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Armstrong A, Hernandez JA, Roth F, Bracewell DG, Farid SS, P C Marques M, Goldrick S. Development of temperature-controlled batch and 3-column counter-current protein A system for improved therapeutic purification. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1730:465110. [PMID: 38941794 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.465110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Maximizing product quality attributes by optimizing process parameters and performance attributes is a crucial aspect of bioprocess chromatography process design. Process parameters include but are not limited to bed height, eluate cut points, and elution pH. An under-characterized chromatography process parameter for protein A chromatography is process temperature. Here, we present a mechanistic understanding of the effects of temperature on the protein A purification of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) using a commercial chromatography resin for batch and continuous counter-current systems. A self-designed 3D-printed heating jacket controlled the 1 mL chromatography process temperature during the loading, wash, elution, and cleaning-in-place (CIP) steps. Batch loading experiments at 10, 20, and 30 °C demonstrated increased dynamic binding capacity (DBC) with temperature. The experimental data were fit to mechanistic and correlation-based models that predicted the optimal operating conditions over a range of temperatures. These model-based predictions optimized the development of a 3-column temperature-controlled periodic counter-current chromatography (TCPCC) and were validated experimentally. Operating a 3-column TCPCC at 30 °C led to a 47% increase in DBC relative to 20 °C batch chromatography. The DBC increase resulted in a two-fold increase in productivity relative to 20 °C batch. Increasing the number of columns to the TCPCC to optimize for increasing feed concentration resulted in further improvements to productivity. The feed-optimized TCPCC showed a respective two, three, and four-fold increase in productivity at feed concentrations of 1, 5, and 15 mg/mL mAb, respectively. The derived and experimentally validated temperature-dependent models offer a valuable tool for optimizing both batch and continuous chromatography systems under various operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Armstrong
- Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Felix Roth
- Cell Culture and Fermentation Science, Biopharmaceuticals Development, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel G Bracewell
- Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne S Farid
- Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Marco P C Marques
- Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Goldrick
- Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, United Kingdom.
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2
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Aschenbrenner I, Böckler M, Franke F, Liebl K, Catici DAM, Brandl M, Behnke J, Feige MJ. Development of an enabling platform biotechnology for the production of proteins. Biol Chem 2024; 405:471-483. [PMID: 38916991 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2023-0376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Protein-based drugs are a mainstay of modern medicine. In contrast to antibodies, most of these need highly individualized production processes which often limits their development. Here, we develop an immunoglobulin domain tag (i-Tag), which can be fused to any protein of interest. This tag is made of a linear arrangement of antibody light chain constant domains. It enhances expression as well as secretion of the fusion partner and allows for simple purification of several structurally and functionally distinct fusion proteins. Furthermore, it improves the biophysical characteristics of most fusion proteins tested, is inert, and does not compromise the fusion partners' functionality. Taken together, the i-Tag should facilitate the development of biopharmaceuticals and diagnostic proteins otherwise lacking a common structural element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Aschenbrenner
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), 9184 Technical University of Munich , D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Maximilian Böckler
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), 9184 Technical University of Munich , D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Fabian Franke
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), 9184 Technical University of Munich , D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Korbinian Liebl
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), 9184 Technical University of Munich , D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Dragana A M Catici
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), 9184 Technical University of Munich , D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Matthias Brandl
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Bavarian NMR Center (BNMRZ), 9184 Technical University of Munich , D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Julia Behnke
- TUM School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar München, 9184 Technical University of Munich , D-81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias J Feige
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Center for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), 9184 Technical University of Munich , D-85748 Garching, Germany
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3
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Tomaino G, Pantaleoni C, D’Urzo A, Santambrogio C, Testa F, Ciprandi M, Cotugno D, Frascotti G, Vanoni M, Tortora P. An Efficient Method for Vault Nanoparticle Conjugation with Finely Adjustable Amounts of Antibodies and Small Molecules. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6629. [PMID: 38928334 PMCID: PMC11203631 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaults are eukaryotic ribonucleoproteins consisting of 78 copies of the major vault protein (MVP), which assemble into a nanoparticle with an about 60 nm volume-based size, enclosing other proteins and RNAs. Regardless of their physiological role(s), vaults represent ideal, natural hollow nanoparticles, which are produced by the assembly of the sole MVP. Here, we have expressed in Komagataella phaffi and purified an MVP variant carrying a C-terminal Z peptide (vault-Z), which can tightly bind an antibody's Fc portion, in view of targeted delivery. Via surface plasmon resonance analysis, we could determine a 2.5 nM affinity to the monoclonal antibody Trastuzumab (Tz)/vault-Z 1:1 interaction. Then, we characterized the in-solution interaction via co-incubation, ultracentrifugation, and analysis of the pelleted proteins. This showed virtually irreversible binding up to an at least 10:1 Tz/vault-Z ratio. As a proof of concept, we labeled the Fc portion of Tz with a fluorophore and conjugated it with the nanoparticle, along with either Tz or Cetuximab, another monoclonal antibody. Thus, we could demonstrate antibody-dependent, selective uptake by the SKBR3 and MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cell lines. These investigations provide a novel, flexible technological platform that significantly extends vault-Z's applications, in that it can be stably conjugated with finely adjusted amounts of antibodies as well as of other molecules, such as fluorophores, cell-targeting peptides, or drugs, using the Fc portion as a scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Tomaino
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (G.T.); (C.P.); (A.D.); (C.S.); (F.T.); (M.C.); (D.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Camilla Pantaleoni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (G.T.); (C.P.); (A.D.); (C.S.); (F.T.); (M.C.); (D.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Annalisa D’Urzo
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (G.T.); (C.P.); (A.D.); (C.S.); (F.T.); (M.C.); (D.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Carlo Santambrogio
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (G.T.); (C.P.); (A.D.); (C.S.); (F.T.); (M.C.); (D.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Filippo Testa
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (G.T.); (C.P.); (A.D.); (C.S.); (F.T.); (M.C.); (D.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Matilde Ciprandi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (G.T.); (C.P.); (A.D.); (C.S.); (F.T.); (M.C.); (D.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Davide Cotugno
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (G.T.); (C.P.); (A.D.); (C.S.); (F.T.); (M.C.); (D.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Gianni Frascotti
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (G.T.); (C.P.); (A.D.); (C.S.); (F.T.); (M.C.); (D.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Marco Vanoni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (G.T.); (C.P.); (A.D.); (C.S.); (F.T.); (M.C.); (D.C.); (M.V.)
- ISBE-SYSBIO Centre for Systems Biology, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Tortora
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (G.T.); (C.P.); (A.D.); (C.S.); (F.T.); (M.C.); (D.C.); (M.V.)
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4
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Ng CL, Lim TS, Choong YS. Application of Computational Techniques in Antibody Fc-Fused Molecule Design for Therapeutics. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:568-581. [PMID: 37742298 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00885-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Since the advent of hybridoma technology in the year 1975, it took a decade to witness the first approved monoclonal antibody Orthoclone OKT39 (muromonab-CD3) in the year 1986. Since then, continuous strides have been made to engineer antibodies for specific desired effects. The engineering efforts were not confined to only the variable domains of the antibody but also included the fragment crystallizable (Fc) region that influences the immune response and serum half-life. Engineering of the Fc fragment would have a profound effect on the therapeutic dose, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity as well as antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis. The integration of computational techniques into antibody engineering designs has allowed for the generation of testable hypotheses and guided the rational antibody design framework prior to further experimental evaluations. In this article, we discuss the recent works in the Fc-fused molecule design that involves computational techniques. We also summarize the usefulness of in silico techniques to aid Fc-fused molecule design and analysis for the therapeutics application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Lee Ng
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Theam Soon Lim
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Yee Siew Choong
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
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5
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Spiteri VA, Doutch J, Rambo RP, Bhatt JS, Gor J, Dalby PA, Perkins SJ. Using atomistic solution scattering modelling to elucidate the role of the Fc glycans in human IgG4. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300964. [PMID: 38557973 PMCID: PMC10984405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Human immunoglobulin G (IgG) exists as four subclasses IgG1-4, each of which has two Fab subunits joined by two hinges to a Fc subunit. IgG4 has the shortest hinge with 12 residues. The Fc subunit has two glycan chains, but the importance of glycosylation is not fully understood in IgG4. Here, to evaluate the stability and structure of non-glycosylated IgG4, we performed a multidisciplinary structural study of glycosylated and deglycosylated human IgG4 A33 for comparison with our similar study of human IgG1 A33. After deglycosylation, IgG4 was found to be monomeric by analytical ultracentrifugation; its sedimentation coefficient of 6.52 S was reduced by 0.27 S in reflection of its lower mass. X-ray and neutron solution scattering showed that the overall Guinier radius of gyration RG and its cross-sectional values after deglycosylation were almost unchanged. In the P(r) distance distribution curves, the two M1 and M2 peaks that monitor the two most common distances within IgG4 were unchanged following deglycosylation. Further insight from Monte Carlo simulations for glycosylated and deglycosylated IgG4 came from 111,382 and 117,135 possible structures respectively. Their comparison to the X-ray and neutron scattering curves identified several hundred best-fit models for both forms of IgG4. Principal component analyses showed that glycosylated and deglycosylated IgG4 exhibited different conformations from each other. Within the constraint of unchanged RG and M1-M2 values, the glycosylated IgG4 models showed more restricted Fc conformations compared to deglycosylated IgG4, but no other changes. Kratky plots supported this interpretation of greater disorder upon deglycosylation, also observed in IgG1. Overall, these more variable Fc conformations may demonstrate a generalisable impact of deglycosylation on Fc structures, but with no large conformational changes in IgG4 unlike those seen in IgG1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina A. Spiteri
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Doutch
- ISIS Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Robert P. Rambo
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jayesh S. Bhatt
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jayesh Gor
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A. Dalby
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Perkins
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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6
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Wysor SK, Synoground BF, Harcum SW, Marcus RK. In-line buffer exchange in the coupling of Protein A chromatography with weak cation exchange chromatography for the determination of charge variants of immunoglobulin G derived from chinese hamster ovary cell cultures. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1718:464722. [PMID: 38359690 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the most common monoclonal antibody (mAb) grown for therapeutic applications. While IgG is often selectively isolated from cell lines using protein A (ProA) chromatography, this is only a stepping stone for complete characterization. Further classification can be obtained from weak cation exchange chromatography (WCX) to determine IgG charge variant distributions. The charge variants of monoclonal antibodies can influence the stability and efficacy in vivo, and deviations in charge heterogeneity are often cell-specific and sensitive to upstream process variability. Current methods to characterize IgG charge variants are often performed off-line, meaning that the IgG eluate from the ProA separation is collected, diluted to adjust the pH, and then transferred to the WCX separation, adding time, complexity, and potential contamination to the sample analysis process. More recently, reports have appeared to streamline this separation using in-line two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC). Presented here is a novel, 2D-LC coupling of ProA in the first dimension (1D) and WCX in the second dimension (2D) chromatography. As anticipated, the initial direct column coupling proved to be challenging due to the pH incompatibility between the mobile phases for the two stages. To solve the solvent compatibility issue, a size exclusion column was placed in the switching valve loop of the 2D-LC instrument to act as a means for the on-line solvent exchange. The efficacy of the methodology presented was confirmed through a charge variant determination using the NIST monoclonal antibody standard (NIST mAb), yielding correct acidic, main, and basic variant compositions. The methodology was employed to determine the charge variant profile of IgG from an in-house cultured Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell supernatant. It is believed that this methodology can be easily implemented to provide higher-throughput assessment of IgG charge variants for process monitoring and cell line development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Wysor
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0973, USA
| | - Benjamin F Synoground
- Department of Bioengineering, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0973, USA
| | - Sarah W Harcum
- Department of Bioengineering, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0973, USA
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0973, USA.
