1
|
Implications of Transglutaminase-Mediated Protein Serotonylation in the Epigenetic Landscape, Small Cell Lung Cancer, and Beyond. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041332. [PMID: 36831672 PMCID: PMC9954789 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In the case of small-cell lung carcinoma, the highly metastatic nature of the disease and the propensity for several chromatin modifiers to harbor mutations suggest that epigenetic manipulation may also be a promising route for oncotherapy, but histone deacetylase inhibitors on their own do not appear to be particularly effective, suggesting that there may be other regulatory parameters that dictate the effectiveness of vorinostat's reversal of histone deacetylation. Recent discoveries that serotonylation of histone H3 alters the permissibility of gene expression have led to renewed attention to this rare modification, as facilitated by transglutaminase 2, and at the same time introduce new questions about whether this modification belongs to a part of the concerted cohort of regulator events for modulating the epigenetic landscape. This review explores the mechanistic details behind protein serotonylation and its possible connections to the epigenome via histone modifications and glycan interactions and attempts to elucidate the role of transglutaminase 2, such that optimizations to existing histone deacetylase inhibitor designs or combination therapies may be devised for lung and other types of cancer.
Collapse
|
2
|
Stenberg P, Roth B, Ohlsson B. Zinc as a modulator of transglutaminase activity - Laboratory and pathophysiological aspects. J Transl Autoimmun 2021; 4:100110. [PMID: 34195588 PMCID: PMC8233124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2021.100110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
For a whole century, citrate has been used as an in vitro anticoagulant via chelation of calcium. Later, also EDTA was introduced as an anticoagulant. An often overlooked fact is that zinc is bound to citrate and EDTA with affinities much greater than that for calcium, imposing problems in biomedical research. In vivo, proteins of the S100 family are released from leukocytes and known to bind calcium. Some of them, e.g., calprotectin, also chelate zinc. Thus, at an inflamed site, the ratio between Ca2+ and Zn2+ is changed. This mechanism is of importance for the modulation of the activation of a fascinating family of post-translationally acting calcium-dependent thiol enzymes, the transglutaminases, which are inhibited by zinc. This presentation illustrates the complexity of in vitro studies with zinc. Moreover, it exemplifies the role of Zn2+ in pathophysiological situations such as celiac disease and neurodegeneration. Citrate, EDTA and DTT bind zinc as well as calcium. At inflammation, calprotectin binds Zn2+, which leads to low concentrations of the ion. Zn2+ inhibits the activation of transglutaminases and peptidylarginine deiminases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pål Stenberg
- Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Clinical Coagulation Research Unit, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Bodil Roth
- Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Department of Internal Medicine, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Bodil Ohlsson
- Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Department of Internal Medicine, Malmö, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Anokhin BA, Dean WL, Smith KA, Flick MJ, Ariëns RAS, Philippou H, Maurer MC. Proteolytic and nonproteolytic activation mechanisms result in conformationally and functionally different forms of coagulation factor XIII A. FEBS J 2019; 287:452-464. [PMID: 31407850 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Factor XIIIA (FXIIIA) is a transglutaminase that cross-links intra- and extracellular protein substrates. FXIIIA is expressed as an inactive zymogen, and during blood coagulation, it is activated by removal of an activation peptide by the protease thrombin. No such proteolytic FXIIIA activation is known to occur in other tissues or the intracellular form of FXIIIA. For those locations, FXIIIA is assumed instead to undergo activation by Ca2+ ions. Previously, we demonstrated a monomeric state for active FXIIIA. Current analytical ultracentrifugation and kinetic experiments revealed that thrombin-activated FXIIIA has a higher conformational flexibility and a stronger affinity toward glutamine substrate than does nonproteolytically activated FXIIIA. The proteolytic activation of FXIIIA was further investigated in a context of fibrin clotting. In a series of fibrin cross-linking assays and scanning electron microscopy studies of plasma clots, the activation rates of FXIIIA V34X variants were correlated with the extent of fibrin cross-linking and incorporation of nonfibrous protein into the clot. Overall, the results suggest conformational and functional differences between active FXIIIA forms, thus expanding the understanding of FXIIIA function. Those differences may serve as a basis for developing therapeutic strategies to target FXIIIA in different physiological environments. ENZYMES: Factor XIIIA ( EC 2.3.2.13).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - William L Dean
- Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, KY, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Kerrie A Smith
- Leeds Thrombosis Collective, Department of Discovery and Translational Science, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Matthew J Flick
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH, USA
| | - Robert A S Ariëns
- Leeds Thrombosis Collective, Department of Discovery and Translational Science, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Helen Philippou
- Leeds Thrombosis Collective, Department of Discovery and Translational Science, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Stenberg P, Roth B. Zinc is the modulator of the calcium-dependent activation of post-translationally acting thiol-enzymes in autoimmune diseases. Med Hypotheses 2015; 84:331-5. [PMID: 25660831 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Post-translational modifications of proteins can generate antigenic conformations that may cause autoimmune diseases in persons with specific HLA-haplotypes. Monocytes and macrophages, attracted to an inflamed site, can release post-translationally acting enzymes, such as transglutaminases and peptidylarginine deiminases. In vivo, the activation of these enzymes is crucial for the further course of event. Our hypothesis is that zinc modulates the activation of these calcium-dependent thiol-enzymes. Persons with celiac disease carry antibodies against deamidated dietary gluten and against transglutaminase type 2. Similarly, antibodies against citrulline-containing peptides and against peptidylarginine deiminase are detected in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Thus, in two major autoimmune diseases, antibodies are detected against post-translationally modified proteins and against the thiol-enzymes responsible for catalyzing the modifications. In vitro, physiological concentrations of zinc reversibly inhibit the calcium-dependent activation of transglutaminases. Zinc attenuates the calcium-induced increase in affinity between transglutaminase 2 and serum from patients with celiac disease. Peptidylarginine deiminases are also inhibited by zinc. Moreover, zinc is rapidly redistributed in animals when an infection is induced. This pathway starting with an unspecific inflammation and ending up with an immune reaction against a specific tissue constitutes a theme with variations in other autoimmune diseases, such as dermatitis herpetiformis, multiple sclerosis, and type 1 diabetes. Inhibitors against transglutaminases and peptidylarginine deiminases have a great pharmacological potential. Interestingly, a large portion of the population may have been exposed to such an inhibitor. The primary metabolite of ethanol, acetaldehyde, can probably function as an irreversible inhibitor of these enzymes by forming a hemithioacetal with the thiol group of the active site. Not surprisingly, epidemiological studies have shown that alcohol is beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis. We predict that a similar situation will be observed in multiple sclerosis. The affinity of chelators such as EDTA and EGTA for Zn(2+) is three orders of magnitude greater than that for Ca(2+). This frequently overlooked complication imposes problems in biomedical research since a restoration of the zinc level can never be achieved in a blood sample which has been anti-coagulated by calcium chelators. The new synthetic direct thrombin inhibitors may offer a better way of preventing coagulation in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Post-translational modifications are of potential interest in autoimmune diseases. The in vivo activation of calcium-dependent thiol-enzymes catalyzing these alterations, such as the transglutaminases and the peptidylarginine deiminases, is crucial for this pathway. According to our hypothesis, zinc is the modulator of this key function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pål Stenberg
- Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Clinical Coagulation Research Unit, Skåne University Hospital, S-205 02 Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Bodil Roth
- Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, S-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (transglutaminase 2) is a multifunctional enzyme with many interesting properties resulting in versatile roles in both physiology and pathophysiology. Herein, the particular involvement of the enzyme in human diseases will be outlined with special emphasis on its role in cancer and in tissue interactions with biomaterials. Despite recent progress in unraveling the different cellular functions of transglutaminase 2, several questions remain. Transglutaminase 2 features in both confirmed and some still ambiguous roles within pathological conditions, raising interest in developing inhibitors and imaging probes which target this enzyme. One important prerequisite for identifying and characterizing such molecular tools are reliable assay methods to measure the enzymatic activity. This digest Letter will provide clarification about the various assay methods described to date, accompanied by a discussion of recent progress in the development of inhibitors and imaging probes targeting transglutaminase 2.
