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Barbanente A, Papadia P, Di Cosola AM, Pacifico C, Natile G, Hoeschele JD, Margiotta N. Interactions with DNA Models of the Oxaliplatin Analog ( cis-1,3-DACH)PtCl 2. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7392. [PMID: 39000496 PMCID: PMC11242235 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that adjacent guanine residues in DNA are the primary target for platinum antitumor drugs and that differences in the conformations of the Pt-DNA adducts can play a role in their antitumor activity. In this study, we investigated the effect of the carrier ligand cis-1,3-diaminocyclohexane (cis-1,3-DACH) upon formation, stability, and stereochemistry of the (cis-1,3-DACH)PtG2 and (cis-1,3-DACH)Pt(d(GpG)) adducts (G = 9-EthlyGuanine, guanosine, 5'- and 3'-guanosine monophosphate; d(GpG) = deoxyguanosil(3'-5')deoxyguanosine). A peculiar feature of the cis-1,3-DACH carrier ligand is the steric bulk of the diamine, which is asymmetric with respect to the Pt-coordination plane. The (cis-1,3-DACH)Pt(5'GMP)2 and (cis-1,3-DACH)Pt(3'GMP)2 adducts show preference for the ΛHT and ∆HT conformations, respectively (HT stands for Head-to-Tail). Moreover, the increased intensity of the circular dichroism signals in the cis-1,3-DACH derivatives with respect to the analogous cis-(NH3)2 species could be a consequence of the greater bite angle of the cis-1,3-DACH carrier ligand with respect to cis-(NH3)2. Finally, the (cis-1,3-DACH)Pt(d(GpG)) adduct is present in two isomeric forms, each one giving a pair of H8 resonances linked by a NOE cross peak. The two isomers were formed in comparable amounts and had a dominance of the HH conformer but with some contribution of the ΔHT conformer which is related to the HH conformer by having the 3'-G base flipped with respect to the 5'-G residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Barbanente
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Paride Papadia
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Di Cosola
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Concetta Pacifico
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Natile
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - James D Hoeschele
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA
| | - Nicola Margiotta
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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Ludwig V, da Costa Ludwig ZM, Modesto MDA, Rocha AA. Binding energies and hydrogen bonds effects on DNA-cisplatin interactions: a DFT-xTB study. J Mol Model 2024; 30:187. [PMID: 38801468 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-05983-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT A systematic study of hydrogen bonds in base pairs and the interaction of cisplatin with DNA fragments was carried out. Structure, binding energies, and electron density were analyzed. xTB has proven to be an accurate method for obtaining structures and binding energies in DNA structures. Our xTB values for DNA base binding energy were in the same order and in some cases better than CAM-B3LYP values compared to experimental values. Double-stranded DNA-cisplatin structures have been calculated and the hydrogen bonds of water molecules are a decisive factor contributing to the preference for the cisplatin-Guanine interaction. Higher values of the water hydrogen bonding energies were obtained in cisplatin-Guanine structures. Furthermore, the electrostatic potential was used to investigate and improve the analysis of DNA-cisplatin structures. METHODS We applied the xTB method and the CAM-B3LYP functional combined with def2-SVP basis set to perform and analyze of the bonding energies of the cisplatin interaction and the effects of the hydrogen bonds. Results were calculated employing the xTB and the ORCA software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdemir Ludwig
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, CP 36036-330, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
| | - Zélia Maria da Costa Ludwig
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, CP 36036-330, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Marlon de Assis Modesto
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, CP 36036-330, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Arthur Augusto Rocha
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, CP 36036-330, Minas Gerais, Brasil
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3
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How can the cisplatin analogs with different amine act on DNA during cancer treatment theoretically? J Mol Model 2021; 28:2. [PMID: 34874466 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-021-04984-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cisplatin is a widely used anti-cancer drug which inhibits the replication and polymerization of DNA molecule while showing some side effects and drug resistance. For this reason, to enhance its therapeutic index, researchers have synthesized several thousand analogs and tested their properties. In this project, several cisplatin analogs were designed to theoretically study the biological activity and lipophilicity effects on amine changes. The amines of the cisplatin molecule were substituted with aliphatic amines in different analogs. Computational methods such as molecular dynamics simulation, molecular docking, and molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area analysis were performed to investigate the binding of six cisplatin derivatives with DNA. The binding affinity and potential interactions of these drugs with double-strand DNA were analyzed. The stability effect of these drugs was investigated via root-mean-square deviation and root-mean-square fluctuation analysis, which showed that some analogs can break base-pair interaction at the end of DNA and reduced the stability of DNA. Also, the results revealed that the hydrogen bond is one of the most important factors in the binding of cisplatin's adduct to DNA. Molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area analysis indicated that electrostatic and van der Waals interactions are the most important deriving forces to the binding of cisplatin's drug to DNA. Finally, data revealed that cisplatin and the cis-dichloro-dimethylamine-platin tendency for binding to DNA are greater than that of other analogs.
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Tuo W, Xu Y, Fan Y, Li J, Qiu M, Xiong X, Li X, Sun Y. Biomedical applications of Pt(II) metallacycle/metallacage-based agents: From mono-chemotherapy to versatile imaging contrasts and theranostic platforms. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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5
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Zhao X, Liu Y, Chen X, Mi Z, Li W, Wang P, Shan X, Lu X. Detection and Characterization of Single Cisplatin Adducts on DNA by Nanopore Sequencing. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:17027-17034. [PMID: 34250360 PMCID: PMC8264939 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Detection and characterization of an individual cisplatin adduct on a single DNA molecule is a demanding task. We explore the characteristic features of cisplatin adducts in the nanopore sequencing signal in aspects of dwell time, genome anchored current trace, and basecalling accuracy. The offset between the motor protein and the nanopore constriction region is revealed by dwell time analysis to be about 14 bases in the nanopore device as we examined. Characteristic distortions due to cisplatin adducts are illustrated in genome anchored current trace analysis, constituting the fingerprint for identification of cisplatin adduct. The sharp increase in odds ratio at the location of adducting sites provides additional feature in the detection of the adduct. By these combined methods, single cisplatin adducts can be detected with high fidelity on a single read of the DNA sequence. The study demonstrates an effective method in the detection and characterization of single cisplatin adducts on DNA at the single-molecule level and with single nucleotide spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjia Zhao
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Condensed-Matter Physics and Institute of
Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School
of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yuru Liu
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Condensed-Matter Physics and Institute of
Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Condensed-Matter Physics and Institute of
Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School
of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhuang Mi
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Condensed-Matter Physics and Institute of
Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School
of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wei Li
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Condensed-Matter Physics and Institute of
Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Pengye Wang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Condensed-Matter Physics and Institute of
Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School
of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Songshan
Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Xinyan Shan
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Condensed-Matter Physics and Institute of
Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xinghua Lu
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Condensed-Matter Physics and Institute of
Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School
of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Center
for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Songshan
Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
