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Liao F, Yang W, Long L, Yu R, Qu H, Peng Y, Lu J, Ren C, Wang Y, Fu C. Elucidating Iron Metabolism through Molecular Imaging. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:2798-2818. [PMID: 38666905 PMCID: PMC11049567 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46040175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Iron is essential for many physiological processes, and the dysregulation of its metabolism is implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases. Recent advances in iron metabolism research have revealed multiple complex pathways critical for maintaining iron homeostasis. Molecular imaging, an interdisciplinary imaging technique, has shown considerable promise in advancing research on iron metabolism. Here, we comprehensively review the multifaceted roles of iron at the cellular and systemic levels (along with the complex regulatory mechanisms of iron metabolism), elucidate appropriate imaging methods, and summarize their utility and fundamental principles in diagnosing and treating diseases related to iron metabolism. Utilizing molecular imaging technology to deeply understand the complexities of iron metabolism and its critical role in physiological and pathological processes offers new possibilities for early disease diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and the development of novel therapies. Despite technological limitations and the need to ensure the biological relevance and clinical applicability of imaging results, molecular imaging technology's potential to reveal the iron metabolic process is unparalleled, providing new insights into the link between iron metabolism abnormalities and various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Liao
- Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100105, China; (F.L.); (R.Y.); (Y.P.); (J.L.); (C.R.)
- Graduate School, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China; (W.Y.); (L.L.); (H.Q.)
| | - Wenwen Yang
- Graduate School, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China; (W.Y.); (L.L.); (H.Q.)
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, The State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Linzi Long
- Graduate School, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China; (W.Y.); (L.L.); (H.Q.)
| | - Ruotong Yu
- Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100105, China; (F.L.); (R.Y.); (Y.P.); (J.L.); (C.R.)
- Graduate School, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China; (W.Y.); (L.L.); (H.Q.)
| | - Hua Qu
- Graduate School, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China; (W.Y.); (L.L.); (H.Q.)
| | - Yuxuan Peng
- Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100105, China; (F.L.); (R.Y.); (Y.P.); (J.L.); (C.R.)
- Graduate School, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China; (W.Y.); (L.L.); (H.Q.)
| | - Jieming Lu
- Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100105, China; (F.L.); (R.Y.); (Y.P.); (J.L.); (C.R.)
- Graduate School, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China; (W.Y.); (L.L.); (H.Q.)
| | - Chenghuan Ren
- Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100105, China; (F.L.); (R.Y.); (Y.P.); (J.L.); (C.R.)
- Graduate School, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China; (W.Y.); (L.L.); (H.Q.)
| | - Yueqi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, The State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Changgeng Fu
- Graduate School, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China; (W.Y.); (L.L.); (H.Q.)
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Abstract
The cardiovascular system requires iron to maintain its high energy demands and metabolic activity. Iron plays a critical role in oxygen transport and storage, mitochondrial function, and enzyme activity. However, excess iron is also cardiotoxic due to its ability to catalyze the formation of reactive oxygen species and promote oxidative damage. While mammalian cells have several redundant iron import mechanisms, they are equipped with a single iron-exporting protein, which makes the cardiovascular system particularly sensitive to iron overload. As a result, iron levels are tightly regulated at many levels to maintain homeostasis. Iron dysregulation ranges from iron deficiency to iron overload and is seen in many types of cardiovascular disease, including heart failure, myocardial infarction, anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity, and Friedreich's ataxia. Recently, the use of intravenous iron therapy has been advocated in patients with heart failure and certain criteria for iron deficiency. Here, we provide an overview of systemic and cellular iron homeostasis in the context of cardiovascular physiology, iron deficiency, and iron overload in cardiovascular disease, current therapeutic strategies, and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Teodor Sawicki
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Adam De Jesus
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Hossein Ardehali
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
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Wang S, Liu Z, Geng J, Li L, Feng X. An overview of ferroptosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113374. [PMID: 35834990 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a public health problem associated with high mortality and high morbidity rates worldwide. Presently, its complex pathophysiology is still unclear, and there is no specific drug to reverse NAFLD. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent and non-apoptotic form of cell death characterized by the iron-induced accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS), which damage nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids; generate intracellular oxidative stress; and ultimately cause cell death. Emerging evidence indicates that ferroptosis is involved in the progression of NAFLD, although the mechanism of action of ferroptosis in NAFLD is still poorly understood. Herein, we summarize the mechanism of action of ferroptosis in certain diseases, especially in the pathogenesis of NAFLD, and discuss the potential therapeutic approaches currently used to treat NAFLD. This review also highlights further directions for the treatment and prevention of NAFLD and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shendong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China; Department of Immunology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Zhaojun Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China; Department of Immunology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Jiafeng Geng
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China; Department of Immunology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Liangge Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China; Department of Immunology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, Shandong, China
| | - Xiujing Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, Shandong, China; Department of Immunology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, Shandong, China.
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Zhang Q, Zhang J, Song J, Liu Y, Ren X, Zhao Y. Protein-Based Nanomedicine for Therapeutic Benefits of Cancer. ACS NANO 2021; 15:8001-8038. [PMID: 33900074 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Proteins, a type of natural biopolymer that possess many prominent merits, have been widely utilized to engineer nanomedicine for fighting against cancer. Motivated by their ever-increasing attention in the scientific community, this review aims to provide a comprehensive showcase on the current landscape of protein-based nanomedicine for cancer therapy. On the basis of role differences of proteins in nanomedicine, protein-based nanomedicine engineered with protein therapeutics, protein carriers, enzymes, and composite proteins is introduced. The cancer therapeutic benefits of the protein-based nanomedicine are also discussed, including small-molecular therapeutics-mediated therapy, macromolecular therapeutics-mediated therapy, radiation-mediated therapy, reactive oxygen species-mediated therapy, and thermal effect-mediated therapy. Lastly, future developments and potential challenges of protein-based nanomedicine are elucidated toward clinical translation. It is believed that protein-based nanomedicine will play a vital role in the battle against cancer. We hope that this review will inspire extensive research interests from diverse disciplines to further push the developments of protein-based nanomedicine in the biomedical frontier, contributing to ever-greater medical advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhong Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Junmin Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jun Song
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yizhen Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiangzhong Ren
- International Joint Research Center for Molecular Science, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yanli Zhao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459, Singapore
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Sunnam LBK, Kondapi AK. Topoisomerase II β Gene Specific siRNA Delivery by Nanoparticles Prepared with c-ter Apotransferrin and its Effect on HIV-1 Replication. Mol Biotechnol 2021; 63:732-745. [PMID: 33993458 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-021-00334-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Topoisomerase II beta (Topo IIβ) is one of the two isoforms of type II topoisomerases present in higher eukaryotes. This 180 kDa nuclear protein involves in different cellular processes like transcription, recombination, etc., apart from its normal topological functions. Previously, we have reported the association of this isoform along with the other isoform topoisomerase II alpha (Topo IIα) with HIV-1 reverse transcription complex and the downregulation of Topo IIβ expression resulted in incomplete reverse transcription. In this study, we have tested the Topo IIβ specific siRNA delivery using protein nanoparticles prepared with c-terminal domine of transferrin (c-ter) for the first time. Results show that, c-ter nanoparticles resemble apotransferrin nanoparticles in drug holding capability and drug delivery but with small in size. Topo IIβ specific siRNA delivered in the form of c-ter nanoformulation resulted in knockdown of Topo IIβ expression for the prolonged periods and which intern resulted in decreased viral replication of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokeswara Bala Krishna Sunnam
- Laboratory of Molecular Therapeutics, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, South Campus, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500049, Telangana, India.
