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Zheng Z, Geng WC, Li HB, Guo DS. Sensitive fluorescence detection of saliva pepsin by a supramolecular tandem assay enables the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Supramol Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2020.1857762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zheng
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Chao Geng
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Hua-Bin Li
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Sheng Guo
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials (Ministry of Education), State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, P. R. China
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2
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Trusov PV, Zaitseva NV, Kamaltdinov MR. A Multiphase Flow in the Antroduodenal Portion of the Gastrointestinal Tract: A Mathematical Model. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2016; 2016:5164029. [PMID: 27413393 PMCID: PMC4930828 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5164029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A group of authors has developed a multilevel mathematical model that focuses on functional disorders in a human body associated with various chemical, physical, social, and other factors. At this point, the researchers have come up with structure, basic definitions and concepts of a mathematical model at the "macrolevel" that allow describing processes in a human body as a whole. Currently we are working at the "mesolevel" of organs and systems. Due to complexity of the tasks, this paper deals with only one meso-fragment of a digestive system model. It describes some aspects related to modeling multiphase flow in the antroduodenal portion of the gastrointestinal tract. Biochemical reactions, dissolution of food particles, and motor, secretory, and absorbing functions of the tract are taken into consideration. The paper outlines some results concerning influence of secretory function disorders on food dissolution rate and tract contents acidity. The effect which food density has on inflow of food masses from a stomach to a bowel is analyzed. We assume that the future development of the model will include digestive enzymes and related reactions of lipolysis, proteolysis, and carbohydrates breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. V. Trusov
- Federal Scientific Center For Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies, 82 Monastyrskaya Street, Perm 614000, Russia
- Department of Mathematical Simulation of Systems and Processes, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, 29 Komsomolsky Avenue, Perm 614000, Russia
| | - N. V. Zaitseva
- Federal Scientific Center For Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies, 82 Monastyrskaya Street, Perm 614000, Russia
| | - M. R. Kamaltdinov
- Federal Scientific Center For Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies, 82 Monastyrskaya Street, Perm 614000, Russia
- Department of Mathematical Simulation of Systems and Processes, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, 29 Komsomolsky Avenue, Perm 614000, Russia
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3
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Fruton JS. The mechanism of the catalytic action of pepsin and related acid proteinases. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 44:1-36. [PMID: 775937 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122891.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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4
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Fruton JS. The specificity and mechanism of pepsin action. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 33:401-43. [PMID: 4916858 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122785.ch9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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5
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Hamilton GA, Fry KT, Kim OK, Spona J. Site of reaction of a specific diazo inactivator of pepsin. Biochemistry 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/bi00826a002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cancilla MT, Leavell MD, Chow J, Leary JA. Mass spectrometry and immobilized enzymes for the screening of inhibitor libraries. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:12008-13. [PMID: 11035807 PMCID: PMC17285 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.220403997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A technique has been developed to rapidly screen enzyme inhibitor candidates from complex mixtures, such as those created by combinatorial synthesis. Inhibitor libraries are screened by using immobilized enzyme technologies and electrospray ionization ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. The library mixture is first sprayed into the mass spectrometer, and compounds are identified. The library is subsequently incubated with the immobilized enzyme of interest under the correct conditions (buffer, pH, temperature) by using an excess of enzyme to ensure a surplus of sites for ligand binding. The immobilized enzyme/inhibitor mixture is centrifuged, and an aliquot of supernatant is again analyzed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Potential inhibitors are quickly identified by comparison of the spectra before and after incubation with the immobilized enzyme. Non-inhibitors show no change in ion intensity after incubation, whereas weak inhibitors exhibit a visible decrease in ion abundance. Once inhibitor candidates have been identified, the library is reinjected into the mass spectrometer, and tandem mass spectrometry is used to determine the structure of the inhibitor candidates as needed. This method has been successfully demonstrated by identifying inhibitors of the enzymes pepsin and glutathione S-transferase from a 19- and 17-component library, respectively. It is further shown that the immobilized enzyme can be recycled and reused for continuous screening of additional new libraries without adding additional enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Cancilla
- College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1460, USA