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Kava HW, Leung WY, Galea AM, Murray V. The DNA binding properties of 9-aminoacridine carboxamide Pt complexes. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 40:116191. [PMID: 33965841 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin analogues with an attached DNA-binding moiety represent a potentially effective class of DNA-damaging anti-tumour agents because they possess higher affinities for DNA and different DNA damage profiles compared with cisplatin. In this study, the interaction of four 9-aminoacridine carboxamide Pt complexes with purified DNA was investigated: firstly, using a fluorescent intercalator displacement (FID) assay with ethidium bromide; and secondly, with a DNA unwinding assay. The relative capacity of these compounds to perturb the fluorescence induced by DNA-bound ethidium bromide at clinically relevant drug concentrations was assessed over a 24-h period using an FID assay. All analogues were found to reduce the level of ethidium bromide-induced fluorescence in a concentration-dependent manner from the earliest time point of 10 min onwards. Cisplatin, however, showed a markedly slower reduction in ethidium bromide-induced fluorescence from 2 h onwards, producing a similar level of fluorescence reduction as that produced by the analogues from 6 h onwards. These results suggest that the altered DNA-binding modes of the DNA-targeted analogues confer a more efficient mechanism for DNA binding compared with cisplatin. Relative DNA binding coefficients were also determined for each of the compounds studied. With the DNA unwinding assay, an unwinding angle can be calculated from the coalescence point of plasmids in an agarose gel. It was found that all 9-aminoacridine carboxamide analogues had a greater unwinding angle compared with cisplatin. The knowledge obtained from these two assays has helped to further characterise the cisplatin analogues and could facilitate the development of more effective anti-tumour agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieronimus W Kava
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Wai Y Leung
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Anne M Galea
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Vincent Murray
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Cheng R, Martens J, Fridgen TD. A vibrational spectroscopic and computational study of gaseous protonated and alkali metal cationized G-C base pairs. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:11546-11557. [PMID: 32395733 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00069h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The structures and properties of metal cationized complexes of 9-ethylguanine (9eG) and 1-methylcytosine (1mC), (9eG:1mC)M+, where M+ = Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+ as well as the protonated complex, (9eG:1mC)H+, have been studied using a combination of IRMPD spectroscopy and computational methods. For (9eG:1mC)H+, the dominant structure is a Hoogsteen type complex with the proton covalently bound to N3 of 1mC despite this being the third best protonation site of the two bases; based on proton affinities N7 of 9eG should be protonated. However, this structural oddity can be explained considering both the number of hydrogen bonds that can be formed when N3 of 1mC is protonated as well as the strong ion-induced dipole interaction that exists between an N3 protonated 1mC and 9eG due to the higher polarizability of 9eG. The anomalous dissociation of (9eG:1mC)H+, forming much more (1mC)H+ than would be predicted based on the computed thermochemistry, can be explained as being due to the structural oddity of the protonation site and that the barrier to proton transfer from N3 of 1mC to N7 of 9eG grows dramatically as the base pair begins to dissociate. For the (9eG:1mC)M+; M = Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+ complexes, single unique structures could not be assigned. However, the experimental spectra were consistent with the computed spectra. For (9eG:1mC)Li+, the lowest energy structure is one in which Li+ is bound to O6 of 9eG and both O2 and N3 of 1mC; there is also an interbase hydrogen bond from the amine of 1mC to N7 of 9eG. For Na+, K+, and Rb+, similar binding of the metal cation to 1mC is calculated but, unlike Li+, the lowest energy structure is one in which the metal cation is bound to N7 of 9eG; there is also an interbase hydrogen bond between the amine of 1mC and the carbonyl of 9eG. The lowest energy structure for the Cs complex is the Watson-Crick type base pairing with Cs+ binding only to 9eG through O6 and N7 and with three hydrogen bonds between 9eG and 1mC. It also interesting to note that the Watson-Crick base pairing structure gets lower in Gibbs energy relative to the lowest energy complexes as the metal gets larger. This indicates that the smaller, more densely charged cations have a greater propensity to interfere with Watson-Crick base pairing than do the larger, less densely charged metal cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruodi Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University, St. John's, NL A1B 3X7, Canada.
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8
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Zhang J, Zeng W, Wu K, Ye J, Cheng Y, Cheng Y, Zou T, Peng N, Wu X, Zhao Y, Wang F. Unexpected Thymine Oxidation and Collision-Induced Thymine-Pt-guanine Cross-Linking on 5'-TpG and 5'-GpT by a Photoactivatable Diazido Pt(IV) Anticancer Complex. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:8468-8480. [PMID: 32450042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The photochemical products of dinucleotides 5'-TpG/5'-GpT with a photoactivatable anticancer Pt(IV) complex (trans,trans,trans-[Pt(N3)2(OH)2(py)2], py = pyridine; 1) were characterized by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The primary MS showed the main products were monoplatinated and diplatinated adducts for both the dinucleotides accompanied by the formation of minor triplatinated dinucleotides, indicating that T-N3 and G-N1 may be platination sites additional to the well-known G-N7 site. Surprisingly, a series of minor platinated adducts with oxidation of guanine and/or thymine were observed. Although guanine is more sensitive to oxidation than thymine, thymine can compete with guanine for complex 1-induced oxidation, of which the oxidation adducts were identified as cis- and trans-diastereomers of 5,6-dihydroxy-5,6-dihydrothymidine (cis,trans-ThdGly), 5-formyl-2'-deoxyuridine (5-FormdUrd), and 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (5-HMdUrd), respectively. While for guanine, apart from 8-hydroxyguanine (8-OH-G) and N-formylamidoiminohydantoin (RedSp), other guanine oxidized adducts such as spiroiminodihydantoin (Sp), dehydroguanidinohydantoin (DGh), and 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-formamidopyrimidine (FapyG) were also identified. MS/MS analysis showed that unique fragments with a Pt moiety [Pt(N3)(py)] cross-linking the G and T bases were formed during the fragmentation of monoplatinated dinucleotides. Such binding mode to and oxidative damages on DNA bases imposed by the diazido Pt(IV) complex are apparently distinct from those of cisplatin, perhaps accounting for its unique mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jishuai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, P. R. China
| | - Wenjuan Zeng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; National Centre for Mass Spectrometry in Beijing; CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Kui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, P. R. China
| | - Juan Ye
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; National Centre for Mass Spectrometry in Beijing; CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yiyu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, P. R. China
| | - Yang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zou
- Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, P. R. China
| | - Na Peng
- Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, P. R. China
| | - Yao Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; National Centre for Mass Spectrometry in Beijing; CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Fuyi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; National Centre for Mass Spectrometry in Beijing; CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.,Basic Medical College, Shandong University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Jinan 250355, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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Kishimoto T, Yoshikawa Y, Yoshikawa K, Komeda S. Different Effects of Cisplatin and Transplatin on the Higher-Order Structure of DNA and Gene Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:E34. [PMID: 31861648 PMCID: PMC6981875 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the effectiveness of cisplatin as an anticancer agent, its trans-isomer, transplatin, is clinically ineffective. Although both isomers target nuclear DNA, there is a large difference in the magnitude of their biological effects. Here, we compared their effects on gene expression in an in vitro luciferase assay and quantified their effects on the higher-order structure of DNA using fluorescence microscopy (FM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The inhibitory effect of cisplatin on gene expression was about 7 times that of transplatin. Analysis of the fluctuation autocorrelation function of the intrachain Brownian motion of individual DNA molecules showed that cisplatin increases the spring and damping constants of DNA by one order of magnitude and these visco-elastic characteristics tend to increase gradually over several hours. Transplatin had a weaker effect, which tended to decrease with time. These results agree with a stronger inhibitory effect of cisplatin on gene expression. We discussed the characteristic effects of the two compounds on the higher-order DNA structure and gene expression in terms of the differences in their binding to DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshifumi Kishimoto
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan; (T.K.); (Y.Y.); (K.Y.)
| | - Yuko Yoshikawa
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan; (T.K.); (Y.Y.); (K.Y.)
| | - Kenichi Yoshikawa
- Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan; (T.K.); (Y.Y.); (K.Y.)
