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Salas-Navarrete PC, de Oca Miranda AIM, Martínez A, Caspeta L. Evolutionary and reverse engineering to increase Saccharomyces cerevisiae tolerance to acetic acid, acidic pH, and high temperature. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 106:383-399. [PMID: 34913993 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11730-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae scarcely grows on minimal media with acetic acid, acidic pH, and high temperatures. In this study, the adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE), whole-genome analysis, and reverse engineering approaches were used to generate strains tolerant to these conditions. The thermotolerant strain TTY23 and its parental S288C were evolved through 1 year, in increasing concentrations of acetic acid up to 12 g/L, keeping the pH ≤ 4. Of the 18 isolated strains, 9 from each ancestor, we selected the thermo-acid tolerant TAT12, derived from TTY23, and the acid tolerant AT22, derived from S288C. Both grew in minimal media with 12 g/L of acetic acid, pH 4, and 30 °C, and produced ethanol up to 29.25 ± 6 mmol/gDCW/h-neither of the ancestors thrived in these conditions. Furthermore, only the TAT12 grew on 2 g/L of acetic acid, pH 3, and 37 °C, and accumulated 16.5 ± 0.5 mmol/gDCW/h of ethanol. Whole-genome sequencing and transcriptomic analysis of this strain showed changes in the genetic sequence and transcription of key genes involved in the RAS-cAMP-PKA signaling pathway (RAS2, GPA2, and IRA2), the heat shock transcription factor (HSF1), and the positive regulator of replication initiation (SUM1), among others. By reverse engineering, the relevance of the combined mutations in the genes RAS2, HSF1, and SUM1 to the tolerance for acetic acid, low pH, and high temperature was confirmed. Alone, the RAS2 mutation yielded acid tolerance and HSF1 nutation thermotolerance. Increasing the thermo-acidic niche and acetic acid tolerance of S. cerevisiae can contribute to improve economic ethanol production. KEY POINTS: • Thermo-acid tolerant (TAT) yeast strains were generated by adaptive laboratory evolution. • The strain TAT12 thrived on non-native, thermo-acidic harmful conditions. • Mutations in RAS2, HSF1, and SUM1 genes rendered yeast thermo and acid tolerant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prisciluis Caheri Salas-Navarrete
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, C.P. 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Arturo Iván Montes de Oca Miranda
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, C.P. 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Martínez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular Y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, C.P. 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Luis Caspeta
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular Y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, C.P. 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
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2
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Dramatic Changes in Oligomerization Property Caused by Single Residue Deletion in Staphylococcus aureus Enolase. Mol Biotechnol 2021; 63:125-139. [PMID: 33385272 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-020-00291-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies were conducted to understand the role of C-terminal lysine residues in the catalytic activity, structural stability and oligomeric properties of Staphylococcus aureus enolase. Interestingly, the S. aureus enolase, in solution, shows its presence as a stable dimer as well as the catalytically active fragile octamer. Compared to the hexa-histidine tagged S. aureus enolase (rSaeno), the deletion mutant showed the negligible difference in Km, but approximately 20-25% reduction in maximum reaction velocity (Vmax) and 2% reduction in turnover number were observed. These kinetic parameters indicate that K-434Δ deletion mutation does not drastically compromise the enzyme efficiency. The secondary structure and the octameric conformation of both the rSaeno and the K-434Δ mutant are very much stable between pH ranging from 6 to 9, temperatures ranging from 20 to 40 °C and in the presence of divalent metal ions Mg2+, Zn2+ and Mn2+. Under these conditions, the recombinant enzyme and the mutant are also catalytically very active. Intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence (320-380 nm) and CD spectral (195-260 nm) analysis revealed that the secondary structure and the surface architecture of the proteins are not majorly altered by the mutation. But, a significant correlation was observed between the time-dependent decrease in the catalytic activity and the oligomeric stability of rSaeno and K-434Δ mutant. The C-terminal lysine residues in the inter-dimer groove aid in folding and oligomerization of S. aureus enolase.