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7
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Foss S, Sakya SA, Aguinagalde L, Lustig M, Shaughnessy J, Cruz AR, Scheepmaker L, Mathiesen L, Ruso-Julve F, Anthi AK, Gjølberg TT, Mester S, Bern M, Evers M, Bratlie DB, Michaelsen TE, Schlothauer T, Sok D, Bhattacharya J, Leusen J, Valerius T, Ram S, Rooijakkers SHM, Sandlie I, Andersen JT. Human IgG Fc-engineering for enhanced plasma half-life, mucosal distribution and killing of cancer cells and bacteria. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2007. [PMID: 38453922 PMCID: PMC10920689 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46321-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal IgG antibodies constitute the fastest growing class of therapeutics. Thus, there is an intense interest to design more potent antibody formats, where long plasma half-life is a commercially competitive differentiator affecting dosing, frequency of administration and thereby potentially patient compliance. Here, we report on an Fc-engineered variant with three amino acid substitutions Q311R/M428E/N434W (REW), that enhances plasma half-life and mucosal distribution, as well as allows for needle-free delivery across respiratory epithelial barriers in human FcRn transgenic mice. In addition, the Fc-engineered variant improves on-target complement-mediated killing of cancer cells as well as both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Hence, this versatile Fc technology should be broadly applicable in antibody design aiming for long-acting prophylactic or therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stian Foss
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Precision Immunotherapy Alliance (PRIMA), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Siri A Sakya
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Precision Immunotherapy Alliance (PRIMA), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Leire Aguinagalde
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marta Lustig
- Section for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jutamas Shaughnessy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Ana Rita Cruz
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lisette Scheepmaker
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Line Mathiesen
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fulgencio Ruso-Julve
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Precision Immunotherapy Alliance (PRIMA), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Aina Karen Anthi
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Precision Immunotherapy Alliance (PRIMA), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Torleif Tollefsrud Gjølberg
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Precision Immunotherapy Alliance (PRIMA), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Simone Mester
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Precision Immunotherapy Alliance (PRIMA), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Malin Bern
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Precision Immunotherapy Alliance (PRIMA), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mitchell Evers
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Diane B Bratlie
- Infection Immunology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Terje E Michaelsen
- Infection Immunology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Chemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tilman Schlothauer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Devin Sok
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI), New York, NY, USA
| | - Jayanta Bhattacharya
- Antibody Translational Research Program, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Jeanette Leusen
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Valerius
- Section for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sanjay Ram
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Suzan H M Rooijakkers
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Inger Sandlie
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Terje Andersen
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
- Precision Immunotherapy Alliance (PRIMA), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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8
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Koehnlein W, Kastenmueller E, Meier T, Treu T, Falkenstein R. The beneficial impact of kosmotropic salts on the resolution and selectivity of Protein A chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1715:464585. [PMID: 38183781 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
During the manufacturing of therapeutic antibodies, effective Protein A chromatography as initial column step is crucial to simplify the remaining purification effort for subsequent polishing steps. This is particularly relevant for molecules with high impurity content so that desired product purity can be attained. The present study demonstrates beneficial effects on impurity removal when applying kosmotropic salts, e.g., sodium sulfate or sodium chloride, in the elution phase. Initially, a screen using negative linear pH gradient elution evaluated the impact of the kosmotropic salts in comparison to no additive and chaotropic urea using three mAbs and three common resins. Retaining acceptable yield, the kosmotropic salts improved resolution of monomer and impurities and reduced the contents of process-related host cell proteins and DNA as well as of product-related low and high molecular weight forms, despite some resin- and mAb-dependent variations. Moreover, a decrease in hydrolytic activity measured by a new assay for polysorbase activity was observed. In contrast, urea was hardly effective. The findings served to establish optimized step elution conditions with 0.25 M of sodium sulfate for a challenging mAb with complex format (bispecific 2 + 1 CrossMab) displaying high relative hydrophobicity and impurity levels. With yield and purity both in the range of 90 %, the contents of all impurity components were reduced, e.g., low molecular weight forms by two-fold and polysorbase activity by four-fold. The study indicates the potential of kosmotropic salts to establish efficient and comprehensive impurity separation by Protein A for facilitated downstream processing and economic manufacturing of complex antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tobias Meier
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg 82377, Germany
| | - Tabea Treu
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg 82377, Germany
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9
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Jiang JH, Cameron DR, Nethercott C, Aires-de-Sousa M, Peleg AY. Virulence attributes of successful methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus lineages. Clin Microbiol Rev 2023; 36:e0014822. [PMID: 37982596 PMCID: PMC10732075 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00148-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a leading cause of severe and often fatal infections. MRSA epidemics have occurred in waves, whereby a previously successful lineage has been replaced by a more fit and better adapted lineage. Selection pressures in both hospital and community settings are not uniform across the globe, which has resulted in geographically distinct epidemiology. This review focuses on the mechanisms that trigger the establishment and maintenance of current, dominant MRSA lineages across the globe. While the important role of antibiotic resistance will be mentioned throughout, factors which influence the capacity of S. aureus to colonize and cause disease within a host will be the primary focus of this review. We show that while MRSA possesses a diverse arsenal of toxins including alpha-toxin, the success of a lineage involves more than just producing toxins that damage the host. Success is often attributed to the acquisition or loss of genetic elements involved in colonization and niche adaptation such as the arginine catabolic mobile element, as well as the activity of regulatory systems, and shift metabolism accordingly (e.g., the accessory genome regulator, agr). Understanding exactly how specific MRSA clones cause prolonged epidemics may reveal targets for therapies, whereby both core (e.g., the alpha toxin) and acquired virulence factors (e.g., the Panton-Valentine leukocidin) may be nullified using anti-virulence strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhih-Hang Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, Infection Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David R. Cameron
- Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cara Nethercott
- Department of Microbiology, Infection Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marta Aires-de-Sousa
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institutode Tecnologia Químicae Biológica António Xavier (ITQB-NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Saúde da Cruz Vermelha Portuguesa-Lisboa (ESSCVP-Lisboa), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anton Y. Peleg
- Department of Microbiology, Infection Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre to Impact Antimicrobial Resistance, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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10
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Qin T, Wu P, Zhang Q, Kang K, Ma Y, Wang J. A functionalized Sup35NM nanofibril-assisted oriented antibody capture in lateral flow immunoassay for sensitive detection of dengue type II NS1. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 191:39. [PMID: 38110765 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-06109-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and sensitive dengue non-structural protein 1 (NS1) detection assay is essential for the treatment of disease and currently releases high medical cost burdens. To address the limitations of conventional LFIA strips, we have developed an improved Sup35NM-Z-based LFIA that immobilizes antibodies on cellulose membranes in an orientated manner to increase the sensitivity of LFIA strips. A dual-functional Sup35NM nanofibril was fabricated by fusion with the antibody binding domain; resultant nanofibril from the amyloid Sup35NM was sprayed on the T-line to orientate the capture antibody and produces fluorescence signals. Antibody binding analysis showed that self-assembly of the Sup35NM monomer does not affect the binding activity of the Z-domain with the antibody. The NS1 for DENV-2 infection was chosen as a model target antigen to assess the feasibility of the Sup35NM-Z-domain-based LFIA platform. Under optimal conditions, the Sup35NM-Z-domain-based LFIA detected NS1 within 15 min with a detection limit of 1.29 ng/ml, while the detection limit of traditional LFIA with the same concentration of anti-NS1-Ab1 on the T-line by conventional physical adsorption was 2.20 ng/ml, 1.7 times higher than that of Sup35NM-Z-domain-based LFIA. As compared to traditional LFIAs, the Sup35NM-Z-based LFIA had a wide detection range of 1.29-625 ng/mL. The LFIA's clinical performance in identifying NS1 was also assessed using 15 clinical samples. The LFIA accurately recognized positive and negative samples, equal to 86.7% accuracy. The developed Sup35NM-Z-domain-based LFIA in this study offers great potential for the identification of target markers because of its greatly improved sensitivity and wider detection range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Qin
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Peidian Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Rapid Diagnostic Tests, Guangzhou Wondfo Biotech Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, 510663, China
| | - Qiankun Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Rapid Diagnostic Tests, Guangzhou Wondfo Biotech Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, 510663, China
| | - Keren Kang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Rapid Diagnostic Tests, Guangzhou Wondfo Biotech Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, 510663, China
| | - Yi Ma
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jufang Wang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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11
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Wysor SK, Marcus RK. Quantitative Recoveries of Exosomes and Monoclonal Antibodies from Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Cultures by Use of a Single, Integrated Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography Method. Anal Chem 2023; 95:17886-17893. [PMID: 37995145 PMCID: PMC11095952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Cultured cell lines are very commonly used for the mass production of therapeutic proteins, such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). In particular, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines are widely employed due to their high tolerance to variations in experimental conditions and their ability to grow in suspension or serum free media. CHO cell lines are known for their ability to produce high titers of biotherapeutic products such as immunoglobulin G (IgG). An emergent alternative means of treating diseases, such as cancer, is the use of gene therapies, wherein genetic cargo is "packaged" in nanosized vesicular structures, referred to as "vectors". One particularly attractive vector option is extracellular vesicles (EVs), of which exosomes are of greatest interest. While exosomes can be harvested from virtually any human body fluid, bovine milk, or even plants, their production in cell cultures is an attractive commercial approach. In fact, the same CHO cell types employed for mAb production also produce exosomes as a natural byproduct. Here, we describe a single integrated 2D liquid chromatography (2DLC) method for the quantitative recovery of both exosomes and antibodies from a singular sample aliquot. At the heart of the method is the use of polyester capillary-channeled polymer (C-CP) fibers as the first dimension column, wherein exosomes/EVs are captured from the supernatant sample and subsequently determined by multiangle light scattering (MALS), while the mAbs are captured, eluted, and quantified using a protein A-modified C-CP fiber column in the second dimension, all in a 10 min workflow. These efforts demonstrate the versatility of the C-CP fiber phases with the capacity to harvest both forms of therapeutics from a single bioreactor, suggesting an appreciable potential impact in the field of biotherapeutics production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Wysor