| | - Seiji Komeda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie 513-8670, Japan
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Komeda S, In Y, Tomoo K, Minoura K, Sato T, Reedijk J, Ishida T, Chikuma M. Associative intraligand substitution of anticancer azolato-bridged compounds without a square-pyramidal intermediate: Formation of a unique tetranuclear, µ3-1,2,3-triazolato-N1,N2,N3-bridged Pt(II) compound. Inorganica Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2019.118999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Studies on the synthesis, characterization, cytotoxic activities and plasmid DNA binding of platinum(II) complexes having 2-subsituted benzimidazole ligands. Polyhedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2019.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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12
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In Vitro Cytotoxicity and In Vivo Antitumor Efficacy of Tetrazolato-Bridged Dinuclear Platinum(II) Complexes with a Bulky Substituent at Tetrazole C5. INORGANICS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics7010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrazolato-bridged dinuclear platinum(II) complexes ([{cis-Pt(NH3)2}2(μ-OH)(μ-5-R-tetrazolato-N2,N3)]2+; tetrazolato-bridged complexes) are a promising source of next-generation platinum-based drugs. β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) forms inclusion complexes with bulky organic compounds or substituents, changing their polarity and molecular dimensions. Here, we determined by 1H-NMR spectroscopy, the stability constants for inclusion complexes formed between β-CD and tetrazolato-bridged complexes with a bulky, lipophilic substituent at tetrazole C5 (complexes 1–3, phenyl, n-nonyl, and adamantyl substitution, respectively). We then determined the in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo antitumor efficacy of complexes 1–3 against the Colon-26 colorectal cancer cell line in the absence or presence of equimolar β-CD. Compared with the platinum-based anticancer drug oxaliplatin (1R,2R-diaminocyclohexane)oxalatoplatinum(II)), complex 2 had similar cytotoxicity, complex 3 was moderately cytotoxic, and complex 1 was the least cytotoxic. The cytotoxicity of the complexes decreased in the presence of β-CD. When we examined the in vivo antitumor efficacy of complexes 1–3 (10 mg/kg) against homografted Colon-26 colorectal tumors in male BALB/c mice, they showed a relatively low tumor growth inhibition compared with oxaliplatin. However, in the presence of β-CD, complex 3 had higher in vivo antitumor efficacy than oxaliplatin, suggesting a new direction for future research into tetrazolato-bridged complexes with high in vivo antitumor activity.
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13
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Komeda S, Yoneyama H, Uemura M, Tsuchiya T, Hoshiyama M, Sakazaki T, Hiramoto K, Harusawa S. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of tetrazolato-bridged dinuclear platinum(II) complexes: A small modification at tetrazole C5 markedly influences the in vivo antitumor efficacy. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 192:82-86. [PMID: 30612029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We synthesized and characterized 15 new derivatives of the highly anticancer-active platinum(II) complex [{cis-Pt(NH3)2}2(μ-OH)(μ-tetrazolato-N2,N3)]2+ (5-H-Y) by making substitutions at tetrazole C5. We then evaluated the comprehensive structure-cytotoxicity relationships of a total of 23 derivatives in two murine lymphocytic leukaemia cell lines, sensitive and resistant to cisplatin. We also report the in vivo antitumor efficacy of three ester derivatives, two of which exhibited much higher efficacy than oxaliplatin against mouse homografted Colon-26 colorectal tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Komeda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka 513-8670, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Yoneyama
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Masako Uemura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka 513-8670, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tsuchiya
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka 513-8670, Japan
| | - Miyuu Hoshiyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka 513-8670, Japan
| | - Tomoya Sakazaki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka 513-8670, Japan
| | - Keiichi Hiramoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka 513-8670, Japan
| | - Shinya Harusawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1094, Japan.
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14
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Biological activity of Pt IV prodrugs triggered by riboflavin-mediated bioorthogonal photocatalysis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17198. [PMID: 30464209 PMCID: PMC6249213 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35655-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that riboflavin (Rf) functions as unconventional bioorthogonal photocatalyst for the activation of PtIV prodrugs. In this study, we show how the combination of light and Rf with two PtIV prodrugs is a feasible strategy for light-mediated pancreatic cancer cell death induction. In Capan-1 cells, which have high tolerance against photodynamic therapy, Rf-mediated activation of the cisplatin and carboplatin prodrugs cis,cis,trans-[Pt(NH3)2(Cl)2(O2CCH2CH2CO2H)2] (1) and cis,cis,trans-[Pt(NH3)2(CBDCA)(O2CCH2CH2CO2H)2] (2, where CBDCA = cyclobutane dicarboxylate) resulted in pronounced reduction of the cell viability, including under hypoxia conditions. Such photoactivation mode occurs to a considerable extent intracellularly, as demonstrated for 1 by uptake and cell viability experiments. 195Pt NMR, DNA binding studies using circular dichroism, mass spectrometry and immunofluorescence microscopy were performed using the Rf-1 catalyst-substrate pair and indicated that cell death is associated with the efficient light-induced formation of cisplatin. Accordingly, Western blot analysis revealed signs of DNA damage and activation of cell death pathways through Rf-mediated photochemical activation. Phosphorylation of H2AX as indicator for DNA damage, was detected for Rf-1 in a strictly light-dependent fashion while in case of free cisplatin also in the dark. Photochemical induction of nuclear pH2AX foci by Rf-1 was confirmed in fluorescence microscopy again proving efficient light-induced cisplatin release from the prodrug system.
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Liu HK, Kostrhunova H, Habtemariam A, Kong Y, Deeth RJ, Brabec V, Sadler PJ. "Head-to-head" double-hamburger-like structure of di-ruthenated d(GpG) adducts of mono-functional Ru-arene anticancer complexes. Dalton Trans 2018; 45:18676-18688. [PMID: 27830851 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt03356c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Guanine bases in DNA are targets for some Ru-arene anticancer complexes. We have investigated the structure of the novel di-ruthenated d(GpG) adduct Ru2-GpG (where Ru = {(η6-biphenyl)-Ru(en)}2+ (1')) in aqueous solution. 2D NMR results indicate that there are two conformers, supported by modeling studies. The major conformer I is a novel double-hamburger-like structure with a "head-to-head" (HH) base arrangement involving hydrophobic interactions between neighboring arene rings, the first example of a HH d(GpG) adduct constructed by weak interactions. Hence there are significant differences compared to Pt-d(GpG) adducts formed by cisplatin. There is no obviously rigid bending for the major conformer I. The minor conformer II of Ru2-GpG has a back-to-back structure, with two ruthenated guanine bases flipped away from each other. 19-23 base-pair oligodeoxyribonucleotides containing central TGGT sequences di-ruthenated by 1 show no directional bending, only slightly distorted di-ruthenated duplexes, consistent with the NMR data for conformer I. The structural differences and similarities of d(GpG) residues which are di-ruthenated or cross-linked by platination are discussed in the context of the biological activity of these metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ke Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China.
| | - Hana Kostrhunova
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Abraha Habtemariam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Yaqiong Kong
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China.
