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Lenci E, Cosottini L, Trabocchi A. Novel matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors: an updated patent review (2014 - 2020). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2021; 31:509-523. [PMID: 33487088 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2021.1881481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Matrix MetalloProteinases (MMPs) are key enzymes in several pathophysiological processes connected to the extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. Earlier clinical trials evaluating broad spectrum MMP inhibitors as cancer therapeutics failed to succeed, resulting in toxic side effects, such as musculoskeletal pain and inflammation, due to poor selectivity. As it is now recognized that some MMPs are essential for tumor progression and metastasis, but others play host-protective functions, selective MMP inhibitors are needed, and their interest has grown also for therapeutic applications beyond cancer, such as infectious, inflammatory and neurological diseases. Areas covered: This updated review describes patents concerning MMP inhibitors published within January 2014 and June 2020, with therapeutic applications spanning from cancer to inflammatory and neurological disorders. Expert opinion: Although the number of patents has decreased with respect to the previous decade, new applications provide selective matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors for therapeutic treatments beyond cancer. For several applications, the need of selective inhibitors resulted in the development of new non-hydroxamate compounds, paving the way towards a renewed interest towards MMPs as therapeutic targets. In particular, inhibitors able to cross the blood-brain barrier have been disclosed and proposed for the treatment of neurological conditions, infections, wound healing and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lenci
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Cosottini
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Trabocchi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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2
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Sorushanova A, Delgado LM, Wu Z, Shologu N, Kshirsagar A, Raghunath R, Mullen AM, Bayon Y, Pandit A, Raghunath M, Zeugolis DI. The Collagen Suprafamily: From Biosynthesis to Advanced Biomaterial Development. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1801651. [PMID: 30126066 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 498] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Collagen is the oldest and most abundant extracellular matrix protein that has found many applications in food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and biomedical industries. First, an overview of the family of collagens and their respective structures, conformation, and biosynthesis is provided. The advances and shortfalls of various collagen preparations (e.g., mammalian/marine extracted collagen, cell-produced collagens, recombinant collagens, and collagen-like peptides) and crosslinking technologies (e.g., chemical, physical, and biological) are then critically discussed. Subsequently, an array of structural, thermal, mechanical, biochemical, and biological assays is examined, which are developed to analyze and characterize collagenous structures. Lastly, a comprehensive review is provided on how advances in engineering, chemistry, and biology have enabled the development of bioactive, 3D structures (e.g., tissue grafts, biomaterials, cell-assembled tissue equivalents) that closely imitate native supramolecular assemblies and have the capacity to deliver in a localized and sustained manner viable cell populations and/or bioactive/therapeutic molecules. Clearly, collagens have a long history in both evolution and biotechnology and continue to offer both challenges and exciting opportunities in regenerative medicine as nature's biomaterial of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sorushanova
- Regenerative, Modular and Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Luis M Delgado
- Regenerative, Modular and Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Zhuning Wu
- Regenerative, Modular and Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Naledi Shologu
- Regenerative, Modular and Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Aniket Kshirsagar
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Rufus Raghunath
- Centre for Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Competence Centre Tissue Engineering for Drug Development (TEDD), Department Life Sciences and Facility Management, Institute for Chemistry and Biotechnology (ICBT), Zürich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | | | - Yves Bayon
- Sofradim Production-A Medtronic Company, Trevoux, France
| | - Abhay Pandit
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Michael Raghunath
- Centre for Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Competence Centre Tissue Engineering for Drug Development (TEDD), Department Life Sciences and Facility Management, Institute for Chemistry and Biotechnology (ICBT), Zürich University of Applied Sciences, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Dimitrios I Zeugolis
- Regenerative, Modular and Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
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Fields GB. Methods for the Construction of Collagen-Based Triple-Helical Peptides Designed as Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1944:229-252. [PMID: 30840247 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9095-5_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The triple-helical structure of collagen has been accurately reproduced in numerous chemical and recombinant model systems. Triple-helical peptides have found application for dissecting collagen-stabilizing forces, isolating receptor and protein binding sites in collagen, evaluating collagen-mediated cell signaling activities, mechanistic examination of collagenolytic proteases, and developing novel biomaterials and drug delivery vehicles. Due to their inherent stability to general proteolysis, triple-helical peptides present an opportunity as in vivo inhibitory agents. The present chapter provides methods for the construction of collagen-based triple-helical peptides designed as matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg B Fields
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, Jupiter, FL, USA.
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4
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Froberg J, Choi WS, Sedigh A, Anajafi T, Farmakes J, Yang Z, Mallik S, Srivastava DK, Choi Y. Real-time tracking of single-molecule collagenase on native collagen and partially structured collagen-mimic substrates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:10248-10251. [PMID: 30091759 PMCID: PMC6145137 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc04601h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
The dynamic interactions of an individual matrix metalloproteinase-1 were imaged and monitored in the presence of either triple-helical or non-triple-helical, partially structured collagen-mimic substrates. The enzyme exhibited ten-fold increased catalytic turnover rates with the structurally modified substrate by skipping the triple-helix unwinding step during the catalytic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Froberg
- Department of Physics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, 58108, United States,
| | - Woo-Sik Choi
- Department of Physics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, 58108, United States,
| | - Abbas Sedigh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Tayebeh Anajafi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Jasmin Farmakes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Zhongyu Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Sanku Mallik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - D. K. Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Yongki Choi
- Department of Physics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, 58108, United States,
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5
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Determining the Substrate Specificity of Matrix Metalloproteases using Fluorogenic Peptide Substrates. Methods Mol Biol 2018. [PMID: 28299736 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6863-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
A continuous assay method, such as the one that utilizes an increase in fluorescence upon hydrolysis, allows for rapid and convenient kinetic evaluation of proteases. To better understand MMP behaviors toward native substrates, a variety of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)/intramolecular fluorescence energy transfer (IFET) triple-helical substrates have been constructed to examine the collagenolytic activity of MMP family members. Results of these studies have been valuable for providing insights into (a) the relative triple-helical peptidase activities of the various collagenolytic MMPs, (b) the collagen preferences of these MMPs, and (c) the relative roles of MMP domains and specific residues in efficient collagenolysis. The present chapter provides an overview of MMP FRET triple-helical substrates and describes how to construct and utilize these substrates.
