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Cui J, Davanture M, Lamade E, Zivy M, Tcherkez G. Plant low-K responses are partly due to Ca prevalence and the low-K biomarker putrescine does not protect from Ca side effects but acts as a metabolic regulator. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1565-1579. [PMID: 33527435 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Potassium (K) deficiency is a rather common situation that impacts negatively on biomass, photosynthesis and N assimilation, making K fertilization often unavoidable. Effects of K deficiency have been investigated for several decades and recently progress has been made in identifying metabolomics signatures thereby offering potential to monitor the K status of crops in the field. However, effects of low K conditions could also be due to the antagonism with other nutrients like calcium (Ca) and the well-known biomarker of K deficiency, putrescine, could be a response to Ca/K imbalance rather than K deficiency per se. To sort this out, we carried out experiments in sunflower grown at either low or high K, at high or low Ca, with or without putrescine added to the nutrient solution. Using metabolomics and proteomics analysis, we show that a significant part of the low K response, such as lower photosynthesis and N assimilation, is due to calcium and can be suppressed by low Ca conditions. Putrescine addition tends to restore photosynthesis and N assimilation but unlike low Ca does not suppress but aggravates the impact of low K conditions on catabolism, including the typical fall-over in pyruvate kinase. We conclude that (a) the effects of K deficiency on key metabolic processes can be partly alleviated by the use of low Ca and not only by K fertilization and (b) in addition to its role as a metabolite, putrescine participates in acclimation to low K via the regulation of the content in enzymes involved in carbon primary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cui
- Research School of Biology, ANU Joint College of Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Marlene Davanture
- Plateforme d'Analyse de Protéomique Paris Sud-Ouest (PAPPSO), GQE Le Moulon, INRA, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Emmanuelle Lamade
- Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD), UMR ABSys, Agrosystèmes Biodiversifiés, Montpellier, France
- UMR ABSys, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Michel Zivy
- Plateforme d'Analyse de Protéomique Paris Sud-Ouest (PAPPSO), GQE Le Moulon, INRA, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Guillaume Tcherkez
- Research School of Biology, ANU Joint College of Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, INRAe Angers, Université d'Angers, Beaucouzé, France
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Cui J, Davanture M, Zivy M, Lamade E, Tcherkez G. Metabolic responses to potassium availability and waterlogging reshape respiration and carbon use efficiency in oil palm. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:310-322. [PMID: 30767245 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Oil palm is by far the major oil-producing crop on the global scale, with c. 62 Mt oil produced each year. This species is a strong potassium (K)-demanding species cultivated in regions where soil K availability is generally low and waterlogging due to tropical heavy rains can limit further nutrient absorption. However, the metabolic effects of K and waterlogging have never been assessed precisely. Here, we examined the metabolic response of oil palm saplings in the glasshouse under controlled conditions (nutrient composition with low or high K availability, with or without waterlogging), using gas exchange, metabolomics and proteomics analyses. Our results showed that both low K and waterlogging have a detrimental effect on photosynthesis but stimulate leaf respiration, with differential accumulation of typical metabolic intermediates and enzymes of Krebs cycle and alternative catabolic pathways. In addition, we found a strong relationship between metabolic composition, the rate of leaf dark respiration, and cumulated respiratory loss. Advert environmental conditions (here, low K and waterlogging) therefore have an enormous effect on respiration in oil palm. Leaf metabolome and proteome appear to be good predictors of carbon balance, and open avenues for cultivation biomonitoring using functional genomics technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cui
- Research School of Biology, ANU Joint College of Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Marlène Davanture
- Plateforme d'Analyse de Protéomique Paris-Sud-Ouest (PAPPSO), GQE Le Moulon, INRA, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Ferme du Moulon, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
| | - Michel Zivy
- Plateforme d'Analyse de Protéomique Paris-Sud-Ouest (PAPPSO), GQE Le Moulon, INRA, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Ferme du Moulon, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
| | - Emmanuelle Lamade
- UPR34 Performance des systèmes de culture des plantes pérennes, Département PERSYST, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Montpellier, 34398, France
| | - Guillaume Tcherkez
- Research School of Biology, ANU Joint College of Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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Kempaiah Nagappa L, Satha P, Govindaraju T, Balaram H. Phosphoglycolate phosphatase is a metabolic proofreading enzyme essential for cellular function in Plasmodium berghei. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:4997-5007. [PMID: 30700551 PMCID: PMC6442027 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ac118.007143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) 4-nitrophenylphosphatase has been shown previously to be involved in vitamin B1 metabolism. Here, conducting a BLASTp search, we found that 4-nitrophenylphosphatase from Pf has significant homology with phosphoglycolate phosphatase (PGP) from mouse, human, and yeast, prompting us to reinvestigate the biochemical properties of the Plasmodium enzyme. Because the recombinant PfPGP enzyme is insoluble, we performed an extended substrate screen and extensive biochemical characterization of the recombinantly expressed and purified homolog from Plasmodium berghei (Pb), leading to the identification of 2-phosphoglycolate and 2-phospho-L-lactate as the relevant physiological substrates of PbPGP. 2-Phosphoglycolate is generated during repair of damaged DNA ends, 2-phospho-L-lactate is a product of pyruvate kinase side reaction, and both potently inhibit two key glycolytic enzymes, triosephosphate isomerase and phosphofructokinase. Hence, PGP-mediated clearance of these toxic metabolites is vital for cell survival and functioning. Our results differ significantly from those in a previous study, wherein the PfPGP enzyme has been inferred to act on 2-phospho-D-lactate and not on the L isomer. Apart from resolving the substrate specificity conflict through direct in vitro enzyme assays, we conducted PGP gene knockout studies in P. berghei, confirming that this conserved metabolic proofreading enzyme is essential in Plasmodium In summary, our findings establish PbPGP as an essential enzyme for normal physiological function in P. berghei and suggest that drugs that specifically inhibit Plasmodium PGP may hold promise for use in anti-malarial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pardhasaradhi Satha
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064, India