Collapse
|
6
|
Murthy SNP, Lukas TJ, Jardetzky TS, Lorand L. Selectivity in the post-translational, transglutaminase-dependent acylation of lysine residues. Biochemistry 2009; 48:2654-60. [PMID: 19222223 DOI: 10.1021/bi802323z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGs) are known to exhibit remarkable specificities not only for the Q (or Gln) sites but also for the K (or Lys) sites of proteins with which they react. To gain further insight into K-site specificity, we examined the reactions of dansyl-epsilon-aminocaproyl-GlnGlnIleVal with three chemically and structurally well-characterized proteins (bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A, bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, and chicken egg white lysozyme), as catalyzed by TG2, a biologically important post-translational enzyme. The substrates represent a total of 20 potential surface sites for acylation by the fluorescent Gln probe, yet only two of the lysine side chains reacted with TG2. While the K1 site of ribonuclease and the K15 site of the trypsin inhibitor could be readily acylated by the enzyme, none of the lysines in lysozyme were modified. The findings lead us to suggest that the selection of lysine residues by TG2 is not encoded in the primary amino acid sequence surrounding the target side chain but depends primarily on its being positioned in an accessible segment of the protein structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S N Prasanna Murthy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Stenberg P, Roth EB, Sjöberg K. Transglutaminase and the pathogenesis of coeliac disease. Eur J Intern Med 2008; 19:83-91. [PMID: 18249302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2007.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2006] [Revised: 05/09/2007] [Accepted: 05/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In 1997, a German group demonstrated that the antigen of the biomarker EMA (endomysial antibodies) in coeliac disease is a calcium-dependent thiol enzyme, transglutaminase type 2 (TG2). This most important discovery opened up an exciting field of research aimed at a better understanding of the pathogenesis of coeliac disease, a T-cell-driven autoimmune disorder with a prevalence of about 1%. The accidental activation of TG2, possibly caused by a stress-induced local deficiency of zinc in the intestinal wall, might play a key role where the enzyme catalyzes an atypical deamidation of specific glutamine residues of food gliadins. The genetic contribution is HLA DQ2 or DQ8, which can form a complex with the TG2-modified gliadin residues, resulting in an immune response with the formation of antibodies against both gliadin and the enzyme. Indeed, the immunopathogenesis of coeliac disease can now be recognized partly at the molecular level. Progress has already improved the opportunities for laboratory diagnostics and, hopefully, new ways of treating and preventing coeliac disease will become available. These exciting developments might stimulate research within other fields of autoimmune disorders. With its focus on TG2, this review highlights some of the intriguing mechanisms of the pathogenesis of coeliac disease, such as the structure of the neo-antigen, the involvement of calcium and zinc, and the effects of coeliac antibodies on TG2 activity. Moreover, the many pitfalls due to dubious laboratory practice are addressed, as is the potential when a fundamental biological mechanism is understood at the molecular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pål Stenberg
- Hospital Pharmacy, Malmö University Hospital, S-205 02 Malmö, Sweden.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Lorand
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Ward Building, Room 7-334, 303 E Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Folk JE. Mechanism and basis for specificity of transglutaminase-catalyzed epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl) lysine bond formation. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 54:1-56. [PMID: 6133417 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122990.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
10
|
Affiliation(s)
- L Lorand
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Iismaa SE, Holman S, Wouters MA, Lorand L, Graham RM, Husain A. Evolutionary specialization of a tryptophan indole group for transition-state stabilization by eukaryotic transglutaminases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:12636-41. [PMID: 14566064 PMCID: PMC240670 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1635052100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent posttranslational protein modifications by eukaryotic transglutaminases proceed by a kinetic pathway of acylation and deacylation. Ammonia is released as the acylenzyme is formed, whereas the cross-linked product is released later in the deacylation step. Superposition of the active sites of transglutaminase type 2 (TG2) and the structurally related cysteine protease, papain, indicates that in the formation of tetrahedral intermediates, the backbone nitrogen of the catalytic Cys-277 and the N1 nitrogen of Trp-241 of TG2 could