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Choi JY, Fuerst R, Knapinska AM, Taylor AB, Smith L, Cao X, Hart PJ, Fields GB, Roush WR. Structure-Based Design and Synthesis of Potent and Selective Matrix Metalloproteinase 13 Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2017; 60:5816-5825. [PMID: 28653849 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We describe the use of comparative structural analysis and structure-guided molecular design to develop potent and selective inhibitors (10d and (S)-17b) of matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13). We applied a three-step process, starting with a comparative analysis of the X-ray crystallographic structure of compound 5 in complex with MMP-13 with published structures of known MMP-13·inhibitor complexes followed by molecular design and synthesis of potent but nonselective zinc-chelating MMP inhibitors (e.g., 10a and 10b). After demonstrating that the pharmacophores of the chelating inhibitors (S)-10a, (R)-10a, and 10b were binding within the MMP-13 active site, the Zn2+ chelating unit was replaced with nonchelating polar residues that bridged over the Zn2+ binding site and reached into a solvent accessible area. After two rounds of structural optimization, these design approaches led to small molecule MMP-13 inhibitors 10d and (S)-17b, which bind within the substrate-binding site of MMP-13 and surround the catalytically active Zn2+ ion without chelating to the metal. These compounds exhibit at least 500-fold selectivity versus other MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yong Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Florida , 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Rita Fuerst
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Florida , 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Anna M Knapinska
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University , Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Alexander B Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology and the X-ray Crystallography Core Laboratory, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas 78229, United States
| | - Lyndsay Smith
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University , Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Xiaohang Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology and the X-ray Crystallography Core Laboratory, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas 78229, United States
| | - P John Hart
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology and the X-ray Crystallography Core Laboratory, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, Texas 78229, United States
| | - Gregg B Fields
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University , Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - William R Roush
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Florida , 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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7
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Al-Abdullah IH, Bagramyan K, Bilbao S, Qi M, Kalkum M. Fluorogenic Peptide Substrate for Quantification of Bacterial Enzyme Activities. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44321. [PMID: 28287171 PMCID: PMC5347087 DOI: 10.1038/srep44321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel peptide substrate (A G G P L G P P G P G G) was developed for quantifying the activities of bacterial enzymes using a highly sensitive Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) based assay. The peptide substrate was cleaved by collagenase class I, II, Liberase MTF C/T, collagenase NB1, and thermolysin/neutral protease, which was significantly enhanced in the presence of CaCl2. However, the activities of these enzymes were significantly decreased in the presence of ZnSO4 or ZnCl2. Collagenase I, II, Liberase MTF C/T, thermolysin/neutral protease share similar cleavage sites, L↓G and P↓G. However, collagenase NB1 cleaves the peptide substrate at G↓P and P↓L, in addition to P↓G. The enzyme activity is pH dependent, within a range of 6.8 to 7.5, but was significantly diminished at pH 8.0. Interestingly, the peptide substrate was not cleaved by endogenous pancreatic protease such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase. In conclusion, the novel peptide substrate is collagenase, thermolysin/neutral protease specific and can be applied to quantify enzyme activities from different microbes. Furthermore, the assay can be used for fine-tuning reaction mixtures of various agents to enhance the overall activity of a cocktail of multiple enzymes and achieve optimal organ/tissue digestion, while protecting the integrity of the target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail H. Al-Abdullah
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, USA
| | - Karine Bagramyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, USA
| | - Shiela Bilbao
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, USA
| | - Meirigeng Qi
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, USA
| | - Markus Kalkum
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, USA
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Geng L, Chen Z, Ren H, Niu X, Yu X, Yan H. Effects of an early intervention using human amniotic epithelial cells in a COPD rat model. Pathol Res Pract 2016; 212:1027-1033. [PMID: 27667559 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the effect of an early intervention using human amniotic epithelial cell (hAEC) in a rat model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Twenty-four specific pathogen-free Wistar rats were randomized to the control, COPD, and COPD+hAEC groups. COPD was established by intratracheal LPS injection combined with smoke fumigation over 30days. On the first day of model establishment rats in the AEC group also received intratracheal instillation of 500,000 hAECs isolated from the placenta of healthy donors. The mean linear intercept (MLI) and mean alveolar number (MAN) were used to assess the degree of lung emphysema. IL-8 was measured using a radioimmunoassay, surfactant protein D (SP-D) was measured by ELISA, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2 and MMP8 expression was assessed by PCR. Smoke fumigation combined to LPS injection successfully established a COPD rat model with significant emphysema and airway inflammation, elevated MLI and MAN, elevated systemic and lung tissue levels of IL-8 and SP-D (P<0.05), and high expression of MMP2 and MMP8. Rats in the COPD+hAEC group exhibited alleviated lung damage, MLI and MAN (P<0.05), reduced systemic and lung tissue levels of IL-8 and SP-D (P<0.05) and MMP2 and MMP8 expression (P<0.05). Early intervention using hAECs could delay disease progression in rats with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Geng
- Graduate School, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050011, China
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- Graduate School, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China; Department of Internal Medicine, the Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050011, China.
| | - Hong Ren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Halixun Hospital, Hengshui 053000, China
| | - Xiaoyan Niu
- Graduate School, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Xiangyan Yu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050011, China
| | - Hongqian Yan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050011, China
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Braga TT, Correa-Costa M, Azevedo H, Silva RC, Cruz MC, Almeida MES, Hiyane MI, Moreira-Filho CA, Santos MF, Perez KR, Cuccovia IM, Camara NOS. Early infiltration of p40IL12(+)CCR7(+)CD11b(+) cells is critical for fibrosis development. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2016; 4:300-14. [PMID: 27621813 PMCID: PMC5004285 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Macrophages are heterogeneous and thus can be correlated with distinct tissue outcomes after injury. Conflicting data have indicated that the M2-related phenotype directly triggers fibrosis. Conversely, we hypothesize here that the inflammatory milieu provided by early infiltration of pro-inflammatory macrophages dictates tissue scarring after injury. METHODS AND RESULTS We first determined that tissue-localized macrophages exhibit a pro-inflammatory phenotype (p40IL12(+)CCR7(+)CD11b(+)) during the early phase of a chronic injury model, in contrast to a pro-resolving phenotype (Arg1(+)IL10(+)CD206(+)CD11b(+)) at a later stage. Then, we evaluated the effects of injecting macrophages differentiated in vitro in the presence of IFNγ + LPS or IL4 + IL13 or non-differentiated macrophages (hereafter, M0) on promoting inflammation and progression of chronic injury in macrophage-depleted mice. In addition to enhancing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, the injection of M (IFNγ + LPS), but not M (IL4 + IL13) or M0, accentuated fibrosis while augmenting levels of anti-inflammatory molecules, increasing collagen deposition and impairing organ function. We observed a similar profile after injection of sorted CCR7(+)CD11b(+) cells and a more pronounced effect of M (IFNγ + LPS) cells originated from Stat6(-/-) mice. The injection of M (IFNγ + LPS) cells was associated with the up-regulation of inflammation- and fibrosis-related proteins (Thbs1, Mmp7, Mmp8, and Mmp13). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that pro-inflammatory macrophages promote microenvironmental changes that may lead to fibrogenesis by inducing an inflammatory milieu that alters a network of extracellular-related genes, culminating in tissue fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarcio Teodoro Braga
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo (USP) São Paulo Brazil
| | - Matheus Correa-Costa
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo (USP) São Paulo Brazil
| | - Hatylas Azevedo
- Department of Pediatrics Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP) São Paulo Brazil
| | - Reinaldo Correia Silva
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo (USP) São Paulo Brazil
| | - Mario Costa Cruz
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo (USP) São Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Meire Ioshie Hiyane
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of Immunology Institute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo (USP) São Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Marinilce Fagundes Santos
- Department of Cellular Biology-Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of São Paulo (USP) São Paulo Brazil
| | - Katia Regina Perez
- Department of Biochemistry-Institute of Chemistry University of São Paulo (USP) São Paulo Brazil
| | - Iolanda Midea Cuccovia
- Department of Biochemistry-Institute of Chemistry University of São Paulo (USP) São Paulo Brazil
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Camara
- Laboratory of Transplantation Immunobiology, Department of ImmunologyInstitute of Biomedical Sciences IV, University of São Paulo (USP)São PauloBrazil; Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Division of NephrologyFederal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP)São PauloBrazil; Renal Pathophysiology Laboratory (LIM16)Faculty of Medicine, University of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
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Helling AL, Tsekoura EK, Biggs M, Bayon Y, Pandit A, Zeugolis DI. In Vitro Enzymatic Degradation of Tissue Grafts and Collagen Biomaterials by Matrix Metalloproteinases: Improving the Collagenase Assay. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 3:1922-1932. [PMID: 33440550 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-1 and -8 are active during the wound healing and remodelling processes, degrading native extracellular matrix and implantable devices. However, traditional in vitro assays utilize primarily matrix metalloproteinase-1 to mimic the in vivo degradation microenvironment. Herein, we assessed the influence of various concentrations of matrix metalloproteinase- 1 and 8 (50, 100, and 200 U/mL) as a function of pH (5.5 and 7.4) and time (3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 h) on the degradation profile of three tissue grafts (chemically cross-linked Permacol, nonchemically cross-linked Permacol and nonchemically cross-linked Strattice) and a collagen biomaterial (nonchemically cross-linked collagen sponge). Chemically cross-linked and nonchemically cross-linked Permacol samples exhibited the highest resistance to enzymatic degradation, while nonchemically cross-linked collagen sponges exhibited the least resistance to enzymatic degradation. Qualitative and quantitative degradation analysis of all samples revealed a similar degradation profile over time, independently of the matrix metalloproteinase used and its respective concentration and pH. These data indicate that matrix metalloproteinase-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-8 exhibit similar degradation profile in vitro, suggesting that matrix metalloproteinase-8 should be used for collagenase assay.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Y Bayon
- Sofradim Production, A Medtronic Company, Trévoux, France
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11
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Kar S, Smith DW, Gardiner BS, Li Y, Wang Y, Grodzinsky AJ. Modeling IL-1 induced degradation of articular cartilage. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 594:37-53. [PMID: 26874194 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we develop a computational model to simulate the in vitro biochemical degradation of articular cartilage explants sourced from the femoropatellar grooves of bovine calves. Cartilage explants were incubated in culture medium with and without the inflammatory cytokine IL-1α. The spatio-temporal evolution of the cartilage explant's extracellular matrix components is modelled. Key variables in the model include chondrocytes, aggrecan, collagen, aggrecanase, collagenase and IL-1α. The model is first calibrated for aggrecan homeostasis of cartilage in vivo, then for data on (explant) controls, and finally for data on the IL-1α driven proteolysis of aggrecan and collagen over a 4-week period. The model was found to fit the experimental data best when: (i) chondrocytes continue to synthesize aggrecan during the cytokine challenge, (ii) a one to two day delay is introduced between the addition of IL-1α to the culture medium and subsequent aggrecanolysis, (iii) collagen degradation does not commence until the total concentration of aggrecan (i.e. both intact and degraded aggrecan) at any specific location within the explant becomes ≤ 1.5 mg/ml and (iv) degraded aggrecan formed due to the IL-1α induced proteolysis of intact aggrecan protects the collagen network while collagen degrades in a two-step process which, together, significantly modulate the collagen network degradation. Under simulated in vivo conditions, the model predicts increased aggrecan turnover rates in the presence of synovial IL-1α, consistent with experimental observations. Such models may help to infer the course of events in vivo following traumatic joint injury, and may also prove useful in quantitatively evaluating the efficiency of various therapeutic molecules that could be employed to avoid or modify the course of cartilage disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptarshi Kar
- School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - David W Smith
- School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.