| | - Thimmaiah Govindaraju
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560064, India
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Cui J, Abadie C, Carroll A, Lamade E, Tcherkez G. Responses to K deficiency and waterlogging interact via respiratory and nitrogen metabolism. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:647-658. [PMID: 30242853 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
K deficiency and waterlogging are common stresses that can occur simultaneously and impact on crop development and yield. They are both known to affect catabolism, with rather opposite effects: inhibition of glycolysis and higher glycolytic fermentative flux, respectively. But surprisingly, the effect of their combination on plant metabolism has never been examined precisely. Here, we applied a combined treatment (K availability and waterlogging) to sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) plants under controlled greenhouse conditions and performed elemental quantitation, metabolomics, and isotope analyses at different sampling times. Whereas separate K deficiency and waterlogging caused well-known effects such as polyamines production and sugar accumulation, respectively, waterlogging altered K-induced respiration enhancement (via the C5 -branched acid pathway) and polyamine production, and K deficiency tended to suppress waterlogging-induced accumulation of Krebs cycle intermediates in leaves. Furthermore, the natural 15 N/14 N isotope composition (δ15 N) in leaf compounds shows that there was a change in nitrate circulation, with less nitrate influx to leaves under low K availablity combined with waterlogging and more isotopic dilution of lamina nitrates under high K. Our results show that K deficiency and waterlogging effects are not simply additive, reshape respiration as well as nitrogen metabolism and partitioning, and are associated with metabolomic and isotopic biomarkers of potential interest for crop monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cui
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Cyril Abadie
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Adam Carroll
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Facility, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Emmanuelle Lamade
- Unité PERSYST, UPR34, Système de pérennes, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Tcherkez
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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De la Vega-Ruíz G, Domínguez-Ramírez L, Riveros-Rosas H, Guerrero-Mendiola C, Torres-Larios A, Hernández-Alcántara G, García-Trejo JJ, Ramírez-Silva L. New insights on the mechanism of the K(+-) independent activity of crenarchaeota pyruvate kinases. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119233. [PMID: 25811853 PMCID: PMC4374775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukarya pyruvate kinases have glutamate at position 117 (numbered according to the rabbit muscle enzyme), whereas in Bacteria have either glutamate or lysine and in Archaea have other residues. Glutamate at this position makes pyruvate kinases K+-dependent, whereas lysine confers K+-independence because the positively charged residue substitutes for the monovalent cation charge. Interestingly, pyruvate kinases from two characterized Crenarchaeota exhibit K+-independent activity, despite having serine at the equivalent position. To better understand pyruvate kinase catalytic activity in the absence of K+ or an internal positive charge, the Thermofilum pendens pyruvate kinase (valine at the equivalent position) was characterized. The enzyme activity was K+-independent. The kinetic mechanism was random order with a rapid equilibrium, which is equal to the mechanism of the rabbit muscle enzyme in the presence of K+ or the mutant E117K in the absence of K+. Thus, the substrate binding order of the T. pendens enzyme was independent despite lacking an internal positive charge. Thermal stability studies of this enzyme showed two calorimetric transitions, one attributable to the A and C domains (Tm of 99.2°C), and the other (Tm of 105.2°C) associated with the B domain. In contrast, the rabbit muscle enzyme exhibits a single calorimetric transition (Tm of 65.2°C). The calorimetric and kinetic data indicate that the B domain of this hyperthermophilic enzyme is more stable than the rest of the protein with a conformation that induces the catalytic readiness of the enzyme. B domain interactions of pyruvate kinases that have been determined in Pyrobaculum aerophilum and modeled in T. pendens were compared with those of the rabbit muscle enzyme. The results show that intra- and interdomain interactions of the Crenarchaeota enzymes may account for their higher B domain stability. Thus the structural arrangement of the T. pendens pyruvate kinase could allow charge-independent catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo De la Vega-Ruíz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Distrito Federal, México
| | - Lenin Domínguez-Ramírez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad de las Américas-Puebla, Ex-Hacienda Santa Catarina Mártir, Cholula, 72820 Puebla, México
| | - Héctor Riveros-Rosas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Distrito Federal, México
| | - Carlos Guerrero-Mendiola
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Distrito Federal, México
| | - Alfredo Torres-Larios
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Distrito Federal, México
| | - Gloria Hernández-Alcántara
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Distrito Federal, México
| | - José J. García-Trejo
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Distrito Federal, México
| | - Leticia Ramírez-Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Distrito Federal, México
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Ramírez-Silva L, Guerrero-Mendiola C, Cabrera N. The importance of polarity in the evolution of the K+ binding site of pyruvate kinase. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:22214-26. [PMID: 25474090 PMCID: PMC4284704 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151222214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous phylogenetic study of the family of pyruvate kinase, we found one cluster with Glu117 and another with Lys117. Those sequences with Glu117 have Thr113 and are K+-dependent, whereas those with Lys117 have Leu113 and are K+-independent. The carbonyl oxygen of Thr113 is one of the residues that coordinate K+ in the active site. Even though the side chain of Thr113 does not participate in binding K+, the strict co-evolution between position 117 and 113 suggests that T113 may be the result of the evolutionary pressure to maintain the selectivity of pyruvate kinase activity for K+. Thus, we explored if the replacement of Thr113 by Leu alters the characteristics of the K+ binding site. We found that the polarity of the residue 113 is central in the partition of K+ into its site and that the substitution of Thr for Leu changes the ion selectivity for the monovalent cation with minor changes in the binding of the substrates. Therefore, Thr113 is instrumental in the selectivity of pyruvate kinase for K+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Ramírez-Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Distrito Federal, Mexico.
| | - Carlos Guerrero-Mendiola
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Distrito Federal, Mexico.
| | - Nallely Cabrera
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Distrito Federal, Mexico.