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Logeshwaran P, Krishnan K, Naidu R, Megharaj M. Purification and characterization of a novel fenamiphos hydrolysing enzyme from Microbacterium esteraromaticum MM1. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 252:126549. [PMID: 32229357 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Fenamiphos is a neurotoxic organophosphorus pesticide used widely to control pests of crops. Fenamiphos and its toxic oxidation products have been detected in surface and groundwaters. A novel enzyme capable of hydrolysing P-O-C bond of fenamiphos is purified from Microbacterium esteraromaticum MM1 total cellular protein using a combination of methods. The purified fenamiphos hydrolysing enzyme (FHE) was identified as enolase (phosphopyruvate hydratase), a housekeeping enzyme with molecular mass and pI value of 45 kDa and 4.5, respectively. The optimum pH and temperature for the activity of the FHE are 7 and 25 °C, respectively. We studied the influence of metal ions and inhibitors on the enzyme activity. The enzyme was strongly activated by Mg2+ whereas Hg2+ and phenylmethyl sulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) inhibited the enzyme. The kinetic parameters, Km and Vmax for fenamiphos hydrolysis were estimated to be 584.15 ± 16.22 μM and 6.46 ± 0.13 μM min-1, respectively. The FHE was functionally active against its original substrate (2-phosphoglycerate) with Km value of 5.82 ± 1.42 μM and Vmax of 4.2 ± 0.1 μM min-1. This enzyme has great potential for its application in the detoxification of fenamiphos and its warfare homologs. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the purification of fenamiphos hydrolysing enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panneerselvan Logeshwaran
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRCCARE), ATC Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Kannan Krishnan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRCCARE), ATC Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRCCARE), ATC Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Mallavarapu Megharaj
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRCCARE), ATC Building, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
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4
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Hemmadi V, Das A, Chouhan OP, Biswas S, Biswas M. Effect of ions and inhibitors on the catalytic activity and structural stability of S. aureus enolase. J Biosci 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-019-9912-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Standardized assay medium to measure Lactococcus lactis enzyme activities while mimicking intracellular conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 78:134-43. [PMID: 22020503 DOI: 10.1128/aem.05276-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of how the activity of enzymes is affected under in vivo conditions is essential for analyzing their regulation and constructing models that yield an integrated understanding of cell behavior. Current kinetic parameters for Lactococcus lactis are scattered through different studies and performed under different assay conditions. Furthermore, assay conditions often diverge from conditions prevailing in the intracellular environment. To establish uniform assay conditions that resemble intracellular conditions, we analyzed the intracellular composition of anaerobic glucose-limited chemostat cultures of L. lactis subsp. cremoris MG 1363. Based on this, we designed a new assay medium for enzyme activity measurements of growing cells of L. lactis, mimicking as closely as practically possible its intracellular environment. Procedures were optimized to be carried out in 96-well plates, and the reproducibility and dynamic range were checked for all enzyme activity measurements. The effects of freezing and the carryover of ammonium sulfate from the addition of coupling enzymes were also established. Activities of all 10 glycolytic and 4 fermentative enzymes were measured. Remarkably, most in vivo-like activities were lower than previously published data. Yet, the ratios of V(max) over measured in vivo fluxes were above 1. With this work, we have developed and extensively validated standard protocols for enzyme activity measurements for L. lactis.
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Vora HK, Shaik FR, Pal-Bhowmick I, Mout R, Jarori GK. Effect of deletion of a plant like pentapeptide insert on kinetic, structural and immunological properties of enolase from Plasmodium falciparum. Arch Biochem Biophys 2009; 485:128-38. [PMID: 19268421 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2009.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2008] [Revised: 02/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum enolase (Pfen) is of photosynthetic lineage as evident from the presence of a plant like pentapeptide insert (104)EWGWS(108) in a highly conserved surface loop of the protein. Such a unique region which is absent in human enolase, constitutes an excellent target for inhibitor design, provided its essentiality for function could be demonstrated. A deletion Pfen lacking this insert was made and the effect of this deletion on activity and structure was assessed. Deletion of insert resulted in approximately 100-fold decrease in k(cat)/K(m) and caused dissociation of dimeric form into monomers. Since the parasite enolase localizes on the merozoite surface and confers partial protection against malaria [I. Pal-Bhowmick, M. Mehta, I. Coppens, S. Sharma, G.K. Jarori, Infect. Immun. 75(11) (2007) 5500-5008], the possibility of the insert being involved in protective response was examined. Serum from Pfen vaccinated mouse which showed prolonged survival to parasite challenge had negligible reactivity against deletion protein as compared to wild type enolase. These results indicate that the insert sequence is required for the full enolase activity and may constitute the protective antigenic epitope in parasite enolase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardeep K Vora