| | - Bruce S Gardiner
- School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alan J Grodzinsky
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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12
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Fields GB, Stawikowski MJ. Imaging Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity Implicated in Breast Cancer Progression. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1406:303-29. [PMID: 26820965 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3444-7_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Proteolysis has been cited as an important contributor to cancer initiation and progression. One can take advantage of tumor-associated proteases to selectively deliver imaging agents. Protease-activated imaging systems have been developed using substrates designed for hydrolysis by members of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family. We presently describe approaches by which one can optically image matrix metalloproteinase activity implicated in breast cancer progression, with consideration of selective versus broad protease probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg B Fields
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute/Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA. .,Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, FL, 34987, USA.
| | - Maciej J Stawikowski
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
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Jiang Y, Hu C, Yu S, Yan J, Peng H, Ouyang HW, Tuan RS. Cartilage stem/progenitor cells are activated in osteoarthritis via interleukin-1β/nerve growth factor signaling. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:327. [PMID: 26577823 PMCID: PMC4650403 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0840-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and nerve growth factor (NGF) are key regulators in the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthritis; specifically, IL-1β is involved in tissue degeneration and NGF is involved in joint pain. However, the cellular and molecular interactions between IL-1β and NGF in articular cartilage are not known. Cartilage stem/progenitor cells (CSPCs) have recently been identified in osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage on the basis of their migratory properties. Here we hypothesize that IL-1β/NGF signaling is involved in OA cartilage degeneration by targeting CSPCs. METHOD NGF and NGF receptor (NGFR: TrkA and p75NTR) expression in healthy and OA human articular cartilage and isolated chondrocytes was determined by immunostaining, qRT-PCR, flow cytometry and western blot. Articular cartilage derived stem/progenitor cells were collected and identified by stem/progenitor cell characteristics. 3D-cultured CSPC pellets and cartilage explants were treated with NGF and NGF neutralizing antibody, and extracellular matrix changes were examined by sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) release and MMP expression and activity. RESULTS Expression of NGF, TrkA and p75NTR was found to be elevated in human OA cartilage. Cellular changes upon IL-1β and/or NGF treatment were then examined. NGF mRNA and NGFR proteins levels were upregulated in cultured chondrocytes exposed to IL-1β. NGF was chemotactic for cells isolated from OA cartilage. Cells isolated on the basis of their chemotactic migration towards NGF demonstrated stem/progenitor cell characteristics, including colony-forming ability, multi-lineage differentiation potential, and stem cell surface markers. The effects of NGF perturbation in cartilage explants and 3D-cultured CSPCs were next analyzed. NGF treatment resulted in extracellular matrix catabolism indicated by increased sGAG release and MMP expression and activity; conversely, treatment with NGF neutralizing antibody inhibited increased MMP levels, and enhanced tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloprotease-1 (TIMP1) expression in OA cartilage explants. NGF blockade with neutralizing antibody also affected cartilage matrix remodeling in 3D-CSPC pellet cultures. CONCLUSION Our results strongly suggest that NGF signaling is a contributing factor in articular cartilage degeneration in OA, which likely targets a specific subpopulation of progenitor cells, the CSPCs, affecting their migratory and matrix remodeling activities. These findings provide novel cellular/signaling therapeutic targets in osteoarthritic cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangzi Jiang
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219-3143, USA.
| | - Changchang Hu
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
| | - Shuting Yu
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219-3143, USA.
- Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Junwei Yan
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219-3143, USA.
- Current address: Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Hsuan Peng
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219-3143, USA.
- Current address: Berea College, Berea, KY, 40403, USA.
| | - Hong Wei Ouyang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
| | - Rocky S Tuan
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219-3143, USA.
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14
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Bhowmick M, Stawikowska R, Tokmina-Roszyk D, Fields GB. Matrix metalloproteinase inhibition by heterotrimeric triple-helical Peptide transition state analogues. Chembiochem 2015; 16:1084-92. [PMID: 25766890 PMCID: PMC4415627 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been implicated in numerous pathologies. An overall lack of selectivity has rendered active-site-targeted MMP inhibitors problematic. The present study describes MMP inhibitors that function by binding both secondary binding sites (exosites) and the active site. Heterotrimeric triple-helical peptide transition-state analogue inhibitors (THPIs) were assembled utilizing click chemistry. Three different heterotrimers were constructed, allowing for the inhibitory phosphinate moiety to be present uniquely in the leading, middle, or trailing strand of the triple helix. All heterotrimeric constructs had sufficient thermally stability to warrant analysis as inhibitors. The heterotrimeric THPIs were effective against MMP-13 and MT1-MMP, with Ki values spanning 100-400 nM. Unlike homotrimeric THPIs, the heterotrimeric THPIs offered complete selectivity between MT1-MMP and MMP-1. Exosite-based approaches such as this provide inhibitors with desired MMP selectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manishabrata Bhowmick
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987 USA
- Organix Inc., 240 Salem Street, Woburn, MA 01801 USA
| | - Roma Stawikowska
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, FL 33458 USA
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987 USA
| | - Dorota Tokmina-Roszyk
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, FL 33458 USA
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987 USA
| | - Gregg B. Fields
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, FL 33458 USA
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987 USA
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute/Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458 USA
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15
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Díaz N, Suárez D. Extensive Simulations of the Full-Length Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 Enzyme in a Prereactive Complex with a Collagen Triple-Helical Peptide. Biochemistry 2015; 54:1243-58. [DOI: 10.1021/bi501014w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Díaz
- Departamento
de Química
Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, Julián
Clavería 8, Oviedo, Asturias, 33006 Spain
| | - Dimas Suárez
- Departamento
de Química
Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, Julián
Clavería 8, Oviedo, Asturias, 33006 Spain
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16
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Liu R, Chen L, Wu W, Chen H, Zhang S. Extracellular matrix turnover in coronary artery ectasia patients. Heart Vessels 2015; 31:351-9. [PMID: 25576491 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-014-0622-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the metabolism of the extracellular matrix (ECM) may contribute to coronary artery ectasia (CAE). This study evaluated the turnover of main ECM components and related proteolytic enzymes activities. In this study, thirty patients with CAE, 30 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and 30 subjects with normal coronary arteries (Control) were selected. The following circulating ECM metabolism markers were measured: soluble elastin (sElastin), collagen type I cross-linked telopeptides (ICTP), procollagen type I carboxy terminal peptide (PICP), protocollagen III N-terminal propeptide (PIIINP), and procollagen a1(III) C-terminal propeptide (PIIICP). Serum total elastase activity and total matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity were also determined. The level of sElastin was higher in the CAE group than in the CAD and Control groups (P1 = 0.009, P2 = 0.000). There was no difference in ICTP (P = 0.168) or PIIICP (P = 0.079) among the three groups. PICP was significantly elevated in CAE (P1 = 0.001, P2 = 0.002). PIIINP was also significantly increased in CAE (P1 = 0.002, P2 = 0.007). Total elastase activity was higher in the CAE group than in the other two groups (P1 = 0.006, P2 = 0.022). Total MMP activity was significantly higher in the CAE group than the Control group (P2 = 0.013) but not higher than the CAD group (P1 = 0.477). In conclusion, within CAE patients the main changes in ECM metabolism were increased degradation of elastin fibres and the transition of collagen from type III to type I. Elastase and MMPs appear to be associated with this kind of ECM turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Liu
- Cardiac Department, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Lianfeng Chen
- Cardiac Department, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Cardiac Department, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Houzao Chen
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyang Zhang
- Cardiac Department, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.
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17
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Kumari S, Joshi S, Shakoor SMA, Agarwal DS, Panda SS, Pant DD, Sakhuja R. Synthesis, Absorption, and Fluorescence Studies of Coumaryl-Labelled Amino Acids and Dipeptides Linked Via Triazole Ring. Aust J Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/ch14708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Fluorophores based on 4-triazolyl, 7-hydroxy-4-triazolylmethyl, 4-O-triazolylmethyl, and 7-O-triazolylmethyl coumaryl-tagged amino acids and dipeptides were synthesized by copper-catalyzed [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction between azido- or alkynyl-functionalized coumarins with alkynyl- or azido-functionalized amino acid and dipeptides in good-to-excellent yields. Steady-state absorption and the fluorescence properties of the synthesized conjugates were studied. The chemical applicability of these amino acid and peptide-based fluorophores was successfully demonstrated by their linear elongation by further tagging them with appropriate C- or N-terminus amino acid.