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Li F, Yu T, Jiang H, Yu S. Effects of activating cations and inhibitor on the allosteric regulation of rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 60:219-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Haddadi H, Alizadeh N, Shamsipur M, Asfari Z, Lippolis V, Bazzicalupi C. Cation−π Interaction in Complex Formation Between Tl+ Ion and Calix[4]crown-6 and Some Calix[4]biscrown-6 Derivatives: Thallium-203 NMR, Proton NMR, and X-ray Evidence. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:6874-82. [DOI: 10.1021/ic100097v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hedayat Haddadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naader Alizadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Zouhair Asfari
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique et Sciences Séparatives, UMR 7178 IPHC-DSA, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Vito Lippolis
- Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica ed Analitica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, S.S. 554 Bivio per Sestu, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Carla Bazzicalupi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
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Mildvan AS, Grisham CM. The role of divalent cations in the mechanism of enzyme catalyzed phosphoryl and nucleotidyl transfer reactions. STRUCTURE AND BONDING 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/bfb0116490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Wood HG, O'brien WE, Micheales G. Properties of carboxytransphosphorylase; pyruvate, phosphate dikinase; pyrophosphate-phosphofructikinase and pyrophosphate-acetate kinase and their roles in the metabolism of inorganic pyrophosphate. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 45:85-155. [PMID: 200082 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122907.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Oria-Hernández J, Riveros-Rosas H, Ramírez-Sílva L. Dichotomic Phylogenetic Tree of the Pyruvate Kinase Family. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:30717-24. [PMID: 16905543 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m605310200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
K+ dependence was assumed to be a feature of all pyruvate kinases until it was discovered that some enzymes express K+ -independent activity. Almost all the K+ -independent pyruvate kinases have Lys at position 117, instead of the Glu present in the K+ -dependent muscle enzyme. Mutagenesis studies show that the internal positive charge substitutes for the K+ requirement (Laughlin, L. T. & Reed, G. H. (1997) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 348, 262-267). In this work a phylogenetic analysis of pyruvate kinase was performed to ascertain the abundance of K+ -independent activities and to explore whether the K+ activating effect is related to the evolutionary history of the enzyme. Of the 230 studied sequences, 46% have Lys at position 117, and the rest have Glu. Pyruvate kinases with Lys117 and Glu117 are separated in two clusters. All of the enzymes of the Glu117 cluster that have been characterized are K+ -dependent, whereas those of the Lys117 cluster are K+ -independent. Thus, there is a strict correlation between the dichotomy of the tree and the dependence of activity on K+. 77% of the pyruvate kinases that possess Lys117 have Lys113/Gln114; they also have Ile, Val, or Leu at position 120. These residues are replaced by Glu117 and Thr113/Lys114/Thr120 in 80% of K+ -dependent pyruvate kinases. Structural analysis indicates that these residues are in a hinge region involved in the acquisition of the catalytic conformation of the enzyme. The route of conversion from K+ -independent to K+ -dependent pyruvate kinases is described. A plausible explanation of how enzymes developed K+ dependence is put forth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Oria-Hernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 México, D. F., México
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Oria-Hernández J, Cabrera N, Pérez-Montfort R, Ramírez-Silva L. Pyruvate kinase revisited: the activating effect of K+. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:37924-9. [PMID: 16147999 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m508490200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
For more than 50 years, it has been known that K(+) is an essential activator of pyruvate kinase (Kachmar, J. F., and Boyer, P. D. (1953) J. Biol. Chem. 200, 669-683). However, the role of K(+) in the catalysis by pyruvate kinase has not been totally understood. Previous studies without K(+) showed that the affinity of ADP-Mg(2+) depends on the concentration of phosphoenolpyruvate, although the kinetics of the enzyme at saturating K(+) concentrations show independence in the binding of substrates (Reynard, A. M., Hass, L. F., Jacobsen, D. D. & Boyer, P. D. (1961) J. Biol. Chem. 236, 2277-2283). Here, we explored the kinetics of the enzyme with and without K(+). The results show that without K(+), the kinetic mechanism of pyruvate kinase changes from random to ordered with phosphoenol-pyruvate as first substrate. V(max) with K(+) was about 400 higher than without K(+). In the presence of K(+), the affinities for phosphoenol-pyruvate, ADP-Mg(2+), oxalate, and ADP-Cr(2+) were 2-6-fold higher than in the absence of K(+). This as well as fluorescence data also indicate that K(+) is involved in the acquisition of the active conformation of the enzyme, allowing either phosphoenolpyruvate or ADP to bind independently (random mechanism). In the absence of K(+), ADP cannot bind to the enzyme until phosphoenolpyruvate forms a competent active site (ordered mechanism). We propose that K(+) induces the closure of the active site and the arrangement of the residues involved in the binding of the nucleotide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Oria-Hernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
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Susan-Resiga D, Nowak T. Monitoring active site alterations upon mutation of yeast pyruvate kinase using 205Tl+ NMR. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:40943-52. [PMID: 12882975 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m306068200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of the monovalent cation with wild type (WT) yeast pyruvate kinase (YPK) and with the T298S, T298C, and T298A mutants was investigated by 205Tl+ NMR to monitor possible structural alterations at the active site by Thr-298 mutation. TlNO3 activates WT YPK with a kcat value similar to that obtained with KCl and an apparent Ka of 0.96 +/- 0.07 mm in the presence of Mn2+ and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. With the three mutants, Tl+ is a better activator than is K+ based on kcat values. Tl+ activation and inhibition of YPK is affected by mutation of the active site Thr-298. The effect of Mn2+ on the 1/T value of 205Tl+1 in the presence of the WT and mutant YPK complexes was determined at 173 MHz (300 MHz, 1H) and 346 MHz (600 MHz, 1H). For each complex studied, 1/pT2p >> 1/pT1p and 1/pT1p is frequency-dependent suggesting fast exchange conditions. The values of 1/pT1p differ for each mutant. A correlation time of 0.65 +/- 0.35 ns was estimated for the Mn2+-205Tl+ interaction. The Tl+-Mn2+ distances at the active site of YPK were calculated from the paramagnetic contribution of Mn2+ to 1/T1M of YPK-bound 205Tl+. The calculated Tl+-Mn2+ distance for the Thr-298 mutants is decreased by about 1 A from 6.0 +/- 0.2 A observed with WT. The results suggest conformational alterations at the active site of YPK where phosphoryl transfer occurs upon mutation of Thr-298. These conformational changes may, in part, explain the alteration in kcat and kcat/Km,PEP observed with the Thr-298 mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Susan-Resiga