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
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Pal-Bhowmick I, Krishnan S, Jarori GK. Differential susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum versus yeast and mammalian enolases to dissociation into active monomers. FEBS J 2007; 274:1932-45. [PMID: 17371507 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05738.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the past, several unsuccessful attempts have been made to dissociate homodimeric enolases into their active monomeric forms. The main objective of these studies had been to understand whether intersubunit interactions are essential for the catalytic and structural stability of enolases. Further motivation to investigate the properties of monomeric enolase has arisen from several recent reports on the involvement of enolase in diverse nonglycolytic (moonlighting) functions, where it may occur in monomeric form. Here, we report successful dissociation of dimeric enolases from Plasmodium falciparum, yeast and rabbit muscle into active and isolatable monomers. Dimeric enolases could be dissociated into monomers by high concentrations ( approximately 250 mm) of imidazole and/or hydrogen ions. Two forms were separated using Superdex-75 gel filtration chromatography. A detailed comparison of the kinetic and structural properties of monomeric and dimeric forms of recombinant P. falciparum enolase showed differences in specific activity, salt-induced inhibition and inactivation, thermal stability, etc. Furthermore, we found that enolases from the three species differ in their dimer dissociation profiles. Specifically, on challenge with imidazole, Mg(II) protected the enolases of yeast and rabbit muscle but not of P. falciparum from dissociation. The observed differential stability of the P. falciparum enolase dimer interface with respect to mammalian enolases could be exploited to selectively dissociate the dimeric parasite enzyme into its catalytically inefficient, thermally unstable monomeric form. Thus enolase could be a novel therapeutic target for malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipsita Pal-Bhowmick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Colaba, Mumbai, India
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8
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Lee JH, Kang HK, Moon YH, Cho DL, Kim D, Choe JY, Honzatko R, Robyt JF. Cloning, expression and characterization of an extracellular enolase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2006; 259:240-8. [PMID: 16734786 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00274.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Enolase on the surface of streptococci putatively facilitates pathogenic invasion of the host organisms. The related Leuconostoc mesenteroides 512FMCM is nonpathogenic, but it too has an extracellular enolase. Purified isolates of extracellular dextransucrase from cultures of L. mesenteroides contain minute amounts of enolase, which separate as small crystals. Expression of L. mesenteroides enolase in Escherichia coli provides a protein (calculated subunit mass of 47 546 Da) catalyzing the conversion of 2-phsopho-D-glycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate. The pH optimum is 6.8, with Km and kcat values of 2.61 mM and 27.5 s(-1), respectively. At phosphate concentrations of 1 mM and below, fluoride is a noncompetitive inhibitor with respect to 2-phospho-D-glycerate, but in the presence of 20 mM phosphate, fluoride becomes a competitive inhibitor. Recombinant enolase significantly inhibits the activity of purified dextransucrase, and does not bind human plasminogen. Results here suggest that in some organisms enolase may participate in protein interactions that have no direct relevance to pathogenic invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ha Lee
- Engineering Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju, South Korea
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9
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Kornblatt MJ. Changing the metal ion selectivity of rabbit muscle enolase by mutagenesis: effects of the G37A and G41A mutations. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2005; 1748:20-5. [PMID: 15752688 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2004.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2004] [Revised: 10/18/2004] [Accepted: 11/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During the reaction catalyzed by enolase, a mobile loop, residues 36-45, closes over the active site. In order to probe the role of this loop movement in catalysis, the glycines at positions 37 and 41 of rabbit muscle enolase (beta beta) have been mutated to alanines. The mutant forms-G37A and G41A-of enolase are both active, but have altered selectivity for divalent cations. G37A, when assayed with Mg(2+), has 12% the activity of the wild type. However, it is twice as active as wild type when assayed with Mn(2+), Zn(2+), or Co(2+). G41A has 4% the activity of the wild type with Mg(2+), is more active than wild type with Co(2+), and slightly less active than wild type with Mn(2+) and Zn(2+). The kinetic isotope effect for both mutants is greater than that of the wild type with all 4 divalent cations. These results indicate that the flexibility of this loop has subtle effects on catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Judith Kornblatt
- Enzyme Research Group, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4B 1R6.