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Schirmeister T. New peptidic cysteine protease inhibitors derived from the electrophilic alpha-amino acid aziridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid. J Med Chem 1999; 42:560-72. [PMID: 10052963 DOI: 10.1021/jm981061z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Three different types of peptides containing aziridine-2, 3-dicarboxylic acid (Azi) as an electrophilic alpha-amino acid at different positions within the peptide chain (type I, N-acylated aziridines with Azi as C-terminal amino acid; type II, N-unsubstituted aziridines with Azi as N-terminal amino acid; type III, N-acylated bispeptidyl derivatives of Azi) have been synthesized and tested as inhibitors of the cysteine proteases papain, cathepsins B, L, and H, and calpains I and II, as well as against several serine proteases, one aspartate, and one metalloprotease. All aziridinyl peptides are specific cysteine protease inhibitors. Papain and cathepsins B and L are inhibited irreversibly, whereas cathepsin H and calpains are inhibited in a non-time-dependent manner. Some compounds turned out to be substrates for serine proteases and for the metalloprotease thermolysin. Remarkable differences can be observed between the three different types of inhibitors concerning stereospecificity, pH dependency of inhibition, selectivity between different cysteine proteases, and the importance of a free carboxylic acid function at the aziridine ring for inhibition. Above all type II inhibitors, aza analogues of the well-known epoxysuccinyl peptides, are potent cysteine protease inhibitors. With the exception of BOC-Leu-Gly-(S, S+R,R)-Azi-(OEt)2 (28a+b), a highly selective and potent cathepsin L inhibitor, N-acylated aziridines of type I are weaker inhibitors than type II or type III compounds. The observed results can be explained by different binding modes of the three types of inhibitors with respect to their orientation in the S- and S'-binding sites of the enzymes. Furthermore, the presence of a protonated aziridine N modifies the binding mode of type II inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Schirmeister
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 9, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Zhou J, Shearer EC, Hong J, Riley CM, Schowen RL. Automated analytical systems for drug development studies. V. A system for enzyme kinetic studies. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1996; 14:1691-8. [PMID: 8887716 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(96)01792-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Two similar automated analytical systems using liquid chromatography (LC) and microdialysis as an on-line sampling technique were applied to studies of enzyme kinetics. 2',3',5'-Triacetyl-6-azauridine (azaribine) with porcine liver esterase (PLE) and N-acetylphenylalanyl-3,5-diiodotyrosine (AcFY') with pepsin were used as model compounds. The microdialysis sampling technique permitted the rapid separation of low molecular weight analytes from macromolecules, thus simultaneously achieving clean-up of the samples and quenching of the reaction. The combination of rapid LC analysis and microdialysis sampling provided selectivity and automation. The systems are rugged and give reproducible results in agreement with those from manual sampling methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045, USA
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Brygier J, Vincentelli J, Nijs M, Guermant C, Paul C, Baeyens-Volant D, Looze Y. Preparation and preliminary characterization of poly(ethylene glycol)-pepstatin conjugate. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1994; 47:1-10. [PMID: 8203868 DOI: 10.1007/bf02788670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The carboxyl function of pepstatin has been coupled, through an amide bond, to methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) (5 kDa), to which an amino function had been previously grafted. The mPEG-pepstatin conjugate inhibits hog pepsin (aspartic proteinase) in vitro as pepstatin itself, however, with a 400 times higher apparent Ki. The conjugate apparently does not inhibit proteinases belonging to other proteinase families such as serine (trypsin, carboxypeptidase Y), cysteine (Papaya proteinase III), or metallo (collagenase) proteinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brygier
- Protein Chemistry Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brussels, Belgium
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Abstract
Pepsinogens, precursors of pepsins (potent and abundant digestive enzymes that are the primary products of the gastric chief cells), are members of the family of aspartic proteases. Because of the heterogeneity of pepsinogens, several classifications have appeared in the literature. I describe the recommended classification and nomenclature of the aspartic proteases and discuss their genetics, biochemistry (structure, activation of zymogens, mechanism of proteolytic activity and inhibitors), and physiology. The focus will be on the zymogens of pepsin, the so-called pepsinogens. The measurement of these enzymes in serum is a reliable noninvasive biochemical method for evaluating peptic secretion and obtaining information on the gastric mucosal status. A detailed review of the methods for the measurement of pepsinogens in serum, urine, and gastric mucosa is also provided. Data on pepsinogen levels in healthy subjects are discussed with respect to sex, age, smoking habit, and the presence of a circadian rhythm. The value of pepsinogen measurements in peptic ulcer to determine ulcer outcome and recurrence, in gastric cancer, and in Helicobacter pylori infection is reviewed. Finally, the effects of drugs on peptic secretion are discussed. In light of these data, the measurement of aspartic proteases, and in particular that of pepsinogen A and C, may be regarded as an effective biochemical approach to the evaluation and monitoring of patients with upper gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Plebani
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, Padova, Italy
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Gildberg A, Olsen RL, Bjarnason JB. Catalytic properties and chemical composition of pepsins from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 96:323-30. [PMID: 2113846 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(90)90382-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