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18
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Enzymatic turnover of macromolecules generates long-lasting protein-water-coupled motions beyond reaction steady state. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:17857-62. [PMID: 25425663 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1410144111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The main focus of enzymology is on the enzyme rates, substrate structures, and reactivity, whereas the role of solvent dynamics in mediating the biological reaction is often left aside owing to its complex molecular behavior. We used integrated X-ray- and terahertz- based time-resolved spectroscopic tools to study protein-water dynamics during proteolysis of collagen-like substrates by a matrix metalloproteinase. We show equilibration of structural kinetic transitions in the millisecond timescale during degradation of the two model substrates collagen and gelatin, which have different supersecondary structure and flexibility. Unexpectedly, the detected changes in collective enzyme-substrate-water-coupled motions persisted well beyond steady state for both substrates while displaying substrate-specific behaviors. Molecular dynamics simulations further showed that a hydration funnel (i.e., a gradient in retardation of hydrogen bond (HB) dynamics toward the active site) is substrate-dependent, exhibiting a steeper gradient for the more complex enzyme-collagen system. The long-lasting changes in protein-water dynamics reflect a collection of local energetic equilibrium states specifically formed during substrate conversion. Thus, the observed long-lasting water dynamics contribute to the net enzyme reactivity, impacting substrate binding, positional catalysis, and product release.
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19
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Tokmina-Roszyk M, Tokmina-Roszyk D, Bhowmick M, Fields GB. Development of a Förster resonance energy transfer assay for monitoring bacterial collagenase triple-helical peptidase activity. Anal Biochem 2014; 453:61-9. [PMID: 24608089 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Due to their efficiency in the hydrolysis of the collagen triple helix, Clostridium histolyticum collagenases are used for isolation of cells from various tissues, including isolation of the human pancreatic islets. However, the instability of clostridial collagenase I (Col G) results in a degraded Col G that has weak collagenolytic activity and an adverse effect on islet isolation and viability. A Förster resonance energy transfer triple-helical peptide substrate (fTHP) has been developed for selective evaluation of bacterial collagenase activity. The fTHP [sequence: Gly-mep-Flp-(Gly-Pro-Hyp)4-Gly-Lys(Mca)-Thr-Gly-Pro-Leu-Gly-Pro-Pro-Gly-Lys(Dnp)-Ser-(Gly-Pro-Hyp)4-NH2] had a melting temperature (Tm) of 36.2°C and was hydrolyzed efficiently by bacterial collagenase (k(cat)/K(M)=25,000s(-1)M(-1)) but not by clostripain, trypsin, neutral protease, thermolysin, or elastase. The fTHP bacterial collagenase assay allows for rapid and specific assessment of enzyme activity toward triple helices and, thus, potential application for evaluating the efficiency of cell isolation by collagenases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gregg B Fields
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987, USA.
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20
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Lozito TP, Jackson WM, Nesti LJ, Tuan RS. Human mesenchymal stem cells generate a distinct pericellular zone of MMP activities via binding of MMPs and secretion of high levels of TIMPs. Matrix Biol 2014; 34:132-43. [PMID: 24140982 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are attractive candidates for inclusion in cell-based therapies by virtue of their abilities to home to wound sites. However, in-depth characterization of the specific effects of MSCs on their microenvironments is needed to realize their full therapeutic potentials. Furthermore, since MSCs of varying properties can be isolated from a diverse spectrum of tissues, a strategic and rational approach in MSC sourcing for a particular application has yet to be achieved. For example, MSCs that activate their proteolytic environments may promote tissue remodeling, while those from different tissue sources may inhibit proteases and promote tissue stabilization. This study attempts to address these issues by analyzing MSCs isolated from three adult tissue sources in terms of their effects on their proteolytic microenvironments. Human bone marrow, adipose, and traumatized muscle derived MSCs were compared in their soluble and cellular-associated MMP components and activity. For all types of MSCs, MMP activity associated with the cell surface, but activity levels and MMP profiles differed with tissue source. All MSC types bound exogenous active MMPs at their surfaces. MSCs were also able to activate exogenous proMMP-2 and proMMP-13. This is in marked contrast to the MSC soluble compartment, which strongly inhibited MMPs via endogenous TIMPs. The exact TIMP used to inhibit the exogenous MMP differed with MSC type. Thus, MSCs saturate their environment with both MMPs and TIMPs. Since they bind and activate MMPs at their surfaces, the net result is a very controlled pericellular localization of MMP activities by MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Lozito
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Wesley M Jackson
- Orthopaedic Research Group, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Leon J Nesti
- Orthopaedic Research Group, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rocky S Tuan
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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21
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Lauer JL, Bhowmick M, Tokmina-Roszyk D, Lin Y, Van Doren SR, Fields GB. The role of collagen charge clusters in the modulation of matrix metalloproteinase activity. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:1981-92. [PMID: 24297171 PMCID: PMC3900948 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.513408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family selectively cleave collagens in vivo. Several substrate structural features that direct MMP collagenolysis have been identified. The present study evaluated the role of charged residue clusters in the regulation of MMP collagenolysis. A series of 10 triple-helical peptide (THP) substrates were constructed in which either Lys-Gly-Asp or Gly-Asp-Lys motifs replaced Gly-Pro-Hyp (where Hyp is 4-hydroxy-L-proline) repeats. The stabilities of THPs containing the two different motifs were analyzed, and kinetic parameters for substrate hydrolysis by six MMPs were determined. A general trend for virtually all enzymes was that, as Gly-Asp-Lys motifs were moved from the extreme N and C termini to the interior next to the cleavage site sequence, kcat/Km values increased. Additionally, all Gly-Asp-Lys THPs were as good or better substrates than the parent THP in which Gly-Asp-Lys was not present. In turn, the Lys-Gly-Asp THPs were also always better substrates than the parent THP, but the magnitude of the difference was considerably less compared with the Gly-Asp-Lys series. Of the MMPs tested, MMP-2 and MMP-9 most greatly favored the presence of charged residues with preference for the Gly-Asp-Lys series. Lys-Gly-(Asp/Glu) motifs are more commonly found near potential MMP cleavage sites than Gly-(Asp/Glu)-Lys motifs. As Lys-Gly-Asp is not as favored by MMPs as Gly-Asp-Lys, the Lys-Gly-Asp motif appears advantageous over the Gly-Asp-Lys motif by preventing unwanted MMP hydrolysis. More specifically, the lack of Gly-Asp-Lys clusters may diminish potential MMP-2 and MMP-9 collagenolytic activity. The present study indicates that MMPs have interactions spanning the P23-P23' subsites of collagenous substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle L. Lauer
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Manishabrata Bhowmick
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987 and
| | - Dorota Tokmina-Roszyk
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987 and
| | - Yan Lin
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Steven R. Van Doren
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Gregg B. Fields
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, Florida 34987 and
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22
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Díaz N, Suárez D, Valdés H. Unraveling the molecular structure of the catalytic domain of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in complex with a triple-helical peptide by means of molecular dynamics simulations. Biochemistry 2013; 52:8556-69. [PMID: 24164447 DOI: 10.1021/bi401144p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we present the results of a computational study that employed various simulation methodologies to build and validate a series of molecular models of a synthetic triple-helical peptide (fTHP-5) both in its native state and in a prereactive complex with the catalytic domain of the MMP-2 enzyme. First, the structure and dynamical properties of the fTHP-5 substrate are investigated by means of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Then, the propensity of each of the three peptide chains in fTHP-5 to be distorted around the scissile peptide bond is assessed by carrying out potential of mean force calculations. Subsequently, the distorted geometries of fTHP-5 are docked within the MMP-2 active site following a semirigid protocol, and the most stable docked structures are fully relaxed and characterized by extensive MD simulations in explicit solvent. Following a similar approach, we also investigate a hypothetical ternary complex formed between two MMP-2 catalytic units and a single fTHP-5 molecule. Overall, our models for the MMP-2/fTHP-5 complexes unveil the extent to which the triple helix is distorted to allow the accommodation of an individual peptide chain within the MMP active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Díaz
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo , Julián Clavería 8, Oviedo (Asturias) 33006, Spain
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23
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Tokmina-Roszyk M, Tokmina-Roszyk D, Fields GB. The synthesis and application of Fmoc-Lys(5-Fam) building blocks. Biopolymers 2013; 100:347-55. [PMID: 23444261 PMCID: PMC4260938 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) peptide substrates are often utilized for protease activity assays. This study has examined the preparation of FRET triple-helical peptide (THP) substrates using 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-Fam) as the fluorophore and 4,4-dimethylamino-azobenzene-4'-carboxylic acid (Dabcyl) as the quencher. The N(α)-(9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl)-N(ε)-(5-carboxyfluorescein)-L-lysine [Fmoc-Lys(5-Fam)] building block was synthesized utilizing two distinct synthetic routes. The first involved copper complexation of Lys while the second utilized Fmoc-Lys with microwave irradiation. Both approaches allowed convenient production of a very pure final product at a reasonable cost. Fmoc-Lys(5-Fam) and Fmoc-Lys(Dabcyl) were incorporated into the sequence of a THP substrate utilizing automated solid-phase peptide synthesis protocols. A second substrate was assembled where (7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)-acetyl (Mca) was the fluorophore and 2,4-dinitrophenyl (Dnp) was the quencher. Circular dichroism spectroscopy was used to determine the influence of the fluorophore/quencher pair on the stability of the triple-helix. The activity of the two substrates was examined with three matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), MMP-1, MMP-13, and MT1-MMP. The combination of 5-Fam as fluorophore and Dabcyl as quencher resulted in a triple-helical substrate that, compared with the fluorophore/quencher pair of Mca/Dnp, had a slightly destabilized triple-helix but was hydrolyzed more rapidly by MMP-1 and MMP-13 and had greater sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Tokmina-Roszyk
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, FL, 34987
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24
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Stabilization of collagen-model, triple-helical peptides for in vitro and in vivo applications. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1081:167-94. [PMID: 24014440 PMCID: PMC4260935 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-652-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The triple-helical structure of collagen has been accurately reproduced in numerous chemical and recombinant model systems. Triple-helical peptides and proteins have found application for dissecting collagen-stabilizing forces, isolating receptor- and protein-binding sites in collagen, mechanistic examination of collagenolytic proteases, and development of novel biomaterials. Introduction of native-like sequences into triple-helical constructs can reduce the thermal stability of the triple-helix to below that of the physiological environment. In turn, incorporation of nonnative amino acids and/or templates can enhance triple-helix stability. We presently describe approaches by which triple-helical structure can be modulated for use under physiological or near-physiological conditions.