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0973, United States
| | - R Kenneth Marcus
- Department of Chemistry, Biosystems Research Complex, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0973, United States
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12
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Kuwahara A, Nazuka M, Kuroki Y, Ito K, Watanabe S, Kumagai I, Asano R. Functional integration of protein A binding ability to antibody fragments for convenient and tag-free purification. Bioengineered 2023; 14:2259093. [PMID: 37732741 PMCID: PMC10515673 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2023.2259093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the development of small therapeutic antibodies is important, the affinity tags used for their purification often result in heterogeneous production and immunogenicity. In this study, we integrated Staphylococcus aureus protein A (SpA) binding ability into antibody fragments for convenient and tag-free purification. SpA affinity chromatography is used as a global standard purification method for conventional antibodies owing to its high binding affinity to the Fc region. SpA also has a binding affinity for some variable heavy domains (VH) classified in the VH3 subfamily. Through mutagenesis based on alignment and structural modeling results using the SpA-VH3 cocrystal structure, we integrated the SpA-binding ability into the anti-CD3 single-chain Fv. Furthermore, we applied this mutagenesis approach to more complicated small bispecific antibodies and successfully purified the antibodies using SpA affinity chromatography. The antibodies retained their biological function after purification. Integration of SpA-binding ability into conventional antibody fragments simplifies the purification and monitoring of the production processes and, thus, is an ideal strategy for accelerating the development of small therapeutic antibodies. Furthermore, because of its immunoactivity, the anti-CD3 variable region with SpA-binding ability is an effective building block for developing engineered cancer therapeutic antibodies without the Fc region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kuwahara
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Misae Nazuka
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuri Kuroki
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Ito
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Izumi Kumagai
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Asano
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Novak A, Kersaudy F, Berger S, Morisset-Lopez S, Lefoulon F, Pifferi C, Aucagne V. An efficient site-selective, dual bioconjugation approach exploiting N-terminal cysteines as minimalistic handles to engineer tailored anti-HER2 affibody conjugates. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 260:115747. [PMID: 37657270 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Site-selective, dual-conjugation approaches for the incorporation of distinct payloads are key for the development of molecularly targeted biomolecules, such as antibody conjugates, endowed with better properties. Combinations of cytotoxic drugs, imaging probes, or pharmacokinetics modulators enabled for improved outcomes in both molecular imaging, and therapeutic settings. We have developed an efficacious dual-bioconjugation strategy to target the N-terminal cysteine of a chemically-synthesized, third-generation anti-HER2 affibody. Such two-step, one-purification approach can be carried out under mild conditions (without chaotropic agents, neutral pH) by means of a slight excess of commercially available N-hydroxysuccinimidyl esters and maleimido-functionalized payloads, to generate dual conjugates displaying drugs (DM1/MMAE) or probes (sulfo-Cy5/biotin) in high yields and purity. Remarkably, the double drug conjugate exhibited an exacerbated cytoxicity against HER2-expressing cell lines as compared to a combination of two monoconjugates, demonstrating a potent synergistic effect. Consistently, affibody-drug conjugates did not decrease the viability of HER2-negative cells, confirming their specificity for the target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Novak
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, Rue Charles Sadron, 45071, Orléans, France
| | - Florian Kersaudy
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, Rue Charles Sadron, 45071, Orléans, France
| | - Sylvie Berger
- Institut de Recherche Servier, 78290, Croissy sur Seine, France
| | - Séverine Morisset-Lopez
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, Rue Charles Sadron, 45071, Orléans, France.
| | | | - Carlo Pifferi
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, Rue Charles Sadron, 45071, Orléans, France.
| | - Vincent Aucagne
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, Rue Charles Sadron, 45071, Orléans, France.
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Park J, Bae Y, Eom S, Choi Y, Lee G, Kang S. Development of recombinant secondary antibody mimics (rSAMs) for immunoassays through genetic fusion of monomeric alkaline phosphatase with antibody binders. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 251:126299. [PMID: 37573903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
In conventional immunoassays, a secondary antibody is used to amplify the signal generated by the binding of the primary antibody to the target analyte. Due to concerns regarding animal use and cost-inefficiency of secondary antibody productions, there is a significant demand for the development of recombinant secondary antibody mimics (rSAMs). Here, we developed rSAMs using a signal-generating enzyme, monomeric alkaline phosphatase (mALP), and antibody-binders, including monomeric streptavidin (mSA2) and mouse IgG1- or rabbit IgG-binding nanobodies (MG1Nb or RNb). The mALP-MG1Nb, mALP-RNb, and mALP-mSA2 were genetically constructed and produced in large quantities using bacterial overexpression systems, which reduced manufacturing costs and time without the use of animals. Each rSAM exhibited high and selective binding to its respective primary antibody, generating linear band signals corresponding to the amounts of target analytes in western blots. The rSAMs also successfully generated sigmoidal signal curves that increased as the sample concentration increased. Moreover, they generated stronger signals than conventional ALP-conjugated secondary antibodies and SA, particularly in the medium to high sample concentration range, in both indirect and sandwich-type indirect ELISAs at the same sample concentration. The rSAMs we developed here may provide new insights to develop novel immunoassay-based analytical and diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonji Bae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Soomin Eom
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuha Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Giwook Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sebyung Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Wang J, Huang J, Ding H, Ma J, Zhong H, Wang F, Chen Y, Peng H. Functional analysis of tumor-derived immunoglobulin lambda and its interacting proteins in cervical cancer. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:929. [PMID: 37784026 PMCID: PMC10544594 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11426-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunoglobulin lambda (Igλ) has been reported to be expressed in many normal and tumor tissues and cells. However, the function and clinical significance of tumor-derived Igλ remain unclear. METHODS The differential expressions of Immunoglobulin Lambda Constants (IGLCs) in cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma (CESC) were examined with The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx), and Human Protein Atlas (HPA) databases. The effects of IGLCs on patient clinical phenotypes and prognosis were explored via bioinformatics analyses based on the TCGA databases. We used the bioinformatics analyses based on the TCGA and GTEx databases to elucidate the correlations among IGLC expressions, immunomodulator expressions, tumor stemness, and infiltration scores of tumor infiltrating immune cells. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and silver staining combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were used to obtain potential tumor-derived Igλ-interacting proteins. Functional annotation of candidate proteins identified by LC-MS/MS was performed in Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID). The bioinformatics analyses of 7 IGLCs in CESC and normal cervical tissues were performed based on TCGA, GTEx, and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis 2 (GEPIA2) databases. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was analyzed based on tumor-derived Igλ-interacting proteins in Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING) database. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to validate the expressions of IGLCs in CESC. RESULTS We found that the expressions of the majority of IGLCs (IGLC1, IGLC2, IGLC3, IGLC4, IGLC5, IGLC6, and IGLC7) were upregulated in CESC tissues, compared with those in normal cervical tissues. The expressions of IGLC5 and IGLC7 had significant difference in different pathologic metastasis (M), one of tumor, node, and metastasis (TNM) staging system, categories of CESC. Except for disease-free interval (DFI), 4 IGLC (IGLC1, IGLC2, IGLC3, and IGLC7) expression levels were positively associated with patient overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), and progression-free interval (PFI) respectively in CESC tissues. 5 IGLC (IGLC1, IGLC2, IGLC3, IGLC6, and IGLC7) expressions were positively correlated with the expressions of a majority of immunomodulators respectively in CESC tissues. Tumor stemness was negatively correlated with the expressions of 4 IGLCs (IGLC1, IGLC2, IGLC3, and IGLC7) respectively in CESC tissues. Except for IGLC4, IGLC5, and IGLC7, 4 IGLC (IGLC1, IGLC2, IGLC3, and IGLC6) expressions were positively correlated with infiltration scores of 6 tumor-infiltrating immune cells (B cell, T cell CD4, T cell CD8, neutrophil, macrophage, and DC). After analyses of the above bioinformatics data of tumor-derived Igλ, Co-IP and LC-MS/MS were used to confirm that 4 proteins (RPL7, RPS3, H1-5, and H1-6) might interact with tumor-derived Igλ in cervical cancer cells. Functional analyses of these candidate proteins showed that they interacted with many proteins and were involved in various cellular biological processes. Finally, IHC was used to further confirm the above bioinformatics results, it was indicated that the expression level of Igλ in cervical adenocarcinoma and cervical squamous cell carcinoma was higher than that in normal cervical tissue. CONCLUSION This study comprehensively investigated the functions of tumor-derived Igλ and its interacting proteins based on bioinformatics analysis and the potential value of Igλ as a prognostic and therapeutic marker for CESC, providing new direction and evidence for CESC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juping Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
- Department of Pathology, Binhai Branch of National Regional Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Jiangni Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Hao Ding
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Haohua Zhong
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Fanlu Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Yupeng Chen
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hui Peng
- Fujian Provincial Institutes of Brain Disorders and Brain Sciences, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Neurosurgery Research Institute, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
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16
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Pejchal R, Cooper AB, Brown ME, Vásquez M, Krauland EM. Profiling the Biophysical Developability Properties of Common IgG1 Fc Effector Silencing Variants. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:54. [PMID: 37753968 PMCID: PMC10526015 DOI: 10.3390/antib12030054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies represent the most significant modality in biologics, with around 150 approved drugs on the market. In addition to specific target binding mediated by the variable fragments (Fvs) of the heavy and light chains, antibodies possess effector functions through binding of the constant region (Fc) to Fcγ receptors (FcγR), which allow immune cells to attack and kill target cells using a variety of mechanisms. However, for some applications, including T-cell-engaging bispecifics, this effector function is typically undesired. Mutations within the lower hinge and the second constant domain (CH2) of IgG1 that comprise the FcγR binding interface reduce or eliminate effector function ("Fc silencing") while retaining binding to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), important for normal antibody pharmacokinetics (PKs). Comprehensive profiling of biophysical developability properties would benefit the choice of constant region variants for development. Here, we produce a large panel of representative mutations previously described in the literature and in many cases in clinical or approved molecules, generate select combinations thereof, and characterize their binding and biophysical properties. We find that some commonly used CH2 mutations, including D265A and P331S, are effective in reducing binding to FcγR but significantly reduce stability, promoting aggregation, particularly under acidic conditions commonly employed in manufacturing. We highlight mutation sets that are particularly effective for eliminating Fc effector function with the retention of WT-like stability, including L234A, L235A, and S267K (LALA-S267K), L234A, L235E, and S267K (LALE-S267K), L234A, L235A, and P329A (LALA-P329A), and L234A, L235E, and P329G (LALE-P329G).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pejchal
- Adimab LLC, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA; (M.E.B.); (M.V.); (E.M.K.)