| | - Anand K Kondapi
- Laboratory of Molecular Therapeutics, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, South Campus, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500049, Telangana, India
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Belkahla H, Constantinescu AA, Gharbi T, Barbault F, Chevillot-Biraud A, Decorse P, Micheau O, Hémadi M, Ammar S. Grafting TRAIL through Either Amino or Carboxylic Groups onto Maghemite Nanoparticles: Influence on Pro-Apoptotic Efficiency. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11020502. [PMID: 33671136 PMCID: PMC7922020 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a member of the TNF cytokine superfamily. TRAIL is able to induce apoptosis through engagement of its death receptors DR4 and DR5 in a wide variety of tumor cells while sparing vital normal cells. This makes it a promising agent for cancer therapy. Here, we present two different ways of covalently grafting TRAIL onto maghemite nanoparticles (NPs): (a) by using carboxylic acid groups of the protein to graft it onto maghemite NPs previously functionalized with amino groups, and (b) by using the amino functions of the protein to graft it onto NPs functionalized with carboxylic acid groups. The two resulting nanovectors, NH-TRAIL@NPs-CO and CO-TRAIL@NPs-NH, were thoroughly characterized. Biological studies performed on human breast and lung carcinoma cells (MDA-MB-231 and H1703 cell lines) established these nanovectors are potential agents for cancer therapy. The pro-apoptotic effect is somewhat greater for CO-TRAIL@NPs-NH than NH-TRAIL@NPs-CO, as evidenced by viability studies and apoptosis analysis. A computational study indicated that regardless of whether TRAIL is attached to NPs through an acid or an amino group, DR4 recognition is not affected in either case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanene Belkahla
- Université de Paris, CNRS-UMR 7086, Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et DYnamique des Systèmes (ITODYS), UFR de Chimie, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75013 Paris, France; (H.B.); (F.B.); (A.C.-B.); (P.D.)
- Lipides Nutrition Cancer, INSERM-UMR 1231, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR Science de Santé, 7 Bd Jeanne d’Arc, 21000 Dijon, France; (A.A.C.); (O.M.)
- Nanomedicine, Imagery and Therapeutics, EA 4662, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR Sciences & Techniques, 16 Route de Gray, 25030 Besançon CEDEX, France;
| | - Andrei Alexandru Constantinescu
- Lipides Nutrition Cancer, INSERM-UMR 1231, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR Science de Santé, 7 Bd Jeanne d’Arc, 21000 Dijon, France; (A.A.C.); (O.M.)
| | - Tijani Gharbi
- Nanomedicine, Imagery and Therapeutics, EA 4662, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR Sciences & Techniques, 16 Route de Gray, 25030 Besançon CEDEX, France;
| | - Florent Barbault
- Université de Paris, CNRS-UMR 7086, Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et DYnamique des Systèmes (ITODYS), UFR de Chimie, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75013 Paris, France; (H.B.); (F.B.); (A.C.-B.); (P.D.)
| | - Alexandre Chevillot-Biraud
- Université de Paris, CNRS-UMR 7086, Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et DYnamique des Systèmes (ITODYS), UFR de Chimie, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75013 Paris, France; (H.B.); (F.B.); (A.C.-B.); (P.D.)
| | - Philippe Decorse
- Université de Paris, CNRS-UMR 7086, Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et DYnamique des Systèmes (ITODYS), UFR de Chimie, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75013 Paris, France; (H.B.); (F.B.); (A.C.-B.); (P.D.)
| | - Olivier Micheau
- Lipides Nutrition Cancer, INSERM-UMR 1231, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR Science de Santé, 7 Bd Jeanne d’Arc, 21000 Dijon, France; (A.A.C.); (O.M.)
| | - Miryana Hémadi
- Université de Paris, CNRS-UMR 7086, Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et DYnamique des Systèmes (ITODYS), UFR de Chimie, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75013 Paris, France; (H.B.); (F.B.); (A.C.-B.); (P.D.)
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (S.A.)
| | - Souad Ammar
- Université de Paris, CNRS-UMR 7086, Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et DYnamique des Systèmes (ITODYS), UFR de Chimie, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75013 Paris, France; (H.B.); (F.B.); (A.C.-B.); (P.D.)
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (S.A.)
