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de Souza AP, de Oliveira DC, Dalvi VC, Kuster VC. Nutritive tissue rich in reserves in the cell wall and protoplast: the case of Manihot esculenta (Euphorbiaceae) galls induced by Iatrophobia brasiliensis (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae). PROTOPLASMA 2024; 261:513-525. [PMID: 38114665 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-023-01912-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The galls can offer shelter, protection, and an adequate diet for the gall-inducing organisms. Herein, we evaluated the structure of Manihot esculenta leaves and galls induced by Iatrophobia brasiliensis in order to identify metabolic and cell wall composition changes. We expected to find a complex gall with high primary metabolism in a typical nutritive tissue. Non-galled leaves and galls were subjected to anatomical, histochemical, and immunocytochemical analyses to evaluate the structural features, primary and secondary metabolites, and glycoproteins, pectins, and hemicelluloses in the cell wall. The gall is cylindric, with a uniseriate epidermis, a larval chamber, and a parenchymatic cortex divided into outer and inner compartments. The outer compartment has large cells with intercellular spaces and stocks starch and is designated as storage tissue. Reducing sugars, proteins, phenolic compounds, and alkaloids were detected in the protoplast of inner tissue cells of galls, named nutritive tissue, which presents five layers of compact small cells. Cell walls with esterified homogalacturonans (HGs) occurred in some cells of the galls indicating the continuous biosynthesis of HGs. For both non-galled leaves and galls, galactans and xyloglucans were broadly labeled on the cell walls, indicating a cell growth capacity and cell wall stiffness, respectively. The cell wall of the nutritive tissue had wide labeling for glycoproteins, HGs, heteroxylans, and xyloglucans, which can be used as source for the diet of the galling insect. Manihot esculenta galls have compartments specialized in the protection and feeding of the galling insect, structured by nutritive tissue rich in resource compounds, in the cell walls and protoplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula de Souza
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciências e Tecnologia Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Denis Coelho de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Anatomia, Desenvolvimento Vegetal e Interações, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Instituto de Biologia (INBIO), Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Valdnéa Casagrande Dalvi
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciências e Tecnologia Goiano, Campus Rio Verde, Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Coelho Kuster
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Jataí, Campus Cidade Universitária, BR 364, Km 195, nº 3800, Jataí, Goiás, Brazil.
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Tan L, Ishihara M, Black I, Glushka J, Heiss C, Azadi P. Duckweed pectic-arabinogalactan-proteins can crosslink through borate diester bonds. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 319:121202. [PMID: 37567699 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Material containing pectin and arabinogalactan-protein (AGP) was released and purified from Spirodela alcohol insoluble residues. Results of carbohydrate analyses and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy suggest that this material is composed of apiogalacturonan and rhamnogalacturonan-I covalently attached to AGPs. 11B NMR spectroscopy indicated that some of the glycoses in this complex exist as their boric acid monoesters. Borate diesters were formed when the pectic-AGPs were allowed to react at pH above 6.2 with the boron-depleted pectic-AGPs, suggesting that in vitro two pectic-AGP molecules can crosslink to one another through borate. Borate diesters also formed when the pectic-AGPs were incubated with monomeric rhamnogalacturonan-II in the presence of Pb2+ ion at pH 9.2. This data presents evidence of the first wall polymer after rhamnogalacturonan-II to crosslink through borate diesters. We suggest that the formation of these borate-crosslinks may help Spirodela respond to high-pH condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tan
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America; DOE Center for Plant and Microbial Complex Carbohydrates, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America.
| | - Mayumi Ishihara
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America
| | - Ian Black
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America; DOE Center for Plant and Microbial Complex Carbohydrates, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America
| | - John Glushka
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America
| | - Christian Heiss
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America; DOE Center for Plant and Microbial Complex Carbohydrates, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America; DOE Center for Plant and Microbial Complex Carbohydrates, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America
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Balk M, Sofia P, Neffe AT, Tirelli N. Lignin, the Lignification Process, and Advanced, Lignin-Based Materials. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11668. [PMID: 37511430 PMCID: PMC10380785 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
At a time when environmental considerations are increasingly pushing for the application of circular economy concepts in materials science, lignin stands out as an under-used but promising and environmentally benign building block. This review focuses (A) on understanding what we mean with lignin, i.e., where it can be found and how it is produced in plants, devoting particular attention to the identity of lignols (including ferulates that are instrumental for integrating lignin with cell wall polysaccharides) and to the details of their coupling reactions and (B) on providing an overview how lignin can actually be employed as a component of materials in healthcare and energy applications, finally paying specific attention to the use of lignin in the development of organic shape-memory materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Balk
- Institute of Functional Materials for Sustainability, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Kantstrasse 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany
| | - Pietro Sofia
- Laboratory of Polymers and Biomaterials, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- The Open University Affiliated Research Centre at the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (ARC@IIT), Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Axel T Neffe
- Institute of Functional Materials for Sustainability, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Kantstrasse 55, 14513 Teltow, Germany
| | - Nicola Tirelli
- Laboratory of Polymers and Biomaterials, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