1. Three pepsins were purified from the gastric mucosa of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). 2. The enzymes, called Pepsin I and Pepsin IIa and b, had isoelectric points 6.9, 4.0 and 4.1, respectively, and digested hemoglobin at a maximal rate at a pH of approximately 3. 3. They resembled bovine cathepsin D in being unable to digest the mammalian pepsin substrate N-acetyl-L-phenylalanyl-3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine. 4. Specificity constants (kcat/Km) for the cod pepsins were lower than for porcine pepsin, and they expressed higher substrate affinity and physiological efficiency at pH 3.5 than at pH 2. 5. The cod pepsins are glycoproteins, and their amino acid composition resembles that of porcine cathepsin D more than that of porcine pepsin. 6. The N-terminal sequence of Atlantic cod pepsins is substantially different from that of porcine pepsin. This indicates a significant evolutionary gap between fish and mammalian pepsins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gildberg
- Institute of Fisheries Technology Research, Tromsø, Norway
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12
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Schnaith E. Determination of the pepsin activity in human gastric juice, using defined oligopeptides as substrates. Clin Biochem 1989; 22:91-8. [PMID: 2498014 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-9120(89)80004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Different methods for the determination of pepsin activity in human gastric juice, using defined oligopeptides as substrates, were investigated. N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-3,5-diiodotyrosine and tripeptides like benzyloxycarbonyl-L-histidyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-tryptophan ethyl ester, benzyloxycarbonyl-L-histidyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester, or benzyloxycarbonyl-L-histidyl-L-4-nitrophenylalanyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester lead to only small absorption changes in the direct measurement of pepsin activity. Suitable substrates were shown to be the hexapeptide, L-leucyl-L-seryl-L-4-nitrophenylalanyl-L-norleucyl-L-alanyl-L- leucine-methyl ester and the octapeptide, L-prolyl-L-histidyl-L-leucyl-L-seryl-L-4-nitrophenylalanyl-L-norleucyl-L -alanyl-L-leucine methyl ester. Hydrolysis of these peptides can be measured continuously, using a spectral line photometer at 313 nm. Optimal test conditions and kinetic constants for substrate cleavage by pepsin in solution and by human gastric juice were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Schnaith
- Zentralinstitut für Klinische Chemie, der Universität Düsseldorf, FRG
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13
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Chapter 1 Aspartyl proteinases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(09)60015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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14
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Twining SS, Huibregtse K, Glick DM. A pepsinogen from dog stomach. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1983; 75:103-7. [PMID: 6406133 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(83)90045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
1. A pepsinogen has been purified from dog stomach in 20% yield. 2. At pH values below 4 it spontaneously converts to a pepsin, the first order rate constant at pH 2, 22 degrees C, being 11 min-1. 3. The pepsinogen is stable to denaturation at pH values up to 9, in contrast to the pepsin which is irreversibly denatured above pH 7. 4. Its proteolytic activity against denatured hemoglobin is equal to that of pig pepsin, but in the milk-clotting assay at pH 5.5 its has only 14% the activity.
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Chu SS, Nakagawa Y. Comparison of pepsins isolated from porcine, bovine and Penicillium jathiuellum. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1982; 72:625-9. [PMID: 6813022 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(82)90516-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
1. The reactivities of pepsins, isolated from three different sources (porcine, bovine, and Penicillium jathiuelum), toward ester and peptide substrates were compared. 2. Porcine pepsin showed the highest activity followed by penicillopepsin with bovine pepsin being the least active. 3. The esterase activity of penicillopepsin was greater than that of porcine pepsin with bovine pepsin again showing the least activity. 4. The CD spectra indicate that porcine and bovine pepsin have similar conformations, even though bovine pepsin shows less ellipticity at 220 nm. 5. Penicillopepsin showed a completely opposite sign in the near-u.v. region of the CD spectrum. 6. The far-u.v. region of the CD spectrum of penicillopepsin strongly suggests a beta-sheet structure. 7. Previously reported X-ray crystallographic data suggest that porcine pepsin has a compact three-dimensional structure, while the structures of bovine and penicillopepsins are partially unfolded.
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Tomono T, Suzuki T, Tokunaga E. Cleavage of human serum immunoglobulin G by an immobilized pepsin preparation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1981; 660:186-92. [PMID: 6793071 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(81)90158-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In order to obtain an efficacious and safe immunoglobulin G (IgG) preparation for intravenous use, the digestion of IgG with an immobilized pepsin (EC 3.4.23.1) preparation was studied. Thus, pepsin was immobilized onto glutaraldehyde-activated AH-Sepharose 4B under acidic conditions. THe enzymatic properties, such as proteolytic activity, pH-activity profile and heat stability, of the immobilized pepsin preparation were examined. The immobilized pepsin retained more than 40% of its proteolytic activity toward N-acetyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-3,5-diiodo-tyrosine and more than 30% toward IgG, and also remarkable stability as compared with free pepsin. The immobilized pepsin thus prepared was efficiently used for the limited cleavage of IgG and the gel-filtration effect of the column made it easily possible to yield the F(ab')2-rich fraction for intravenous use.