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Ott DB, Hartwig A, Stillman MJ. Competition between Al 3+ and Fe 3+ binding to human transferrin and toxicological implications: structural investigations using ultra-high resolution ESI MS and CD spectroscopy. Metallomics 2020; 11:968-981. [PMID: 30916671 DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00308d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Human serum transferrin (hTF) is an iron binding protein with the primary task of ensuring well-controlled transport of Fe3+-ions in the bloodstream. Furthermore, hTF has been identified as a key component in the trafficking of Al3+-ions from the serum to cells. It is clear that binding alone does not guarantee cellular uptake via the transferrin receptor, since this is determined by the structural properties of the metal-protein complex. The conformation of the metallated hTF is critically important for delivery of Fe3+ or any other metal into the cell. The combination of ultra-high resolution ESI mass spectrometry and CD spectroscopy together provide accurate species distribution of the Fe3+ during stepwise addition to apo-hTF and an indirect indication of the tertiary structure of the metallated protein. These two methods together are extremely fine probes of structural changes as a function of precise metal binding status at micromolar concentrations. Simulation of the precise domain distribution could be determined during the stepwise metallation from 0 to 2 Fe3+ added. Analysis of the ESI-MS data for the stepwise metallation of apo-hTF and Al1 or 2-hTF with Fe3+ was carried out and used to simulate the experimental speciation based on the reported KF values. There are six main conclusions: (1) Fe3+ binds predominantly, initially to the C-lobe. (2) The CD spectral properties indicate that the C-lobe metallation dominates the structural properties of both binding sites; N-lobe metallation modifies the C-lobe structure. (3) Fe3+ metallation of the mixed Al1-2-hTF results in the dominant form of Fe1Al1-hTF. (4) The first Fe3+ bound to Al1-hTF binds predominantly in the C-lobe domain. (5) The CD spectral properties when Fe3+ binds to Al1-2-hTF indicates that Al-N-lobe occupation mirrors the structural effects of N-lobe occupation by Fe3+. (6) With respect to how Al3+ might enter the cell, the formation of a hybrid form Al1Fe1-hTF might enable the Al3+ to enter the cell via receptor-mediated endocytosis due to the binding of Fe3+ in the C-lobe of the protein which is primarily responsible for the structure of the metal-protein complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee B Ott
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Bidram E, Esmaeili Y, Ranji-Burachaloo H, Al-Zaubai N, Zarrabi A, Stewart A, Dunstan DE. A concise review on cancer treatment methods and delivery systems. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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9
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Structural analysis of the transferrin receptor multifaceted ligand(s) interface. Biophys Chem 2019; 254:106242. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2019.106242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Amin HH, Meghani NM, Oh KT, Choi H, Lee BJ. A conjugation of stearic acid to apotransferrin, fattigation-platform, as a core to form self-assembled nanoparticles: Encapsulation of a hydrophobic paclitaxel and receptor-driven cancer targeting. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Han THL, Camadro JM, Santos R, Lesuisse E, El Hage Chahine JM, Ha-Duong NT. Mechanisms of iron and copper-frataxin interactions. Metallomics 2017; 9:1073-1085. [PMID: 28573291 DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00031f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Frataxin is a mitochondrial protein whose deficiency is the cause of Friedreich's ataxia, a hereditary neurodegenerative disease. This protein plays a role in iron-sulfur cluster biosynthesis, protection against oxidative stress and iron metabolism. In an attempt to provide a better understanding of the role played by metals in its metabolic functions, the mechanisms of mitochondrial metal binding to frataxin in vitro have been investigated. A purified recombinant yeast frataxin homolog Yfh1 binds two Cu(ii) ions with a Kd1(CuII) of 1.3 × 10-7 M and a Kd2(CuII) of 3.1 × 10-4 M and a single Cu(i) ion with a higher affinity than for Cu(ii) (Kd(CuI) = 3.2 × 10-8 M). Mn(ii) forms two complexes with Yfh1 (Kd1(MnII) = 4.0 × 10-8 M; Kd2(MnII) = 4.0 × 10-7 M). Cu and Mn bind Yfh1 with higher affinities than Fe(ii). It is established for the first time that the mechanisms of the interaction of iron and copper with frataxin are comparable and involve three kinetic steps. The first step occurs in the 50-500 ms range and corresponds to a first metal uptake. This is followed by two other kinetic processes that are related to a second metal uptake and/or to a change in the conformation leading to thermodynamic equilibrium. Frataxin deficient Δyfh1 yeast cells exhibited a marked growth defect in the presence of exogenous Cu or Mn. Mitochondria from Δyfh1 strains also accumulated higher amounts of copper, suggesting a functional role of frataxin in vivo in copper homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H L Han
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, "Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes", CNRS-UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France.
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12
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Guan Y, Dong J, Chen S, Liu M, Wang D, Zhang X, Wang H, Lin Z. Spectroscopic studies of the interaction mechanisms between mono-caffeoylquinic acids and transferrin. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 181:82-90. [PMID: 28342427 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Transferrin (Tf) is an important protein responsible for circulating and transporting iron into cytoplasm. Tf can be taken into cells through endocytosis mediated by Tf receptor, which usually overexpresses in cancer cells. The Tf-Tf receptor pathway opens a possible avenue for novel targeted cancer therapy by utilizing Tf-binding active compounds. Among which, anti-cancer active caffeoylquinic acids (CQAs) were recently found to be promising Tf-binders by our group. For better understanding the anti-cancer activities of CQAs, it is important to unveil the binding mechanisms between CQAs and Tf. In this study, the fluorescence quenching, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), circular dichroism (CD) and molecular docking were used to investigate the interactions between CQA and Tf. The results showed that the calculated apparent association constants of interactions between 1-, 3-, 4- and 5-CQA and Tf at 298K were 7.97×105M-1, 4.36×107M-1, 6.58×105M-1 and 4.42×106M-1, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters indicated that the interaction between 1-, 3-, 5-CQA and Tf is due to H-bonding, and electrostatic interactions were likely involved in the binding of 4-CQA and Tf. The CD results indicated that bindings of 1-CQA, 4-CQA and 5-CQA with Tf resulted in more stretched β-turn and random coil translated from β-sheet. In contrast, 3-CQA led to more stable a-helix conformation. Molecular docking studies of CQAs with Tf further displayed that CQAs were able to interact with residues near Fe3+ binding site. The spectroscopic studies revealed the action mechanisms, thermodynamics and interacting forces between CQAs and Tf, and thus are helpful for future design and discovery of Tf-binders for targeted cancer therapy applying Tf-Tf receptor pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Guan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jing Dong
- Shimadzu International Trading (Shanghai) Co. Limited, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Shizhong Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Meixian Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Daidong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaotian Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Zongtao Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States.
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Hai J, Piraux H, Mazarío E, Volatron J, Ha-Duong NT, Decorse P, Lomas JS, Verbeke P, Ammar S, Wilhelm C, El Hage Chahine JM, Hémadi M. Maghemite nanoparticles coated with human serum albumin: combining targeting by the iron-acquisition pathway and potential in photothermal therapies. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:3154-3162. [PMID: 32263713 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb00503b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human serum albumin (HSA), the most abundant plasma protein in human blood, is a natural transport vehicle with multiple ligand binding sites. It, therefore, constitutes an attractive candidate for drug delivery. Targeting may occur via the most known interaction of the protein with the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). Here, we investigate another HSA delivery path, involving the transferrin receptor, and we elaborate a maghemite-HSA nanohybrid, opening up new opportunities for medical applications. Fluorescence spectrophotometric titration and size-exclusion chromatography were used to substantiate, in cell-free assays, an interaction between HSA and the transferrin receptor R1. This occurs with a dissociation constant, KD of 6.7 nM. This interaction was confirmed in HeLa cell culture where, by confocal microscopy, rhodamine-labeled HSA is shown to be internalized. HSA was then covalently conjugated onto maghemite nanoparticles (NPs) to give a NP-HSA nanohybrid. The therapeutic potential of this hybrid was demonstrated through its heating capacity in magnetic hyperthermia (MH) and near-infrared (NIR) photothermia (PT). In particular, the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) in the PT Therapy (PTT) mode, using a 808 nm NIR-LASER (1 W cm-2) and at iron concentration as low as 2.5 mM, was found to be very high, equal to 1870 W g-1 with a temperature increment of 9.2 °C. The nanohybrids incubated with HeLa cells were mainly localized at the cell surface. When the PTT mode was applied under the same conditions as in vitro, mortality was higher in HeLa cells than in fibroblasts (non-malignant cells). Cytotoxicity was checked in both cell lines without the PTT mode; the nanohybrids do not seem to affect cell viability. These results make the nanohybrids very promising agents for NIR-PT and for targeting in cancer therapy, since non-malignant cells were not damaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hai
- Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS-UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France.