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10
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Polidori E, Saltarelli R, Ceccaroli P, Buffalini M, Pierleoni R, Palma F, Bonfante P, Stocchi V. Enolase from the ectomycorrhizal fungus Tuber borchii Vittad.: biochemical characterization, molecular cloning, and localization. Fungal Genet Biol 2004; 41:157-67. [PMID: 14732262 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2003.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enolase from Tuber borchii mycelium was purified to electrophoretical homogeneity using an anion-exchange and a gel permeation chromatography. Furthermore, the corresponding gene (eno-1) was cloned and characterized. The purified enzyme showed a higher affinity for 2-PGA (0.26 mM) with respect to PEP; the stability and activity of enolase were dependent of the divalent cation Mg2+. T. borchii eno-1 has an ORF of 1323 bp coding for a putative protein of 440 amino acids and Southern blotting analysis revealed that the gene is present as a single copy in T. borchii. The enzymatic activity and the mRNA expression level evaluated in mycelia grown either in different carbon sources, in pyruvate or during starvation were the same in all the conditions tested, while biochemical and Northern blotting analyses performed with mycelia at different days of growth showed T. borchii eno-1 regulation in response to the growth phase. Finally, Western blotting analysis demonstrated that enolase is localized only in the cytosolic fraction confirming its important role in glycolysis.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Ascomycota/enzymology
- Ascomycota/genetics
- Ascomycota/growth & development
- Ascomycota/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- Chromatography, Gel
- Chromatography, Ion Exchange
- Cloning, Molecular
- Coenzymes/analysis
- DNA, Fungal/chemistry
- DNA, Fungal/isolation & purification
- Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal
- Genes, Fungal/genetics
- Genes, Fungal/physiology
- Glyceric Acids/metabolism
- Introns/genetics
- Magnesium/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Molecular Weight
- Phosphoenolpyruvate/metabolism
- Phosphopyruvate Hydratase/genetics
- Phosphopyruvate Hydratase/isolation & purification
- Phosphopyruvate Hydratase/physiology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA 3' Polyadenylation Signals/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Substrate Specificity/physiology
- Transcription Initiation Site
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Polidori
- Istituto di Chimica Biologica Giorgio Fornaini, Università degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, Via A. Saffi, 2, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy
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Hannaert V, Albert MA, Rigden DJ, da Silva Giotto MT, Thiemann O, Garratt RC, Van Roy J, Opperdoes FR, Michels PAM. Kinetic characterization, structure modelling studies and crystallization of Trypanosoma brucei enolase. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2003; 270:3205-13. [PMID: 12869196 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03692.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we report the results of an analysis of the glycolytic enzyme enolase (2-phospho-d-glycerate hydrolase) of Trypanosoma brucei. Enolase activity was detected in both bloodstream-form and procyclic insect-stage trypanosomes, although a 4.5-fold lower specific activity was found in the cultured procyclic homogenate. Subcellular localization analysis showed that the enzyme is only present in the cytosol. The T. brucei enolase was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. The kinetic properties of the bacterially expressed enzyme showed strong similarity to those values found for the natural T. brucei enolase present in a cytosolic cell fraction, indicating a proper folding of the enzyme in E. coli. The kinetic properties of T. brucei enolase were also studied in comparison with enolase from rabbit muscle and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Functionally, similarities were found to exist between the three enzymes: the Michaelis constant (Km) and KA values for the substrates and Mg2+ are very similar. Differences in pH optima for activity, inhibition by excess Mg2+ and susceptibilities to monovalent ions showed that the T. brucei enolase behaves more like the yeast enzyme. Alignment of the amino acid sequences of T. brucei enolase and other eukaryotic and prokaryotic enolases showed that most residues involved in the binding of its ligands are well conserved. Structure modelling of the T. brucei enzyme using the available S. cerevisiae structures as templates indicated that there are some atypical residues (one Lys and two Cys) close to the T. brucei active site. As these residues are absent from the human host enolase and are therefore potentially interesting for drug design, we initiated attempts to determine the three-dimensional structure. T. brucei enolase crystals diffracting at 2.3 A resolution were obtained and will permit us to pursue the determination of structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Hannaert