| | - Robert J Deeth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Viktor Brabec
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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Synthesis, characterization and DNA binding studies of platinum(II) complexes with benzimidazole derivative ligands. Bioorg Chem 2017; 74:272-283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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17
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Study on electronic properties, thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of the selected platinum(II) derivatives interacting with guanine. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 172:100-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Zhu Y, Hamlow LA, He CC, Lee JK, Gao J, Berden G, Oomens J, Rodgers MT. Gas-Phase Conformations and N-Glycosidic Bond Stabilities of Sodium Cationized 2'-Deoxyguanosine and Guanosine: Sodium Cations Preferentially Bind to the Guanine Residue. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:4048-4060. [PMID: 28355483 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b02906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
2'-Deoxyguanosine (dGuo) and guanosine (Guo) are fundamental building blocks of DNA and RNA nucleic acids. In order to understand the effects of sodium cationization on the gas-phase conformations and stabilities of dGuo and Guo, infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) action spectroscopy experiments and complementary electronic structure calculations are performed. The measured IRMPD spectra of [dGuo+Na]+ and [Guo+Na]+ are compared to calculated IR spectra predicted for the stable low-energy structures computed for these species to determine the most favorable sodium cation binding sites, identify the structures populated in the experiments, and elucidate the influence of the 2'-hydroxyl substituent on the structures and IRMPD spectral features. These results are compared with those from a previous IRMPD study of the protonated guanine nucleosides to elucidate the differences between sodium cationization and protonation on structure. Energy-resolved collision-induced dissociation (ER-CID) experiments and survival yield analyses of protonated and sodium cationized dGuo and Guo are performed to compare the effects of these cations toward activating the N-glycosidic bonds of these nucleosides. For both [dGuo+Na]+ and [Guo+Na]+, the gas-phase structures populated in the experiments are found to involve bidentate binding of the sodium cation to the O6 and N7 atoms of guanine, forming a 5-membered chelation ring, with guanine found in both anti and syn orientations and C2'-endo (2T3 or 3T2) puckering of the sugar. The ER-CID results, IRMPD yields and the computed C1'-N9 bond lengths indicate that sodium cationization activates the N-glycosidic bond less effectively than protonation for both dGuo and Guo. The 2'-hydroxyl substituent of Guo is found to impact the preferred structures very little except that it enables a 2'OH···3'OH hydrogen bond to be formed, and stabilizes the N-glycosidic bond relative to that of dGuo in both the sodium cationized and protonated complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - L A Hamlow
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - C C He
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - J K Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - J Gao
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University , Toernooiveld 7c, 6525ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - G Berden
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University , Toernooiveld 7c, 6525ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J Oomens
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University , Toernooiveld 7c, 6525ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M T Rodgers
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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Glaser T, Fischer von Mollard G, Anselmetti D. Rational design of dinuclear complexes binding at two neighboring phosphate esters of DNA. Inorganica Chim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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20
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Jalili S, Maddah M, Schofield J. Molecular dynamics simulation and free energy analysis of the interaction of platinum-based anti-cancer drugs with DNA. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633616500541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin and oxaliplatin are two widely-used anti-cancer drugs which covalently bind to a same location in DNA strands. Platinum agents make intrastrand and interstrand cross-links with the N7 atoms of guanine nucleotides which prevent DNA from polymerization by causing a distortion in the double helix. Molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations were carried out to investigate the binding of two platinum-based anti-cancer drugs with DNA. We compared the binding of these drugs which differ in their carrier ligands, and hence their potential interactions with DNA. When a platinum agent binds to nucleotides, it causes a high amount of deformation in DNA structure. To find the extent of deformation, torsion angles and base pair and groove parameters of DNA were considered. These parameters were compared with normal B-DNA which was considered as the undamaged DNA. The formation of hydrogen bonds between drugs and DNA nucleotides was examined in solution. It was shown that oxaliplatin forms more hydrogen bonds than cisplatin. Our results confirm that the structure of the platinated DNA rearranges significantly and cisplatin tries to deform DNA more than oxaliplatin. The binding free energies were also investigated to understand the affinities, types and the contributions of interactions between drugs and DNA. It was concluded that oxaliplatin tendency for binding to DNA is more than cisplatin in solvent environment. The binding free energy was calculated based on the MM/PBSA and MM/GBSA methods and the results of QM/MM calculations verified them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seifollah Jalili
- Department of Chemistry, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, P. O. Box 15875-4416, Tehran, Iran
- Computational Physical Sciences Research Laboratory, School of Nano-Science, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), P. O. Box 19395-5531 Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Maddah
- Department of Chemistry, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, P. O. Box 15875-4416, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jeremy Schofield
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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21
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Yang J, Chen J, Li Z. Structural Basis for the Structure–Activity Behaviour of Oxaliplatin and its Enantiomeric Analogues: A Molecular Dynamics Study of Platinum-DNA Intrastrand Crosslink Adducts. Aust J Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/ch15624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The discrimination of Pt-GG adducts by mismatch repair proteins, DNA damage-recognition proteins, and translation DNA polymerases was thought to be vital in determining the toxicity, efficacy, and mutagenicity of platinum anti-tumour drugs. Studies on cis-diammine-Pt-GG (from cisplatin and carboplatin) and trans-R,R-diaminocyclohexane (DACH)-Pt-GG indicated that these proteins recognized the differences in conformation and conformational dynamics of Pt-DNA complexes. However, the structural basis of enantiomeric DACH-Pt-GG forms is unclear. Molecular dynamics simulations results presented here reveal that the conformational dynamics between trans-R,R-DACH-Pt-GG, trans-S,S-DACH-Pt-GG, cis-DACH-Pt-GG and undamaged DNA are distinct and depend on the chirality of DACH though their major conformations are similar. Trans-DACH-Pt was found to be energetically favoured over cis-DACH-Pt to form DNA adducts. Moreover, oxaliplatin and its cis-DACH analogues were found to preferentially form hydrogen bonds on the 3′ side of the Pt-GG adduct, whereas the S,S-DACH-Pt preferred the 5′ side. A three-centre hydrogen bond formed between cis1-DACH-Pt and DNA was observed, and the differences in hydrogen bond formation are highly correlated with differences in DNA conformational dynamics. Based on these results, it is suggested that the different bioactivities of oxaliplatin and its enantiomeric analogues were controlled by the difference in hydrogen bonds formation dynamics between DNA and the Pt moiety. Our molecular dynamics approach was demonstrated to be applicable to the study of stereoisomer conformations of platinum-DNA model, thereby suggesting its potential application as a tool for the study and design of new effective platinum-based drugs.
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22
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Zheng Y, Tang Y, Bao Z, Wang H, Ren F, Guo M, Quan H, Jiang C. FePt nanoparticles as a potential X-ray activated chemotherapy agent for HeLa cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:6435-44. [PMID: 26604740 PMCID: PMC4629968 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s88458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomaterials have an advantage in "personalized" therapy, which is the ultimate goal of tumor treatment. In order to investigate the potential ability of FePt nanoparticles (NPs) in the diagnosis and chemoradiotherapy treatment of malignant tumors, superparamagnetic, monodispersed FePt (~3 nm) alloy NPs were synthesized, using cysteamine as a capping agent. The NPs were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction; transmission electron microscopy, Physical Property Measurement System, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The cytotoxicity of FePt NPs on Vero cells was assessed using an MTT assay, and tumor cell proliferation inhibited by individual FePt NPs and FePt NPs combined with X-ray beams were also collected using MTT assays; HeLa human cancer cell lines were used as in vitro models. Further confirmation of the combined effect of FePt NPs and X-rays was verified using HeLa cells, after which, the cellular uptake of FePt NPs was captured by transmission electron microscopy. The results indicated that the growth of HeLa cells was significantly inhibited by FePt NPs in a concentration-dependent manner, and the growth was significantly more inhibited by FePt NPs combined with a series of X-ray beam doses; the individual NPs did not display any remarkable cytotoxicity on Vero cells at a concentration <250 μg/mL. Meanwhile, the FePt NPs showed negative/positive contrast enhancement for MRI/CT molecule imaging at the end of the study. Therefore, the combined results implied that FePt NPs might potentially serve as a promising nanoprobe for the integration of tumor diagnosis and chemoradiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of the Ministry of Education and Center for Electronic Microscopy and Department of Physics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunlan Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhirong Bao