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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Ramírez-Silva L, Ferreira ST, Nowak T, Tuena de Gómez-Puyou M, Gómez-Puyou A. Dimethylsulfoxide promotes K+-independent activity of pyruvate kinase and the acquisition of the active catalytic conformation. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2001; 268:3267-74. [PMID: 11389729 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02222.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase requires K+ for maximal activity; the enzyme exhibits 0.02% of maximal activity in its absence [Kayne, F. J. (1971) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 143, 232-239]. However, pyruvate kinase entrapped in reverse micelles exhibits an important K+-independent activity [Ramírez-Silva, L., Tuena de Gómez-Puyou, M., & Gómez-Puyou, A. (1993) Biochemistry 32, 5332-5338]. It is possible that the amount of water, as well as interactions of the protein with the micelles, can account for this behavior. We therefore explored the solvent effects on the catalytic properties of muscle pyruvate kinase. The enzyme exhibited an activity of 19.4 micromol x min(-1) x mg(-1) in 40% dimethylsulfoxide, compared with 280 and 0.023 micromol x min(1) x mg(-1) observed with and without K+ in water, respectively. pH activity profiles and kinetic constants for the substrates of pyruvate kinase in dimethylsulfoxide without K+ were similar to those in 100% water with K+, and differed from those in water without K+. The spectral center of mass of the emission spectrum of pyruvate kinase in 100% water exhibited a blue shift of 3.5 nm in the presence of Mg(2+), phosphenolpyruvate, and K+, ligands that induce the active conformation of the enzyme. The spectral center of mass of the apoenzyme in 30-40% dimethylsulfoxide coincided with that of the enzyme-Mg(2+)-phosphenolpyruvate-K+ complex in 100% water. The water relaxation rate enhancement factor and binding of phosphenolpyruvate to the pyruvate kinase-Mn(2+)-(CH3)4N+ complex in 30-40% dimethylsulfoxide were similar to those of the pyruvate kinase-Mn(2+)-K+ complex in water. The aforementioned results indicate that when muscle pyruvate kinase is without K+, 30-40% dimethylsulfoxide induces its active conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ramírez-Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, D.F., México.
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Ciesla WP, Bobak DA. Clostridium difficile toxins A and B are cation-dependent UDP-glucose hydrolases with differing catalytic activities. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:16021-6. [PMID: 9632652 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.26.16021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxins A and B of Clostridium difficile are UDP-glucose glucosyltransferases that exert their cellular toxicity primarily through their abilities to monoglucosylate, and thereby inactivate, Rho family small GTPases. Toxin A also hydrolyzes UDP-glucose, although this activity is not well characterized. In this study, we measured the kinetics of UDP-glucose hydrolysis by toxins A and B and found significant differences in the catalytic activities of these two structurally homologous toxins. The toxins displayed similar Michaelis constants (Km) for UDP-glucose, but the maximal velocity (Vmax) of toxin B was approximately 5-fold greater than that of toxin A. Toxins A and B exert their enzymatic actions intracellularly, and, interestingly, we found that each toxin absolutely required K+ for optimal hydrolase activity; Na+ was inactive. The toxins also required certain divalent cations for activity and exhibited a significantly greater Vmax and lower Km in the presence of Mn2+ as compared with Mg2+. We conclude that C. difficile toxins A and B are cation-dependent UDP-glucose hydrolases that differ significantly in their catalytic activities, a finding that may have important implications in understanding their different cytotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P Ciesla
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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16
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Ramírez-Silva L, Oria J, Gómez-Puyou A, Tuena de Gómez-Puyou M. The contribution of water to the selectivity of pyruvate kinase for Na+ and K+. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1997; 250:583-9. [PMID: 9428713 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.0583a.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
For many years it has been known that K+ is an essential activator of pyruvate kinase [Kachmar, J. F. & Boyer, P. D. (1953) J. Biol. Chem. 200, 669-683] and that Na+ induces relatively small enhancements of activity. The effect of these two alkali metal ions on the activity of pyruvate kinase entrapped in the low water environment of reverse 'micelles formed with cetyltrimethylammonium, hexanol, n-octane and various water concentrations was studied. In reverse micelles with 3.6% water, the activity with 7 mM Na+ is more than 82 times higher than in aqueous solution with an equivalent Na+ concentration. As the concentration of water in reverse micelles is raised, the activating effect of relatively low concentrations of Na+ (or K+) decreases simultaneously to a more than 100-fold increase in the concentration of Na+ or K+ required for attaining half-maximal activation. Similar results were obtained with NH4+, Rb+ and Cs+. Therefore, the amount of water in the system is critical for observing activation by alkali metal ions. In fact, the concentration of Na+ required for half-maximal activation in standard aqueous media is higher than the concentrations that can be experimentally assayed. As evidenced from fluorescence and kinetic data, it appears that the entrapment of pyruvate kinase in reverse micelles does not produce gross structural alterations. Therefore, it is suggested that in conventional aqueous systems, the basis of the high discrimination between Na+ and K+ by pyruvate kinase is the higher energy required for desolvating Na+. Nevertheless, at all the water concentrations studied, the activities reached with K+ were higher than with Na+ which suggests that the Na+ form of the enzyme has a lower catalytic capacity than the K+-enzyme complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ramírez-Silva
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México., México, DF
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17