- Research Unit for Tropical Diseases, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology and Laboratory of Biochemistry, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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Brewer JM, Glover CVC, Holland MJ, Lebioda L. Enzymatic function of loop movement in enolase: preparation and some properties of H159N, H159A, H159F, and N207A enolases. JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 2003; 22:353-61. [PMID: 13678299 DOI: 10.1023/a:1025390123761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis that His159 in yeast enolase moves on a polypeptide loop to protonate the phosphoryl of 2-phosphoglycerate to initiate its conversion to phosphoenolpyruvate was tested by preparing H159N, H159A, and H159F enolases. These have 0.07%-0.25% of the native activity under standard assay conditions and the pH dependence of maximum velocities of H159A and H159N mutants is markedly altered. Activation by Mg2+ is biphasic, with the smaller Mg2+ activation constant closer to that of the "catalytic" Mg2+ binding site of native enolase and the larger in the mM range in which native enolase is inhibited. A third Mg2+ may bind to the phosphoryl, functionally replacing proton donation by His159. N207A enolase lacks an intersubunit interaction that stabilizes the closed loop(s) conformation when 2-phosphoglycerate binds. It has 21% of the native activity, also exhibits biphasic Mg2+ activation, and its reaction with the aldehyde analogue of the substrate is more strongly inhibited than is its normal enzymatic reaction. Polypeptide loop(s) closure may keep a proton from His159 interacting with the substrate phosphoryl oxygen long enough to stabilize a carbanion intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Brewer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
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Povelainen M, Eneyskaya EV, Kulminskaya AA, Ivanen DR, Kalkkinen N, Neustroev KN, Miasnikov AN. Biochemical and genetic characterization of a novel enzyme of pentitol metabolism: D-arabitol-phosphate dehydrogenase. Biochem J 2003; 371:191-7. [PMID: 12467497 PMCID: PMC1223252 DOI: 10.1042/bj20021096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2002] [Revised: 11/20/2002] [Accepted: 12/06/2002] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An enzyme with a specificity that has not been described previously, D-arabitol-phosphate dehydrogenase (APDH), has been purified from cell lysate of Enterococcus avium. SDS/PAGE indicated that the enzyme had a molecular mass of 41+/-2 kDa, whereas a molecular mass of 160+/-5 kDa was observed under non-denaturing conditions, implying that the APDH may exist as a tetramer with identical subunits. Purified APDH was found to have a narrow substrate specificity, converting only D-arabitol 1-phosphate and D-arabitol 5-phosphate into xylulose 5-phosphate and ribulose 5-phosphate, respectively, in the oxidative reaction. Both NAD(+) and NADP(+) were accepted as cofactors. Based on the partial protein sequences, the APDH gene was cloned. Homology comparisons place APDH within the medium-range dehydrogenase family. Unlike most members of this family, APDH requires Mn(2+) but no Zn(2+) for enzymic activity. The DNA sequence surrounding the gene suggests that it belongs to an operon that also contains several components of phosphotransferase system. Both biochemical evidence and protein sequence homology comparisons indicate that similar enzymes are widespread among the Gram-positive bacteria. Their apparent biological role is to participate in arabitol catabolism via the 'arabitol phosphate route', similar to the ribitol and xylitol catabolic routes described previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Povelainen
- Danisco Cultor Innovation, Sokeritehtaantie 20, Kantvik 02460, Finland
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14
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Kornblatt MJ, Zheng SX, Lamandé N, Lazar M. Cloning, expression and mutagenesis of a subunit contact of rabbit muscle-specific (betabeta) enolase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1597:311-9. [PMID: 12044909 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(02)00319-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The cDNA for rabbit muscle-specific (betabeta) enolase was cloned, sequenced and expressed in Escherichia coli. This betabeta-enolase differs at eight positions from that sequenced by Chin (17). Site-directed mutagenesis was used to change residue 414 from glutamate to leucine, thereby abolishing a salt bridge involved in subunit contacts. Recombinant wild-type and mutant enolase were purified from E. coli and compared to enolase isolated from rabbit muscle. Molecular weights were determined by mass spectrometry. All three betabeta-enolases had similar kinetics, and UV and circular dichroism (CD) spectra. The mutant enolase was far more sensitive to inactivation by pressure, by KCl or EDTA, and by sodium perchlorate. We confirmed, by analytical ultracentrifugation, that the sodium perchlorate inactivation was due to dissociation. DeltaG(o) for dissociation of enolase was decreased from 49.7 kJ/mol for the wild-type enzyme to 42.3 kJ/mol for the mutant. In contrast to the wild-type enzyme, perchlorate inactivation of E414L was accompanied by a small loss of secondary structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Judith Kornblatt
- Enzyme Research Group, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, 1455 de Maisonneuve Boulevard W., Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1M8.