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17
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Herman CE, Min L, Choe LH, Maurer RW, Xu X, Ghose S, Lee KH, Lenhoff AM. Analytical characterization of host-cell-protein-rich aggregates in monoclonal antibody solutions. Biotechnol Prog 2023; 39:e3343. [PMID: 37020359 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Host-cell proteins (HCPs) and high molecular weight (HMW) species have historically been treated as independent classes of impurities in the downstream processing of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), but recent indications suggest that they may be partially linked. We have explored this connection with a shotgun proteomic analysis of HMW impurities that were isolated from harvest cell culture fluid (HCCF) and protein A eluate using size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). As part of the proteomic analysis, a cross-digest study was performed in which samples were analyzed using both the standard and native digest techniques to enable a fair comparison between bioprocess pools. This comparison reveals that the HCP profiles of HCCF and protein A eluate overlap substantially more than previous work has suggested, because hundreds of HCPs are conserved in aggregates that may be up to ~50 nm in hydrodynamic radius and that persist through the protein A capture step. Quantitative SWATH proteomics suggests that the majority of the protein A eluate's HCP mass is found in such aggregates, and this is corroborated by ELISA measurements on SEC fractions. The SWATH data also show that intra-aggregate concentrations of individual HCPs are positively correlated between aggregates that were isolated from HCCF and protein A eluate, and species that have generally been considered difficult to remove tend to be more concentrated than their counterparts. These observations support prior hypotheses regarding aggregate-mediated HCP persistence through protein A chromatography and highlight the importance of this persistence mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase E Herman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716, USA
| | - Lie Min
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716, USA
| | - Leila H Choe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716, USA
| | - Ronald W Maurer
- Biologics Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Massachusetts, 01434, Devens, USA
| | - Xuankuo Xu
- Biologics Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Massachusetts, 01434, Devens, USA
| | - Sanchayita Ghose
- Biologics Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Massachusetts, 01434, Devens, USA
| | - Kelvin H Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716, USA
| | - Abraham M Lenhoff
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716, USA
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18
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Liu J, Liu B, Liu J, He XD, Yuan J, Ghassemlooy Z, Torun H, Fu YQ, Dai X, Ng WP, Binns R, Wu Q. Integrated label-free erbium-doped fiber laser biosensing system for detection of single cell Staphylococcus aureus. Talanta 2023; 257:124385. [PMID: 36827941 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
A critical challenge to realize ultra-high sensitivity with optical fiber interferometers for label free biosensing is to achieve high quality factors (Q-factor) in liquid. In this work a high Q-factor of 105, which significantly improves the detection resolution is described based on a structure of single mode -core-only -single mode fiber (SCS) with its multimode (or Mach-Zehnder) interference effect as a filter that is integrated into an erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) system for excitation. In the case study, the section of core-only fiber is functionalized with porcine immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies, which could selectively bind to bacterial pathogen of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The developed microfiber-based biosensing platform called SCS-based EDFL biosensors can effectively detect concentrations of S. aureus from 10 to 105 CFU/mL, with a responsivity of 0.426 nm wavelength shift in the measured spectrum for S. aureus concentration of 10 CFU/mL. The limit of detection (LoD) is estimated as 7.3 CFU/mL based on the measurement of S. aureus with minimum concentration of 10 CFU/mL. In addition, when a lower concentration of 1 CFU/mL is applied to the biosensor, a wavelength shift of 0.12 nm is observed in 10% of samples (1/10), indicating actual LoD of 1 CFU/mL for the proposed biosensor. Attributed to its good sensitivity, stability, reproducibility and specificity, the proposed EDFL based biosensing platform has great potentials for diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Science and Technology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Science and Technology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, China.
| | - Juan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Science and Technology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, China
| | - Xing-Dao He
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Science and Technology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, China
| | - Jinhui Yuan
- Research Center for Convergence Networks and Ubiquitous Services, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zabih Ghassemlooy
- Optical Communications Research Group. Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Hamdi Torun
- Optical Communications Research Group. Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Yong-Qing Fu
- Optical Communications Research Group. Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Xuewu Dai
- Optical Communications Research Group. Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Wai Pang Ng
- Optical Communications Research Group. Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Binns
- Optical Communications Research Group. Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, United Kingdom
| | - Qiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Science and Technology of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, China; Optical Communications Research Group. Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, United Kingdom.
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19
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Bhoyar S, Foster M, Oh YH, Xu X, Traylor SJ, Guo J, Ghose S, Lenhoff AM. Engineering protein A ligands to mitigate antibody loss during high-pH washes in protein A chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1696:463962. [PMID: 37043977 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Protein A chromatography is a workhorse in monoclonal antibody (mAb) manufacture since it provides effective separation of mAbs from impurities such as host-cell proteins (HCPs) in a single capture step. HCP clearance can be aided by the inclusion of a wash step prior to low-pH elution. Although high-pH washes can be effective in removing additional HCPs from the loaded column, they may also contribute to a reduced mAb yield. In this work we show that this yield loss is reflected in a pH-dependent variation of the equilibrium binding capacity of the protein A resin, which is also observed for the capacity of the Fc fragments alone and therefore not a result of steric interactions involving the Fab fragments in the intact mAbs. We therefore hypothesized that the high-pH wash loss was due to protonation or deprotonation of ionizable residues on the protein A ligand. To evaluate this, we applied a rational protein engineering approach to the Z domain (the Fc-binding component of most commercial protein A ligands) and expressed engineered mutants in E. coli. Biolayer interferometry and affinity chromatography experiments showed that some of the Z domain mutants were able to mitigate wash loss at high pH while maintaining similar binding characteristics at neutral pH. These experiments enabled elucidation of the roles of specific interactions in the Z domain - Fc complex, but more importantly offer a route to ameliorating the disadvantages of high-pH washes in protein A chromatography.
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20
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Zhu Z, Goel PN, Zheng C, Nagai Y, Lam L, Samanta A, Ji M, Zhang H, Greene MI. HED, a Human-Engineered Domain, Confers a Unique Fc-Binding Activity to Produce a New Class of Humanized Antibody-like Molecules. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076477. [PMID: 37047449 PMCID: PMC10094569 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Our laboratory has identified and developed a unique human-engineered domain (HED) structure that was obtained from the human Alpha-2-macroglobulin receptor-associated protein based on the three-dimensional structure of the Z-domain derived from Staphylococcal protein A. This HED retains µM binding activity to the human IgG1CH2-CH3 elbow region. We determined the crystal structure of HED in association with IgG1’s Fc. This demonstrated that HED preserves the same three-bundle helix structure and Fc-interacting residues as the Z domain. HED was fused to the single chain variable fragment (scFv) of mAb 4D5 to produce an antibody-like protein capable of interacting with the p185Her2/neu ectodomain and the Fc of IgG. When further fused with murine IFN-γ (mIFN-γ) at the carboxy terminus, the novel species exhibited antitumor efficacy in vivo in a mouse model of human breast cancer. The HED is a novel platform for the therapeutic utilization of engineered proteins to alleviate human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zhu
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Peeyush N. Goel
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Cai Zheng
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Nagai
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lian Lam
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Arabinda Samanta
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Meiqing Ji
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Correspondence: or (H.Z.); or (M.I.G.)
| | - Mark I. Greene
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Correspondence: or (H.Z.); or (M.I.G.)
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21
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Trastoy B, Du JJ, Cifuente JO, Rudolph L, García-Alija M, Klontz EH, Deredge D, Sultana N, Huynh CG, Flowers MW, Li C, Sastre DE, Wang LX, Corzana F, Mallagaray A, Sundberg EJ, Guerin ME. Mechanism of antibody-specific deglycosylation and immune evasion by Streptococcal IgG-specific endoglycosidases. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1705. [PMID: 36973249 PMCID: PMC10042849 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37215-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens have evolved intricate mechanisms to evade the human immune system, including the production of immunomodulatory enzymes. Streptococcus pyogenes serotypes secrete two multi-modular endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidases, EndoS and EndoS2, that specifically deglycosylate the conserved N-glycan at Asn297 on IgG Fc, disabling antibody-mediated effector functions. Amongst thousands of known carbohydrate-active enzymes, EndoS and EndoS2 represent just a handful of enzymes that are specific to the protein portion of the glycoprotein substrate, not just the glycan component. Here, we present the cryoEM structure of EndoS in complex with the IgG1 Fc fragment. In combination with small-angle X-ray scattering, alanine scanning mutagenesis, hydrolytic activity measurements, enzyme kinetics, nuclear magnetic resonance and molecular dynamics analyses, we establish the mechanisms of recognition and specific deglycosylation of IgG antibodies by EndoS and EndoS2. Our results provide a rational basis from which to engineer novel enzymes with antibody and glycan selectivity for clinical and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Trastoy
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, 48903, Spain.
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160, Derio, Spain.
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Jonathan J Du
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Javier O Cifuente
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, 48903, Spain
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160, Derio, Spain
| | - Lorena Rudolph
- University of Lübeck, Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine (CSCM), Institute of Chemistry and Metabolomics, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mikel García-Alija
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, 48903, Spain
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160, Derio, Spain
| | - Erik H Klontz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Daniel Deredge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Nazneen Sultana
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Chau G Huynh
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Maria W Flowers
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Diego E Sastre
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Francisco Corzana
- Departamento Química and Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Quı́mica, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006, Rioja, Spain
| | - Alvaro Mallagaray
- University of Lübeck, Center of Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine (CSCM), Institute of Chemistry and Metabolomics, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Eric J Sundberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Marcelo E Guerin
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, 48903, Spain.
- Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160, Derio, Spain.
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Spain.