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25
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Mikhailova M, Xu X, Robichaud TK, Pal S, Fields GB, Steffensen B. Identification of collagen binding domain residues that govern catalytic activities of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2). Matrix Biol 2012; 31:380-8. [PMID: 23085623 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
An innovative approach to enhance the selectivity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors comprises targeting these inhibitors to catalytically required substrate binding sites (exosites) that are located outside the catalytic cleft. In MMP-2, positioning of collagen substrate molecules occurs via a unique fibronectin-like domain (CBD) that contains three distinct modular collagen binding sites. To characterize the contributions of these exosites to gelatinolysis by MMP-2, seven MMP-2 variants were generated with single, or concurrent double and triple alanine substitutions in the three fibronectin type II modules of the CBD. Circular dichroism spectroscopy verified that recombinant MMP-2 wild-type (WT) and variants had the same fold. Moreover, the MMP-2 WT and variants had the same activity on a short FRET peptide substrate that is hydrolyzed independently of CBD binding. Among single-point variants, substitution in the module 3 binding site had greatest impact on the affinity of MMP-2 for gelatin. Simultaneous substitutions in two or three CBD modules further reduced gelatin binding. The rates of gelatinolysis of MMP-2 variants were reduced by 20-40% following single-point substitutions, by 60-75% after double-point modifications, and by >90% for triple-point variants. Intriguingly, the three CBD modules contributed differentially to cleavage of dissociated α-1(I) and α-2(I) collagen chains. Importantly, kinetic analyses (k(cat)/K(m)) revealed that catalysis of a triple-helical FRET peptide substrate by MMP-2 relied primarily on the module 3 binding site. Thus, we have identified three collagen binding site residues that are essential for gelatinolysis and constitute promising targets for selective inhibition of MMP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Mikhailova
- Department of Periodontics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, MC 7894, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
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26
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Knapinska A, Fields GB. Chemical biology for understanding matrix metalloproteinase function. Chembiochem 2012; 13:2002-20. [PMID: 22933318 PMCID: PMC3951272 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family has long been associated with normal physiological processes such as embryonic implantation, tissue remodeling, organ development, and wound healing, as well as multiple aspects of cancer initiation and progression, osteoarthritis, inflammatory and vascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. The development of chemically designed MMP probes has advanced our understanding of the roles of MMPs in disease in addition to shedding considerable light on the mechanisms of MMP action. The first generation of protease-activated agents has demonstrated proof of principle as well as providing impetus for in vivo applications. One common problem has been a lack of agent stability at nontargeted tissues and organs due to activation by multiple proteases. The present review considers how chemical biology has impacted the progress made in understanding the roles of MMPs in disease and the basic mechanisms of MMP action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregg B. Fields
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies 11350 SW Village Parkway, Port St. Lucie, FL 34987 (USA)
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Yu Z, Visse R, Inouye M, Nagase H, Brodsky B. Defining requirements for collagenase cleavage in collagen type III using a bacterial collagen system. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:22988-97. [PMID: 22573319 PMCID: PMC3391134 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.348979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Degradation of fibrillar collagens is important in many physiological and pathological events. These collagens are resistant to most proteases due to the tightly packed triple-helical structure, but are readily cleaved at a specific site by collagenases, selected members of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). To investigate the structural requirements for collagenolysis, varying numbers of GXY triplets from human type III collagen around the collagenase cleavage site were inserted between two triple helix domains of the Scl2 bacterial collagen protein. The original bacterial CL domain was not cleaved by MMP-1 (collagenase 1) or MMP-13 (collagenase 3). The minimum type III sequence necessary for cleavage by the two collagenases was 5 GXY triplets, including 4 residues before and 11 residues after the cleavage site (P4-P11′). Cleavage of these chimeric substrates was not achieved by the catalytic domain of MMP-1 or MMP-13, nor by full-length MMP-3. Kinetic analysis of the chimeras indicated that the rate of cleavage by MMP-1 of the chimera containing six triplets (P7-P11′) of collagen III was similar to that of native collagen III. The collagenase-susceptible chimeras were cleaved very slowly by trypsin, a property also seen for native collagen III, supporting a local structural relaxation of the triple helix near the collagenase cleavage site. The recombinant bacterial-human collagen system characterized here is a good model to investigate the specificity and mechanism of action of collagenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoxin Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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28
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Iyer P, Walker KJ, Madihally SV. Increased matrix synthesis by fibroblasts with decreased proliferation on synthetic chitosan-gelatin porous structures. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 109:1314-25. [PMID: 22125268 DOI: 10.1002/bit.24396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Influence of mechanical characteristics and matrix architecture of substrates used in cell culture is an important issue to tissue engineering. Chitosan-based materials have been processed into porous structures, injectable gels and membranes, and are investigated to regenerate various tissues. However, the effect of these structures on cell growth and matrix production in accordance with each of the differing scaffolds has not been examined. We investigated the influence of porous structures, hydrogels, and membranes on the growth of normal human fibroblasts and their matrix production in a serum-free system. We used chitosan alone and in combination with gelatin. Injectable hydrogels were prepared using 2-glycerol phosphate. From the same solution, porous scaffolds and membranes were formed using controlled rate freezing and lyophilization, and air-drying, respectively. Fibroblast growth was evaluated on the 4th and 10th days using flow cytometry and CFDA-SE pre-staining. Cell morphology was assessed using actin and nucleus staining. Total protein content, collagen, tropoelastin, and MMP2/MMP-9 activity in the media supernatant were assessed by BCA, Sircol™, Fastin Elastin, and fluorogeneic peptide assays. Collagen accumulated in the matrix was assessed by Sircol™ assay after pepsin/acetic acid digestion and by Masson's Trichrome staining. These results showed increased viability of fibroblasts on chitosan-gelatin porous scaffold with decreased proliferation relative to tissue culture plastic (TCP) surface despite the cells showing spindle shape. The total protein, collagen, and tropoelastin contents were higher in the spent media from chitosan-gelatin porous scaffolds compared to other conditions. MMP2/MMP9 activity was comparable to TCP. An increase in collagen content was also observed in the matrix, suggesting increased matrix deposition. In summary, matrix production is influenced by the form of chitosan structures, which significantly affects the regenerative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Iyer
- School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA
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29
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Real-time monitoring of matrix metalloproteinase-9 collagenolytic activity with a surface plasmon resonance biosensor. Anal Biochem 2011; 419:53-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 07/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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30
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Krizkova S, Zitka O, Adam V, Kizek R, Masarik M, Stiborova M, Eckschlager T, Chavis GJ. Assays for determination of matrix metalloproteinases and their activity. Trends Analyt Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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31