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Miziorko
- Biochemistry Department, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226, USA
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16
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Brewer JM, Holland MJ, Lebioda L. The H159A mutant of yeast enolase 1 has significant activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 276:1199-202. [PMID: 11027610 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The function of His159 in the enolase mechanism is disputed. Recently, Vinarov and Nowak (Biochemistry (1999) 38, 12138-12149) prepared the H159A mutant of yeast enolase 1 and expressed this in Escherichia coli. They reported minimal (ca. 0.01% of the native value) activity, though the protein appeared to be correctly folded, according to its CD spectrum, tryptophan fluorescence, and binding of metal ion and substrate. We prepared H159A enolase using a multicopy plasmid and expressed the enzyme in yeast. Our preparations of H159A enolase have 0.2-0.4% of the native activity under standard assay conditions and are further activated by Mg(2+) concentrations above 1 mM to 1-1.5% of the native activity. Native enolase 1 (and enolase 2) are inhibited by such Mg(2+) concentrations. It is possible that His159 is necessary for correct folding of the enzyme and that expression in E. coli leads to largely misfolded protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Brewer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA.
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Kustrzeba-Wójcicka I, Golczak M. Enolase from Candida albicans--purification and characterization. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2000; 126:109-20. [PMID: 10825670 DOI: 10.1016/s0305-0491(00)00169-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes isolation of electrophoretically homogenous enolase from Candida albicans. The purification involved: disintegration of C. albicans cells in a Braun's mill (67-100%) ammonium sulfate precipitation, chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50 at pH 9.0 and chromatography on CM-Sephadex A-50 at pH 6.2. The procedure resulted in a 30-fold purification of the enzyme with a recovery rate of 6% and a specific activity 35 U mg-1. The subunit molecular weight was 46 kDa and the pH optimum of the enzyme was 6.8. Km and Vmax values for the 2PGA-->PEP reaction were determined (Km = 0.95 mM, Vmax = 4200 mumol min-1 mumol-1). In the absence of orthophosphate, inhibition by fluoride was competitive, which became noncompetitive in the presence of phosphate. It was confirmed that Mg2+ is the most potent activator (Km = 0.286 mM); Mn2+ gave less activity and Zn2+ less still. It was also demonstrated that the presence of two types of cations in the reaction mixture nullified the activatory effect of the stronger agent. Properties of the enzyme from C. albicans are compared with those of enolases from other sources.
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Lin T, Kornblatt MJ. The binding of Na(+) to apo-enolase permits the binding of substrate. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1476:279-86. [PMID: 10669792 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(99)00233-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Enolase from rabbit muscle (betabeta-enolase) is inactivated by NaClO(4). Enolase free of divalent cations is more susceptible to inactivation by NaClO(4) than is enolase in the presence of Mg(2+). We find that substrate protects apo-enolase against inactivation, indicating that substrate can bind to enolase in the absence of a divalent cation. This binding is not due to contamination by trace levels of divalent cations since (1) it occurs even in the presence of EDTA or EGTA and (2) metal analysis by ICP (inductively coupled plasma) mass spectrometry did not reveal sufficient contamination to account for the protection. The binding of PGA to apo-enolase did require Na(+). When TMAClO(4) was used instead of NaClO(4), there was no protection by PGA. Protection was restored when TMAClO(4) plus NaCl were used. The inactivation of apo-enolase by NaClO(4) is due to dissociation into inactive monomers. We conclude that Na(+) binds to apo-enolase, permitting substrate to then bind. Of the three known Me(2+) binding sites on enolase, we believe the most likely binding site for Na(+) is the carboxylate cluster of site 1, the highest affinity site of enolase.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lin
- Enzyme Research Group, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, 1455 de Maisonneuve Boulevard W., Montreal, Que., Canada