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Rowlett R, Murphy J. A convenient spectrophotometric method for the kinetic analysis of the enzymatic hydrolysis of N-acyl peptides using phthaldialdehyde. Anal Biochem 1981; 112:163-9. [PMID: 6789706 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(81)90275-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Abstract
Studies using a refined substrate, n-acetyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-diiodotyrosine [n-APDT], demonstrate that bile salts inhibit pepsin activity in vitro by a noncompetitive effect on the enzyme.
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Kirchgessner M, Beyer MG, Steinhart H. Activation of pepsin (EC 3.4.4.1) by heavy-metal ions including a contribution to the mode of action of copper sulphate in pig nutrition. Br J Nutr 1976; 36:15-22. [PMID: 779823 DOI: 10.1079/bjn19760054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
1. Kinetic experimetns were done with pepsin (EC 3.4.4.1) using haemoglobin as a substrate in the presence of different metal cations. 2. The activation of peptic hydrolysis with higher concentration of cupric ions added to the reaction mixture was determined from turnover-rate curves in experiments with constant substrate concentration. With a Cu2+ concentration greater than 1.67 X 10(-4) M activation was obtained. 3. Nickel ions at a concentration of 8-33 X 10(-4) M and at higher concentrations also increased pepsin activity. Additions of ferrous ions and zinc ions had no effect. 4. Experiments were done using variable substrate concentrations in the presence of different Cu2+ concentrations. The concentrations of haemoglobin ([S]) at half maximum velocity were determined. The double-reciprocal plots of [S] v. reaction velocity (v) (i.e. 1/[S] v. 1/v) had no common intersection point. Therefore the kinetics did not correspond to any of the known kinetics. The activation brought about by Cu2+ cannot easily be explained by the study of the kinetics. Certain simple explanations of the phenomenon can be eliminated.
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Sakato K, Tanaka H, Misawa M. Broad-specificity proteinase inhibitors in Scopolia japonica (Solanaceae) cultured cells. Isolation, physicochemical properties, and inhibition kinetics. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1975; 55:211-9. [PMID: 1175602 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1975.tb02153.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Proteinase inhibitors were isolated from Scopolia japonica cultured cells. Isolation procedures involve concentration by a hydrophobic resin of Diaion HP-20, decolorization by Duolite A-7, affinity chromatography on trypsin-Sepharose, and Bio-Gel P-4 chromatography. It was found that the proteinase inhibitors from S. japonica cells are a mixture of at least five components. For the inhibitory components except one, amino acid analyses, measurements of sedimentation equilibrium and optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) were carried out. The inhibitors were shown to be the polypeptides with molecular weights in the range of approximately 4000 to 6000. In addition, one of them was found to have approximately 15% alpha-helical conformation by the Moffitt-Yang analysis of ORD data. The inhibitors were found to have potent inhibitory activity for trypsin, chymotrypsin, plasmin, kallikrein and pepsin but not for papain with synthetic and natural substrates. These inhibitors formed stable complexes with trypsin and chymotrypsin in an equimolar ratio, and their inhibitory mechanisms for both enzymes were of non-competitive type.
