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Osterne VJ, Pinto-Junior VR, Oliveira MV, Nascimento KS, Van Damme EJ, Cavada BS. Computational insights into the circular permutation roles on ConA binding and structural stability. Curr Res Struct Biol 2024; 7:100140. [PMID: 38559841 PMCID: PMC10979261 DOI: 10.1016/j.crstbi.2024.100140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms behind Concanavalin A (ConA) circular permutation have been under investigation since 1985. Although a vast amount of information is available about this lectin and its applications, the exact purpose of its processing remains unclear. To shed light on this, this study employed computer simulations to compare the unprocessed ProConA with the mature ConA. This approach aimed to reveal the importance of the post-translational modifications, especially how they affect the lectin stability and carbohydrate-binding properties. To achieve these goals, we conducted 200 ns molecular dynamics simulations and trajectory analyses on the monomeric forms of ProConA and ConA (both unbound and in complex with D-mannose and the GlcNAc2Man9 N-glycan), as well as on their oligomeric forms. Our findings reveal significant stability differences between ProConA and ConA at both the monomeric and tetrameric levels, with ProConA exhibiting consistently lower stability parameters compared to ConA. In terms of carbohydrate binding properties, however, both lectins showed remarkable similarities in their interaction profiles, contact numbers, and binding free energies with D-mannose and the high-mannose N-glycan. Overall, our results suggest that the processing of ProConA significantly enhances the stability of the mature lectin, especially in maintaining the tetrameric oligomer, without substantially affecting its carbohydrate-binding properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius J.S. Osterne
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vanir R. Pinto-Junior
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Molecules, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, 60.440-970, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Ceara, 60.440-970, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Messias V. Oliveira
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Molecules, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, 60.440-970, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Kyria S. Nascimento
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Molecules, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, 60.440-970, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Els J.M. Van Damme
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Benildo S. Cavada
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Molecules, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, 60.440-970, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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2
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Poddar S, Roy R, Kar P. The conformational dynamics of Hepatitis C Virus E2 glycoprotein with the increasing number of N-glycosylation unraveled by molecular dynamics simulations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38393644 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2319679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), responsible for causing hepatitis and a significant contributor to liver disorders, presents a challenge for treatment due to its high genetic variability. Despite efforts, there is still no effective medication available for this virus. One of the promising targets for drug development involves targeting glycoprotein E2. However, our understanding of the dynamic behavior of E2 and its associated glycans remains limited. In this study, we investigated the dynamic characteristics of E2 with varying degrees of glycosylation using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. We also explored glycan's interactions with the protein and among themselves. An overall increase in correlation between the vital protein regions was observed with an increase in glycan number. The protein dynamics is followed by the analysis of glycan dynamics, where the flexibility of the individual glycans was analyzed in their free and bound state, which revealed a decrease in their fluctuation in some cases. Furthermore, we generated the free energy landscape of individual N-glycan linkages in both free and bound states and observed both increases and decreases in flexibility, which can be attributed to the formation and breakage of hydrogen bonds with amino acids. Finally, we found that for a high glycosylation system, glycans interact with glycoprotein and form hydrogen bonds among themselves. Moreover, the hydrogen bond profiles of a given glycan can vary when influenced by other glycans. In summary, our study provides valuable insights into the dynamics of the core region of HCV E2 glycoprotein and its associated glycans.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Poddar
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rajarshi Roy
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Parimal Kar
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
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3