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Hai J, Serradji N, Mouton L, Redeker V, Cornu D, El Hage Chahine JM, Verbeke P, Hémadi M. Targeted Delivery of Amoxicillin to C. trachomatis by the Transferrin Iron Acquisition Pathway. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150031. [PMID: 26919720 PMCID: PMC4768884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Weak intracellular penetration of antibiotics makes some infections difficult to treat. The Trojan horse strategy for targeted drug delivery is among the interesting routes being explored to overcome this therapeutic difficulty. Chlamydia trachomatis, as an obligate intracellular human pathogen, is responsible for both trachoma and sexually transmitted diseases. Chlamydia develops in a vacuole and is therefore protected by four membranes (plasma membrane, bacterial inclusion membrane, and bacterial membranes). In this work, the iron-transport protein, human serum-transferrin, was used as a Trojan horse for antibiotic delivery into the bacterial vacuole. Amoxicillin was grafted onto transferrin. The transferrin-amoxicillin construct was characterized by mass spectrometry and absorption spectroscopy. Its affinity for transferrin receptor 1, determined by fluorescence emission titration [KaffTf-amox = (1.3 ± 1.0) x 108], is very close to that of transferrin [4.3 x 108]. Transmission electron and confocal microscopies showed a co-localization of transferrin with the bacteria in the vacuole and were also used to evaluate the antibiotic capability of the construct. It is significantly more effective than amoxicillin alone. These promising results demonstrate targeted delivery of amoxicillin to suppress Chlamydia and are of interest for Chlamydiaceae and maybe other intracellular bacteria therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hai
- ITODYS, Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS-UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Nawal Serradji
- ITODYS, Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS-UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Ludovic Mouton
- ITODYS, Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS-UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Virginie Redeker
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CNRS-UMR 9197, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - David Cornu
- Service d’Identification et de Caractérisation des Protéines, CNRS-UMR 9198, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jean-Michel El Hage Chahine
- ITODYS, Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS-UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
- * E-mail: (MH); (JEHC); (PV)
| | - Philippe Verbeke
- UMR 1149 Inserm, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, ERL-CNRS 8252, Faculté de Médecine, site Bichat, 16 rue Henri Huchard, 75018 Paris, France
- * E-mail: (MH); (JEHC); (PV)
| | - Miryana Hémadi
- ITODYS, Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS-UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
- * E-mail: (MH); (JEHC); (PV)
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Abdizadeh H, Atilgan C. Predicting long term cooperativity and specific modulators of receptor interactions in human transferrin from dynamics within a single microstate. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:7916-26. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp05107j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PRS identifies regions contacting rapidly evolving residues that mechanically manipulate dissociation from the pathogen in the human transferrin–bacterial receptor complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleh Abdizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences
- Sabanci University
- Tuzla
- Turkey
| | - Canan Atilgan
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences
- Sabanci University
- Tuzla
- Turkey
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16
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Shao M, Peng ZX, Shi CY, Tang R, Manzo LM, Liu Y. A convenient method for hTfR1 inclusion body purification. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 45:743-53. [PMID: 25207990 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2014.952383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human transferrin receptor, referred as hTfR1, is ubiquitously expressed at low levels in most normal human tissues; however, the expression level of hTfR1 at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and in tumor tissues is relatively higher. hTfR1 is a type II homodimeric transmembrane protein. The extracellular domain of hTfR1 consists of three domains: helical domain, apical, and protease-like domain. In order to prepare hTfR1 antibody, which can be utilized to deliver drugs across BBB through receptor-mediated endocytosis, we began to express the nonligand binding domain of hTfR1 in Escherichia coli BL21 Transetta (DE3). The TfR1 gene was first obtained from HepG2 cells by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and then inserted into pET 32a(c+) vector. The protein was expressed in the form of inclusion body with extremely high purity by the E. coli BL21 Transetta (DE3), and the purity was further improved by size-exclusion chromatography. The Western blot test indicated that the recombinant protein was TfR1 as expected. Above all, this report provided a convenient protocol that could be fulfilled in order to prepare hTfR1 inclusion body, which failed to be purified by an Ni(2+) affinity column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Shao
- a State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
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17
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Eid C, Hémadi M, Ha-Duong NT, El Hage Chahine JM. Iron uptake and transfer from ceruloplasmin to transferrin. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:1771-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Senthilnathan D, Kalaiselvan A, Vedha SA, Venuvanalingam P. The metal delivery mechanism of transferrin and the role of bent metallocene metals towards anticancer activity – a theoretical exploration. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra46422a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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19
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Deblonde GJP, Sturzbecher-Hoehne M, Mason AB, Abergel RJ. Receptor recognition of transferrin bound to lanthanides and actinides: a discriminating step in cellular acquisition of f-block metals. Metallomics 2013; 5:619-26. [PMID: 23446908 DOI: 10.1039/c3mt20237b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Following an internal contamination event, the transport of actinide (An) and lanthanide (Ln) metal ions through the body is facilitated by endogenous ligands such as the human iron-transport protein transferrin (Tf). The recognition of resulting metallo-transferrin complexes (M2Tf) by the cognate transferrin receptor (TfR) is therefore a critical step for cellular uptake of these metal ions. A high performance liquid chromatography-based method has been used to probe the binding of M2Tf with TfR, yielding a direct measurement of the successive thermodynamic constants that correspond to the dissociation of TfR(M2Tf)2 and TfR(M2Tf) complexes for Fe(3+), Ga(3+), La(3+), Nd(3+), Gd(3+), Yb(3+), Lu(3+), (232)Th(4+), (238)UO2(2+), and (242)Pu(4+). Important features of this method are (i) its ability to distinguish both 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 complexes formed between the receptor and the metal-bound transferrin, and (ii) the requirement for very small amounts of each binding partner (<1 nmol of protein per assay). Consistent with previous reports, the strongest receptor affinity is found for Fe2Tf (Kd1 = 5 nM and Kd2 = 20 nM), while the lowest affinity was measured for Pu2Tf (Kd1 = 0.28 μM and Kd2 = 1.8 μM) binding to the TfR. Other toxic metal ions such as Th(IV) and U(VI), when bound to Tf, are well recognized by the TfR. Under the described experimental conditions, the relative stabilities of TfR:(MxTf)y adducts follow the order Fe(3+) >> Th(4+) ~ UO2(2+) ~ Cm(3+) > Ln(3+) ~ Ga(3+) >>> Yb(3+) ~ Pu(4+). This study substantiates a role for Tf in binding lanthanide fission products and actinides, and transporting them into cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauthier J-P Deblonde