contribute to transition-state stabilization. The importance of this Trp-241 side chain was demonstrated by examining the kinetics of dansylcadaverine incorporation into a model peptide. Although substitution of the Trp-241 side chain with Ala or Gly had only a small effect on the Michaelis constant Km (1.5-fold increase), it caused a >300-fold lowering of the catalytic rate constant kcat. The wild-type and mutant TG2-catalyzed release of ammonia showed kinetics similar to the kinetics for the formation of cross-linked product, indicating that transition-state stabilization in the acylation step was rate-limiting. In papain, a Gln residue is at the position of TG2-Trp-241. The conservation of Trp-241 in all eukaryotic transglutaminases and the finding that W241Q-TG2 had a much lower kcat than wild-type enzyme suggest evolutionary specialization in the use of the indole group. This notion is further supported by the observation that transition-state-stabilizing side chains of Tyr and His that operate in some serine and metalloproteases only partially substituted for Trp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siiri E Iismaa
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lorand L, Graham RM. Transglutaminases: crosslinking enzymes with pleiotropic functions. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2003; 4:140-56. [PMID: 12563291 DOI: 10.1038/nrm1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1095] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Blood coagulation, skin-barrier formation, hardening of the fertilization envelope, extracellular-matrix assembly and other important biological processes are dependent on the rapid generation of covalent crosslinks between proteins. These reactions--which are catalysed by transglutaminases--endow the resulting supramolecular structure with extra rigidity and resistance against proteolytic degradation. Some transglutaminases function as molecular switches in cytoskeletal scaffolding and modulate protein-protein interactions. Having knowledge of these enzymes is essential for understanding the aetiologies of diverse hereditary diseases of the blood and skin, and various autoimmune, inflammatory and degenerative conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Lorand
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Murthy SNP, Iismaa S, Begg G, Freymann DM, Graham RM, Lorand L. Conserved tryptophan in the core domain of transglutaminase is essential for catalytic activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:2738-42. [PMID: 11867764 PMCID: PMC122417 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.052715799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a distinctive member of the family of Ca2+-dependent enzymes recognized mostly by their abilities to catalyze the posttranslational crosslinking of proteins. TG2 uniquely binds and hydrolyzes GTP; binding GTP inhibits its crosslinking activity but allows it to function in signal transduction (hence the G(h) designation). The core domain of TG2 (residues 139-471, rat) comprises the papain-like catalytic triad and the GTP-binding domain (residues 159-173) and contains almost all of the conserved tryptophans of the protein. Examining point mutations at Trp positions 180, 241, 278, 332, and 337 showed that, upon binding 2'-(or 3')-O-(N-methylanthraniloyl)GTP (mantGTP), the Phe-332 mutant was the weakest (35% less than wild type) in resonance energy transfer from the protein (lambda(exc, max) = 290 nm) to the mant fluorophore (lambda(em) = 444 nm) and had a reduced affinity for mantGTP. Trp-332, situated near the catalytic center and the nucleotide-binding area of TG2, may be part of the allosteric relay machinery that transmits negative effector signals from nucleotide binding to the active center of TG2. A most important observation was that, whereas no enzyme activity could be detected when Trp-241 was replaced with Ala or Gln, partial preservation of catalytic activity was seen with substitutions by Tyr > Phe > His. The results indicate that Trp-241 is essential for catalysis, possibly by stabilizing the transition states by H-bonding, quadrupole-ion, or van der Waals interactions. This contrasts with the evolutionarily related papain family of cysteine proteases, which uses Gln-19 (papain) for stabilizing the transition state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S N Prasanna Murthy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Medical School, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Lorand
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lorand L. Sol Sherry Lecture in Thrombosis : research on clot stabilization provides clues for improving thrombolytic therapies. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000; 20:2-9. [PMID: 10634794 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.20.1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Lorand