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Aviram I. The interaction of chaotropic anions with proteins at acid pH. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1973; 40:631-6. [PMID: 4592653 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1973.tb03235.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Perlmann GE, Kerwar GA. Conformational change of pepsin induced by its substrate N-acetyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-3,5-diiodotyrosine. Arch Biochem Biophys 1973; 157:145-7. [PMID: 4577575 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(73)90399-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Oka T, Morihara K. Comparative specificity of microbial acid proteinases for synthetic peptides. I. Primary specificity. Arch Biochem Biophys 1973; 156:543-51. [PMID: 4578120 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(73)90303-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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25
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Paterson AK, Knowles JR. The number of catalytically essential carboxyl groups in pepsin. Modification of the enzyme by trimethyloxonium fluoroborate. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1972; 31:510-7. [PMID: 4569455 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1972.tb02559.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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26
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Nakagawa Y, Perlmann GE. Modification of lysine residues of pepsinogen with dicarboxylic anhydrides. Arch Biochem Biophys 1972; 149:476-83. [PMID: 4579947 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(72)90347-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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31
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Fruton JS. 4 Pepsin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-6047(08)60395-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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32
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Sachdev GP, Fruton JS. Secondary enzyme-substrate interactions and the specificity of pepsin. Biochemistry 1970; 9:4465-70. [PMID: 4919807 DOI: 10.1021/bi00825a001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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36
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Abstract
1. The pH-dependence of the binding to pepsin of four dipeptide competitive inhibitors is reported. Values of K(i) obtained from equilibrium-dialysis experiments agree closely with those from kinetic measurements. 2. The binding of uncharged N-acyl-dipeptide amides to pepsin is essentially independent of pH from 0.2 to 5.8. Values of K(i) for the corresponding N-acyl-dipeptide acids rise rapidly above pH3.5, and depend on the ionization of a group of apparent pK(a) 3.6. 3. The data indicate that pepsin does not undergo any gross conformation change (at least none that affects binding) over the whole pH range of its catalytic activity. The pH-dependence of the dipeptide acid inhibitors indicates that the acid anions do not bind to pepsin, presumably because of electrostatic repulsion between the inhibitor anion and a negative centre at or near the active site of the enzyme. 4. The binding of all four stereoisomers of N-acetylphenylalanylphenylalanine, of the depside analogues of the l-l- and d-l-compounds and of N-acetylglycyl-l-phenylalanine and N-acetyl-l-phenylalanylglycine was studied at pH2.2. 5. These results throw further light on the binding specificity of pepsin and on the charge nature of the active site of this enzyme.
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Abstract
1. The pH-dependence of the pepsin-catalysed hydrolysis of three peptide substrates was studied by using a method for the continuous monitoring of the formation of ninhydrin-positive products. 2. Two peptide acid substrates, N-acetyl-l-phenylalanyl-l-phenylalanine and N-acetyl-l-phenylalanyl-l-phenylalanyl-glycine, show apparent pK(a) values of 1.1 and 3.5 in the plots of k(0)/K(m) versus pH. By contrast a neutral substrate, N-acetyl-l-phenylalanyl-l-phenylalanine amide, shows apparent pK(a) values of 1.0 and 4.7. 3. Together with the data of the preceding paper (Knowles, Sharp & Greenwell, 1969), these results are taken to indicate that the rate of pepsin-catalysed hydrolysis is controlled by the ionization of two groups, which on the free enzyme have apparent pK(a) values of 1.0 and 4.7. It is apparent that the anions of peptide acid substrates are not perceptibly bound to the enzyme, resulting in apparent pK(a) values of 3.5 for the dependence of k(0)/K(m) for these materials.
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Jackson WT, Schlamowitz M, Shaw A, Trujillo R. The effect of pH on the kinetic constants of peptic substrates and inhibitors. Arch Biochem Biophys 1969; 131:374-85. [PMID: 4892020 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(69)90410-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Schlamowitz M, Trujillo R. A new solubilizing group for synthetic pepsin substrates. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1968; 33:156-9. [PMID: 4880245 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(68)90271-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Abstract
1. Pancreatin or Pronase hydrolysis of partially purified heat-denatured (125)I-labelled thyroglobulin does not release all the iodoamino acids from peptide linkage. 2. The addition of thyroidal proteases is essential to obtain maximum hydrolysis of thyroglobulin. 3. Pronase plus a fresh non-radioactive thyroid homogenate gives the best hydrolysis results, but peptide ;mapping' shows that about 10% of the radioactivity remains in the form of peptides. 4. These peptides have approximately the same R(F) as the iodotyrosines on one-dimensional chromatograms developed in butan-1-ol-2n-acetic acid (1:1, v/v). 5. Peptic hydrolysis of thyroglobulin releases virtually all of the iodothyronines but little of the iodotyrosines, in contrast with the action of pancreatin. 6. Hydrolysis of thyroglobulin with pepsin followed by Pronase plus a source of thyroidal proteases is satisfactory, but the results are not superior to those obtained by using Pronase plus a source of thyroidal proteases.
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Zeffren D, Kaiser ET. Inhibition of the pepsin catalyzed hydrolysis of diphenyl sulfite by N-acetyl-L-phenyl-alanine, 3,5-dibromo-L-tryosine and N-acetyl-L-phenylalanyl-3,5-dibromo-L-tyrosine. Arch Biochem Biophys 1968; 126:965-7. [PMID: 4879703 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(68)90495-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Schlamowitz M, Shaw A, Jackson WT. The Nature of the Binding of Inhibitors to Pepsin and the Kinetics of Inhibited Peptic Hydrolysis of N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-tyrosine. J Biol Chem 1968. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)93446-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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