18F]MEL050. Aust J Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1071/ch11048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
[18F]6-Fluoro-N-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]nicotinamide [18F]MEL050 is a novel nicotinamide-based radiotracer, designed to target random metastatic dissemination of melanoma tumours by targeting melanin. Preclinical studies suggest that [18F]MEL050 has an excellent potential to improve diagnosis and staging of melanoma. Here we report the radiochemical optimization conditions of [18F]MEL050 and its large scale automated synthesis using a GE FXFN automated radiosynthesis module for clinical, phase-1 investigation. [18F]MEL050 was prepared via a one-step synthesis using no-carrier added K[18F]F-Krytpofix® 222 (DMSO, 170°C, 5 min) followed by HPLC purification. Using 6-chloro-N-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]nicotinamide as precursor, [18F]MEL050 was obtained in 40–46% radiochemical yield (non-decay corrected), in greater than 99.9% radiochemical purity and specific activity ranging from 240 to 325 GBq μmol–1. Total synthesis time including formulation was 40 min and [18F]MEL050 was stable (99.8%) in PBS for 6 h.
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Fuster D, Pons F, Rubello D, Alavi A. Other PET Tracers and Prospects for the Future. PET Clin 2011; 6:91-7. [PMID: 27156358 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
(18)F FDG-PET has proven its use as a technique in the field of melanoma, but there are valid concerns related to the specificity of (18)F FDG-PET findings and the degree of accuracy we can expect in the assessment of response to new treatment protocols. The main avenues currently being explored for future use in staging and management of melanoma with PET other than FDG include monoclonal antibodies against melanoma-associated antigens, α-MSH analogues, amino acids involved in melanin formation, nicotinamide-based compounds, heterodimeric glycoproteins such as integrins, reporter gene imaging, cell proliferation, and hypoxia tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fuster
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesca Pons
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Domenico Rubello
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, PET/CT Center, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Via Tre Martiri 140, 45100, Rovigo, Italy
| | - Abass Alavi
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Denoyer D, Greguric I, Roselt P, Neels OC, Aide N, Taylor SR, Katsifis A, Dorow DS, Hicks RJ. High-contrast PET of melanoma using (18)F-MEL050, a selective probe for melanin with predominantly renal clearance. J Nucl Med 2010; 51:441-7. [PMID: 20150254 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.109.070060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The aim of this study was to evaluate the novel probe (18)F-6-fluoro-N-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl] pyridine-3-carboxamide ((18)F-MEL050) for the imaging of primary and metastatic melanoma. METHODS PET using (18)F-MEL050 was performed in murine models of melanoma. The specificity of (18)F-MEL050 was studied by comparing its accumulation in pigmented B16-F0 allograft tumors with that of human amelanotic A375 xenografts using PET and high-resolution autoradiography. (18)F-MEL050 PET results were compared with (18)F-FDG PET, the current standard in melanoma molecular imaging. To test the ability of (18)F-MEL050 to assess the metastatic spread of melanoma, a murine model of lung metastasis was imaged by PET/CT, and results correlated with physical assessment of tumor burden in the lungs. RESULTS In pigmented B16-F0 grafts, (18)F-MEL050 PET yielded a tumor-to-background ratio of approximately 20:1 at 1 h and greater than 50:1 at 2 and 3 h. In the B16-F0 melanoma allograft model, tumor-to-background ratio was more than 9-fold higher for (18)F-MEL050 than for (18)F-FDG (50.9 +/- 6.9 vs. 5.8 +/- 0.5). No uptake was observed in the amelanotic melanoma xenografts. Intense uptake of (18)F-MEL050 was evident in metastatic lesions in the lungs of B16-BL6 tumor-bearing mice on PET at 2 h after tracer injection, with high concordance between (18)F-MEL050 accumulation on PET/CT and tumor burden determined at necroscopy. CONCLUSION (18)F-MEL050 has a rapid tumor uptake and high retention with specificity for melanin, suggesting great potential for noninvasive clinical evaluation of suspected metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Denoyer
- Centre for Molecular Imaging and Translational Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Victoria, Australia
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38