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and the Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611-3008, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Parameswaran KN, Cheng XF, Chen EC, Velasco PT, Wilson JH, Lorand L. Hydrolysis of gamma:epsilon isopeptides by cytosolic transglutaminases and by coagulation factor XIIIa. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:10311-7. [PMID: 9092583 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.15.10311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nepsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine cross-links, connecting various peptide chain segments, are frequently the major products in transglutaminase-catalyzed reactions. We have now investigated the effectiveness of these enzymes for hydrolyzing the gamma:epsilon linkage. Branched compounds were synthesized, in which the backbone on the gamma-side of the cross-bridge was labeled with a fluorophor (5-(dimethylamino)-1-naphthalenesulfonyl or 2-aminobenzoyl) attached through an epsilon-aminocaproyl linker in the N-terminal position, and the other branch of the bridge was constructed with Lys methylamide or diaminopentane blocked by 2,4-dinitrophenyl at the Nalpha position. Hydrolysis of the cross-link could be followed in these internally quenched substrates by an increase in fluorescence. In addition to the thrombin and Ca2+-activated human coagulation Factor XIIIa, cytosolic transglutaminases from human red cells and from guinea pig liver were tested. All three enzymes were found to display good isopeptidase activities, with Km values of 10(-4) to 10(-5) M. Inhibitors of transamidation were effective in blocking the hydrolysis by the enzymes, indicating that expression of isopeptidase activity did not require unusual protein conformations. We suggest that transglutaminases may play a dynamic role in biology not only by promoting the formation but also the breaking of Nepsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine isopeptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K N Parameswaran
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and the Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lee JH, Jang SI, Yang JM, Markova NG, Steinert PM. The Proximal Promoter of the Human Transglutaminase 3 Gene. J Biol Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.8.4561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
|
18
|
Kim SY, Chung SI, Steinert PM. Highly active soluble processed forms of the transglutaminase 1 enzyme in epidermal keratinocytes. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:18026-35. [PMID: 7629111 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.30.18026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The transglutaminase 1 (TGase 1) enzyme is required for the formation of a cornified cell envelope in epidermal keratinocytes. We show here that in addition to its membrane-anchored form, soluble forms of it are also important in keratinocytes. Proliferating cells contain soluble full-length enzyme of 106 kDa, but terminally differentiating cells contain a soluble 67-kDa form often complexed with a 33-kDa protein as well. The amino terminus of the 67 kDa form is residue 93 of the TGase 1 protein, corresponding to the site of proteolytic activation of the factor XIIIa TGase. The amino terminus of the 33-kDa protein is residue 573, corresponding to the site of a second proteolytic cleavage site of factor XIIIa, and of the site for proteolytic activation of the TGase 3 enzyme. The specific activity of the 67/33-kDa soluble complex is twice that of the soluble 67-kDa form and 10 times that of full-length TGase 1. The half-lives of the 67/33- and 106-kDa forms are about 7 or 20 h, respectively. Thus the TGase 1 enzyme is complex, since it exists in keratinocytes as multiple soluble forms, either intact or proteolytically processed at conserved sites, and which have varying specific activities and likely functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Y Kim
- Skin Biology Branch, NIAMS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2755, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kim SY, Kim IG, Chung SI, Steinert PM. The structure of the transglutaminase 1 enzyme. Deletion cloning reveals domains that regulate its specific activity and substrate specificity. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)46883-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
20
|
Residue Gln-30 of human erythrocyte anion transporter is a prime site for reaction with intrinsic transglutaminase. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)31731-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
21
|
Kim I, McBride O, Wang M, Kim S, Idler W, Steinert P. Structure and organization of the human transglutaminase 1 gene. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)42573-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
22
|