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Larsen TM, Benning MM, Wesenberg GE, Rayment I, Reed GH. Ligand-induced domain movement in pyruvate kinase: structure of the enzyme from rabbit muscle with Mg2+, K+, and L-phospholactate at 2.7 A resolution. Arch Biochem Biophys 1997; 345:199-206. [PMID: 9308890 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1997.0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The structure of rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase crystallized as a complex with Mg2+, K+, and L-phospholactate (L-P-lactate) has been solved and refined to 2.7 A resolution. The crystals, grown from solutions of polyethylene glycol 8000 at pH 7.5, belong to the space group P2(1) and have unit cell parameters a = 144.4 A, b = 112.6 A, c = 171.2 A, and beta = 93.7 degrees. The asymmetric unit contains two tetramers. The crystal structure reveals that the eight subunits within the asymmetric unit adopt several different conformations. These conformations are characterized by differences in the relative positions of protein domains A and B, resulting in different degrees of closure of the active site cleft that occupies the interface between these two domains. The global conformational differences may be described as rotations of the B domain with respect to the (beta/alpha)8-barrel of the A domain. Carbon atoms of the backbone in domain B rotate >20 degrees from the most open to the most closed subunit. The different conformations among subunits within the asymmetric unit are accompanied by 3-3.8 A shifts in the position of Mg2+ and a significant change in the orientation of the phenyl ring of Phe 243. In all of the subunits, Mg2+ coordinates to the protein through the carboxylate side chains of Glu 271 and Asp 295. In the subunit having the most closed conformation, Mg2+ also coordinates to the carboxylate oxygen, the bridging ester oxygen, and a nonbridging phosphoryl oxygen of L-P-lactate. Mg2+ to L-P-lactate coordination is missing in subunits exhibiting a more open conformation. K+ coordinates to four protein ligands and to a phosphoryl oxygen of the L-P-lactate. The position and liganding of K+ are unaffected by the different conformations of the subunits. The side chain of Arg 72, Mg2+, and K+ provides a locus of positive charge for the phosphate moiety of the analog in the closed subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Larsen
- Institute for Enzyme Research, Graduate School, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53705, USA
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18
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Bevilacqua PC, Johnson KA, Turner DH. Cooperative and anticooperative binding to a ribozyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:8357-61. [PMID: 8397404 PMCID: PMC47355 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.18.8357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of guanosine 5'-monophosphate and 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate on the thermodynamics and kinetics of pyrene-labeled 5' exon mimic (pyCUCU) binding to the catalytic RNA (ribozyme) from Tetrahymena thermophila have been determined by fluorescence titration and kinetics experiments at 15 degrees C. pyCUCU binding to L-21 Sca I-truncated ribozyme is weaker by a factor of 5 in the presence of saturating guanosine 5'-monophosphate, whereas it is 4-fold stronger in the presence of saturating 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate. Results from kinetics experiments suggest that anticooperative effects in the presence of guanosine 5'-monophosphate arise primarily from slower formation of tertiary contacts between the catalytic core of the ribozyme and the P1 duplex formed by pyCUCU and GGAGGG of the ribozyme. Conversely, cooperative effects in the presence of 2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate arise primarily from slower disruption of tertiary contacts between the catalytic core of the ribozyme and the P1 duplex. Additional experiments suggest that these cooperative and anticooperative effects are not a function of the pyrene label, are not caused by a salt effect, and are not specific to one renaturation procedure for the ribozyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Bevilacqua
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, NY 14627
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19
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Schmidt-Bäse K, Buchbinder JL, Reed GH, Rayment I. Crystallization and preliminary analysis of enzyme-substrate complexes of pyruvate kinase from rabbit muscle. Proteins 1991; 11:153-7. [PMID: 1658780 DOI: 10.1002/prot.340110208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase from rabbit muscle has been crystallized in a form suitable for high resolution X-ray analysis. Complexes of the enzyme with Mn2+ and either pyruvate or oxalate crystallize from solutions of polyethyl-eneglycol 8000 at pH 6.0. Crystals obtained from solutions of the complexes with pyruvate or oxalate appear isomorphous and belong to the triclinic space group P1. The crystals have unit cell dimensions a = 83.3(4) A, b = 109.4(6) A, c = 145.7 (7) A, alpha = 94.9 degrees, beta = 93.6 degrees, gamma = 112.2 degrees. These crystals diffract to better than 2.4 A resolution and are stable in the X-ray beam for at least 20 hr. Electron paramagnetic resonance measurements on a single crystal show that Mn2+ is bound to the crystalline protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schmidt-Bäse
- Institute for Enzyme Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53705
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20
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Kiick DM, Cleland WW. Steady-state kinetic studies of the metal ion-dependent decarboxylation of oxalacetate catalyzed by pyruvate kinase. Arch Biochem Biophys 1989; 270:647-54. [PMID: 2705784 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(89)90547-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Steady-state kinetic studies with differing divalent metals ions have been carried out on the pyruvate kinase-catalyzed, divalent cation-dependent decarboxylation of oxalacetate to probe the role of the divalent metal ion in this reaction. With either Mn2+ or Co2+, initial velocity patterns show that the divalent metal ion is bound to the enzyme in a rapid equilibrium prior to the addition of oxalacetate. Further, there is no change in the initial velocity patterns or the kinetic parameters in the presence or absence of K+, indicating that K+ is not required for oxalacetate decarboxylation. Dead-end inhibition of the decarboxylation reaction by the physiological substrate phosphoenolpyruvate indicates that phosphoenolpyruvate binds only to the enzyme-metal ion complex and not to free enzyme. The pKi values for both Mn2+ and Co2+ decrease below a pK of 7.0, and increase above a pK of 8.9. Since these pK values are the same for both ions, both of the observed pK values must be attributable to enzymatic residues. The pK of 7.0 is presumably that of a ligand to the metal ion, while the pK of 8.9 is probably that of the lysine involved in enolization of pyruvate in the normal physiological reaction. However, with Co2+ as divalent cation, the V for oxalacetate decreases above a pK of 8.0, the V/K decreases above two pK values averaging 7.8, and the pKi for oxalate decreases above a single pK of 7.3. These data indicate that metal-coordinated water is displaced during the binding of substrates or inhibitors and the other pK value observed in both V and V/K pH profiles (pK of 8.3 with Co2+ and 9.2 with Mg2+) is an enzymatic residue whose deprotonation disrupts the charge distribution in the active site and decreases activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Kiick