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Sun Z, Ji S, Wu J, Tian J, Quan W, Shang A, Ji P, Xiao W, Liu D, Wang X, Li D. Proteomics-Based Identification of Candidate Exosomal Glycoprotein Biomarkers and Their Value for Diagnosing Colorectal Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:725211. [PMID: 34737948 PMCID: PMC8560707 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.725211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) significantly improves the survival rate and quality of life. Here we screened for differences in glycoproteins associated with tumor-derived exosomes and validated their clinical value to serve as liquid biopsy biomarkers to diagnosed early CRC. Exosomes were extracted from paracancerous tissues, cancer tissues, and plasma. LC-MS/MS proteomic and glycoproteomics analyses were performed using an LTQ-Orbitrap Elite mass spectrometer. The differences in glycoproteins associated with exosomes of paracancerous tissues and cancer tissue were determined, and their levels in plasma exosomes were determined. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of exosome-associated glycoproteins for CRC. We found that the levels of fibrinogen beta chain (FGB) and beta-2-glycoprotein 1 (β2-GP1) in the exosome of CRC tissue were significantly higher compared with those of paracancerous tissues exosome. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of plasma exosomal FGB and β2-GP1 as biomarkers for CRC were 0.871 (95% CI = 0.786–0.914) and 0.834 (95% CI = 0.734–0.901), respectively, compared with those of the concentrations of carcinoembryonic antigen concentration [0.723 (95% CI = 0.679–0.853)] and carbohydrate antigen19-9 concentration [0.614 (95% CI = 0.543–0.715)]. Comprehensive proteomics analyses of plasma exosomal biomarkers in CRC identified biomarkers with significant diagnostic efficacy for early CRC, which can be measured using relatively non-invasive techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zujun Sun
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shurong Ji
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junlu Wu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiale Tian
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenqiang Quan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Anquan Shang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Ji
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weidong Xiao
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Ding Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Putuo People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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4
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Liu D, Wang S, Zhang J, Xiao W, Miao CH, Konkle BA, Wan XF, Li L. Site-Specific N- and O-Glycosylation Analysis of Human Plasma Fibronectin. Front Chem 2021; 9:691217. [PMID: 34211961 PMCID: PMC8239226 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.691217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human plasma fibronectin is an adhesive protein that plays a crucial role in wound healing. Many studies had indicated that glycans might mediate the expression and functions of fibronectin, yet a comprehensive understanding of its glycosylation is still missing. Here, we performed a comprehensive N- and O-glycosylation mapping of human plasma fibronectin and quantified the occurrence of each glycoform in a site-specific manner. Intact N-glycopeptides were enriched by zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction chromatography, and N-glycosite sites were localized by the 18O-labeling method. O-glycopeptide enrichment and O-glycosite identification were achieved by an enzyme-assisted site-specific extraction method. An RP–LC–MS/MS system functionalized with collision-induced dissociation and stepped normalized collision energy (sNCE)-HCD tandem mass was applied to analyze the glycoforms of fibronectin. A total of 6 N-glycosites and 53 O-glycosites were identified, which were occupied by 38 N-glycoforms and 16 O-glycoforms, respectively. Furthermore, 77.31% of N-glycans were sialylated, and O-glycosylation was dominated by the sialyl-T antigen. These site-specific glycosylation patterns on human fibronectin can facilitate functional analyses of fibronectin and therapeutics development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Shuaishuai Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Junping Zhang
- School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Weidong Xiao
- School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Carol H Miao
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Xiu-Feng Wan
- Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.,Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Bagdonas H, Ungar D, Agirre J. Leveraging glycomics data in glycoprotein 3D structure validation with Privateer. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:2523-2533. [PMID: 33093930 PMCID: PMC7554661 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneity, mobility and complexity of glycans in glycoproteins have been, and currently remain, significant challenges in structural biology. These aspects present unique problems to the two most prolific techniques: X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy. At the same time, advances in mass spectrometry have made it possible to get deeper insights on precisely the information that is most difficult to recover by structure solution methods: the full-length glycan composition, including linkage details for the glycosidic bonds. The developments have given rise to glycomics. Thankfully, several large scale glycomics initiatives have stored results in publicly available databases, some of which can be accessed through API interfaces. In the present work, we will describe how the Privateer carbohydrate structure validation software has been extended to harness results from glycomics projects, and its use to greatly improve the validation of 3D glycoprotein structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroldas Bagdonas
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Daniel Ungar
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Jon Agirre
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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6