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22
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Dhandapani G, Wachtel E, Patchornik G. Conjugated surfactant micelles: A non‐denaturing purification platform for concentrated human immunoglobulin G. NANO SELECT 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202200251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
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23
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Yanaka S, Yagi-Utsumi M, Kato K, Kuwajima K. The B domain of protein A retains residual structures in 6 M guanidinium chloride as revealed by hydrogen/deuterium-exchange NMR spectroscopy. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4569. [PMID: 36659853 PMCID: PMC9926473 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of residual structures persistent in unfolded proteins is an important issue in studies of protein folding, because the residual structures present, if any, may form a folding initiation site and guide the subsequent folding reactions. Here, we studied the residual structures of the isolated B domain (BDPA) of staphylococcal protein A in 6 M guanidinium chloride. BDPA is a small three-helix-bundle protein, and until recently its folding/unfolding reaction has been treated as a simple two-state process between the native and the fully unfolded states. We employed a dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)-quenched hydrogen/deuterium (H/D)-exchange 2D NMR techniques with the use of spin desalting columns, which allowed us to investigate the H/D-exchange behavior of individually identified peptide amide (NH) protons. We obtained H/D-exchange protection factors of the 21 NH protons that form an α-helical hydrogen bond in the native structure, and the majority of these NH protons were significantly protected with a protection factor of 2.0-5.2 in 6 M guanidinium chloride, strongly suggesting that these weakly protected NH protons form much stronger hydrogen bonds under native folding conditions. The results can be used to deduce the structure of an early folding intermediate, when such an intermediate is shown by other methods. Among three native helical regions, the third helix in the C-terminal side was highly protected and stabilized by side-chain salt bridges, probably acting as the folding initiation site of BDPA. The present results are discussed in relation to previous experimental and computational findings on the folding mechanisms of BDPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeko Yanaka
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS) and Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Functional Molecular Science, School of Physical Sciences, SOKENDAI (the Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Maho Yagi-Utsumi
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS) and Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Functional Molecular Science, School of Physical Sciences, SOKENDAI (the Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Koichi Kato
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS) and Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Functional Molecular Science, School of Physical Sciences, SOKENDAI (the Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Kuwajima
- Department of Physics, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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24
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Nosrati M, Housaindokht MR. New insights into the effect of mutations on affibody-Fc interaction, a molecular dynamics simulation approach. J Struct Biol 2023; 215:107925. [PMID: 36470559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2022.107925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal protein A (SpA) domain B (the basis of affibody) has been widely used in affinity chromatography and found therapeutic applications against inflammatory diseases through targeting the Fc part of immunoglobulin G (IgG). We have performed extensive molecular dynamics simulation of 41 SpA mutants and compared their dynamics and conformations to wild type. The simulations revealed the molecular details of structural and dynamics changes that occurred due to introducing point mutations and helped to explain the SPR results. It was observed in some variants a point mutation caused extensive structural changes far from the mutation site, while an effect of some other mutations was limited to the site of the mutated residue. Also, the pattern of hydrogen bond networks and hydrophobic core arrangements were investigated. We figured out mutations that occurred at positions 128, 136, 150 and 153, affected two hydrophobic cores at the interface as well as mutations introduced at positions 129 and 154 interrupted two hydrogen bond networks of the interface, SPR data showed all of these mutations reduced binding affinity significantly. Overall, by scanning the SpA-Fc interface through the large numbers of introduced mutations, the new insights have been gained which would help to design high- affinity ligands of IgG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Nosrati
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, BMC, Uppsala, Sweden.
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25
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Nandy S, Maranholkar VM, Crum M, Wasden K, Patil U, Goyal A, Vu B, Kourentzi K, Mo W, Henrickson A, Demeler B, Sen M, Willson RC. Expression and Characterization of Intein-Cyclized Trimer of Staphylococcus aureus Protein A Domain Z. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:1281. [PMID: 36674796 PMCID: PMC9865183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus protein A (SpA) is an IgG Fc-binding virulence factor that is widely used in antibody purification and as a scaffold to develop affinity molecules. A cyclized SpA Z domain could offer exopeptidase resistance, reduced chromatographic ligand leaching after single-site endopeptidase cleavage, and enhanced IgG binding properties by preorganization, potentially reducing conformational entropy loss upon binding. In this work, a Z domain trimer (Z3) was cyclized using protein intein splicing. Interactions of cyclic and linear Z3 with human IgG1 were characterized by differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). DSF showed a 5 ℃ increase in IgG1 melting temperature when bound by each Z3 variant. SPR showed the dissociation constants of linear and cyclized Z3 with IgG1 to be 2.9 nM and 3.3 nM, respectively. ITC gave association enthalpies for linear and cyclic Z3 with IgG1 of -33.0 kcal/mol and -32.7 kcal/mol, and -T∆S of association 21.2 kcal/mol and 21.6 kcal/mol, respectively. The compact cyclic Z3 protein contains 2 functional binding sites and exhibits carboxypeptidase Y-resistance. The results suggest cyclization as a potential approach toward more stable SpA-based affinity ligands, and this analysis may advance our understanding of protein engineering for ligand and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Nandy
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Vijay M. Maranholkar
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Mary Crum
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Katherine Wasden
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Ujwal Patil
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Atul Goyal
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Binh Vu
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Katerina Kourentzi
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - William Mo
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Amy Henrickson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Borries Demeler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Mehmet Sen
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Richard C. Willson
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de Salud, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico
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26
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IgG Fc Affinity Ligands and Their Applications in Antibody-Involved Drug Delivery: A Brief Review. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010187. [PMID: 36678816 PMCID: PMC9862274 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are not only an important class of biotherapeutic drugs, but also are targeting moieties for achieving active targeting drug delivery. Meanwhile, the rapidly increasing application of antibodies and Fc-fusion proteins has inspired the emerging development of downstream processing technologies. Thus, IgG Fc affinity ligands have come into being and have been widely exploited in antibody purification strategies. Given the high binding affinity and specificity to IgGs, binding stability in physiological medium conditions, and favorable toxicity and immunogenicity profiles, Fc affinity ligands are gradually applied to antibody delivery, non-covalent antibody-drug conjugates or antibody-mediated active-targeted drug delivery systems. In this review, we will briefly introduce IgG affinity ligands that are widely used at present and summarize their diverse applications in the field of antibody-involved drug delivery. The challenges and outlook of these systems are also discussed.
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27
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Nandy S, Crum M, Wasden K, Strych U, Goyal A, Maranholkar V, Mo W, Vu B, Kourentzi K, Willson RC. Protein A-Nanoluciferase fusion protein for generalized, sensitive detection of immunoglobulin G. Anal Biochem 2023; 660:114929. [PMID: 36270332 PMCID: PMC9826736 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Detection and quantification of antibodies, especially immunoglobulin G (IgG), is a cornerstone of ELISAs, many diagnostics, and the development of antibody-based drugs. Current state-of-the-art immunoassay techniques for antibody detection require species-specific secondary antibodies and carefully-controlled bioconjugations. Poor conjugation efficiency degrades assay performance and increases the risk of clinical false positives due to non-specific binding. We developed a generic, highly-sensitive platform for IgG quantification by fusing the IgG-Fc binding Z domain of Staphylococcal Protein A with the ultrabright bioluminescence reporter Nanoluc-luciferase (Nluc). We demonstrated the application of this fusion protein in a sandwich IgG detection immunoassay using surface-bound antigens to capture target IgG and protein A-Nanoluc fusion as the detector. We optimized the platform's sensitivity by incorporating multiple repeats of the Z domain into the fusion protein constructs. Using rabbit and mouse anti-SARS-CoV-2 Nucleoprotein IgGs as model analytes, we performed ELISAs in two different formats, either with SARS-CoV-2 Nucleoprotein as the capture antigen or with polyclonal chicken IgY as the capture antibody. Using standard laboratory equipment, the platform enabled the quantitation of antibody analytes at concentrations as low as 10 pg/mL (67 fM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Nandy
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mary Crum
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA,Present address: Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Katherine Wasden
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA,Present address: Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ulrich Strych
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA,Present address: Department of Paediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Atul Goyal
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA,Present address: Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River, NY, USA
| | - Vijay Maranholkar
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - William Mo
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA,Present address: Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA
| | - Binh Vu
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Katerina Kourentzi
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard C Willson
- William A. Brookshire Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA,Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA,Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de Salud, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico,Corresponding author. (Richard C Willson)
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28
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Hatfield G, Tepliakova L, Tran J, Lu H, Gilbert M, Tam RY. Bivalent non-human gal-α1-3-gal glycan epitopes in the Fc region of a monoclonal antibody model can be recognized by anti-Gal-α1-3-Gal IgE antibodies. MAbs 2023; 15:2239405. [PMID: 37497986 PMCID: PMC10376915 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2239405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) production using non-human cells can introduce non-human glycan epitopes including terminal galactosyl-α1-3-galactose (α1-3-Gal) moieties. Cetuximab is a commercial mAb associated with causing anaphylaxis in some patients due to the binding of endogenous anti-α1-3-Gal IgE to the Fab (containing bi-α1-3-galactosylated glycans) but not to the Fc region (containing mono-α1-3-galactosylated glycans). Despite being low in abundance in typical commercial mAbs, the inherent sensitivity of cell culture conditions on glycosylation profiles, and the development of novel glycoengineering strategies, novel antibody-based modalities, and biosimilars by various manufacturers with varying procedures, necessitates a better understanding of the structural requirements for anti-α1-3-Gal IgE binding to the Fc region. Herein, we synthesized mAb glycoforms with varying degrees and regioisomers of α1-3-galactosylation and tested their binding to two commercial anti-α1-3-Gal human IgE antibodies derived from a human patient with allergies to red meat (comprising α1-3-Gal epitopes), as well as to the FcγRIIIA receptor. Our results demonstrate that unexpectedly, anti-α1-3-Gal human IgE antibodies can bind to Fc glycans, with bi-α1-3-galactosylation being the most important factor, highlighting that their presence in the Fc region may be considered as a potential critical quality attribute, particularly when using novel platforms in mAb-based biotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grayson Hatfield
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lioudmila Tepliakova
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica Tran
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Huixin Lu
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michel Gilbert
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Roger Y. Tam
- Centre for Oncology, Radiopharmaceuticals and Research, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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29
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Goncalves AG, Hartzell EJ, Sullivan MO, Chen W. Recombinant protein polymer-antibody conjugates for applications in nanotechnology and biomedicine. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 191:114570. [PMID: 36228897 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there are over 100 antibody-based therapeutics on the market for the treatment of various diseases. The increasing importance of antibody treatment is further highlighted by the recent FDA emergency use authorization of certain antibody therapies for COVID-19 treatment. Protein-based materials have gained momentum for antibody delivery due to their biocompatibility, tunable chemistry, monodispersity, and straightforward synthesis and purification. In this review, we discuss progress in engineering the molecular features of protein-based biomaterials, in particular recombinant protein polymers, for introducing novel functionalities and enhancing the delivery properties of antibodies and related binding protein domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio G Goncalves
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Emily J Hartzell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Millicent O Sullivan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716, United States.
| | - Wilfred Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716, United States.