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
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21
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DeCamp DL, Colman RF. 2-[(4-Bromo-2,3-dioxobutyl)thio]-1, N6-ethenoadenosine 5′-diphosphate. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)83199-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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22
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Wehbie RS, Punekar NS, Lardy HA. Rat liver gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase catalyzed reaction: influence of potassium, substrates, and substrate analogues on hydroxylation and decarboxylation. Biochemistry 1988; 27:2222-8. [PMID: 3378057 DOI: 10.1021/bi00406a062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Interaction of rat liver gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (EC 1.14.11.1) with various ligands was studied by following the decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate, formation of L-carnitine, or both. Potassium ion stimulates rat liver gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase catalyzed L-carnitine synthesis and alpha-ketoglutarate decarboxylation by 630% and 240%, respectively, and optimizes the coupling efficiency of these two activities. Affinities for alpha-ketoglutarate and gamma-butyrobetaine are increased in the presence of potassium. gamma-Butyrobetaine hydroxylase catalyzed decarboxylation of alpha-ketoglutarate was dependent on the presence of gamma-butyrobetaine, L-carnitine, or D-carnitine in the reaction and exhibited Km(app) values of 29, 52, and 470 microM, respectively. gamma-Butyrobetaine saturation of the enzyme indicated a substrate inhibition pattern in both the assays. Omission of potassium decreased the apparent maximum velocity of decarboxylation supported by all three compounds by a similar percent. beta-Bromo-alpha-ketoglutarate supported gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylation, although less effectively than alpha-ketoglutarate. The rat liver enzyme was rapidly inactivated by 1 mM beta-bromo-alpha-ketoglutarate at pH 7.0. This inactivation reaction did not show a rate saturation with increasing concentrations of beta-bromo-alpha-ketoglutarate. None of the substrates or cofactors, including alpha-ketoglutarate, protected the enzyme against this inactivation. Unlike beta-bromo-alpha-ketoglutarate, beta-mercapto-alpha-ketoglutarate did not replace alpha-ketoglutarate as a cosubstrate. Both beta-mercapto-alpha-ketoglutarate and beta-glutathione-alpha-ketoglutarate were noncompetitive inhibitors with respect to alpha-ketoglutarate.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Wehbie
- Institute for Enzyme Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53705
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23
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Rhodes N, Morris CN, Ainsworth S, Kinderlerer J. The regulatory properties of yeast pyruvate kinase. Effects of NH4+ and K+ concentrations. Biochem J 1986; 234:705-15. [PMID: 3521597 PMCID: PMC1146629 DOI: 10.1042/bj2340705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of pyruvate kinase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied at 25 degrees C and pH 6.2 as a function of the concentrations of ADP, phosphoenolpyruvate, Mg2+ and either NH4+ or K+. The data were analysed by the exponential model for four substrates, obtained by extension of the model described by Ainsworth, Kinderlerer & Gregory [(1983) Biochem. J. 209, 401-411]. On that basis, it was concluded that NH4+ binding is almost non-interactive but leads to the appearance of positive interaction in the velocity response to increase in its concentration because of positive interactions with phosphoenolpyruvate and Mg2+. The data obtained with K+ lead to the same conclusions and differ only in suggesting that NH4+ is bound more strongly to the enzyme than is K+. Both data sets are used as the basis for a discussion of the substrate interactions of pyruvate kinase and it appears therefrom that the heterotropic interactions accord with what is known of the events that take place at the active site during catalysis. The paper also reports a determination of the dissociation constants for the NH4+ complexes with ADP and phosphoenolpyruvate and an examination of the simultaneous activation of pyruvate kinase by K+ and NH4+ ions.
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24
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Kinderlerer J, Ainsworth S, Morris CN, Rhodes N. The regulatory properties of yeast pyruvate kinase. Effect of pH. Biochem J 1986; 234:699-703. [PMID: 3521596 PMCID: PMC1146628 DOI: 10.1042/bj2340699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of pyruvate kinase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied at 25 degrees C as a function of the concentrations of the substrates ADP, phosphoenolpyruvate and Mg2+ and the effector H+ in the pH range 5-6.6. The enzyme was activated by 100 mM-K+ and 32 mM-NH4+ throughout. It was found that the data could be described by the exponential model for a regulatory enzyme. On that basis, it was concluded that the binding of H+ is positively interactive and that the protonated enzyme is catalytically inactive. It was also found that H+ interacts positively with phosphoenolpyruvate but negatively with both ADP and Mg2+.
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25
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Van Divender JM, Grisham CM. 7Li, 31P, and 1H NMR studies of interactions between ATP, monovalent cations, and divalent cation sites on rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase. J Biol Chem 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)38684-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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26
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Brown CE, Taylor JM, Chan LM. The effect of pH on the interaction of substrates and effector to yeast and rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1985; 829:342-7. [PMID: 3890954 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(85)90242-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, phosphoenolpyruvate and ADP with pyruvate kinase (ATP: pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.40) from yeast and rabbit muscle has been studied as a function of pH utilizing the quenching of protein fluorescence at 330 nm by these ligands. Both the muscle and the yeast pyruvate kinase interact with either ADP or phosphoenolpyruvate with similar affinity, indicating that the substrate-binding sites for these two isozymes are similar. The major difference between the yeast and muscle isozymes is their affinity with fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate interacts with the yeast isozyme in orders of magnitude more strongly than with the muscle isozyme. Moreover, the affinity of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to the yeast isozyme is strongly pH-dependent, while the interaction of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate with the muscle isozyme is independent of pH. The data indicate that yeast pyruvate kinase undergoes a conformational change as the pH is increased from 6.0 to 8.5.