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Ma C, Liu D, Li D, Zhang J, Xu XQ, Zhu H, Wan XF, Miao CH, Konkle BA, Onigman P, Xiao W, Li L. Comprehensive N- and O-glycosylation mapping of human coagulation factor V. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:1884-1892. [PMID: 32310329 PMCID: PMC7732234 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Coagulation factor V (FV), a multidomain glycoprotein, is an essential cofactor in the blood clotting cascade. FV deficiency is a rare bleeding disorder that results in poor clotting after an injury or surgery. The only treatment for the disease is infusions of fresh frozen plasma and blood platelets. Glycosylation affects the biological activity, pharmacokinetics, immunogenicity, and in vivo clearance rate of proteins in the plasma. The glycan profile of FV, as well as how it affects the activity, stability, and immunogenicity, remains unknown. METHODS In this study, we comprehensively mapped the glycosylation patterns of human plasma-derived FV by combining multienzyme digestion, hydrophilic interaction chromatography enrichment of glycopeptides, and alternated fragmentation mass spectrometry analysis. RESULTS/CONCLUSION A total of 57 unique N-glycopeptides and 51 O-glycopeptides were identified, which were categorized into 40 N-glycan and 17 O-glycan compositions. Such glycosylation details are fundamental for future functional studies and therapeutics development. In addition, the established methodology can be readily applied to analyze glycosylation patterns of proteins with more than 2000 amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ding Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junping Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xiao-Qian Xu
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - He Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xiu-Feng Wan
- Missouri University Center for Research on Influenza Systems Biology (CRISB), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- MU Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Carol H. Miao
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Barbara A. Konkle
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Bloodworks Northwest, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Weidong Xiao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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7
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Oncofetal Chondroitin Sulfate: A Putative Therapeutic Target in Adult and Pediatric Solid Tumors. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040818. [PMID: 32231047 PMCID: PMC7226838 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid tumors remain a major challenge for targeted therapeutic intervention strategies such as antibody-drug conjugates and immunotherapy. At a minimum, clear and actionable solid tumor targets have to comply with the key biological requirement of being differentially over-expressed in solid tumors and metastasis, in contrast to healthy organs. Oncofetal chondroitin sulfate is a cancer-specific secondary glycosaminoglycan modification to proteoglycans expressed in a variety of solid tumors and metastasis. Normally, this modification is found to be exclusively expressed in the placenta, where it is thought to facilitate normal placental implantation during pregnancy. Informed by this biology, oncofetal chondroitin sulfate is currently under investigation as a broad and specific target in solid tumors. Here, we discuss oncofetal chondroitin sulfate as a potential therapeutic target in childhood solid tumors in the context of current knowhow obtained over the past five years in adult cancers.
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8
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Pascoal C, Francisco R, Ferro T, Dos Reis Ferreira V, Jaeken J, Videira PA. CDG and immune response: From bedside to bench and back. J Inherit Metab Dis 2020; 43:90-124. [PMID: 31095764 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is an essential biological process that adds structural and functional diversity to cells and molecules, participating in physiological processes such as immunity. The immune response is driven and modulated by protein-attached glycans that mediate cell-cell interactions, pathogen recognition and cell activation. Therefore, abnormal glycosylation can be associated with deranged immune responses. Within human diseases presenting immunological defects are congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG), a family of around 130 rare and complex genetic diseases. In this review, we have identified 23 CDG with immunological involvement, characterized by an increased propensity to-often life-threatening-infection. Inflammatory and autoimmune complications were found in 7 CDG types. CDG natural history(ies) and the mechanisms behind the immunological anomalies are still poorly understood. However, in some cases, alterations in pathogen recognition and intracellular signaling (eg, TGF-β1, NFAT, and NF-κB) have been suggested. Targeted therapies to restore immune defects are only available for PGM3-CDG and SLC35C1-CDG. Fostering research on glycoimmunology may elucidate the involved pathophysiological mechanisms and open new therapeutic avenues, thus improving CDG patients' quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlota Pascoal
- Portuguese Association for CDG, Lisbon, Portugal
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Rita Francisco
- Portuguese Association for CDG, Lisbon, Portugal
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Tiago Ferro
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Dos Reis Ferreira
- Portuguese Association for CDG, Lisbon, Portugal
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Caparica, Portugal
| | - Jaak Jaeken
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Caparica, Portugal
- Center for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Development and Regeneration, UZ and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paula A Videira
- Portuguese Association for CDG, Lisbon, Portugal
- CDG & Allies - Professionals and Patient Associations International Network (CDG & Allies - PPAIN), Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO, Departamento Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