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30
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Beattie JW, Istrate A, Lu A, Marshall C, Rowland-Jones RC, Farys M, Kazarian SG, Byrne B. Causes of Industrial Protein A Column Degradation, Explored Using Raman Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2022; 94:15703-15710. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James W. Beattie
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, LondonSW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, LondonSW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Alena Istrate
- Biopharm Process Research, Medicine Development & Supply, GSK R&D, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, HertfordshireSG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Annabelle Lu
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, LondonSW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Cameron Marshall
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, LondonSW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth C. Rowland-Jones
- Biopharm Process Research, Medicine Development & Supply, GSK R&D, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, HertfordshireSG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Monika Farys
- Biopharm Process Research, Medicine Development & Supply, GSK R&D, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, HertfordshireSG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Sergei G. Kazarian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, LondonSW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Bernadette Byrne
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, LondonSW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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31
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Cruz AR, Bentlage AEH, Blonk R, de Haas CJC, Aerts PC, Scheepmaker LM, Bouwmeester IG, Lux A, van Strijp JAG, Nimmerjahn F, van Kessel KPM, Vidarsson G, Rooijakkers SHM. Toward Understanding How Staphylococcal Protein A Inhibits IgG-Mediated Phagocytosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 209:1146-1155. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
IgG molecules are crucial for the human immune response against bacterial infections. IgGs can trigger phagocytosis by innate immune cells, like neutrophils. To do so, IgGs should bind to the bacterial surface via their variable Fab regions and interact with Fcγ receptors and complement C1 via the constant Fc domain. C1 binding to IgG-labeled bacteria activates the complement cascade, which results in bacterial decoration with C3-derived molecules that are recognized by complement receptors on neutrophils. Next to FcγRs and complement receptors on the membrane, neutrophils also express the intracellular neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). We previously reported that staphylococcal protein A (SpA), a key immune-evasion protein of Staphylococcus aureus, potently blocks IgG-mediated complement activation and killing of S. aureus by interfering with IgG hexamer formation. SpA is also known to block IgG-mediated phagocytosis in absence of complement, but the mechanism behind it remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that SpA blocks IgG-mediated phagocytosis and killing of S. aureus and that it inhibits the interaction of IgGs with FcγRs (FcγRIIa and FcγRIIIb, but not FcγRI) and FcRn. Furthermore, our data show that multiple SpA domains are needed to effectively block IgG1-mediated phagocytosis. This provides a rationale for the fact that SpA from S. aureus contains four to five repeats. Taken together, our study elucidates the molecular mechanism by which SpA blocks IgG-mediated phagocytosis and supports the idea that in addition to FcγRs, the intracellular FcRn is also prevented from binding IgG by SpA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Cruz
- *Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Arthur E. H. Bentlage
- †Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | - Robin Blonk
- *Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Carla J. C. de Haas
- *Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Piet C. Aerts
- *Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lisette M. Scheepmaker
- *Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Inge G. Bouwmeester
- *Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anja Lux
- ‡Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jos A. G. van Strijp
- *Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- ‡Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kok P. M. van Kessel
- *Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- †Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | - Suzan H. M. Rooijakkers
- *Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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32
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Jeon CH, Ha TH. Covalent and Oriented Immobilization of Antibodies through Systematic Modification of Photoactivatable RNA Hybrid Aptamers. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:1527-1535. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hoon Jeon
- Core Research Facility & Analysis Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Tai Hwan Ha
- Core Research Facility & Analysis Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, South Korea
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33
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Emerging affinity ligands and support materials for the enrichment of monoclonal antibodies. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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A Novel Synthetic Antibody Library with Complementarity-Determining Region Diversities Designed for an Improved Amplification Profile. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116255. [PMID: 35682935 PMCID: PMC9181208 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody discovery by phage display consists of two phases, i.e., the binding phase and the amplification phase. Ideally, the selection process is dominated by the former, and all the retrieved clones are amplified equally during the latter. In reality, the amplification efficiency of antibody fragments varies widely among different sequences and, after a few rounds of phage display panning, the output repertoire often includes rapidly amplified sequences with low or no binding activity, significantly diminishing the efficiency of antibody isolation. In this work, a novel synthetic single-chain variable fragment (scFv) library with complementarity-determining region (CDR) diversities aimed at improved amplification efficiency was designed and constructed. A previously reported synthetic scFv library with low, non-combinatorial CDR diversities was panned against protein A superantigen, and the library repertoires before and after the panning were analyzed by next generation sequencing. The enrichment or depletion patterns of CDR sequences after panning served as the basis for the design of the new library. Especially for CDR-H3 with a higher and more random diversity, a machine learning method was applied to predict potential fast-amplified sequences among a simulated sequence repertoire. In a direct comparison with the previous generation library, the new library performed better against a panel of antigens in terms of the number of binders isolated, the number of unique sequences, and/or the speed of binder enrichment. Our results suggest that the amplification-centric design of sequence diversity is a valid strategy for the construction of highly functional phage display antibody libraries.
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35
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Chu X, Yang X, Shi Q, Dong X, Sun Y. Kinetic and molecular insight into immunoglobulin G binding to immobilized recombinant protein A of different orientations. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1671:463040. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Tang C, Fang M, Tan G, Zhang S, Yang B, Li Y, Zhang T, Saxena R, Mohan C, Wu T. Discovery of Novel Circulating Immune Complexes in Lupus Nephritis Using Immunoproteomics. Front Immunol 2022; 13:850015. [PMID: 35419005 PMCID: PMC8996714 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.850015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The goal is to discover novel circulating immune complexes (ICx) in the serum of lupus nephritis (LN) as potential biomarkers. Methods Protein A/G magnetic beads or C1q-coated plates were used to capture ICx in the serum of LN, followed by the identification of immunoglobulin-binding proteins using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Bioinformatic approaches and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA Seq) databases were used to select potential candidate ICx markers in LN. The selected ICx markers were further validated using ELISA. Results A total of 300 immunoglobulin-binding proteins were discovered in the screening, among which 77 proteins were detectable only in LN samples. Bioinformatics-assisted selection allowed us to further identify 10 potential immunoglobulin-binding proteins, which form ICx as potential biomarkers in LN. In a validation cohort of 62 LN patients and 21 healthy controls (HC), we found that prolyl 3-hydroxylase 1 (P3H1), phosphatase and actin regulator 4 (PHACTR4), and regulator of G-protein signaling 12 (RGS12) ICx exhibited discriminative capability in distinguishing LN from HC, with an area under the curve (AUC) values of 0.82, 0.99, and 0.90, respectively. Furthermore, a biomarker panel comprising CD14, CD34, cystatin A, myocyte enhancer factor 2C (MEF2C), RGS12, and ubiquitin C (UBC) ICx could distinguish active LN from inactive LN with an AUC value of 0.85, which is comparable to or better than pathological parameters such as renal activity index (AI) and renal chronicity index (CI). Conclusion Immunoproteomics-based discovery studies have enabled us to identify circulating immune complexes as potential biomarkers of LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenling Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Min Fang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Gongjun Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Bowen Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yaxi Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ramesh Saxena
- Division of Nephrology, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Chandra Mohan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Tianfu Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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37
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Wolf B, Piksa M, Beley I, Patoux A, Besson T, Cordier V, Voedisch B, Schindler P, Stöllner D, Perrot L, von Gunten S, Brees D, Kammüller M. Therapeutic antibody glycosylation impacts antigen recognition and immunogenicity. Immunology 2022; 166:380-407. [PMID: 35416297 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we show that glycosylation is relevant for immune recognition of therapeutic antibodies, and that defined glycan structures can modulate immunogenicity. Concerns regarding immunogenicity arise from the high heterogeneity in glycosylation that is difficult to control and can deviate from human glycosylation if produced in non-human cell lines. While non-human glycosylation is thought to cause hypersensitivity reactions and immunogenicity, less is known about effects of Fc-associated glycan structures on immune cell responses. We postulated that glycosylation influences antigen recognition and subsequently humoral responses to therapeutic antibodies by modulating 1) recognition and uptake by dendritic cells (DCs), and 2) antigen routing, processing and presentation. Here, we compared different glycosylation variants of the antibody rituximab (RTX) in in vitro assays using human DCs and T cells as well as in in vivo studies. We found that human DCs bind and internalize unmodified RTX stronger compared to its aglycosylated form suggesting that glycosylation mediates uptake after recognition by glycan-specific receptors. Furthermore, we show that DC-uptake of RTX increases or decreases if glycosylation is selectively modified to recognize activating (by mannosylation) or inhibitory lectin receptors (by sialylation). Moreover, glycosylation seems to influence antigen presentation by DCs because specific glycovariants tend to induce either stronger or weaker T cell activation. Finally, we demonstrate that antibody glycosylation impacts anti-drug antibody (ADA) responses to RTX in vivo. Hence, defined glycan structures can modulate immune recognition and alter ADA responses. Glyco-engineering may help to decrease clinical immunogenicity and ADA-associated adverse events such as hypersensitivity reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babette Wolf
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mateusz Piksa
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Beley
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Agnes Patoux
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Besson
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Valerie Cordier
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Voedisch
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Ludovic Perrot
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Dominique Brees
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
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38
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Stadlmayr G, Stracke F, Stadlbauer K, Rybka J, Dickgiesser S, Rasche N, Becker S, Toleikis L, Rüker F, Knopp GW. Efficient spontaneous site-selective cysteine-mediated toxin attachment within a structural loop of antibodies. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022; 1866:130155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Yamazoe S, Kotapati S, Hogan JM, West SM, Deng XA, Diong SJ, Arbanas J, Nguyen TA, Jashnani A, Gupta D, Rajpal A, Dollinger G, Strop P. Impact of Drug Conjugation on Thermal and Metabolic Stabilities of Aglycosylated and N-Glycosylated Antibodies. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:576-585. [PMID: 35344340 PMCID: PMC9026278 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
N-linked glycosylation
is one of the most common and complex posttranslational
modifications that govern the biological functions and physicochemical
properties of therapeutic antibodies. We evaluated thermal and metabolic
stabilities of antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) with payloads
attached to the C’E loop in the immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc CH2
domain, comparing the glycosylated and aglycosylated Fc ADC variants.