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Kandalam V, Basu R, Moore L, Fan D, Wang X, Jaworski DM, Oudit GY, Kassiri Z. Lack of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2 leads to exacerbated left ventricular dysfunction and adverse extracellular matrix remodeling in response to biomechanical stress. Circulation 2011; 124:2094-105. [PMID: 21986284 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.111.030338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a key aspect of myocardial response to biomechanical stress and heart failure. Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) regulate the ECM turnover through negative regulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which degrade the ECM structural proteins. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2 is unique among TIMPs in activating pro-MMP2 in addition to inhibiting a number of MMPs. Given this dual role of TIMP2, we investigated whether TIMP2 serves a critical role in heart disease. METHODS AND RESULTS Pressure overload by transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in 8-week-old male mice resulted in greater left ventricular hypertrophy, fibrosis, dilation, and dysfunction in TIMP2-deficient (TIMP2(-/-)) compared with wild-type mice at 2 weeks and 5 weeks post-TAC. Despite lack of MMP2 activation, total collagenase activity and specific membrane type MMP activity were greater in TIMP2(-/-)-TAC hearts. Loss of TIMP2 resulted in a marked reduction of integrin β1D levels and compromised focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation, resulting in impaired adhesion of cardiomyocytes to ECM proteins, laminin, and fibronectin. Nonuniform ECM remodeling in TIMP2(-/-)-TAC hearts revealed degraded network structure as well as excess fibrillar deposition. Greater fibrosis in TIMP2(-/-)-TAC compared with wild-type TAC hearts was due to higher levels of SPARC (secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine) and posttranslational stabilization of collagen fibers rather than increased collagen synthesis. Inhibition of MMPs including membrane type MMP significantly reduced left ventricular dilation and dysfunction, hypertrophy, and fibrosis in TIMP2(-/-)-TAC mice. CONCLUSIONS Lack of TIMP2 leads to exacerbated cardiac dysfunction and remodeling after pressure overload because of excess activity of membrane type MMP and loss of integrin β1D, leading to nonuniform ECM remodeling and impaired myocyte-ECM interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kandalam
- Assistant Professor, Department of Physiology, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Robichaud TK, Steffensen B, Fields GB. Exosite interactions impact matrix metalloproteinase collagen specificities. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:37535-42. [PMID: 21896477 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.273391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family selectively cleave collagens in vivo. However, the substrate structural determinants that facilitate interaction with specific MMPs are not well defined. We hypothesized that type I-III collagen sequences located N- or C-terminal to the physiological cleavage site mediate substrate selectivity among MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-8, MMP-13, and MMP-14/membrane-type 1 (MT1)-MMP. The enzyme kinetics for hydrolysis of three fluorogenic triple-helical peptides (fTHPs) was evaluated herein. The first fTHP contained consensus residues 769-783 from type I-III collagens, the second inserted α1(II) collagen residues 763-768 N-terminal to the consensus sequence, and the third inserted α1(II) collagen residues 784-792 C-terminal to the consensus sequence. Our analyses showed that insertion of the C-terminal residues significantly increased k(cat)/K(m) and k(cat) for MMP-1. MMP-13 showed the opposite behavior with a decreased k(cat)/K(m) and k(cat) and a greatly improved K(m) in response to the C-terminal residues. Insertion of the N-terminal residues enhanced k(cat)/K(m) and k(cat) for MMP-8 and MT1-MMP. For MMP-2, the C-terminal residues enhanced K(m) and dramatically decreased k(cat), resulting in a decrease in the overall activity. These changes in activities and kinetic parameters represented the collagen preferences of MMP-8, MMP-13, and MT1-MMP well. Thus, interactions with secondary binding sites (exosites) helped direct the specificity of these enzymes. However, MMP-1 collagen preferences were not recapitulated by the fTHP studies. The preference of MMP-1 for type III collagen appears to be primarily based on the flexibility of the hydrolysis site of type III collagen compared with types I and II. Further characterization of exosite determinants that govern interactions of MMPs with collagenous substrates should aid the development of pharmacotherapeutics that target individual MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trista K Robichaud
- Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
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Abstract
The early detection of many human diseases is crucial if they are to be treated successfully. Therefore, the development of imaging techniques that can facilitate early detection of disease is of high importance. Changes in the levels of enzyme expression are known to occur in many diseases, making their accurate detection at low concentrations an area of considerable active research. Activatable fluorescent probes show immense promise in this area. If properly designed they should exhibit no signal until they interact with their target enzyme, reducing the level of background fluorescence and potentially endowing them with greater sensitivity. The mechanisms of fluorescence changes in activatable probes vary. This review aims to survey the field of activatable probes, focusing on their mechanisms of action as well as illustrating some of the in vitro and in vivo settings in which they have been employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Drake
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, 185 Berry Street, Suite 350, Box 0946, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
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Maier M, Kotman N, Friedrichs C, Andrieu J, Wagner M, Graf R, Strauss WSL, Mailänder V, Weiss CK, Landfester K. Highly Site Specific, Protease Cleavable, Hydrophobic Peptide–Polymer Nanoparticles. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma201149b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Maier
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Niklas Kotman
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Cornelius Friedrichs
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Julien Andrieu
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Manfred Wagner
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Graf
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wolfgang S. L. Strauss
- Institute of Laser Technologies in Medicine and Metrology, Ulm University, Helmholtzstrasse 12, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Volker Mailänder
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- University Medicine of the Johannes Gutenberg University, III. Medical Clinic (Hematology, Oncology and Pulmonology), Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Clemens K. Weiss
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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35
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Giricz O, Lauer JL, Fields GB. Comparison of metalloproteinase protein and activity profiling. Anal Biochem 2011; 409:37-45. [PMID: 20920458 PMCID: PMC3298814 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Proteolytic enzymes play fundamental roles in many biological processes. Members of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family have been shown to take part in processes crucial in disease progression. The current study used the ExcelArray Human MMP/TIMP Array to quantify MMP and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) production in the lysates and media of 14 cancer cell lines and 1 normal cell line. The overall patterns were very similar in terms of which MMPs and TIMPs were secreted in the media versus associated with the cells in the individual samples. However, more MMP was found in the media (in both amount and variety). TIMP-1 was produced in all cell lines. MMP activity assays with three different fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) substrates were then used to determine whether protein production correlated with function for the WM-266-4 and BJ cell lines. Metalloproteinase activity was observed for both cell lines with a general MMP substrate (Knight SSP), consistent with protein production data. However, although both cell lines promoted the hydrolysis of a more selective MMP substrate (NFF-3), metalloproteinase activity was confirmed only in the BJ cell line. The use of inhibitors to confirm metalloproteinase activities pointed to the strengths and weaknesses of in situ FRET substrate assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsi Giricz
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431-0991
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Janelle L. Lauer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way, 2A2, Jupiter, FL 33458
| | - Gregg B. Fields
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229
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36
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Enhanced proteolytic degradation of molecularly engineered PEG hydrogels in response to MMP-1 and MMP-2. Biomaterials 2010; 31:7836-45. [PMID: 20667588 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive hydrogels formed by Michael-type addition reactions of end-functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) macromers with cysteine-containing peptides have been described as extracellular matrix mimetics and tissue engineering scaffolds. Although these materials have shown favorable behavior in vivo in tissue repair, we sought to develop materials formulations that would be more rapidly responsive to cell-induced enzymatic remodeling. In this study, protease-sensitive peptides that have increased k(cat) values were characterized and evaluated for their effects on gel degradability. Biochemical properties for soluble peptides and hydrogels were examined for matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and MMP-2. The most efficient peptide substrates in some cases overlap and in other cases differ between the two enzymes tested, and a range of k(cat) values was obtained. For each enzyme, hydrogels formed using the peptides with higher k(cat) values degraded faster than a reference with lower k(cat). Fibroblasts showed increased cell spreading and proliferation when cultured in 3D hydrogels with faster degrading peptides, and more cell invasion from aortic ring segments embedded in the hydrogels was observed. These faster degrading gels should provide matrices that are easier for cells to remodel and lead to increased cellular infiltration and potentially more robust healing in vivo.