- Chemical Sciences Division, Glenn T. Seaborg Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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20
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Piraux H, Hai J, Verbeke P, Serradji N, Ammar S, Losno R, Ha-Duong NT, Hémadi M, El Hage Chahine JM. Transferrin receptor-1 iron-acquisition pathway - synthesis, kinetics, thermodynamics and rapid cellular internalization of a holotransferrin-maghemite nanoparticle construct. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:4254-64. [PMID: 23648413 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeting nanoobjects via the iron-acquisition pathway is always reported slower than the transferrin/receptor endocytosis. Is there a remedy? METHODS Maghemite superparamagnetic and theragnostic nanoparticles (diameter 8.6nm) were synthesized, coated with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (NP) and coupled to four holotransferrin (TFe2) by amide bonds (TFe2-NP). The constructs were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, FTIR, X-ray Electron Spectroscopy, Inductively Coupled Plasma with Atomic Emission Spectrometry. The in-vitro protein/protein interaction of TFe2-NP with transferrin receptor-1 (R1) and endocytosis in HeLa cells were investigated spectrophotometrically, by fast T-jump kinetics and confocal microscopy. RESULTS In-vitro, R1 interacts with TFe2-NP with an overall dissociation constant KD=11nM. This interaction occurs in two steps: in the first, the C-lobe of the TFe2-NP interacts with R1 in 50μs: second-order rate constant, k1=6×10(10)M(-1)s(-1); first-order rate constant, k-1=9×10(4)s(-1); dissociation constant, K1d=1.5μM. In the second step, the protein/protein adduct undergoes a slow (10,000s) change in conformation to reach equilibrium. This mechanism is identical to that occurring with the free TFe2. In HeLa cells, TFe2-NP is internalized in the cytosol in less than 15min. CONCLUSION This is the first time that a nanoparticle-transferrin construct is shown to interact with R1 and is internalized in time scales similar to those of the free holotransferrin. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE TFe2-NP behaves as free TFe2 and constitutes a model for rapidly targeting theragnostic devices via the main iron-acquisition pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Piraux
- Université Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité - CNRS UMR, Paris Cedex, France
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21
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Chen C, Paw BH. Cellular and mitochondrial iron homeostasis in vertebrates. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1823:1459-67. [PMID: 22285816 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Iron plays an essential role in cellular metabolism and biological processes. However, due to its intrinsic redox activity, free iron is a potentially toxic molecule in cellular biochemistry. Thus, organisms have developed sophisticated ways to import, sequester, and utilize iron. The transferrin cycle is a well-studied iron uptake pathway that is important for most vertebrate cells. Circulating iron can also be imported into cells by mechanisms that are independent of transferrin. Once imported into erythroid cells, iron is predominantly consumed by the mitochondria for the biosynthesis of heme and iron sulfur clusters. This review focuses on canonical transferrin-mediated and the newly discovered, non-transferrin mediated iron uptake pathways, as well as, mitochondrial iron homeostasis in higher eukaryotes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cell Biology of Metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyong Chen
- Department of Medicine, Hematology Division, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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22
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Luo LZ, Jin HW, Huang L, Huang HQ. Different binding affinities of Pb2+ and Cu2+ to glycosylation variants of human serum transferrin interfere with the detection of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 144:487-95. [PMID: 21792595 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-011-9150-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) is a specific biomarker of alcohol abuse, and for diagnosis of chronic alcohol, abuse is often determined using isoelectric focusing (IEF) and chromatographic techniques. To allow this method to be used for the diagnosis of alcohol abuse, inferences of various physical and chemical factors with the detection of CDT have been investigated. However, few reports have focused thus far on whether different metal ions have different binding affinities to CDT and HTf variants or further interfere in the detection of CDT. Here, in order to figure out whether and how metal ions such as Pb(2+) and Cu(2+) bind to holo-human serum transferrin (holo-HTf) and further interfere in CDT detection, the binding characteristics and the binding parameters of holo-HTf with metal ions such as Pb(2+) and Cu(2+) were investigated using UV-visible spectroscopy, Fluorescence spectroscopy, and ICP-MS. Moreover, whether the metal ions such as Pb(2+) and Cu(2+) will reduce the diagnostic accuracy of CDT in clinic was investigated using IEF. The present study demonstrates that Pb(2+) and Cu(2+) have different binding affinities to holo-HTf variants and produce different changes in the relative amounts of each glycosylation isoforms of HTf. Accordingly, the glycosylation chains of HTf will affect the binding affinities of glycosylation isoforms with Pb(2+) and Cu(2+), causing further interferences in CDT detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Zhong Luo
- Key Laboratory of MOE for Cell Biology and Tumor Cell Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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El Hage Chahine JM, Hémadi M, Ha-Duong NT. Uptake and release of metal ions by transferrin and interaction with receptor 1. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1820:334-47. [PMID: 21872645 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For a metal to follow the iron acquisition pathway, four conditions are required: 1-complex formation with transferrin; 2-interaction with receptor 1; 3-metal release in the endosome; and 4-metal transport to cytosol. SCOPE OF THE REVIEW This review deals with the mechanisms of aluminum(III), cobalt(III), uranium(VI), gallium(III) and bismuth(III) uptake by transferrin and interaction with receptor 1. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The interaction of the metal-loaded transferrin with receptor 1 takes place in one or two steps: a very fast first step (μs to ms) between the C-lobe and the helical domain of the receptor, and a second slow step (2-6h) between the N-lobe and the protease-like domain. In transferrin loaded with metals other than iron, the dissociation constants for the interaction of the C-lobe with TFR are in a comparable range of magnitudes 10 to 0.5μM, whereas those of the interaction of the N-lobe are several orders of magnitudes lower or not detected. Endocytosis occurs in minutes, which implies a possible internalization of the metal-loaded transferrin with only the C-lobe interacting with the receptor. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE A competition with iron is possible and implies that metal internalization is more related to kinetics than thermodynamics. As for metal release in the endosome, it is faster than the recycling time of transferrin, which implies its possible liberation in the cell. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Transferrins: Molecular mechanisms of iron transport and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel El Hage Chahine
- Université Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité–CNRS, Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation Dynamique des Systèmes–UMR 7086, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf,75205 Paris Cedex 13, France.