Our study revealed that introduction of small-molecule drugs into
an aglycosylated antibody can compensate for thermal destabilization
originating from structural distortions caused by elimination of N-linked
glycans. Depending on the conjugation site, glycans had both positive
and negative effects on plasma stability of ADCs. The findings highlight
the importance of consideration for selection of conjugation site
to achieve desirable physicochemical properties and plasma stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayumi Yamazoe
- Discovery Biotherapeutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Srikanth Kotapati
- Discovery Biotherapeutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Jason M Hogan
- Discovery Biotherapeutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Sean M West
- Discovery Biotherapeutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Xiaodi A Deng
- Dren Bio, 400 Seaport Ct, Ste 102, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - S J Diong
- Discovery Biotherapeutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Jaren Arbanas
- Discovery Biotherapeutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Thien Anh Nguyen
- Discovery Biotherapeutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Aarti Jashnani
- Discovery Biotherapeutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Diksha Gupta
- SCIEX, 47370 Fremont Blvd, Fremont, California 94538, United States
| | - Arvind Rajpal
- Large Molecule Drug Discovery, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Gavin Dollinger
- Discovery Biotherapeutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Pavel Strop
- Discovery Biotherapeutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Road, Redwood City, California 94063, United States.,Biologics Discovery, Tallac Therapeutics, Burlingame, California 94010, United States
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40
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Boero E, Cruz AR, Pansegrau W, Giovani C, Rooijakkers SHM, van Kessel KPM, van Strijp JAG, Bagnoli F, Manetti AGO. Natural Human Immunity Against Staphylococcal Protein A Relies on Effector Functions Triggered by IgG3. Front Immunol 2022; 13:834711. [PMID: 35359919 PMCID: PMC8963248 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.834711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal protein A (SpA) is a multifunctional, highly conserved virulence factor of Staphylococcus aureus. By binding the Fc portion of all human IgG subclasses apart from IgG3, SpA interferes with antibody and complement deposition on the bacterial surface, impairing staphylococcal clearance by phagocytosis. Because of its anti-opsonic properties, SpA is not investigated as a surface antigen to mediate bacterial phagocytosis. Herein we investigate human sera for the presence of SpA-opsonizing antibodies. The screening revealed that sera containing IgG3 against SpA were able to correctly opsonize the target and drive Fcγ receptor-mediated interactions and phagocytosis. We demonstrated that IgG3 Fc is significantly more efficient in inducing phagocytosis of SpA-expressing S. aureus as compared to IgG1 Fc in an assay resembling physiological conditions. Furthermore, we show that the capacity of SpA antibodies to induce phagocytosis depends on the specific epitope recognized by the IgGs on SpA molecules. Overall, our results suggest that anti-SpA IgG3 antibodies could favor the anti-staphylococcal response in humans, paving the way towards the identification of a correlate of protection against staphylococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Boero
- GSK, Siena, Italy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ana Rita Cruz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Suzan H. M. Rooijakkers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Kok P. M. van Kessel
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jos A. G. van Strijp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Ling WL, Yeo JY, Ng YL, Wipat A, Gan SKE. More Than Meets the Kappa for Antibody Superantigen Protein L (PpL). Antibodies (Basel) 2022; 11:14. [PMID: 35225872 PMCID: PMC8883962 DOI: 10.3390/antib11010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin superantigens play an important role in affinity purification of antibodies and the microbiota-immune axis at mucosal areas. Based on current understanding, Staphylococcal Protein A (SpA), Streptococcal Protein G (SpG) and Finegoldia Protein L (PpL) are thought to only bind specific regions of human antibodies, allowing for selective purification of antibody isotypes and chains. Clinically, these superantigens are often classified as toxins and increase the virulence of the producing pathogen through unspecific interactions with immune proteins. To perform an in-depth interaction study of these three superantigens with antibodies, bio-layer interferometry (BLI) measurements of their interactions with a permutation panel of 63 IgG1 variants of Pertuzumab and Trastuzumab CDRs grafted to the six human Vκ and seven human VH region families were tested. Through this holistic and systemic analysis of IgG1 variants with various antibody regions modified, comparisons revealed novel PpL-antibody interactions influenced by other non-canonical antibody known light-chain framework regions, whereas SpA and SpG showed relatively consistent interactions. These findings have implications on PpL-based affinity antibody purification and design that can guide the engineering and understanding of PpL-based microbiota-immune effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Li Ling
- Antibody & Product Development Laboratory, Experimental Drug Development Centre—Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138672, Singapore; (W.-L.L.); (J.Y.Y.)
- Newcastle Research and Innovation Institute (NewRIIS), Singapore 609607, Singapore;
| | - Joshua Yi Yeo
- Antibody & Product Development Laboratory, Experimental Drug Development Centre—Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138672, Singapore; (W.-L.L.); (J.Y.Y.)
| | - Yuen-Ling Ng
- Newcastle Research and Innovation Institute (NewRIIS), Singapore 609607, Singapore;
| | - Anil Wipat
- School of Computing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK;
| | - Samuel Ken-En Gan
- Antibody & Product Development Laboratory, Experimental Drug Development Centre—Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138672, Singapore; (W.-L.L.); (J.Y.Y.)
- James Cook University, Singapore 387380, Singapore
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42
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Mimura Y, Mimura-Kimura Y, Saldova R, Rudd PM, Jefferis R. Enhanced Immunomodulatory Effect of Intravenous Immunoglobulin by Fc Galactosylation and Nonfucosylation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:818382. [PMID: 35154135 PMCID: PMC8831331 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.818382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is used as an immunomodulatory agent in the treatment of various autoimmune/inflammatory diseases although its mechanism of action remains elusive. Recently, nonfucosylated IgG has been shown to be preferentially bound to Fcγ receptor IIIa (FcγRIIIa) on circulating natural killer cells; therefore, we hypothesized that nonfucosylated IVIG may modulate immune responses through FcγRIIIa blockade. Here, homogeneous fucosylated or nonfucosylated glycoforms of normal polyclonal IgG bearing sialylated, galactosylated or nongalactosylated Fc oligosaccharides were generated by chemoenzymatic glycoengineering to investigate whether the IgG glycoforms can inhibit antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Among the six IgG glycoforms, galactosylated, nonfucosylated IgG [(G2)2] had the highest affinity to FcγRIIIa and 20 times higher potency to inhibit ADCC than native IgG. A pilot study of IVIG treatment in mice with collagen antibody-induced arthritis highlighted the low-dose (G2)2 glycoform of IVIG (0.1 g/kg) as an effective immunomodulatory agent as the 10-fold higher dose of native IVIG. These preliminary results suggest that the anti-inflammatory activity of IVIG is in part mediated via activating FcγR blockade by galactosylated, nonfucosylated IgG and that such nonfucosylated IgG glycoforms bound to FcγRs on immune cells play immunomodulatory roles in health and disease. This study provides insights into improved therapeutic strategies for autoimmune/inflammatory diseases using glycoengineered IVIG and recombinant Fc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Mimura
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Yamaguchi Ube Medical Center, Ube, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yusuke Mimura,
| | - Yuka Mimura-Kimura
- Department of Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Yamaguchi Ube Medical Center, Ube, Japan
| | - Radka Saldova
- NIBRT GlycoScience Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD School of Medicine, College of Health and Agricultural Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Pauline M. Rudd
- NIBRT GlycoScience Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Dublin, Ireland
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Centros, Singapore
| | - Roy Jefferis
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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43
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Wang Y, Hu Y, Höti N, Huang L, Zhang H. Characterization of In Vivo Protein Complexes via Chemical Cross-Linking and Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:1537-1542. [PMID: 34962381 PMCID: PMC9006583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cells perform various functions by proteins via protein complexes. Characterization of protein complexes is critical to understanding their biological and clinical significance and has been one of the major efforts of functional proteomics. To date, most protein complexes are characterized by the in vitro system from protein extracts after the cells or tissues are lysed, and it has been challenging to determine which of these protein complexes are formed in intact cells. Herein, we report an approach to preserve protein complexes using in vivo cross-linking, followed by size exclusion chromatography and data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry. This approach enables the characterization of in vivo protein complexes from cells or tissues, which allows the determination of protein complexes in clinical research. More importantly, the described approach can identify protein complexes that are not detected by the in vitro system, which provide unique protein function information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - Yingwei Hu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - Naseruddin Höti
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - Lan Huang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
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44
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Engineered human antibodies for the opsonization and killing of Staphylococcus aureus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2114478119. [PMID: 35058363 PMCID: PMC8795526 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2114478119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus invariably acquires resistance mechanisms against new antibiotics. The persistent colonization with S. aureus is the key risk factor for invasive disease and a driver for the evolution of antibiotic resistant isolates. Anti-S. aureus antibodies that could promote decolonization, prevent infection, or treat disease would alleviate the selection for drug resistance. The successful development of such antibodies is complicated by Staphylococcal protein A (SpA) in the envelope of S. aureus. SpA captures immunoglobulins via their constant region, preventing antibodies from initiating anti-staphylococcal activities. Here, we demonstrate that therapeutic anti-S. aureus antibodies can be engineered to avoid sequestration by SpA. Such antibodies display extended half-lives and improve bacterial uptake and killing by immune cells. Gram-positive organisms with their thick envelope cannot be lysed by complement alone. Nonetheless, antibody-binding on the surface can recruit complement and mark these invaders for uptake and killing by phagocytes, a process known as opsonophagocytosis. The crystallizable fragment of immunoglobulins (Fcγ) is key for complement recruitment. The cell surface of S. aureus is coated with Staphylococcal protein A (SpA). SpA captures the Fcγ domain of IgG and interferes with opsonization by anti-S. aureus antibodies. In principle, the Fcγ domain of therapeutic antibodies could be engineered to avoid the inhibitory activity of SpA. However, the SpA-binding site on Fcγ overlaps with that of the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), an interaction that is critical for prolonging the half-life of serum IgG. This evolutionary adaptation poses a challenge for the exploration of Fcγ mutants that can both weaken SpA–IgG interactions and retain stability. Here, we use both wild-type and transgenic human FcRn mice to identify antibodies with enhanced half-life and increased opsonophagocytic killing in models of S. aureus infection and demonstrate that antibody-based immunotherapy can be improved by modifying Fcγ. Our experiments also show that by competing for FcRn-binding, staphylococci effectively reduce the half-life of antibodies during infection. These observations may have profound impact in treating cancer, autoimmune, and asthma patients colonized or infected with S. aureus and undergoing monoclonal antibody treatment.