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Moustoifa EF, Alouini MA, Salaün A, Berthelot T, Bartegi A, Albenque-Rubio S, Déléris G. Novel cyclopeptides for the design of MMP directed delivery devices: a novel smart delivery paradigm. Pharm Res 2010; 27:1713-21. [PMID: 20454838 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0164-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are a family of proteolytic enzymes, the expression of which in a key step of tumor progression has been better defined recently. The studies highlighted the ongoing need for very specific inhibitors, substrates or release devices designed to be selective for one or at least very few MMPs. METHODS This report deals with the design, synthesis and in vitro evaluation of linear and especially novel cyclic peptidic moieties, embodying MMP cleavable sequences designed to answer these questions. FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer) labelling via chromophore-modified amino-acids was used to give access to enzyme kinetics. RESULTS Evaluation of these peptides showed that cyclisation gives rise to high specificity for certain MMP, suggesting that this approach could provide very specific MMP substrate. Moreover, cyclic structures present a very good plasma stability. CONCLUSIONS These original derivatives could allow the design of MMP-controlled delivery devices, the specificity of which will be retained in complex biological media and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- El-Farouck Moustoifa
- Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, CNRS UMR 5084 Bio-Organic Chemistry Group, 146 rue Léo Saignat, F-33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France
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Abstract
Triple-helical peptides (THPs) have been utilized as collagen models since the 1960s. The original focus for THP-based research was to unravel the structural determinants of collagen. In the last two decades, virtually all aspects of collagen structural biochemistry have been explored with THP models. More specifically, secondary amino acid analogs have been incorporated into THPs to more fully understand the forces that stabilize triple-helical structure. Heterotrimeric THPs have been utilized to better appreciate the contributions of chain sequence diversity on collagen function. The role of collagen as a cell signaling protein has been dissected using THPs that represent ligands for specific receptors. The mechanisms of collagenolysis have been investigated using THP substrates and inhibitors. Finally, THPs have been developed for biomaterial applications. These aspects of THP-based research are overviewed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg B Fields
- University of Texas Health Science Center, Department of Biochemistry, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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39
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Abstract
A continuous assay method, such as the one that utilizes an increase in fluorescence upon hydrolysis, allows for rapid and convenient kinetic evaluation of proteases. To better understand MMP behaviors and to aid in the design of MMP inhibitors, a variety of sequence specificity, phage display, and combinatorial chemistry studies have been performed. Results of these studies have been valuable for defining the differences in MMPs and for creating quenched fluorescent substrates that utilize fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)/intramolecular fluorescence energy transfer (IFET). FRET triple-helical substrates have been constructed to examine the collagenolytic activity of MMP family members. The present chapter provides an overview of MMP and related FRET substrates and describes how to construct and utilize these substrates.
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Taddese S, Jung MC, Ihling C, Heinz A, Neubert RHH, Schmelzer CEH. MMP-12 catalytic domain recognizes and cleaves at multiple sites in human skin collagen type I and type III. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2009; 1804:731-9. [PMID: 19932771 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Collagens of either soft connective or mineralized tissues are subject to continuous remodeling and turnover. Undesired cleavage can be the result of an imbalance between proteases and their inhibitors. Owing to their superhelical structure, collagens are resistant to many proteases and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are required to initiate further degradation by other enzymes. Several MMPs are known to degrade collagens, but the action of MMP-12 has not yet been studied in detail. In this work, the potential of MMP-12 in recognizing sites in human skin collagen types I and III has been investigated. The catalytic domain of MMP-12 binds to the triple helix and cleaves the typical sites -Gly(775)-Leu(776)- in alpha-2 type I collagen and -Gly(775)-Ile(776)- in alpha-1 type I and type III collagens and at multiple other sites in both collagen types. Moreover, it was observed that the region around these typical sites contains comparatively less prolines, of which some have been proven to be only partially hydroxylated. This is of relevance since partial hydroxylation in the vicinity of a potential scissile bond may have a local effect on the conformational thermodynamics with probable consequences on the collagenolysis process. Taken together, the results of the present work confirm that the catalytic domain of MMP-12 alone binds and degrades collagens I and III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Taddese
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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41
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Cudic M, Burstein GD, Fields GB, Lauer-Fields J. Analysis of flavonoid-based pharmacophores that inhibit aggrecanases (ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5) and matrix metalloproteinases through the use of topologically constrained peptide substrates. Chem Biol Drug Des 2009; 74:473-82. [PMID: 19793184 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2009.00885.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenolic natural products from green tea and red wine have been identified as metalloproteinase inhibitors. Members from the flavonoid and stilbene families found to possess metalloproteinase inhibitory activities include (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, (-)-epicatechin gallate and piceatannol, but their minimally active pharmacophores have not been evaluated. The present study has examined compounds that are structural components of or structurally related to (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, (-)-epicatechin gallate and piceatannol for inhibition of aggrecanases and four representative matrix metalloproteinases. Piceatannol and pyrogallol were found to inhibit all aggrecanases and matrix metalloproteinases studied, indicating a crucial reliance on multiple hydroxyl groups for (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, (-)-epicatechin gallate and piceatannol activity. Differences in K(i) values for pyrogallol as determined with two structurally distinct substrates indicated the likelihood that this compound binds in a non-competitive modality. Further analysis showed that pyrogallol acts as an exosite inhibitor, consistent with the action of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate. In contrast, piceatannol was shown to be a competitive binding inhibitor and showed no differences in apparent K(i) values as determined by distinct substrates, illustrating the benefits of using two structurally distinct substrates to assist the analysis of protease inhibitors. The compounds identified here could be utilized to develop novel metalloproteinase probes or as fragment components of more active inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mare Cudic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, 33431, USA
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42
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Lauer-Fields JL, Chalmers MJ, Busby SA, Minond D, Griffin PR, Fields GB. Identification of specific hemopexin-like domain residues that facilitate matrix metalloproteinase collagenolytic activity. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:24017-24. [PMID: 19574232 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.016873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagen serves as a structural scaffold and a barrier between tissues, and thus collagen catabolism (collagenolysis) is required to be a tightly regulated process in normal physiology. In turn, the destruction or damage of collagen during pathological states plays a role in tumor growth and invasion, cartilage degradation, or atherosclerotic plaque formation and rupture. Several members of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family catalyze the hydrolysis of collagen triple helical structure. This study has utilized triple helical peptide (THP) substrates and inhibitors to dissect MMP-1 collagenolytic behavior. Analysis of MMP-1/THP interactions by hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry followed by evaluation of wild type and mutant MMP-1 kinetics led to the identification of three noncatalytic regions in MMP-1 (residues 285-295, 302-316, and 437-457) and two specific residues (Ile-290 and Arg-291) that participate in collagenolysis. Ile-290 and Arg-291 contribute to recognition of triple helical structure and facilitate both the binding and catalysis of the triple helix. Evidence from this study and prior studies indicates that the MMP-1 catalytic and hemopexin-like domains collaborate in collagen catabolism by properly aligning the triple helix and coupling conformational states to facilitate hydrolysis. This study is the first to document the roles of specific residues within the MMP-1 hemopexin-like domain in substrate binding and turnover. Noncatalytic sites, such as those identified here, can ultimately be utilized to create THP inhibitors that target MMPs implicated in disease progression while sparing proteases with host-beneficial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle L Lauer-Fields
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
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Lauer-Fields JL, Minond D, Chase PS, Baillargeon PE, Saldanha SA, Stawikowska R, Hodder P, Fields GB. High throughput screening of potentially selective MMP-13 exosite inhibitors utilizing a triple-helical FRET substrate. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:990-1005. [PMID: 18358729 PMCID: PMC3298815 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2007] [Revised: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The major components of the cartilage extracellular matrix are type II collagen and aggrecan. Matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) has been implicated as the protease responsible for collagen degradation in cartilage during osteoarthritis (OA). In the present study, a triple-helical FRET substrate has been utilized for high throughput screening (HTS) of MMP-13 with the MLSCN compound library (n approximately 65,000). Thirty-four compounds from the HTS produced pharmacological dose-response curves. A secondary screen using RP-HPLC validated 25 compounds as MMP-13 inhibitors. Twelve of these compounds were selected for counter-screening with 6 representative MMP family members. Five compounds were found to be broad-spectrum MMP inhibitors, 3 inhibited MMP-13 and one other MMP, and 4 were selective for MMP-13. One of the selective inhibitors was more active against MMP-13 triple-helical peptidase activity compared with single-stranded peptidase activity. Since the THP FRET substrate has distinct conformational features that may interact with MMP secondary binding sites (exosites), novel non-active site-binding inhibitors may be identified via HTS protocols utilizing such assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle L. Lauer-Fields
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431-0991
| | - Dmitriy Minond
- Lead Identification Department, The Scripps Research Institute Molecular Screening Center, Scripps Florida, 5353 Parkside Drive, RF-1, Jupiter, FL 33458
| | - Peter S. Chase
- Lead Identification Department, The Scripps Research Institute Molecular Screening Center, Scripps Florida, 5353 Parkside Drive, RF-1, Jupiter, FL 33458
| | - Pierre E. Baillargeon
- Lead Identification Department, The Scripps Research Institute Molecular Screening Center, Scripps Florida, 5353 Parkside Drive, RF-1, Jupiter, FL 33458
| | - S. Adrian Saldanha
- Lead Identification Department, The Scripps Research Institute Molecular Screening Center, Scripps Florida, 5353 Parkside Drive, RF-1, Jupiter, FL 33458
| | - Roma Stawikowska
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431-0991
| | - Peter Hodder
- Lead Identification Department, The Scripps Research Institute Molecular Screening Center, Scripps Florida, 5353 Parkside Drive, RF-1, Jupiter, FL 33458
| | - Gregg B. Fields
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431-0991
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Katritzky AR, Narindoshvili T. Fluorescent amino acids: advances in protein-extrinsic fluorophores. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:627-34. [DOI: 10.1039/b818908k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Application of topologically constrained mini-proteins as ligands, substrates, and inhibitors. Methods Mol Biol 2008; 386:125-66. [PMID: 18604945 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-430-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions are governed by a variety of structural features. The sequence specificities of such interactions are usually easier to establish than the "topological specificities," whereby interactions may be classified based on recognition of distinct three-dimensional structural motifs. Approaches to explore topological specificities have been based primarily on assembly of mini-proteins with well defined secondary, tertiary, and/or quarternary structures. The present chapter focuses on three approaches for constructing topologically well defined mini-proteins: template-assembled synthetic proteins (TASPs), disulfide-stabilized structures, and peptide-amphiphiles (PAs). Specific examples are given for applying each approach to explore topologically-dependent protein-protein interactions. TASPs are utilized to identify a metastatic melanoma receptor that binds to the alpha1(IV)1263-1277 region of basement membrane (type IV) collagen. A disulfide-stabilized structure incorporating a sarafotoxin (SRT) 6b model was examined as a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 inhibitor. PAs were developed as (a) fluorogenic triple-helical or polyPro II substrates for MMPs and aggrecanase members of the a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS) family and (b) glycosylated and nonglycosylated ligands for metastatic melanoma cells. Topologically constrained mini-proteins have proved to be quite versatile, helping to define critical primary, secondary, and tertiary structural elements that modulate enzyme and receptor functions.