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of the Ministry of Education and Center for Electronic Microscopy and Department of Physics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of the Ministry of Education and Center for Electronic Microscopy and Department of Physics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Ren
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of the Ministry of Education and Center for Electronic Microscopy and Department of Physics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingxiong Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Quan
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of the Ministry of Education and Center for Electronic Microscopy and Department of Physics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changzhong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures of the Ministry of Education and Center for Electronic Microscopy and Department of Physics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
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23
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Fujita M, Watanabe S, Yoshizawa M, Yamamoto J, Iwai S. Analysis of structural flexibility of damaged DNA using thiol-tethered oligonucleotide duplexes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117798. [PMID: 25679955 PMCID: PMC4332495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bent structures are formed in DNA by the binding of small molecules or proteins. We developed a chemical method to detect bent DNA structures. Oligonucleotide duplexes in which two mercaptoalkyl groups were attached to the positions facing each other across the major groove were prepared. When the duplex contained the cisplatin adduct, which was proved to induce static helix bending, interstrand disulfide bond formation under an oxygen atmosphere was detected by HPLC analyses, but not in the non-adducted duplex, when the two thiol-tethered nucleosides were separated by six base pairs. When the insert was five and seven base pairs, the disulfide bond was formed and was not formed, respectively, regardless of the cisplatin adduct formation. The same reaction was observed in the duplexes containing an abasic site analog and the (6-4) photoproduct. Compared with the cisplatin case, the disulfide bond formation was slower in these duplexes, but the reaction rate was nearly independent of the linker length. These results indicate that dynamic structural changes of the abasic site- and (6-4) photoproduct-containing duplexes could be detected by our method. It is strongly suggested that the UV-damaged DNA-binding protein, which specifically binds these duplexes and functions at the first step of global-genome nucleotide excision repair, recognizes the easily bendable nature of damaged DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Fujita
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1–3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560–8531, Japan
| | - Shun Watanabe
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1–3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560–8531, Japan
| | - Mariko Yoshizawa
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1–3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560–8531, Japan
| | - Junpei Yamamoto
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1–3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560–8531, Japan
| | - Shigenori Iwai
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1–3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560–8531, Japan
- * E-mail:
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24
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Jany T, Moreth A, Gruschka C, Sischka A, Spiering A, Dieding M, Wang Y, Samo SH, Stammler A, Bögge H, Fischer von Mollard G, Anselmetti D, Glaser T. Rational Design of a Cytotoxic Dinuclear Cu2 Complex That Binds by Molecular Recognition at Two Neighboring Phosphates of the DNA Backbone. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:2679-90. [DOI: 10.1021/ic5028465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jany
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische
Chemie I, Chemistry Department, ‡Lehrstuhl für Biochemie III, Chemistry
Department, and §Experimentelle Biophysik, Physics Department, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Alexander Moreth
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische
Chemie I, Chemistry Department, ‡Lehrstuhl für Biochemie III, Chemistry
Department, and §Experimentelle Biophysik, Physics Department, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Claudia Gruschka
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische
Chemie I, Chemistry Department, ‡Lehrstuhl für Biochemie III, Chemistry
Department, and §Experimentelle Biophysik, Physics Department, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Andy Sischka
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische
Chemie I, Chemistry Department, ‡Lehrstuhl für Biochemie III, Chemistry
Department, and §Experimentelle Biophysik, Physics Department, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Andre Spiering
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische
Chemie I, Chemistry Department, ‡Lehrstuhl für Biochemie III, Chemistry
Department, and §Experimentelle Biophysik, Physics Department, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Mareike Dieding
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische
Chemie I, Chemistry Department, ‡Lehrstuhl für Biochemie III, Chemistry
Department, and §Experimentelle Biophysik, Physics Department, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ying Wang
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische
Chemie I, Chemistry Department, ‡Lehrstuhl für Biochemie III, Chemistry
Department, and §Experimentelle Biophysik, Physics Department, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Susan Haji Samo
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische
Chemie I, Chemistry Department, ‡Lehrstuhl für Biochemie III, Chemistry
Department, and §Experimentelle Biophysik, Physics Department, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Anja Stammler
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische
Chemie I, Chemistry Department, ‡Lehrstuhl für Biochemie III, Chemistry
Department, and §Experimentelle Biophysik, Physics Department, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hartmut Bögge
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische
Chemie I, Chemistry Department, ‡Lehrstuhl für Biochemie III, Chemistry
Department, and §Experimentelle Biophysik, Physics Department, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Gabriele Fischer von Mollard
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische
Chemie I, Chemistry Department, ‡Lehrstuhl für Biochemie III, Chemistry
Department, and §Experimentelle Biophysik, Physics Department, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Dario Anselmetti
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische
Chemie I, Chemistry Department, ‡Lehrstuhl für Biochemie III, Chemistry
Department, and §Experimentelle Biophysik, Physics Department, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thorsten Glaser
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische
Chemie I, Chemistry Department, ‡Lehrstuhl für Biochemie III, Chemistry
Department, and §Experimentelle Biophysik, Physics Department, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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25
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Grau J, Brissos RF, Salinas-Uber J, Caballero AB, Caubet A, Roubeau O, Korrodi-Gregório L, Pérez-Tomás R, Gamez P. The effect of potential supramolecular-bond promoters on the DNA-interacting abilities of copper–terpyridine compounds. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:16061-72. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt02211h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular interactions prevail over DNA-cleaving abilities in the cytotoxicity behaviour of terpyridine-based copper(ii) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Grau
- Departament de Química Inorgànica
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Rosa F. Brissos
- Departament de Química Inorgànica
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Jorge Salinas-Uber
- Departament de Química Inorgànica
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Ana B. Caballero
- Departament de Química Inorgànica
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Amparo Caubet
- Departament de Química Inorgànica
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - Olivier Roubeau
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA)
- CSIC and Universidad de Zaragoza
- 50009 Zaragoza
- Spain
| | - Luís Korrodi-Gregório
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics
- Cancer Cell Biology Research Group
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat
- Spain
| | - Ricardo Pérez-Tomás
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics
- Cancer Cell Biology Research Group
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat
- Spain
| | - Patrick Gamez
- Departament de Química Inorgànica
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA)
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26
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Margiotta N, Petruzzella E, Platts JA, Mutter ST, Deeth RJ, Ranaldo R, Papadia P, Marzilli PA, Marzilli LG, Hoeschele JD, Natile G. DNA fragment conformations in adducts with Kiteplatin. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:3544-56. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt01796j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The anticancer-active platinum complex with cis-1,4-diaminocyclohexane has proved to be very valuable in detecting multiple conformers in adducts with oligonucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Margiotta
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Bari A. Moro
- 70125 Bari
- Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Rosa Ranaldo
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Bari A. Moro
- 70125 Bari
- Italy
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Paride Papadia
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali
- Università del Salento
- 73100 Lecce
- Italy
| | | | | | | | - Giovanni Natile
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Università degli Studi di Bari A. Moro
- 70125 Bari
- Italy
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27