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Pectin from leaves of birch (Betula pendula Roth.): Results of NMR experiments and hypothesis of the RG-I structure. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 284:119186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Dranca F, Oroian M. Extraction, purification and characterization of pectin from alternative sources with potential technological applications. Food Res Int 2018; 113:327-350. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Avci U, Peña MJ, O'Neill MA. Changes in the abundance of cell wall apiogalacturonan and xylogalacturonan and conservation of rhamnogalacturonan II structure during the diversification of the Lemnoideae. PLANTA 2018; 247:953-971. [PMID: 29288327 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2837-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The diversification of the Lemnoideae was accompanied by a reduction in the abundance of cell wall apiogalacturonan and an increase in xylogalacturonan whereas rhamnogalacturonan II structure and cross-linking are conserved. The subfamily Lemnoideae is comprised of five genera and 38 species of small, fast-growing aquatic monocots. Lemna minor and Spirodela polyrhiza belong to this subfamily and have primary cell walls that contain large amounts of apiogalacturonan and thus are distinct from the primary walls of most other flowering plants. However, the pectins in the cell walls of other members of the Lemnoideae have not been investigated. Here, we show that apiogalacturonan decreased substantially as the Lemnoideae diversified since Wolffiella and Wolffia walls contain between 63 and 88% less apiose than Spirodela, Landoltia, and Lemna walls. In Wolffia, the most derived genus, xylogalacturonan is far more abundant than apiogalacturonan, whereas in Wolffiella pectic polysaccharides have a high arabinose content, which may arise from arabinan sidechains of RG I. The apiose-containing pectin rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) exists in Lemnoideae walls as a borate cross-linked dimer and has a glycosyl sequence similar to RG-II from terrestrial plants. Nevertheless, species-dependent variations in the extent of methyl-etherification of RG-II sidechain A and arabinosylation of sidechain B are discernible. Immunocytochemical studies revealed that pectin methyl-esterification is higher in developing daughter frond walls than in mother frond walls, indicating that methyl-esterification is associated with expanding cells. Our data support the notion that a functional cell wall requires conservation of RG-II structure and cross-linking but can accommodate structural changes in other pectins. The Lemnoideae provide a model system to study the mechanisms by which wall structure and composition has changed in closely related plants with similar growth habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utku Avci
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Faculty of Engineering, Bioengineering Department, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100, Rize, Turkey
| | - Maria J Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Malcolm A O'Neill
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides: Structure and Biosynthesis. POLYSACCHARIDES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03751-6_73-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Selvendran RR, O'Neill MA. Isolation and analysis of cell walls from plant material. METHODS OF BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS 2006; 32:25-153. [PMID: 3574138 DOI: 10.1002/9780470110539.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Ridley BL, O'Neill MA, Mohnen D. Pectins: structure, biosynthesis, and oligogalacturonide-related signaling. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2001; 57:929-67. [PMID: 11423142 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(01)00113-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1133] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pectin is a family of complex polysaccharides present in all plant primary cell walls. The complicated structure of the pectic polysaccharides, and the retention by plants of the large number of genes required to synthesize pectin, suggests that pectins have multiple functions in plant growth and development. In this review we summarize the current level of understanding of pectin primary and tertiary structure, and describe new methods that may be useful to study localized pectin structure in the plant cell wall. We also discuss progress in our understanding of how pectin is biosynthesized and review the biological activities and possible modes of action of pectic oligosaccharides referred to as oligogalacturonides. We present our view of critical questions regarding pectin structure, biosynthesis, and function that need to be addressed in the coming decade. As the plant community works towards understanding the functions of the tens of thousands of genes expressed by plants, a large number of those genes are likely to be involved in the synthesis, turnover, biological activity, and restructuring of pectin. A combination of genetic, molecular, biochemical and chemical approaches will be necessary to fully understand the function and biosynthesis of pectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Ridley
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, 220 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602-4712, USA
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Prade RA, Zhan D, Ayoubi P, Mort AJ. Pectins, pectinases and plant-microbe interactions. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2000; 16:361-91. [PMID: 10819085 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.1999.10647984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R A Prade
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078, USA
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Cheng L, Kindel PK. Detection and homogeneity of cell wall pectic polysaccharides of Lemna minor. Carbohydr Res 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(97)00089-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Monosaccharide compositions of unlignified cell walls of monocotyledons in relation to the occurrence of wall-bound ferulic acid. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0305-1978(96)00103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Albersheim P, Darvill A, O'Neill M, Schols H, Voragen A. An hypothesis: The same six polysaccharides are components of the primary cell walls of all higher plants. PROGRESS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0921-0423(96)80245-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Branched-chain Sugars and Sugar Alcohols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-461012-5.50013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Stevenson TT, Darvill AG, Albersheim P. Structural features of the plant cell-wall polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan-II. Carbohydr Res 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(88)84004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Characterization of a structurally complex heptasaccharide isolated from the pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan II. Carbohydr Res 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(83)88413-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Mascaro LJ, Kindel PK. Characterization of [14C]apiogalacturonans synthesized in a cell-free system from Lemna minor. Arch Biochem Biophys 1977; 183:139-48. [PMID: 20845 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(77)90428-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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