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Daniels TR, Bernabeu E, Rodríguez JA, Patel S, Kozman M, Chiappetta DA, Holler E, Ljubimova JY, Helguera G, Penichet ML. The transferrin receptor and the targeted delivery of therapeutic agents against cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1820:291-317. [PMID: 21851850 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 496] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional cancer therapy can be successful in destroying tumors, but can also cause dangerous side effects. Therefore, many targeted therapies are in development. The transferrin receptor (TfR) functions in cellular iron uptake through its interaction with transferrin. This receptor is an attractive molecule for the targeted therapy of cancer since it is upregulated on the surface of many cancer types and is efficiently internalized. This receptor can be targeted in two ways: 1) for the delivery of therapeutic molecules into malignant cells or 2) to block the natural function of the receptor leading directly to cancer cell death. SCOPE OF REVIEW In the present article we discuss the strategies used to target the TfR for the delivery of therapeutic agents into cancer cells. We provide a summary of the vast types of anti-cancer drugs that have been delivered into cancer cells employing a variety of receptor binding molecules including Tf, anti-TfR antibodies, or TfR-binding peptides alone or in combination with carrier molecules including nanoparticles and viruses. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Targeting the TfR has been shown to be effective in delivering many different therapeutic agents and causing cytotoxic effects in cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The extensive use of TfR for targeted therapy attests to the versatility of targeting this receptor for therapeutic purposes against malignant cells. More advances in this area are expected to further improve the therapeutic potential of targeting the TfR for cancer therapy leading to an increase in the number of clinical trials of molecules targeting this receptor. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Transferrins: molecular mechanisms of iron transport and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy R Daniels
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Bou-Abdallah F, Terpstra TR. The thermodynamic and binding properties of the transferrins as studied by isothermal titration calorimetry. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1820:318-25. [PMID: 21843602 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2011] [Revised: 07/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In mammals, serum-transferrins transport iron from the neutral environment of the blood to the cytoplasm by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Extensive in-vitro studies have focused on the thermodynamics and kinetics of Fe(3+) binding to a number of transferrins. However, little attention has been given to the thermodynamic characterization of the interaction of transferrin with its receptor. SCOPE OF REVIEW Iron-loaded transferrin (Tf) binds with high affinity to the specific transferrin receptor (TfR) on the cell surface. The Tf-TfR complex is then internalized via receptor mediated endocytosis into an endosome where iron is released. Here, we provide an overview of recent studies that have used ITC to quantify the interaction of various metal ions with transferrin and highlight our current understanding of the thermodynamics of the transferrin-transferrin receptor system at physiological pH. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The interaction of the iron-loaded transferrin with the transferrin receptor is a key cellular process that occurs during the normal course of iron metabolism. Understanding the thermodynamics of this interaction is important for iron homeostasis since the physiological requirement of iron must be appropriately maintained to avoid iron-related diseases. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The thermodynamic data revealed stoichiometric binding of all tested metal ions to transferrin with very high affinities ranging between 10(17) and 10(22)M(-1). Iron-loaded transferrin (monoferric or diferric) is shown to bind avidly (K~10(7)-10(8)M(-1)) to the receptor at neutral pH with a stoichiometry of one Tf molecule per TfR monomer. Significantly, both the N- and the C-lobe contribute to the binding interaction which is shown to be both enthalpically and entropically driven. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Transferrins: Molecular mechanisms of iron transport and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Bou-Abdallah
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Potsdam, Potsdam, NY 13676, USA.
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Kaltashov IA, Bobst CE, Zhang M, Leverence R, Gumerov DR. Transferrin as a model system for method development to study structure, dynamics and interactions of metalloproteins using mass spectrometry. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1820:417-26. [PMID: 21726602 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transferrin (Tf) is a paradigmatic metalloprotein, which has been extensively studied in the past and still is a focal point of numerous investigation efforts owing to its unique role in iron homeostasis and enormous promise as a component of a wide range of therapies. SCOPE OF REVIEW Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI MS) is a potent analytical tool that has been used successfully to study various properties of Tf and Tf-based products, ranging from covalent structure and metal binding to conformation and interaction with their physiological partners. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Various ESI MS-based techniques produce unique information on Tf properties and behavior that is highly complementary to information provided by other experimental techniques. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The experimental ESI MS-based techniques developed for Tf studies are not only useful for understanding of fundamental aspects of the iron-binding properties of this protein and optimizing Tf-based therapeutic products, but can also be applied to study a range of other metalloproteins. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Transferrins: Molecular mechanisms of iron transport and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Kaltashov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.
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Hémadi M, Ha-Duong NT, El Hage Chahine JM. Can Uranium Be Transported by the Iron-Acquisition Pathway? Ur Uptake by Transferrin. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:4206-15. [DOI: 10.1021/jp111950c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miryana Hémadi
- ITODYS, Interactions, Traitements et Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes, Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Nguyêt-Thanh Ha-Duong
- ITODYS, Interactions, Traitements et Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes, Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Jean-Michel El Hage Chahine
- ITODYS, Interactions, Traitements et Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes, Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS UMR 7086, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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Ha-Duong NT, Eid C, Hémadi M, El Hage Chahine JM. In Vitro Interaction between Ceruloplasmin and Human Serum Transferrin. Biochemistry 2010; 49:10261-3. [DOI: 10.1021/bi1014503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyêt-Thanh Ha-Duong
- Laboratoire ITODYS (Interfaces, Traitements et Organisation des Systèmes), Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS UMR 7086, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Chantal Eid
- Laboratoire ITODYS (Interfaces, Traitements et Organisation des Systèmes), Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS UMR 7086, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Miryana Hémadi
- Laboratoire ITODYS (Interfaces, Traitements et Organisation des Systèmes), Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS UMR 7086, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Jean-Michel El Hage Chahine
- Laboratoire ITODYS (Interfaces, Traitements et Organisation des Systèmes), Université Paris-Diderot, CNRS UMR 7086, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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Noncanonical interactions between serum transferrin and transferrin receptor evaluated with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:8123-8. [PMID: 20404192 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0914898107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary route of iron acquisition in vertebrates is the transferrin receptor (TfR) mediated endocytotic pathway, which provides cellular entry to the metal transporter serum transferrin (Tf). Despite extensive research efforts, complete understanding of Tf-TfR interaction mechanism is still lacking owing to the complexity of this system. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI MS) is used in this study to monitor the protein/receptor interaction and demonstrate the ability of metal-free Tf to associate with TfR at neutral pH. A set of Tf variants is used in a series of competition and displacement experiments to bracket TfR affinity of apo-Tf at neutral pH (0.2-0.6 microM). Consistent with current models of endosomal iron release from Tf, acidification of the protein solution results in a dramatic change of binding preferences, with apo-Tf becoming a preferred receptor binder. Contrary to the current models implying that the apo-Tf/TfR complex dissociates almost immediately upon exposure to the neutral environment at the cell surface, our data indicate that this complex remains intact. Iron-loaded Tf displaces apo-Tf from TfR, making it available for the next cycle of iron binding, transport and delivery to tissues. However, apo-Tf may still interfere with the cellular uptake of engineered Tf molecules whose TfR affinity is affected by various modifications (e.g., conjugation to cytotoxic molecules). This work also highlights the great potential of ESI MS as a tool capable of providing precise details of complex protein-receptor interactions under conditions that closely mimic the environment in which these encounters occur in physiological systems.