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Design, synthesis and SAR studies of novel 1,2-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane platinum(II) complexes with cytotoxic activity. Studies of interaction with DNA of iodinated seven-membered 1,4-diaminoplatinocycles. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 142:15-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lorenzo J, Delgado A, Montaña ÁM, Mesas JM, Alegre MT, Rodríguez MDC, Avilés FX. Synthesis, biological evaluation and SAR studies of novel bicyclic antitumor platinum(IV) complexes. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 83:374-88. [PMID: 24980119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes the synthesis, anticancer activity and SAR studies of novel platinum(IV) complexes having 1,2-bis(aminomethyl)carbobicyclic or oxabicyclic carrier ligands, bearing chlorido and/or hydroxido ligands in axial position and chlorido or malonato ligands in equatorial position (labile ligands). These complexes were synthetized with the aim of obtaining new anticancer principles more soluble in water and therefore more bioavailable. Several substitution patterns on the platinum atom have been designed in order to evaluate their antiproliferative activity and to establish structure-activity relationship rules. The synthesis of platinum(IV) complexes with axial hydroxyl ligands on the platinum(IV) were carried out by reaction of K2Pt(OH)2Cl4 with the corresponding diamines. The complexes with axial chlorido ligands on the platinum(IV) atom were synthesized by direct reaction of diamines with K2PtCl6. Carboxylated complexes were synthesized by the substitution reaction of equatorial chlorido ligands by silver dicarboxylates. The most actives complexes were those having malonate as a labile ligand, no matter of the structure of the carrier ligand. Regarding the influence of the structure of the non-labile 1,4-diamine carrier ligand on the cytotoxicity, it was found that the complexes having the more lipophilic and symmetrical bicyclo[2.2.2]octane framework were much more active than those having an oxygen or methylene bridge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Lorenzo
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina Vicent Villar Palasí, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aida Delgado
- Unidad de Química Orgánica Industrial y Aplicada, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ángel M Montaña
- Unidad de Química Orgánica Industrial y Aplicada, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Juan M Mesas
- Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - María-Teresa Alegre
- Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | | | - Francesc-Xavier Avilés
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biomedicina Vicent Villar Palasí, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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Shankar R, Radhika R, Thangamani D, Senthil Kumar L, Kolandaivel P. Theoretical studies on interaction of anticancer drugs (dacarbazine, procarbazine and triethylenemelamine) with normal (AT and GC) and mismatch (GG, CC, AA and TT) base pairs. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2014.913098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kava HW, Galea AM, Md. Jamil F, Feng Y, Murray V. Characterising the atypical 5′-CG DNA sequence specificity of 9-aminoacridine carboxamide Pt complexes. J Biol Inorg Chem 2014; 19:997-1007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-014-1144-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Lin C, Mathad RI, Zhang Z, Sidell N, Yang D. Solution structure of a 2:1 complex of anticancer drug XR5944 with TFF1 estrogen response element: insights into DNA recognition by a bis-intercalator. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:6012-24. [PMID: 24711371 PMCID: PMC4027214 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
XR5944, a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) bis-intercalator with potent anticancer activity, can bind the estrogen response element (ERE) sequence to inhibit estrogen receptor-α activities. This novel mechanism of action may be useful for overcoming drug resistance to currently available antiestrogen treatments, all of which target the hormone-receptor complex. Here we report the nuclear magnetic resonance solution structure of the 2:1 complex of XR5944 with the naturally occurring TFF1-ERE, which exhibits important and unexpected features. In both drug–DNA complexes, XR5944 binds strongly at one intercalation site but weakly at the second site. The sites of intercalation within a native promoter sequence appear to be context and sequence dependent. The binding of one drug molecule influences the binding site of the second. Our structures underscore the fact that the DNA binding of a bis-intercalator is directional and different from the simple addition of two single intercalation sites. Our study suggests that improved XR5944 bis-intercalators targeting ERE may be designed through optimization of aminoalkyl linker and intercalation moieties at the weak binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Lin
- College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Raveendra I Mathad
- College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Zhenjiang Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Neil Sidell
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Danzhou Yang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1703 E. Mabel Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA The Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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Kasparkova J, Thibault T, Kostrhunova H, Stepankova J, Vojtiskova M, Muchova T, Midoux P, Malinge JM, Brabec V. Different affinity of nuclear factor-kappa B proteins to DNA modified by antitumor cisplatin and its clinically ineffective trans isomer. FEBS J 2014; 281:1393-1408. [PMID: 24418212 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-кB) comprises a family of protein transcription factors that have a regulatory function in numerous cellular processes and are implicated in the cancer cell response to antineoplastic drugs, including cisplatin. We characterized the effects of DNA adducts of cisplatin and ineffective transplatin on the affinity of NF-кB proteins to their consensus DNA sequence (кB site). Although the кB site-NF-κB protein interaction was significantly perturbed by DNA adducts of cisplatin, transplatin adducts were markedly less effective both in cell-free media and in cellulo using a decoy strategy derivatized-approach. Moreover, NF-κB inhibitor JSH-23 [4-methyl-N¹-(3-phenylpropyl)benzene-1,2-diamine] augmented cisplatin cytotoxicity in ovarian cancer cells and the data showed strong synergy with JSH-23 for cisplatin. The distinctive structural features of DNA adducts of the two platinum complexes suggest a unique role for conformational distortions induced in DNA by the adducts of cisplatin with respect to inhibition of the binding of NF-кB to the platinated кB sites. Because thousands of κB sites are present in the DNA, the mechanisms underlying the antitumor efficiency of cisplatin in some tumor cells may involve downstream processes after inhibition of the binding of NF-κB to κB site(s) by DNA adducts of cisplatin, including enhanced programmed cell death in response to drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Kasparkova
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
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Yue H, Yang B, Wang Y, Chen G. Investigations of the binding of [Pt2(DTBPA)Cl2](II) and [Pt2(TPXA)Cl2](II) to DNA via various cross-linking modes. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:19556-86. [PMID: 24077126 PMCID: PMC3821573 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141019556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have constructed models for a series of platinum-DNA adducts that represent the binding of two agents, [Pt2(DTBPA)Cl2](II) and [Pt2(TPXA)Cl2](II), to DNA via inter- and intra-strand cross-linking, and carried out molecular dynamics simulations and DNA conformational dynamics calculations. The effects of trans- and cis-configurations of the centers of these di-nuclear platinum agents, and of different bridging linkers, have been investigated on the conformational distortions of platinum-DNA adducts formed via inter- and intra-strand cross-links. The results demonstrate that the DNA conformational distortions for the various platinum-DNA adducts with differing cross-linking modes are greatly influenced by the difference between the platinum-platinum distance for the platinum agent and the platinum-bound N7–N7 distance for the DNA molecule, and by the flexibility of the bridging linkers in the platinum agent. However, the effects of trans/cis-configurations of the platinum-centers on the DNA conformational distortions in the platinum-DNA adducts depend on the inter- and intra-strand cross-linking modes. In addition, we discuss the relevance of DNA base motions, including opening, shift and roll, to the changes in the parameters of the DNA major and minor grooves caused by binding of the platinum agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yan Wang
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Y.W.); (G.C.); Tel.: +86-10-5880-5247 (Y.W.); +86-10-5880-5424 (G.C.); Fax: +86-10-5880-2075 (Y.W. & G.C.)
| | - Guangju Chen
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Y.W.); (G.C.); Tel.: +86-10-5880-5247 (Y.W.); +86-10-5880-5424 (G.C.); Fax: +86-10-5880-2075 (Y.W. & G.C.)
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Liu YR, Ji C, Zhang HY, Dou SX, Xie P, Wang WC, Wang PY. Transplatin enhances effect of cisplatin on both single DNA molecules and live tumor cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 536:12-24. [PMID: 23664917 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin is the main platinum antitumor drug applied in clinical settings. However, its trans isomer, transplatin, is known to have an ineffective antitumor activity. Despite intensive studies in this field, the structural and biophysical properties of DNA molecules reacting with these two platinum complexes have not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we observed that transplatin made efficient cross-linking of DNA in the vicinity of cisplatin adducts. High-resolution atomic force microscopy studies revealed that the transplatin-induced cross-linkings of nucleotides flanking cisplatin adducts were characterized by kinked-loop structures with rod-like shapes of nanometer scales (∼10-60nm). The results were further confirmed by denaturing gel electrophoresis and single-molecule experiment using magnetic tweezers. In vivo studies revealed that transplatin and cisplatin co-treatment could induce a considerable amount of kinked loops with smaller sizes (∼15nm) in cellular DNA. Furthermore, compared with cisplatin treatment alone, the co-treatment resulted in enhanced cytotoxicity, increased amount of interstrand cross-links, and cell lesions more reluctant to cellular repair system. The results of the present study provide a new clue for understanding the stepwise reactions of DNA with platinum drugs and might serve as a basis for the development of a new antitumor strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ru Liu