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Rezler EM, Khan DR, Tu R, Tirrell M, Fields GB. Peptide-mediated targeting of liposomes to tumor cells. Methods Mol Biol 2008; 386:269-98. [PMID: 18604950 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-430-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
One of the biggest obstacles for efficient drug delivery is specific cellular targeting. Liposomes have long been used for drug delivery, but do not possess targeting capabilities. This limitation may be circumvented by surface coating of colloidal delivery systems with peptides, proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, or antibodies that target cell surface receptors or other biomolecules. Each of these coatings has significant drawbacks. One idealized system for drug delivery combines stabilized "protein module" ligands with a colloidal delivery vehicle. Prior studies have shown that peptide-amphiphiles, whereby both a peptide "head group" and a lipid-like "tail" are present in the same molecule, can be used to engineer collagen-like triple-helical or alpha-helical miniproteins. The tails serve to stabilize the head group structural elements. These peptide-amphiphiles can be designed to bind to specific cell surface receptors with high affinity. Structural stabilization of the integrated targeting ligand in the peptide-amphiphile system equates to prolonged in vivo stability through resistance to proteolytic degradation. Liposomes have been prepared incorporating a melanoma targeting peptide-amphiphile ligand, and shown to be stable with retention of peptide-amphiphile triple-helical structure. Encapsulated fluorescent dyes are selectively delivered to cells. In this chapter we describe the methods and techniques employed in the preparation and characterization of peptide-amphiphiles and peptide-amphiphile-targeted large and small unilamellar vesicles (LUVs and SUVs). Fluorescence microscopy is subsequently utilized to examine the targeting capabilities of peptide-amphiphile LUVs, which should allow for improved drug selectivity towards melanoma vs normal cells based on differences in the relative abundance of the targeted cell surface receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evonne M Rezler
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, USA
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Troeberg L, Nagase H. Monitoring metalloproteinase activity using synthetic fluorogenic substrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; Chapter 21:21.16.1-21.16.9. [PMID: 18429258 DOI: 10.1002/0471140864.ps2116s33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fluorogenic synthetic substrates are commonly used to monitor the activity of peptidases in vitro. This unit presents a representative protocol that employs (7-methoxycoumarin-4-yl)acetyl-Pro-Leu-Gly-Leu-(3-[2,4-dinitrophenyl]-L-2,3-diaminopropionyl)-Ala-Arg-NH2 (Mca-Pro-Leu-Gly~Leu-Dpa-Ala-Arg-NH2) as a substrate to assay matrix metallopeptidases (MMPs). This substrate was first described for the assay of MMP-1, -2 and -3 and it is now widely used as a general MMP substrate. Protocols are given for both stopped-time assays (suitable for assaying MMP activity in a large number of samples) and continuous assays (commonly used when establishing an assay protocol or investigating kinetic aspects of enzyme behavior). Other fluorogenic peptides and protein substrates, together with non-fluorogenic alternatives, are also discussed.
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Lauer-Fields JL, Whitehead JK, Li S, Hammer RP, Brew K, Fields GB. Selective modulation of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) functions via exosite inhibition. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:20087-95. [PMID: 18499673 PMCID: PMC2459303 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m801438200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Revised: 05/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Unregulated activities of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family have been implicated in primary and metastatic tumor growth, angiogenesis, and pathological degradation of extracellular matrix components, such as collagen and laminin. However, clinical trials with small molecule MMP inhibitors have been largely unsuccessful, with a lack of selectivity considered particularly problematic. Enhanced selectivity could be achieved by taking advantage of differences in substrate secondary binding sites (exosites) within the MMP family. In this study, triple-helical substrates and triple-helical transition state analog inhibitors have been utilized to dissect the roles of potential exosites in MMP-9 collagenolytic behavior. Substrate and inhibitor sequences were based on either the alpha1(V)436-450 collagen region, which is hydrolyzed at the Gly (downward arrow) Val bond selectively by MMP-2 and MMP-9, or the Gly (downward arrow) Leu cleavage site within the consensus interstitial collagen sequence alpha1(I-III)769-783, which is hydrolyzed by MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-8, MMP-9, MMP-13, and MT1-MMP. Exosites within the MMP-9 fibronectin II inserts were found to be critical for interactions with type V collagen model substrates and inhibitors and to participate in interactions with an interstitial (types I-III) collagen model inhibitor. A triple-helical peptide incorporating a fibronectin II insert-binding sequence was constructed and found to selectively inhibit MMP-9 type V collagen-based activities compared with interstitial collagen-based activities. This represents the first example of differential inhibition of collagenolytic activities and was achieved via an exosite-binding triple-helical peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle L Lauer-Fields
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and College of Biomedical Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
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Cheng XC, Fang H, Xu WF. Advances in assays of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2008; 23:154-67. [PMID: 18343899 DOI: 10.1080/14756360701511292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in many physiological and pathological processes. To assay the activities of MMPs is important in diagnosis and therapy of the MMPs associated diseases, such as neoplastic, rheumatic and cardiovascular diseases. Several assay systems have been developed, which include bioassay, zymography assay, immunoassay, fluorimetric assay, radio isotopic assay, phage-displayed assay, multiple-enzyme/multiple-reagent assay and activity-based profiling assay. The principle, application, advantage and disadvantage of these assays have been reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Chao Cheng
- Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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50
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Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are members of a family of zinc-dependent proteolytic enzymes. Several of the MMPs are expressed at high levels in bone and cartilage in mammals including humans and mice and are capable of cleaving native, undenatured collagens with long uninterrupted triple helices; these MMPs therefore potentially function as collagenases in vivo. Several MMPs expressed in the skeleton appear to function in endochondral ossification during embryonic development and in modeling and remodeling of bone postnatally and later in life. Different functions of MMPs have been elucidated through observations of spontaneous mutations in MMP genes in humans and of targeted mutations in Mmp genes and collagen (substrate) genes in mice. Potential mechanisms to account for effects of these mutations are considered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Krane
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and the Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Building 149 13th Street, Room 8301, Boston. MA 02129, USA.
| | - Masaki Inada
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and the Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Building 149 13th Street, Room 8301, Boston. MA 02129, USA
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