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Brewer JM, Glover CV, Holland MJ, Lebioda L. Effect of site-directed mutagenesis of His373 of yeast enolase on some of its physical and enzymatic properties. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1340:88-96. [PMID: 9217018 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(97)00029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The X-ray structure of yeast enolase shows His373 interacting with a water molecule also held by residues Glu168 and Glu211. The water molecule is suggested to participate in the catalytic mechanism (Lebioda, L. and Stec, B. (1991) Biochemistry 30, 2817-2822). Replacement of His373 with asparagine (H373N enolase) or phenylalanine (H373F enolase) reduces enzymatic activity to ca. 10% and 0.0003% of the native enzyme activity, respectively. H373N enolase exhibits a reduced Km for the substrate, 2-phosphoglycerate, and produces the same absorbance changes in the chromophoric substrate analogues TSP1 and AEP1, relative to native enolase. H373F enolase binds AEP less strongly, producing a smaller absorbance change than native enolase, and reacts very little with TSP. H373F enolase dissociates to monomers in the absence of substrate; H373N enolase subunit dissociation is less than H373F enolase but more than native enolase. Substrate and Mg2+ increase subunit association in both mutants. Differential scanning calorimetric experiments indicate that the interaction with substrate that stabilizes enolase to thermal denaturation involves His373. We suggest that the function of His373 in the enolase reaction may involve hydrogen bonding rather than acid/base catalysis, through interaction with the Glu168/Glu211/H2O system, which produces removal or addition of hydroxyl at carbon-3 of the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Brewer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, USA
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Kornblatt MJ, Al-Ghanim A, Kornblatt JA. The effects of sodium perchlorate on rabbit muscle enolase--Spectral characterization of the monomer. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1996; 236:78-84. [PMID: 8617289 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.00078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Incubation of rabbit beta beta enolase in NaClO4 (< or = O.3 M) results in a loss of enzymatic activity and striking changes in the second-derivative ultraviolet spectrum of enolase. HPLC gel filtration shows that dissociation of the dimeric enzyme is occurring. We have used molecular modelling, fluorescence and circular dichroic spectroscopy to examine the structural differences between the monomeric and dimeric forms of this protein. In the dimer, the tyrosine residues are in a non-polar environment; upon dissociation, two of them that were at the dimer interface become exposed. This results in large changes in the second-derivative spectrum. Both the tryptophan fluorescence emission spectrum and the aromatic region of the CD spectrum indicate that there are also changes in the environment of other aromatic residues. No perturbations in the peptide bond region of the CD spectrum are observed. We propose that the major structural effect of NaClO4 is to increase the flexibility of the loops connecting the helices and strands of the alpha/beta barrel of enolase. These loops, which contain about half of the aromatic residues, contain some of the residues of the active site and other residues involved in subunit contacts. Increased flexibility of the loops could disrupt both subunit interactions and the structure of the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Kornblatt
- Enzyme Research Group, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
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Zhang E, Hatada M, Brewer JM, Lebioda L. Catalytic metal ion binding in enolase: the crystal structure of an enolase-Mn2+-phosphonoacetohydroxamate complex at 2.4-A resolution. Biochemistry 1994; 33:6295-300. [PMID: 8193144 DOI: 10.1021/bi00186a032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Enolase, a glycolytic enzyme that catalyzes the dehydration of 2-phospho-D-glycerate (PGA) to form phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), requires two divalent metal ions per active site for activity. The first metal ion, traditionally referred to as "conformational", binds in a high-affinity site I. The second metal ion, "catalytic", binds in site II only in the presence of a substrate or substrate analogue and with much lower affinity for the physiological cofactor Mg2+. While the high-affinity site has been well characterized, the position of the lower affinity site has not been established so far. Here, we report the structure of the quaternary complex between enolase, the transition-state analogue phosphonoacetohydroxamate (PhAH), and two Mn2+ ions. The structure has been refined by using 16 561 reflections with F/sigma (F) > or = 3 to an R = 0.165 with average deviations of bond lengths and bond angles from ideal values of 0.013 A and 3.1 degrees, respectively. The "catalytic" metal ion is coordinated to two oxygen atoms of the phosphono moiety of PhAH and to the carbonyl oxygen of Gly37. Most likely, disordered water molecules complement its coordination sphere. The interaction with the site II metal ion must stabilize negative charge on the phosphate group and produce electron withdrawal from carbon 2 of the substrate, facilitating proton abstraction from carbon 2, the rate-limiting step in the catalytic process. The Gly37 residue is located in the flexible loop Ser36-His43, which assumes an "open" conformation in the absence of substrate and a "closed" conformation in the presence of a substrate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- E Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia 29208
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