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30
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Hémadi M, Ha-Duong NT, Plantevin S, Vidaud C, El Hage Chahine JM. Can uranium follow the iron-acquisition pathway? Interaction of uranyl-loaded transferrin with receptor 1. J Biol Inorg Chem 2009; 15:497-504. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-009-0618-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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31
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Hower V, Mendes P, Torti FM, Laubenbacher R, Akman S, Shulaev V, Torti SV. A general map of iron metabolism and tissue-specific subnetworks. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2009; 5:422-43. [PMID: 19381358 PMCID: PMC2680238 DOI: 10.1039/b816714c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Iron is required for survival of mammalian cells. Recently, understanding of iron metabolism and trafficking has increased dramatically, revealing a complex, interacting network largely unknown just a few years ago. This provides an excellent model for systems biology development and analysis. The first step in such an analysis is the construction of a structural network of iron metabolism, which we present here. This network was created using CellDesigner version 3.5.2 and includes reactions occurring in mammalian cells of numerous tissue types. The iron metabolic network contains 151 chemical species and 107 reactions and transport steps. Starting from this general model, we construct iron networks for specific tissues and cells that are fundamental to maintaining body iron homeostasis. We include subnetworks for cells of the intestine and liver, tissues important in iron uptake and storage, respectively, as well as the reticulocyte and macrophage, key cells in iron utilization and recycling. The addition of kinetic information to our structural network will permit the simulation of iron metabolism in different tissues as well as in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Hower
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
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32
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Kinetics and thermodynamics of metal-loaded transferrins: transferrin receptor 1 interactions. Biochem Soc Trans 2008; 36:1422-6. [DOI: 10.1042/bst0361422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Transferrin receptor 1 (R) and human serum transferrin (T) are the two main actors in iron acquisition by the cell. R binds TFe2 (iron-loaded transferrin), which allows its internalization in the cytoplasm by endocytosis. T also forms complexes with metals other than iron. In order to follow the iron-acquisition pathway, these metals should obey at least two essential rules: (i) formation of a strong complex with T; and (ii) interaction of this complex with R. In the present paper, we propose a general mechanism for the interaction of five metal-loaded Ts [Fe(III), Al(III), Bi(III), Ga(III) and Co(III)] with R and we discuss their potential incorporation by the iron-acquisition pathway. With iron- and cobalt-loaded Ts, the interaction of R takes place in two steps: the first is detected by the T-jump technique and occurs in the 100 μs range, whereas the second is slow and occurs in the hour range. Bi(III)- and Ga(III)-loaded Ts interact with R in a single fast kinetic step, which occurs in the 100–500 μs range. No interaction is detected between R and aluminium-saturated T. The fast steps are ascribed to the interaction of the C-lobe of metal-loaded T with the helical domain of R: dissociation constant, K′1, of 0.50±0.07, 0.82±0.25, 4±0.4 and 1.10±0.12 μM for Fe(III), Co(III), Bi(III) and Ga(III) respectively. The second slow steps are ascribed to changes in the conformation of the protein–protein adducts which increase the stability to achieve, at thermodynamic equilibrium, an overall dissociation constant, K1, of 2.3 and 25 nM for Fe(III) and Co(III) respectively. This last step occurs over several hours, whereas endocytosis takes place in several minutes. This implies that metal-loaded Ts are internalized with only the C-lobe interacting with R. This suggests that, despite a lower affinity for R when compared with TFe2, some metal-loaded Ts can compete kinetically with TFe2 for the interaction with R and thus follow the iron-acquisition pathway.
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Corjon S, Wortmann A, Engler T, van Rooijen N, Kochanek S, Kreppel F. Targeting of adenovirus vectors to the LRP receptor family with the high-affinity ligand RAP via combined genetic and chemical modification of the pIX capsomere. Mol Ther 2008; 16:1813-24. [PMID: 18714309 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2008.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus (Ad) vector targeting requires presentation of specific ligands on the virion's surface. Geneti-chemical targeting is based on the genetic introduction of cysteine residues bearing reactive thiol groups into solvent-accessible capsomeres of the virion and subsequent chemical coupling of ligands. Here, we exploited this technology to modify the pIX capsomere with high-affinity ligands. Genetic introduction of C-terminal cysteines to pIX allowed for specific coupling of full-length proteins to the virion, while not affecting vector production. Direct comparison of the two high-affinity ligands receptor- associated protein (RAP) and transferrin (Tf) revealed that targeting after coupling of a high-affinity ligand to pIX presumably requires release of the ligand from its receptor after cell entry. In addition, data obtained by live cell imaging of labeled vector particles demonstrated that coupling of very large proteins to pIX can impair intracellular vector particle trafficking. Finally, we demonstrate that the geneti-chemical targeting technology is suitable for in vivo targeting to liver after intravenous injection. Our data provide significant insight into basic requirements for successful targeting of pIX-modified Ad vectors.
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34
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Binding of artemisinin to holotransferrin: Electrochemical and spectroscopic characterization. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2008.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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35
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Chikh Z, Hémadi M, Miquel G, Ha-Duong NT, El Hage Chahine JM. Cobalt and the Iron Acquisition Pathway: Competition towards Interaction with Receptor 1. J Mol Biol 2008; 380:900-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Revised: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Perera Y, García D, Guirola O, Huerta V, García Y, Muñoz Y. Epitope mapping of anti-human transferrin monoclonal antibodies: potential uses for transferrin–transferrin receptor interaction studies. J Mol Recognit 2008; 21:103-13. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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37
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Yersin A, Osada T, Ikai A. Exploring transferrin-receptor interactions at the single-molecule level. Biophys J 2007; 94:230-40. [PMID: 17872962 PMCID: PMC2134874 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.107.114637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Interaction between the iron transporter protein transferrin (Tf) and its receptor at the cell surface is fundamental for most living organisms. Tf receptor (TfR) binds iron-loaded Tf (holo-Tf) and transports it to endosomes, where acidic pH favors iron release. Iron-free Tf (apo-Tf) is then brought back to the cell surface and dissociates from TfR. Here we investigated the Tf-TfR interaction at the single-molecule level under different conditions encountered during the Tf cycle. An atomic force microscope tip functionalized with holo-Tf or apo-Tf was used to probe TfR. We tested both purified TfR anchored to a mica substrate and in situ TfR at the surface of living cells. Dynamic force measurements showed similar results for TfR on mica or at the cell surface but revealed striking differences between holo-Tf-TfR and apo-Tf-TfR interactions. First, the forces necessary to unbind holo-Tf and TfR are always stronger compared to the apo-Tf-TfR interaction. Second, dissociation of holo-Tf-TfR complex involves overcoming two energy barriers, whereas the apo-Tf-TfR unbinding pathway comprises only one energy barrier. These results agree with a model that proposes differences in the contact points between holo-Tf-TfR and apo-Tf-TfR interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Yersin
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
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38