Bishop PD, Teller DC, Smith RA, Lasser GW, Gilbert T, Seale RL. Expression, purification, and characterization of human factor XIII in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochemistry 1990; 29:1861-9. [PMID: 2184890 DOI: 10.1021/bi00459a028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Factor XIII is the terminal enzyme of the clotting cascade. A cDNA sequence encoding human placental factor XIII was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae with the yeast ADH2-4c promoter. Expression levels were a strong function of the noncoding flanking DNA content of the construction. When the terminal 3'-flanking noncoding DNA was removed, expression increased approximately 50-fold. The protein was produced in quantity by high-yield fermentation and purified to homogeneity. The recombinant protein was cleaved by thrombin at the same activation site as purified human placental FXIII and exhibited 100% enzymatic activity. At high thrombin concentrations rFXIIIa was cleaved into inactive 54- and 25-kDa polypeptides. The identity of these cleavage sites and the blocked N-terminus to that of the human protein was revealed by amino acid microsequencing. A time course of thrombin activation was performed and the relative distribution of the thrombin-cleaved subunits to the uncleaved zymogen subunits determined; the results were consistent with the half of the sites catalytic model for transglutaminase activity proposed by Chung et al. (Chung, S. I., Lewis, M. S., & Folk, J. E. (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249, 940-950, 1974) and Hornyak et al. (Hornyak, T. J., Bishop, P. D., & Shafer, J. A. (1989) Biochemistry 28, 7326-7332). Equilibrium and velocity sedimentation analysis indicated that rFXIII exists as a 166-kDa nondissociating dimer that behaves as a compact particle of 8.02 S. Thus, all of the properties of rFXIII thus far examined are consistent with those reported for human platelet and placental FXIII.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P D Bishop
- ZymoGenetics, Inc., Seattle, Washington 98105
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lorand L. Transglutaminase-mediated cross-linking of proteins and cell ageing: the erythrocyte and lens models. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1988; 231:79-94. [PMID: 2901196 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-9042-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Lorand
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Cell Biology, Northwestern University Evanston, IL 60201
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cellular transglutaminase. The particulate-associated transglutaminase from chondrosarcoma and liver: partial purification and characterization. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)83884-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
25
|
|
26
|
Abstract
This paper is intended as a background to the topic of transglutaminases, while focusing on current ideas regarding the biological roles of these enzymes. Specifically, the following topics are discussed: geometry of forming gamma-glutamyl-epsilon-lysine cross-linked structures; energetic considerations; the gamma-glutamyl-epsilon-lysine cross-link; amine incorporation assays; artefactual incorporation of amines in cells and tissue homogenates; synthetic substrate systems; regulation of transglutaminase activities; strategies for probing transglutaminase-mediated events in biological systems; the blood clotting paradigm; transglutaminase and cell aging: the Ca2+-enriched human erythrocyte; transglutaminase and cell activation: the thrombin-stimulated human platelet and the fertilized sea urchin egg.
Collapse
|
27
|
|
28
|
|
29
|
Prasher DC, Carr MC, Ives DH, Tsai TC, Frey PA. Nucleoside phosphotransferase from barley. Characterization and evidence for ping pong kinetics involving phosphoryl enzyme. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)34615-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
30
|
|
31
|
Parameswaran KN, Lorand L. New thioester substrates for fibrinoligase (coagulation factor XIIIa) and for transglutaminase. Transfer of the fluorescently labeled acyl group to amines and alcohols. Biochemistry 1981; 20:3703-11. [PMID: 6115669 DOI: 10.1021/bi00516a006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
32
|
|
33
|
Henriksson P, Stenberg P, Nilsson IM, Rasovic N, Kezic J, Stenbjerg S. A specific, fluorescent activity staining procedure applied to plasma and red blood cells in congenital factor XIII deficiency. Br J Haematol 1980; 44:141-7. [PMID: 6155132 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1980.tb01191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The activity staining procedure introduced by Stenberg & Stenflo (1979) has been applied to studies on human blood transamidases (transglutaminases; endo-gamma-glutamine:epsilon-lysine transferases; e.g. factor XIII). The technique combines agarose gel electrophoresis with activity staining based on the transamidase catalysed incorporation of monodansylthiacadaverine (N-(5-amino-3-thiapentyl)-5-dimethylamino-1-naphtalenesulfonamide) into casein. The method permits detection of plasma factor XIII activity down to 1% of the normal adult standard. The technique was used on plasma from two patients with tentative congenital plasma factor XIII deficiency (based on clot solubility). No activity was found in platelet poor as well as in platelet rich plasma which confirmed the diagnosis. In the erythrocytes studied in genetic determinations of the plasma and red blood cell transamidases. Using immunoelectrophoresis, the plasma factor XIII b subunit was found to be 43% and 44% of the concentration in normal standard plasma.