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Chval Z, Kabeláč M, Burda JV. Mechanism of the cis-[Pt(1R,2R-DACH)(H2O)2]2+ intrastrand binding to the double-stranded (pGpG)·(CpC) dinucleotide in aqueous solution: a computational DFT study. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:5801-13. [PMID: 23656523 DOI: 10.1021/ic302654s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A mechanism of the intrastrand 1,2-cross-link formation between the double-stranded pGpG·CpC dinucleotide (ds(pGpG)) and fully aquated oxaliplatin cis-[Pt(DACH)(H2O)2](2+) (DACH = cyclohexane-1R,2R-diamine) is presented. All structures of the reaction pathways including the transition states (TSs) were fully optimized in water solvent using DFT methodology with dispersion corrections. Both 5' → 3' and 3' → 5' binding directions were considered. In the first step there is a slight kinetic preference for 5'-guanine (5'G) monoadduct formation with an activation Gibbs free energy of 18.7 kcal/mol since the N7 center of the 5'G base is fully exposed to the solvent. On the other hand, the N7 atom of 3'-guanine (3'G) is sterically shielded by 5'G. The lowest energy path for formation of the 3'G monoadduct with an activation barrier of 19.3 kcal/mol is connected with a disruption of the 'DNA-like' structure of ds(pGpG). Monoadduct formation is the rate-determining process. The second step, chelate formation, is kinetically preferred in the 3' → 5' direction. The whole process of the platination is exergonic by up to -18.8 kcal/mol. Structural changes of ds(pGpG), charge transfer effects, and the influence of platination on the G·C base pair interaction strengths are also discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Chval
- Department of Laboratory Methods and Information Systems, Faculty of Health and Social Studies, University of South Bohemia, J. Boreckého 27, 370 11 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
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Gkionis K, Mutter ST, Platts JA. QM/MM description of platinum–DNA interactions: comparison of binding and DNA distortion of five drugs. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra23041d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Barry NPE, Sadler PJ. Exploration of the medical periodic table: towards new targets. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:5106-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc41143e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 570] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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38
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Elder RM, Jayaraman A. Role of structure and dynamics of DNA with cisplatin and oxaliplatin adducts in various sequence contexts on binding of HMGB1a. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2011.654208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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40
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Özçelik AB, Utku S, Gümüş F, Keskin AÇ, Açık L, Yılmaz Ş, Özgüngör A. Cytotoxicity and DNA interactions of some platinum(II) complexes with substituted benzimidazole ligands. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2012; 27:413-8. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2011.594046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Azime Berna Özçelik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gazi,
Ankara, Turkey
| | - Semra Utku
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mersin,
Mersin, Turkey
| | - Fatma Gümüş
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gazi,
Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayten Çelebi Keskin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Art and Science, University of Kırıkkale,
Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Leyla Açık
- Department of Biology, University of Gazi,
Ankara, Turkey
| | - Şükran Yılmaz
- Cell and Virus Bank Department, Foot and Mouth Disease Institute,
Ankara, Turkey
| | - Adeviye Özgüngör
- Cell and Virus Bank Department, Foot and Mouth Disease Institute,
Ankara, Turkey
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Wu K, Luo Q, Hu W, Li X, Wang F, Xiong S, Sadler PJ. Mechanism of interstrand migration of organoruthenium anticancer complexes within a DNA duplex. Metallomics 2012; 4:139-48. [PMID: 22262368 DOI: 10.1039/c2mt00162d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Organometallic ruthenium(ii) anticancer complexes [(η(6)-arene)Ru(en)Cl][PF(6)] (e.g. arene = biphenyl (bip, 1), indane (ind, 2); en = ethylenediamine) bind to N7 of guanine (G) in DNA selectively. The fragment {(η(6)-bip)Ru(en)}(2+) (1') bound to N7 of one guanine residue at a 14-mer duplex DNA migrates readily to other guanine residues in both the same strand and the complementary strand when the strands are hybridized at elevated temperature. In this work, by applying HPLC coupled to mass spectrometry, the mechanism of such intra- and interstrand migration was investigated using a 15-mer duplex, in which one strand 5'-CTCTCTTG(8)TCTTCTC-3' (I) contained a single guanine (G(8)). The results show that the interstrand migration of complexes 1 and 2 within the duplex involves an SN1 pathway, firstly solvent-assisted dissociation of the initially G(8)-bound adducts I-G(8)-1' and I-G(8)-2' (2' = {(η(6)-ind)Ru(en)}(2+)) as the rate-controlling step, and secondly the coordination of the dissociated 1' and 2' to guanine bases (G(21) for 1', either G(21) or G(18) for 2') on strand II. The high temperature used to anneal the single strands was found to increase the migration rate. The formation of the duplex acts as a key driving force to promote the dissociation of G(8)-bound 1' and 2' due to the competition of cytosine in II with the en-NH(2) groups in 1' and 2' for H-bonding with C6O of guanine. Complex 2 (t(1/2) = 18 h) containing a mono-ringed arene ligand dissociates more readily from the initially binding site G(8) than complex 1 (t(1/2) = 23 h). The extended biphenyl arene ligand which is intercalated into DNA stabilizes the adduct I-G(8)-1'. These results provide new insight into this unusual metal migration, and are of significance for the design and development of more active organometallic ruthenium anticancer complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
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Uemura M, Yoshikawa Y, Chikuma M, Komeda S. A circular dichroism study uncovers a two-step interaction of antitumor azolato-bridged dinuclear platinum(ii) complexes with calf thymus DNA. Metallomics 2012; 4:641-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c2mt20022h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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MA DONGLING, KELL ARNOLD. HOLLOW, BRANCHED AND MULTIFUNCTIONAL NANOPARTICLES: SYNTHESIS, PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219581x09006419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nanoscale materials with various structures have attracted extensive research interest during the past decade. Among them, hollow, branched and multifunctional nanoparticles comprised of two different nanoparticle components are emerging as new classes of interesting nanomaterials owing to the unique optical, catalytic, electrical, magnetic and mechanical properties associated with their unusual morphologies as well as their potential wide range of applications in various fields such as photothermal therapy, diagnosis, drug delivery, catalysis, optoelectronic, electronics and biodiagnostics. In particular, branched nanoparticles promise to serve as building blocks for more complex materials and advanced devices through self-assembly and self-alignment and heterodimeric nanoparticles show promise for the development of tunable magnetic materials and multimodal biodiagnostic imaging tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- DONGLING MA
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique, University of Quebec, Varennes, Quebec, J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - ARNOLD KELL
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
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Wang LE, Yin M, Dong Q, Stewart DJ, Merriman KW, Amos CI, Spitz MR, Wei Q. DNA repair capacity in peripheral lymphocytes predicts survival of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer treated with first-line platinum-based chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29:4121-8. [PMID: 21947825 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.34.3616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Platinum-based regimens are the standard chemotherapy for patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). DNA repair capacity (DRC) in tumor cells plays an important role in resistance to platinum-based drugs. We have previously reported that efficient DRC, as assessed by an in vitro lymphocyte-based assay, was a determinant of poor survival in patients with NSCLC in a relatively small data set. In this larger independent study of 591 patients with NSCLC, we further evaluated whether DRC in peripheral lymphocytes predicts survival of patients with NSCLC who receive platinum-based chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS All patients were recruited at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center and donated blood samples before the start of any chemotherapy. We measured DRC in cultured T lymphocytes by using the host-cell reactivation assay, and we assessed associations between DRC in peripheral lymphocytes and survival of patients with NSCLC who were treated with first-line platinum-based chemotherapy. RESULTS We found an inverse association between DRC in peripheral lymphocytes and patient survival. Compared with patients in the low tertile of DRC, patients with NSCLC in the high tertile of DRC had significantly worse overall and 3-year survival (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.33; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.71; P = .023; and HR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.76; P = .025, respectively). This trend was more pronounced in patients with early-stage tumors, adenocarcinoma, or squamous cell carcinoma. CONCLUSION We confirmed that DRC in peripheral lymphocytes is an independent predictor of survival for patients with NSCLC treated with platinum-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-E Wang