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Chikh Z, Ha-Duong NT, Miquel G, El Hage Chahine JM. Gallium uptake by transferrin and interaction with receptor 1. J Biol Inorg Chem 2006; 12:90-100. [PMID: 16988841 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-006-0169-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2006] [Accepted: 08/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics and thermodynamics of Ga(III) exchange between gallium mononitrilotriacetate and human serum transferrin as well as those of the interaction between gallium-loaded transferrin and the transferrin receptor 1 were investigated in neutral media. Gallium is exchanged between the chelate and the C-site of human serum apotransferrin in interaction with bicarbonate in about 50 s to yield an intermediate complex with an equilibrium constant K (1) = (3.9 +/- 1.2) x 10(-2), a direct second-order rate constant k (1) = 425 +/- 50 M(-1) s(-1) and a reverse second-order rate constant k (-1) = (1.1 +/- 3) x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1). The intermediate complex loses a single proton with proton dissociation constant K (1a) = 80 +/- 40 nM to yield a first kinetic product. This product then undergoes a modification in its conformation which lasts about 500 s to produce a second kinetic intermediate, which in turn undergoes a final extremely slow (several hours) modification in its conformation to yield the gallium-saturated transferrin in its final state. The mechanism of gallium uptake differs from that of iron and does not involve the same transitions in conformation reported during iron uptake. The interaction of gallium-loaded transferrin with the transferrin receptor occurs in a single very fast kinetic step with a dissociation constant K (d) = 1.10 +/- 0.12 microM and a second-order rate constant k (d) = (1.15 +/- 0.3) x 10(10) M(-1) s(-1). This mechanism is different from that observed with the ferric holotransferrin and suggests that the interaction between the receptor and gallium-loaded transferrin probably takes place on the helical domain of the receptor which is specific for the C-site of transferrin and HFE. The relevance of gallium incorporation by the transferrin receptor-mediated iron-acquisition pathway is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohra Chikh
- ITODYS--Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes, Université Paris 7--CNRS UMR 7086, 1 rue Guy de la Brosse, 75005, Paris, France
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39
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Daniels TR, Delgado T, Rodriguez JA, Helguera G, Penichet ML. The transferrin receptor part I: Biology and targeting with cytotoxic antibodies for the treatment of cancer. Clin Immunol 2006; 121:144-58. [PMID: 16904380 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2006.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2006] [Revised: 06/16/2006] [Accepted: 06/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The transferrin receptor (TfR) is a cell membrane-associated glycoprotein involved in the cellular uptake of iron and in the regulation of cell growth. Iron uptake occurs via the internalization of iron-loaded transferrin (Tf) mediated by the interaction with the TfR. In addition, the TfR may also contain other growth regulatory properties in certain normal and malignant cells. The elevated levels of TfR in malignancies, its relevance in cancer, and the extracellular accessibility of this molecule make it an excellent antigen for the treatment of cancer using antibodies. The TfR can be targeted by monoclonal antibodies specific for the extracellular domain of the receptor. In this review, we summarize advancements in the basic physiology of the TfR including structure, function, and expression. We also discuss the efficacy of targeting the TfR using cytotoxic antibodies that inhibit cell growth and/or induce apoptosis in targeted malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy R Daniels
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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40
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Hémadi M, Ha-Duong NT, El Hage Chahine JM. The mechanism of iron release from the transferrin-receptor 1 adduct. J Mol Biol 2006; 358:1125-36. [PMID: 16564538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2005] [Revised: 02/21/2006] [Accepted: 02/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We report the determination in cell-free assays of the mechanism of iron release from the N-lobe and C-lobe of human serum transferrin in interaction with intact transferrin receptor 1 at 4.3< or =pH< or =6.5. Iron is first released from the N-lobe in the tens of milliseconds range and then from the C-lobe in the hundreds of seconds range. In both cases, iron loss is rate-controlled by slow proton transfers, rate constant for the N-lobe k(1)=1.20(+/-0.05)x10(6)M(-1)s(-1) and for the C-lobe k(2)=1.6(+/-0.1)x10(3)M(-1)s(-1). This iron loss is subsequent to a fast proton-driven decarbonation and is followed by two proton gains, (pK(1a))/2=5.28 per proton for the N-lobe and (pK(2a))/2=5.10 per proton for the C-lobe. Under similar experimental conditions, iron loss is about 17-fold faster from the N-lobe and is at least 200-fold faster from the C-lobe when compared to holotransferrin in the absence of receptor 1. After iron release, the apotransferrin-receptor adduct undergoes a slow partial dissociation controlled by a change in the conformation of the receptor; rate constant k(3)=1.7(+/-0.1)x10(-3)s(-1). At endosomic pH, the final equilibrated state is attained in about 1000 s, after which the free apotransferrin, two prototropic species of the acidic form of the receptor and apotransferrin interacting with the receptor coexist simultaneously. However, since recycling of the vesicle containing the receptor to the cell surface takes a few minutes, the major part of transferrin will still be forwarded to the biological fluid in the form of the apotransferrin-receptor protein-protein adduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miryana Hémadi
- ITODYS-Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes, Université Paris 7-CNRS UMR 7086, 1 rue Guy de la Brosse, 75005 Paris, France
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41
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Sacquin-Mora S, Lavery R. Investigating the local flexibility of functional residues in hemoproteins. Biophys J 2006; 90:2706-17. [PMID: 16428284 PMCID: PMC1414562 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.105.074997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that protein function depends not only on structure, but also on flexibility. However, the way mechanical properties contribute to catalytic mechanisms remains unclear. Here, we propose a method for investigating local flexibility within protein structures that combines a reduced protein representation with Brownian dynamics simulations. An analysis of residue fluctuations during the dynamics simulation yields a rigidity profile for the protein made up of force constants describing the ease of displacing each residue with respect to the rest of the structure. This approach has been applied to the analysis of a set of hemoproteins, one of the functionally most diverse protein families. Six proteins containing one or two heme groups have been studied, paying particular attention to the mechanical properties of the active-site residues. The calculated rigidity profiles show that active site residues are generally associated with high force constants and thus rigidly held in place. This observation also holds for diheme proteins if their mechanical properties are analyzed domain by domain. We note, however, that residues other than those in the active site can also have high force constants, as in the case of residues belonging to the folding nucleus of c-type hemoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Sacquin-Mora
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Théorique, UMR 9080 CNRS, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Paris, France
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42
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Gomme PT, McCann KB, Bertolini J. Transferrin: structure, function and potential therapeutic actions. Drug Discov Today 2005; 10:267-73. [PMID: 15708745 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(04)03333-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
There are many proteins that can multi-task. Transferrin, widely known as an iron-binding protein, is one such example of a multi-tasking protein. In this review, the multiple biological actions of transferrin, including its growth and cytoprotective activities, are discussed with the view of highlighting the potential therapeutic applications of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Gomme
- Research and Development, CSL Ltd., Bioplasma Division, 189-209 Camp Road, Broadmeadows, Victoria 3047, Australia.
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