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27
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Ash DE, Goodhart PJ, Reed GH. ATP-dependent phosphorylation of alpha-substituted carboxylic acids catalyzed by pyruvate kinase. Arch Biochem Biophys 1984; 228:31-40. [PMID: 6696434 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(84)90043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase from rabbit muscle catalyzes an ATP-dependent phosphorylation of glycolate to yield 2-phosphoglycolate (F. J. Kayne (1974) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 59, 8-13). An investigation of anologous reactions with other alpha-substituted carboxylic acids reveals several new substrates for such a phosphorylation reaction. Thus the alpha-hydroxy carboxylic acids L-lactate, D-lactate, DL-alpha-hydroxybutyrate, DL-alpha-hydroxyvalerate, L-glycerate, D-glycerate, DL-nitrolactate, and DL-beta-chlorolactate are phosphorylated on the alpha-hydroxy group to give the corresponding phosphoesters. Thioglycolate is also a slow substrate for phosphorylation of the thiol group to give the phosphothioglycolate, and DL-thiolactate is phosphorylated in a very slow reaction to give phosphothiolactate. beta-Hydroxypyruvate is a substrate; but, unlike the reaction with pyruvate, with beta-hydroxypyruvate the equilibrium for the reaction lies in favor of ADP and the phosphorylated product which appears from 31P NMR data to be tartronate-semialdehyde-2-phosphate. 31P NMR spectroscopy has been used to verify the identity of the products for all of the reactions. Steady-state kinetic constants have been obtained for some of the more rapid reactions. The reactions with glycolate, L-glycerate, and beta-hydroxypyruvate have kcat values that are close to that for phosphorylation of pyruvate in the reverse of the physiological reaction.
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28
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Wendland MF, Stevens TH, Buttlaire DH, Everett GW, Himes RH. Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase interactions with formate and methylammonium ion. Biochemistry 1983; 22:819-26. [PMID: 6838826 DOI: 10.1021/bi00273a017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Using nuclear magnetic resonance techniques, we have measured the internuclear distances separating the nucleotide-bound metal from the carbon and hydrogen nuclei of formate as well as the carbon of methylammonium cation when bound to formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase. Measurements were made of the paramagnetic effect on the spin-lattice relaxation rates (1/T1) of 13C and 1H nuclei arising from the replacement of Mg2+ with Mn2+, which binds to the enzyme in the form of a metal-nucleotide complex. Distances from Mn2+ to the formate carbon and proton were found to be 6.3 and 7.4 A, respectively, in the E . ATP . Mn2+ . formate complex and 6.0 and 7.1 A, respectively, in the E . ADP . Mn2+ . formate complex. When tetrahydrofolate was added to the latter complex, the exchange of formate was greatly reduced and became rate limiting for relaxation. These results are consistent with substantial conformational effects produced by the binding of the cofactor. The distance from Mn2+ to the methylammonium carbon in the E . ADP . Mn2+ . CH3NH+3, E . ADP . Mn2+ . formate . CH3NH3+, and E . ADP . Mn2+ . tetrahydrofolate . CH3NH3+ complexes was estimated to be in the range of 7.4-12 A. However, in the E . ADP . Mn2+ formate . tetrahydrofolate . CH3NH3+ complex, the data suggest that exchange of cation contributes significantly to relaxation. These results, combined with other known features of the enzyme, suggest that there may be a monovalent cation site within the active site of the enzyme.
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29
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Meshitsuka S, Smith G, Mildvan A. Proton NMR studies of the histidine residues of rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase and of its phosphoenolpyruvate complex. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)69457-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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30
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Nowak T, Suelter C. Pyruvate kinase: activation by and catalytic role of the monovalent and divalent cations. Mol Cell Biochem 1981; 35:65-75. [PMID: 7015112 DOI: 10.1007/bf02354821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This mini review is primarily concerned with the monovalent and divalent cation activation of pyruvate kinase. All preparations of pyruvate kinase from vertebrate tissue which have been examined require monovalent cations such as K+ for catalysis. However, several microbial preparations are not activated by monovalent cations. In fact, E. coli synthesize, depending on growth conditions, 2 different forms of the enzyme; one form is not activated while the other is activated by monovalent cations. The monovalent cation was shown by NMR techniques to bind within 4-8 A of the divalent cation activator and apparently plays a direct role in the catalytic process. As with all kinases, pyruvate kinase requires a divalent cation for catalysis. Mg+2 is optimal for the physiological reaction, however, Co+2, Mn+2, and Ni+2 also activate. The divalent cation activation of several non-physiological reactions catalyzed by pyruvate kinase are reviewed. Several lines of evidence suggest that 2 moles of the divalent cation are required in the catalytic event. However, the specific role of both atoms in the catalytic event have not been thoroughly elucidated.
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31
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Raushel FM, Villafranca JJ. A multinuclear nuclear magnetic resonance study of the monovalent-divalent cation sites of pyruvate kinase. Biochemistry 1980; 19:5481-5. [PMID: 7193048 DOI: 10.1021/bi00565a003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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32
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Yoshino M, Murakami K, Tsushima K. Effects of monovalent cations on AMP nucleosidase from Azotobacter vinelandii. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 570:118-23. [PMID: 486499 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(79)90206-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The effect of monovalent cations on the purified AMP nucleosidase (AMP phosphoribohydrolase, EC 3.2.2.4) from Azotobacter vinelandii was investigated. All the monovalent cations were activators of the enzyme: Rb+ and Cs+ were the most effective, followed by K+, Na+, NH4+ and Li+ in that order. The apparent Ka for MgATP and nH values (Hill's interaction coefficient) decreased from 0.9 to 0.1 mM, and from 4 to 1, respectively, with the increase in K+ concentration, suggesting that the cation effects are on MgATP binding rather than catalysis. Gel filtration studies have revealed that the enzyme forms a non-dissociable enzyme species with a Stokes radius of 6.0--6.2 nm in the presence of saturating concentrations of monovalent cations, which can be distinguished from the 5.5-nm enzyme species showing temperature-dependent dissociation of the molecule in sulfate or phosphate. These results suggest that these ligands affect the association of the subunits through changes in the environment of the hydrophobic side chains of the enzyme molecules.