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Ogawa K, Shiba K, Akhter N, Yoshimoto M, Washiyama K, Kinuya S, Kawai K, Mori H. Evaluation of radioiodinated vesamicol analogs for sigma receptor imaging in tumor and radionuclide receptor therapy. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:2188-92. [PMID: 19659515 PMCID: PMC11158154 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01279.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that sigma receptors are highly expressed in a variety of human tumors. In this study, we selected (+)-2-[4-(4-iodophenyl)piperidino] cyclohexanol [(+)-pIV] as a sigma receptor ligand and evaluated the potential of radioiodinated (+)-pIV for tumor imaging and therapy. (+)-[(125/131)I]pIV was prepared by an iododestannylation reaction under no-carrier-added conditions with radiochemical purity over 99% after HPLC purification. Biodistribution experiments were performed by the intravenous injection of (+)-[(125)I]pIV into mice bearing human prostate tumors (DU-145). Blocking studies were performed by intravenous injection of (+)-[(125)I]pIV mixed with an excess amount of unlabeled sigma ligand into DU-145 tumor-bearing mice. For therapeutic study, (+)-[(131)I]pIV was injected at a dose of 7.4 MBq followed by measurement of the tumor size. In biodistribution experiments, (+)-[(125)I]pIV showed high uptake and long residence in the tumor. High tumor to blood and muscle ratios were achieved because the radioactivity levels of blood and muscle were low. However, the accumulations of radioactivity in non-target tissues, such as liver and kidney, were high. The radioactivity in the non-target tissues slowly decreased over time. Co-injection of (+)-[(125)I]pIV with an excess amount of unlabeled sigma ligand resulted in a significant decrease in the tumor/blood ratio, indicating sigma receptor-mediated tumor uptake. In therapeutic study, tumor growth in mice treated with (+)-[(131)I]pIV was significantly inhibited compared to that of an untreated group. These results indicate that radioiodinated (+)-pIV has a high potential for sigma receptor imaging in tumor and radionuclide receptor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Ogawa
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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Greguric I, Taylor SR, Denoyer D, Ballantyne P, Berghofer P, Roselt P, Pham TQ, Mattner F, Bourdier T, Neels OC, Dorow DS, Loc'h C, Hicks RJ, Katsifis A. Discovery of [18F]N-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)-6-fluoronicotinamide: a melanoma positron emission tomography imaging radiotracer with high tumor to body contrast ratio and rapid renal clearance. J Med Chem 2009; 52:5299-302. [PMID: 19691348 DOI: 10.1021/jm9008423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The high melanoma uptake and rapid body clearance displayed by our series of [(123)I]iodonicotinamides prompted the development of [(18)F]N-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)-6-fluoronicotinamide ([(18)F]2), a novel radiotracer for PET melanoma imaging. Significantly, unlike fluorobenzoates, [(18)F]fluorine incorporation on the nicotinamide ring is one step, facile, and high yielding. [(18)F]2 displayed high tumor uptake, rapid body clearance via predominantly renal excretion, and is currently being evaluated in preclinical studies for progression into clinical trials to assess the responsiveness of therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Greguric
- Radiopharmaceuticals Research Institute, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Menai, NSW 2234, Sydney, Australia.
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Ren G, Miao Z, Liu H, Jiang L, Limpa-Amara N, Mahmood A, Gambhir SS, Cheng Z. Melanin-targeted preclinical PET imaging of melanoma metastasis. J Nucl Med 2009; 50:1692-9. [PMID: 19759116 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.109.066175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Dialkylamino-alkyl-benzamides possess an affinity for melanin, suggesting that labeling of such benzamides with (18)F could potentially produce melanin-targeted PET probes able to identify melanotic melanoma metastases in vivo with high sensitivity and specificity. METHODS In this study, N-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-4-(18)F-fluorobenzamide ((18)F-FBZA) was synthesized via a 1-step conjugation reaction. The sigma-receptor binding affinity of (19)F-FBZA was determined along with the in vitro cellular uptake of radiofluorinated (18)F-FBZA in B16F10 cells. In vivo distribution and small-animal PET studies were conducted on mice bearing B16F10 melanoma, A375M amelanotic melanoma, and U87MG tumors, and comparative studies were performed with (18)F-FDG PET in the melanoma models. RESULTS In vitro, uptake of (18)F-FBZA was significantly higher in B16F10 cells treated with l-tyrosine (P < 0.001). In vivo, (18)F-FBZA displayed significant tumor uptake; at 2 h, 5.94 +/- 1.83 percentage injected dose (%ID) per gram was observed in B16F10 tumors and only 0.75 +/- 0.09 %ID/g and 0.56 +/- 0.13 %ID/g was observed in amelanotic A375M and U87MG tumors, respectively. Lung uptake was significantly higher in murine lungs bearing melanotic B16F10 pulmonary metastases than in normal murine lungs (P < 0.01). Small-animal PET clearly identified melanotic lesions in both primary and pulmonary metastasis B16F10 tumor models. Coregistered micro-CT with small-animal PET along with biopsies further confirmed the presence of tumor lesions in the mouse lungs. CONCLUSION (18)F-FBZA specifically targets primary and metastatic melanotic melanoma lesions with high tumor uptake and may have translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Ren
- Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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