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Hecht ES, Mehta S, Wecksler AT, Aguilar B, Swanson N, Phung W, Dubey Kelsoe A, Benner WH, Tesar D, Kelley RF, Sandoval W, Sreedhara A. Insights into ultra-low affinity lipase-antibody noncovalent complex binding mechanisms. MAbs 2022; 14:2135183. [PMID: 36284469 PMCID: PMC9621051 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2135183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of host cell protein (HCP) impurities is critical to ensuring that recombinant drug products, including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), are safe. Mechanistic characterization as to how HCPs persist in drug products is important to refining downstream processing. It has been hypothesized that weak lipase-mAb interactions enable HCP lipases to evade drug purification processes. Here, we apply state-of-the-art methods to establish lipase-mAb binding mechanisms. First, the mass spectrometry (MS) approach of fast photochemical oxidation of proteins was used to elucidate putative binding regions. The CH1 domain was identified as a conserved interaction site for IgG1 and IgG4 mAbs against the HCPs phospholipase B-like protein (PLBL2) and lysosomal phospholipase A2 (LPLA2). Rationally designed mutations in the CH1 domain of the IgG4 mAb caused a 3- to 70-fold KD reduction against PLBL2 by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). LPLA2-IgG4 mutant complexes, undetected by SPR and studied using native MS collisional dissociation experiments, also showed significant complex disruption, from 16% to 100%. Native MS and ion mobility (IM) determined complex stoichiometries for four lipase-IgG4 complexes and directly interrogated the enrichment of specific lipase glycoforms. Confirmed with time-course and exoglycosidase experiments, deglycosylated lipases prevented binding, and low-molecular-weight glycoforms promoted binding, to mAbs. This work demonstrates the value of integrated biophysical approaches to characterize micromolar affinity complexes. It is the first in-depth structural report of lipase-mAb binding, finding roles for the CH1 domain and lipase glycosylation in mediating binding. The structural insights gained offer new approaches for the bioengineering of cells or mAbs to reduce HCP impurity levels.Abbreviations: CAN, Acetonitrile; AMAC, Ammonium acetate; BFGS, Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno; CHO, Chinese Hamster Ovary; KD, Dissociation constant; DTT, Dithiothreitol; ELISA, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; FPOP, Fast photochemical oxidation of proteins; FA, Formic acid; F(ab'), Fragment antibodies; HCP, Host cell protein; IgG, Immunoglobulin; IM, Ion mobility; LOD, Lower limit of detection; LPLA2, Lysosomal phospholipase A2; Man, Mannose; MS, Mass spectrometry; MeOH, Methanol; MST, Microscale thermophoresis; mAbs, Monoclonal antibodies; PPT1, Palmitoyl protein thioesterase; ppm, Parts per million; PLBL2, Phospholipase B-like protein; PLD3, Phospholipase D3; PS-20, Polysorbate-20; SP, Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase; SPR, Surface plasmon resonance; TFA, Trifluoroacetic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Sara Hecht
- Microchemistry, Proteomics, and Lipidomics, Genentech, IncSouth San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shrenik Mehta
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, IncSouth San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aaron T. Wecksler
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, IncSouth San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Nathaniel Swanson
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, IncSouth San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wilson Phung
- Microchemistry, Proteomics, and Lipidomics, Genentech, IncSouth San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Devin Tesar
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, IncSouth San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert F. Kelley
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, IncSouth San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wendy Sandoval
- Microchemistry, Proteomics, and Lipidomics, Genentech, IncSouth San Francisco, CA, USA,CONTACT Wendy Sandoval Microchemistry, Proteomics, and Lipidomics, Genentech, Inc South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alavattam Sreedhara
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, IncSouth San Francisco, CA, USA,Alavattam Sreedhara Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA94080, USA
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Anderson KW, Bergonzo C, Scott K, Karageorgos IL, Gallagher ES, Tayi VS, Butler M, Hudgens JW. HDX-MS and MD Simulations Provide Evidence for Stabilization of the IgG1-FcγRIa (CD64a) Immune Complex Through Intermolecular Glycoprotein Bonds. J Mol Biol 2021; 434:167391. [PMID: 34890647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous reports present different models for the stabilization of the Fc-FcγRI immune complex. Although accord exists on the importance of L235 in IgG1 and some hydrophobic contacts for complex stabilization, discord exists regarding the existence of stabilizing glycoprotein contacts between glycans of IgG1 and a conserved FG-loop (171MGKHRY176) of FcγRIa. Complexes formed from the FcγRIa receptor and IgG1s containing biantennary glycans with N-acetylglucosamine, galactose, and α2,6-N-acetylneuraminic terminations were measured by hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS), classified for dissimilarity with Welch's ANOVA and Games-Howell post hoc procedures, and modeled with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. For each glycoform of the IgG1-FcγRIa complex peptic peptides of Fab, Fc and FcγRIa report distinct H/D exchange rates. MD simulations corroborate the differences in the peptide deuterium content through calculation of the percent of time that transient glycan-peptide bonds exist. These results indicate that stability of IgG1-FcγRIa complexes correlate with the presence of intermolecular glycoprotein interactions between the IgG1 glycans and the 173KHR175 motif within the FG-loop of FcγRIa. The results also indicate that intramolecular glycan-protein bonds stabilize the Fc region in isolated and complexed IgG1. Moreover, HDX-MS data evince that the Fab domain has glycan-protein binding contacts within the IgG1-FcγRI complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W Anderson
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Bioprocess Measurements Group, Biomolecular Measurement Division, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | - Christina Bergonzo
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; National Institute of Standards and Technology, Biomolecular Structure and Function Group, Biomolecular Measurement Division, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | - Kerry Scott
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; National Institute of Standards and Technology, Bioanalytical Science Group, Biomolecular Measurement Division, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | - Ioannis L Karageorgos
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Bioprocess Measurements Group, Biomolecular Measurement Division, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | - Elyssia S Gallagher
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Bioprocess Measurements Group, Biomolecular Measurement Division, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | - Venkata S Tayi
- University of Manitoba, Department of Microbiology, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Michael Butler
- University of Manitoba, Department of Microbiology, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada; National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, 26 Foster's Ave, Belfield, Blackrock, Co. Dublin A94 F5D5, Ireland.
| | - Jeffrey W Hudgens
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Bioprocess Measurements Group, Biomolecular Measurement Division, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
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Fang YM, Lin DQ, Yao SJ. Tetrapeptide ligands screening for antibody separation and purification by molecular simulation and experimental verification. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Alfeo MJ, Pagotto A, Barbieri G, Foster TJ, Vanhoorelbeke K, De Filippis V, Speziale P, Pietrocola G. Staphylococcus aureus iron-regulated surface determinant B (IsdB) protein interacts with von Willebrand factor and promotes adherence to endothelial cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22799. [PMID: 34815454 PMCID: PMC8611056 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02065-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is the cause of a spectrum of diseases in humans and animals. The molecular basis of this pathogenicity lies in the expression of a variety of virulence factors, including proteins that mediate adherence to the host plasma and extracellular matrix proteins. In this study, we discovered that the iron-regulated surface determinant B (IsdB) protein, besides being involved in iron transport and vitronectin binding, interacts with von Willebrand Factor (vWF). IsdB-expressing bacteria bound to both soluble and immobilized vWF. The binding of recombinant IsdB to vWF was blocked by heparin and reduced at high ionic strength. Furthermore, treatment with ristocetin, an allosteric agent that promotes the exposure of the A1 domain of vWF, potentiates the binding of IsdB to vWF. Both near-iron transporter motifs NEAT1 and NEAT2 of IsdB individually bound recombinant A1 domain with KD values in the micromolar range. The binding of IsdB and adhesion of S. aureus expressing IsdB to monolayers of activated endothelial cells was significantly inhibited by a monoclonal antibody against the A1 domain and by IsdB reactive IgG from patients with staphylococcal endocarditis. This suggests the importance of IsdB in adherence of S. aureus to the endothelium colonization and as potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela J Alfeo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 3/b, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Pagotto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Giulia Barbieri
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Timothy J Foster
- Microbiology Department, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karen Vanhoorelbeke
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, KU Leuven Campus Kulak Kortrijk, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Vincenzo De Filippis
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Pietro Speziale
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 3/b, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giampiero Pietrocola
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Biochemistry Unit, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 3/b, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
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Han Q, Hu Y, Lu Z, Wang J, Chen H, Mo Z, Luo X, Li A, Dan X, Li Y. Study on the characterization of grouper (Epinephelus coioides) immunoglobulin T and its positive cells. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 118:102-110. [PMID: 34481975 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulins (Igs) play a vital role in the adaptive immunity of gnathostomes. IgT, a particular Ig class in teleost fishes, receives much attention concerning the mucosal immunity. While, the characteristic and function of Epinephelus coioides IgT is still unknown. In our study, a polyclonal antibody was first prepared with grouper IgT heavy chain recombinant protein. IgT was revealed to be polymeric in serum and mucus. In normal groupers, IgT had high expression level in head kidney and spleen, while little amount in gills, thymus, gut and liver. The number of IgT-positive cells in different tissues was in line with their IgT expression. Furthermore, IgT could coat fractional bacteria in the mucus. In conclusion, this research revealed the protein characteristic, basal expression and bacterial coverage of grouper IgT. This is the first study to identify the characteristic of grouper IgT and demonstrate the capacity of coating microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Han
- College of Marine Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yingtong Hu
- College of Marine Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zijun Lu
- College of Marine Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jiule Wang
- College of Marine Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Hongping Chen
- College of Marine Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zequan Mo
- College of Marine Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiaochun Luo
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Anxing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xueming Dan
- College of Marine Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Yanwei Li
- College of Marine Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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Enhancing Antibodies' Binding Capacity through Oriented Functionalization of Plasmonic Surfaces. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11102620. [PMID: 34685056 PMCID: PMC8538552 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein A has long been used in different research fields due to its ability to specifically recognize immunoglobulins (Ig). The protein derived from Staphylococcus aureus binds Ig through the Fc region of the antibody, showing its strongest binding in immunoglobulin G (IgG), making it the most used protein in its purification and detection. The research presented here integrates, for the first time, protein A to a silicon surface patterned with gold nanoparticles for the oriented binding of IgG. The signal detection is conveyed through a metal enhanced fluorescence (MEF) system. Orienting immunoglobulins allows the exposition of the fragment antigen-binding (Fab) region for the binding to its antigen, substantially increasing the binding capacity per antibody immobilized. Antibodies orientation is of crucial importance in many diagnostics devices, particularly when either component is in limited quantities.
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