Collapse
|
34
|
Chiral [18O]phosphorothioates. The stereochemical course of thiophosphoryl group transfer catalyzed by nucleoside phosphotransferase. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)30011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
35
|
Stenberg P, Stenflo J. A rapid and specific fluorescent activity staining procedure for transamidating enzymes. Anal Biochem 1979; 93:445-52. [PMID: 88907 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2697(79)80177-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
36
|
Lorand L, Siefring GE, Tong YS, Bruner-Lorand J, Gray AJ. Dansylcadaverine specific staining for transamidating enzymes. Anal Biochem 1979; 93:453-8. [PMID: 88908 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2697(79)80178-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
37
|
Mosher DF, Schad PE, Kleinman HK. Inhibition of blood coagulation factor XIIIa-mediated cross-linking between fibronectin and collagen by polyamines. JOURNAL OF SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURE 1979; 11:227-35. [PMID: 548650 DOI: 10.1002/jss.400110212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Soluble fibronectin is found in body fluids and media of cultured adherent cells. Insoluble fibronectin is found in tissue stroma and in extracellular matrices of cultured cells. Fibronectin is a substrate for factor XIIIa (plasma transglutaminase) and can be cross-linked to collagen and to the alpha chain of fibrin. We have used sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to investigate the possibility that factor XIIIa-mediated cross-linking is influenced by polyamines. Spermidine inhibited cross-linking between fibronectin and type I collagen, isolated alpha 1 (I) collagen chains, or iodinated cyanogen bromide fragment 7 of alpha 1 (I) chains (125I-alpha 1 (I)-CB7). Half-maximal inhibition of cross-linking between 125I-alpha (I)-CB7 and fibronectin was observed when 0.1 mM spermine or spermidine was present. Spermidine, 0.7 mM, partially inhibited cross-linking between fibronectin and the alpha chain of fibrin but failed to inhibit cross-linking between the fibrin monomers of a fibrin clot. Spermidine also failed to inhibit cross-linking between fibronectin molecules when aggregation of fibronectin was induced with dithiothreitol. In contrast, 0.7 mM monodanyslcadaverine inhibited fibronectin-collagen, fibronectin-fibrin, fibronectin-fibronectin, and fibrin-fibrin cross-linking. Spermidine or spermine, 0.7 mM, enhanced the cross-linking between molecules of partially amidinated fibronectin, suggesting that N1,8-(di-gamma-glutamyl)-polyamine cross-linkages were formed. Spermidine and spermine failed to enhance cross-linking between monomers of amidinated fibrin. These results indicate that physiologic concentrations of polyamines specifically disturb transglutaminase-catalyzed cross-linking between fibronectin and collagen.
Collapse
|
38
|
Gross M, Whetzel NK, Folk JE. Amine binding sites in acyl intermediates of transglutaminases. Human blood plasma enzyme (activated coagulation factor XIII) and guinea pig liver enzyme. J Biol Chem 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)40316-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
39
|
Folk JE, Finlayson JS. The epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine crosslink and the catalytic role of transglutaminases. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 1977; 31:1-133. [PMID: 73346 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3233(08)60217-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 667] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
40
|
|
41
|
Lorand L, Shishido R, Parameswaran KN, Steck TL. Modification of human erythrocyte ghosts with transglutaminase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1975; 67:1158-66. [PMID: 1028 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(75)90795-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|