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Suchánková T, Kubíček K, Kašpárková J, Brabec V, Kozelka J. Platinum-DNA interstrand crosslinks: molecular determinants of bending and unwinding of the double helix. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 108:69-79. [PMID: 22019433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Platinum diamine complexes are able to crosslink the guanines of d(GC)(2) dinucleotides within double-stranded DNA. The interstrand crosslink thus formed causes a bend of the double helix toward the minor groove and the helical sense changes locally to left-handed, resulting in a considerable unwinding. The bend and unwinding angles have been shown to depend on the platinum ligands. Here, we have used molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the DNA 20-mer d(C(1)T(2)C(3)T(4)C(5)C(6)T(7)T(8)G*(9)C(10)T(11)C(12)T(13)C(14)C(15)T(16)T(17)C(18)T(19)C(20))-d(G(21)A(22)G(23)A(24)A(25)G(26)G(27)A(28)G(29)A(30)G*(31)C(32)A(33)A(34)G(35)G(36)A(37)G(38)A(39)G(40)) with the G* guanines crosslinked by cis-Pt(NH(3))(2)(2+), Pt(R,R-DACH)(2+), or Pt(S,S-DACH)(2+). Previous investigations on cisplatin interstrand adducts indicated that the structure is similar in solid state and in solution; thus, we used the reported X-ray structure of a cisplatin adduct as a starting model. Replacing in the MD-relaxed model for the DNA duplex crosslinked with cis-Pt(NH(3))(2)(2+) the two NH(3) platinum ligands by R,R-DACH or S,S-DACH led to clashes between the DACH residue and the deoxyribose of C(12). Confrontation of MD-derived models with gel shift measurements suggested that these clashes are avoided differently in the adducts of Pt(R,R-DACH)(2+)versus Pt(S,S-DACH)(2+). The R,R-isomer avoids the clash by untwisting the T(11)/A(30)-C(12)/G(29) step, thus increasing the global unwinding. In contrast, the S,S-isomer modifies the shift and slide parameters of this step, which dislocates the helical axis and enhances the bend angle. The clash that leads to the differentiation of the structures as a function of the diamine ligand is related to a hydrogen bond between the platinum complex and the T(11) base and could be characteristic of interstrand crosslinks at d(pyG*Cpy)-d(puG*Cpu) sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Suchánková
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Sciences, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Bhattacharyya D, Ramachandran S, Sharma S, Pathmasiri W, King CL, Baskerville-Abraham I, Boysen G, Swenberg JA, Campbell SL, Dokholyan NV, Chaney SG. Flanking bases influence the nature of DNA distortion by platinum 1,2-intrastrand (GG) cross-links. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23582. [PMID: 21853154 PMCID: PMC3154474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The differences in efficacy and molecular mechanisms of platinum anti-cancer drugs cisplatin (CP) and oxaliplatin (OX) are thought to be partially due to the differences in the DNA conformations of the CP and OX adducts that form on adjacent guanines on DNA, which in turn influence the binding of damage-recognition proteins that control downstream effects of the adducts. Here we report a comprehensive comparison of the structural distortion of DNA caused by CP and OX adducts in the TGGT sequence context using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. When compared to our previous studies in other sequence contexts, these structural studies help us understand the effect of the sequence context on the conformation of Pt-GG DNA adducts. We find that both the sequence context and the type of Pt-GG DNA adduct (CP vs. OX) play an important role in the conformation and the conformational dynamics of Pt-DNA adducts, possibly explaining their influence on the ability of many damage-recognition proteins to bind to Pt-DNA adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debadeep Bhattacharyya
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Srinivas Ramachandran
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Shantanu Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Wimal Pathmasiri
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Candice L. King
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Irene Baskerville-Abraham
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gunnar Boysen
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - James A. Swenberg
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sharon L. Campbell
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SLC); (NVD); (SGC)
| | - Nikolay V. Dokholyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SLC); (NVD); (SGC)
| | - Stephen G. Chaney
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SLC); (NVD); (SGC)
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47
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Saad JS, Marzilli PA, Intini FP, Natile G, Marzilli LG. Single-stranded oligonucleotide adducts formed by Pt complexes favoring left-handed base canting: steric effect of flanking residues and relevance to DNA adducts formed by Pt anticancer drugs. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:8608-20. [PMID: 21819051 DOI: 10.1021/ic2011716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Platinum anticancer drug binding to DNA creates large distortions in the cross-link (G*G*) and the adjacent XG* base pair (bp) steps (G* = N7-platinated G). These distortions, which are responsible for anticancer activity, depend on features of the duplex (e.g., base pairing) and of the cross-link moiety (e.g., the position and canting of the G* bases). The duplex structure stabilizes the head-to-head (HH) over the head-to-tail (HT) orientation and right-handed (R) over left-handed (L) canting of the G* bases. To provide fundamental chemical information relevant to the assessment of such duplex effects, we examine (S,R,R,S)-BipPt(oligo) adducts (Bip = 2,2'-bipiperidine with S,R,R,S chiral centers at the N, C, C, and N chelate ring atoms, respectively; oligo = d(G*pG*) with 3'- and/or 5'-substituents). The moderately bulky (S,R,R,S)-Bip ligand favors L canting and slows rotation about the Pt-G* bonds, and the (S,R,R,S)-BipPt(oligo) models provide more useful data than do dynamic models derived from active Pt drugs. All 5'-substituents in (S,R,R,S)-BipPt(oligo) adducts favor the normal HH conformer (∼97%) by destabilizing the HT conformer through clashes with the 3'-G* residue rather than through favorable H-bonding interactions with the carrier ligand in the HH conformer. For all (S,R,R,S)-BipPt(oligo) adducts, the S pucker of the 5'-X residue is retained. For these adducts, a 5'-substituent had only modest effects on the degree of L canting for the (S,R,R,S)-BipPt(oligo) HH conformer. This small flanking 5'-substituent effect on an L-canted HH conformer contrasts with the significant decrease in the degree of R canting previously observed for flanking 5'-substituents in the R-canted (R,S,S,R)-BipPt(oligo) analogues. The present data support our earlier hypothesis that the distortion distinctive to the XG* bp step (S to N pucker change and movement of the X residue) is required for normal stacking and X·X' WC H bonding and to prevent XG* residue clashes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil S Saad
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA.
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48
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Maheshwari V, Marzilli PA, Marzilli LG. Investigation Relevant to the Conformation of the 17-Membered Pt(d(GpG)) Macrocyclic Ring Formed by Pt Anticancer Drugs with DNA: Pt Complexes with a Goldilocks Carrier Ligand. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:6626-36. [DOI: 10.1021/ic200512m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vidhi Maheshwari
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Patricia A. Marzilli
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Luigi G. Marzilli
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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49
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Saad JS, Benedetti M, Natile G, Marzilli LG. NMR studies of models having the Pt(d(GpG)) 17-membered macrocyclic ring formed in DNA by platinum anticancer drugs: Pt complexes with bulky chiral diamine ligands. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:4559-71. [PMID: 21510625 DOI: 10.1021/ic200259s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The highly distorted Pt(d(G*pG*)) (G* = N7-platinated G) 17-membered macrocyclic ring formed by cisplatin anticancer drug binding to DNA alters the structure of the G*G* base pair steps, canting one base, and increases dynamic motion, complicating solution structural studies. However, the ring appears to favor the HH1 conformation (HH1 denotes head-to-head guanine bases, 1 denotes the normal direction of backbone propagation). Compared to cisplatin, analogues with NH groups in the carrier ligand replaced by bulky N-alkyl groups are more toxic and less active and form less dynamic adducts. To examine the molecular origins for the biological effects of steric bulk, we evaluate Me(4)DABPt(d(G*pG*)) models; the bulk and chirality of Me(4)DAB (N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-2,3-diaminobutane with S,S or R,R configurations at the chelate ring carbons) impede dynamic motion and enhance the utility of NMR methods for identifying and characterizing conformers. Unlike past studies of adducts with such bulky carrier ligands, in which no HH conformer was found, the Me(4)DABPt(d(G*pG*)) adducts did form the HH1 conformer, providing compelling evidence that the sugar-phosphate backbone can impose constraints sufficient to overcome the alkyl-group steric effects. The HH1 conformer exhibits no significant canting. The (S,S)-Me(4)DABPt(d(G*pG*)) adduct has the least amount of the "normal" HH1 conformer and the greatest amount of the ΔHT1 conformer (ΔHT1 = head-to-tail G* bases with Δ chirality) ever observed (88% under some conditions). Thus, our results lead us to hypothesize that the low activity and high toxicity of analogues of cisplatin having carrier ligands with N-alkyl groups arise from the low abundance and minimal canting of the HH1 conformer and possibly from the adverse effects of an abundant ΔHT1 conformer. The new findings advance our understanding of the chemistry of the Pt(d(G*pG*)) macrocyclic ring and of the effects of carrier-ligand steric bulk on the properties of the ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil S Saad
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA.
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50
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Komeda S, Lin YL, Chikuma M. A Tetrazolato-Bridged Dinuclear Platinum(II) Complex Exhibits Markedly High in vivo Antitumor Activity against Pancreatic Cancer. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:987-90. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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