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33
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Anderson CM, Zucker FH, Steitz TA. Space-filling models of kinase clefts and conformation changes. Science 1979; 204:375-80. [PMID: 220706 DOI: 10.1126/science.220706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Space-filling models of yeast hexokinase, adenylate kinase, and phosphoglycerate kinase drawn by computer clearly portray the bilobal character of these phosphoryl transfer enzymes, and the deep cleft which is formed between the lobes. A dramatic conformational change occurs in hexokinase as glucose binds to the bottom of the cleft, which causes the two lobes of hexokinase to come together. A substrate-induced closing of the active site cleft is postulated to occur in other kinases as well. This change may provide a mechanism by which some of these enzymes reduce their inherent adenosine triphosphatase activity and could be a general requirement of the kinase reaction.
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34
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Li TM, Switzer RL, Mildvan AS. Kinetic and magnetic resonance studies of the interaction of the Cr-ATP complex with phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase from Salmonella typhimurium. Arch Biochem Biophys 1979; 193:1-13. [PMID: 222212 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(79)90001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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35
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Michaels G, Milner Y, Moskovitz B, Wood H. Pyruvate, phosphate dikinase. Metal cation requirements and inactivation of the enzyme by sulfhydryl agents. J Biol Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)34421-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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36
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Ash DE, Kayne FJ, Reed GH. Temperature dependent conformational changes at the active site of pyruvate kinase. A li nuclear magnetic resonance study. Arch Biochem Biophys 1978; 190:571-7. [PMID: 214036 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(78)90312-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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37
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38
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Magnetic resonance relaxation rates in the study of complexes of ligands with spin-labeled aspartate transaminase. J Biol Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)30437-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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39
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Carbamyl phosphate synthetase. Bicarbonate-dependent hydrolysis of ATP and potassium activation. J Biol Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)34715-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Nowak T. Structural changes at the active site of pyruvate kinase during activation and catalysis. J Biol Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)62346-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Nowak T. Structure of the fluorophosphate-pyruvate kinase complex investigated by 31P relaxation rate studies. Arch Biochem Biophys 1978; 186:343-50. [PMID: 637564 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(78)90444-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Requirement of monovalent cations for enolization of pyruvate by pyruvate, phosphate dikinase. J Biol Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)38187-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Mildvan AS, Gupta RK. Nuclear relaxation measurements of the geometry of enzyme-bound substrates and analogs. Methods Enzymol 1978; 49:322-59. [PMID: 651672 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(78)49017-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Ray WJ, Mildvan AS, Grutzner JB. Phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance studies of phosphoglucomutase and its metal ion complexes. Arch Biochem Biophys 1977; 184:453-63. [PMID: 23074 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(77)90455-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Hutton WC, Stephens EM, Grisham CM. Lithium-7 nuclear magnetic resonance as a probe of structure and function of the monovalent cation site on pyruvate kinase. Arch Biochem Biophys 1977; 184:166-71. [PMID: 921290 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(77)90338-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Gupta RK, Mildvan AS. Structures of enzyme-bound metal-nucleotide complexes in the phosphoryl transfer reaction of muscle pyruvate kinase. 31P NMR studies with magnesium and kinetic studies with chromium nucleotides. J Biol Chem 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)40014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Balakrishnan MS, Villafranca JJ, Brenchley JE. Glutamine synthetase from Salmonella typhimurium: manganese(II), substrate, and inhibitor interaction with the unadenylylated enzyme. Arch Biochem Biophys 1977; 181:603-15. [PMID: 20051 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(77)90267-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Bloxham DP, Chalkley RA. Selective modification of rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase by 5-chloro-4-oxopentanoic acid. Biochem J 1976; 159:201-11. [PMID: 999648 PMCID: PMC1164107 DOI: 10.1042/bj1590201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase was irreverisbly inactivated by 5-chloro-4-oxopentanoic acid with a pKa of 9.2. The inhibition was time-dependent and was related to the 5-chloro-4-oxopentanoic acid concentration. Analysis of the kinetics of inhibition showed that the binding of the inhibitor showed positive co-operativity (n = 1.5 +/- 0.2). Inhibition of pyruvate kinase by 5-chloro-4-oxopentanoic acid was prevented by ligands which bind to the active site. Their effectiveness was placed in the order Mg2+ greater than phosphoenolpyruvate greater than ATP greater than ADP greater than pyruvate. Inhibitor-modified pyruvate kinase was unable to catalyse the detritiation of [3-(3)H]pyruvate in the ATP-promoted reaction, but it did retain 5-10% of the activity with either phosphate or arsenate as promoters. 5-Chlor-4-oxo-[3,5-(3)H]pentanoic acid was covalently bound to pyruvate kinase and demonstrated a stoicheiometry of 1 mol of inhibitor bound per mol of pyruvate kinase protomer. The incorporation of the inhibitor and the loss of enzyme was proportional. These results are discussed in terms of 5-chloro-4-oxopentanoic acid alkylating a functional group in the phosphoryl overlap region of the active site, and a model is presented in which this compound alkylates an active-site thiol in a reaction that is controlled by a more basic group at the active site.
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Midelfort CF, Rose IA. A stereochemical method for detection of ATP terminal phosphate transfer in enzymatic reactions. Glutamine synthetase. J Biol Chem 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)33034-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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