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Flores RJD, Ohashi T, Sakai K, Gonoi T, Kawasaki H, Fujiyama K. The neutral N-linked glycans of the Basidiomycetous yeasts Pseudozyma antarctica and Malassezia furfur (Subphylum Ustilaginomycotina). J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2019; 65:53-63. [PMID: 30305477 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Pseudozyma antarctica and Malassezia furfur are basidiomycetous yeasts under the subphylum Ustilaginomycotina. P. antarctica is a commensal organism found in certain plant species, while M. furfur is associated with several skin diseases of animals including humans. N-linked glycans of P. antarctica and M. furfur were prepared, digested with glycosidases, and structurally analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS). Analyses revealed the presence of neutral N-linked glycans ranging in length from Man3GlcNAc2-PA to Man9GlcNAc2-PA. The two species shared the most abundant neutral N-linked glycan: Manα1-2Manα1-6(Manα1-3)Manα1-6(Manα1-2Manα1-2Manα1-3)Manβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-4GlcNAc (M8A). The second and third most abundant neutral N-linked glycans for P. antarctica were Manα1-2Manα1-6(Manα1-2Manα1-3)Manα1-6(Manα1-2Manα1-2Manα1-3)Manβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-4GlcNAc (M9A) and Manα1-6(Manα1-3)Manα1-6(Manα1-3)Manβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-4GlcNAc (M5A), respectively. In the case of M. furfur, Manα1-2Manα1-6(Manα1-3)Manα1-6(Manα1-2Manα1-3)Manβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-4GlcNAc (M7A) was the second most abundant, while both M8A and M9A were tied for the third most abundant. The presence of putative galactose residues in the hypermannosylated neutral N-linked glycans is also discussed. This report is the first to analyze the neutral N-linked glycans of P. antarctica and M. furfur.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takao Ohashi
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University
| | - Kanae Sakai
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University
| | - Tohru Gonoi
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University
| | - Hiroko Kawasaki
- NITE Biological Resource Center (NBRC), National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (NITE)
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10
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Role of glycosylation in nucleating protein folding and stability. Biochem J 2017; 474:2333-2347. [PMID: 28673927 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation constitutes one of the most common, ubiquitous and complex forms of post-translational modification. It commences with the synthesis of the protein and plays a significant role in deciding its folded state, oligomerization and thus its function. Recent studies have demonstrated that N-linked glycans help proteins to fold as the stability and folding kinetics are altered with the removal of the glycans from them. Several studies have shown that it alters not only the thermodynamic stability but also the structural features of the folded proteins modulating their interactions and functions. Their inhibition and perturbations have been implicated in diseases from diabetes to degenerative disorders. The intent of this review is to provide insight into the recent advancements in the general understanding on the aspect of glycosylation driven stability of proteins that is imperative to their function and finally their role in health and disease states.
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11
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Datta D, J. Swamy M. Fluorescence and circular dichroism studies on the accessibility of tryptophan residues and unfolding of a jacalin-related α- d -galactose-specific lectin from mulberry ( Morus indica ). JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 170:108-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Flores RJD, Ohashi T, Kawasaki H, Fujiyama K. The neutral N-linked glycans of the ustilaginomycete yeast Sympodiomycopsis paphiopedili. Yeast 2017; 34:305-317. [PMID: 28384382 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Sympodiomycopsis paphiopedili is a basidiomycetous yeast under the subphylum Ustilaginomycotina and is a commensal organism originally isolated from the nectar of a plant species in Japan. In this study, the neutral N-linked glycans of S. paphiopedili were prepared and structurally analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS). Glycosidase digestion analyses were also performed to verify certain glycan linkages. HPLC and MS analyses revealed the presence of neutral N-linked glycans ranging from Man3 GlcNAc2 -PA to Man9 GlcNAc2 -PA in length. The most abundant neutral N-linked glycan structure in this species was found to be the Manα1-2Manα1-6(Manα1-3)Manα1-6(Manα1-2Manα1-2Manα1-3)Manβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-4GlcNAc (M8A). Moreover, the second and third most abundant neutral N-linked glycan in S. paphiopedili were the Manα1-2Manα1-6(Manα1-2Manα1-3)Manα1-6(Manα1-2Manα1-2Manα1-3)Manβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-4GlcNAc (M9A) and the Manα1-6(Manα1-3)Manβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-4GlcNAc (M3B). On the other hand, the effect of the combination of glycoprotein extraction methods (citrate buffer extraction or bead extraction) and the subsequent glycan release methods (hydrazinolysis or PNGase F digestion) on the detection of N-linked glycan peaks was also examined for S. paphiopedili and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in order to avoid under-representation of N-linked glycan structures. High mannose and possible hypermannosylated glycan peaks were detected in all method combinations in S. cerevisiae with the citrate buffer extraction-hydrazinolysis method giving the highest peak yields as compared with the other methods. Here we report the first account of the structural analysis of the neutral N-linked glycan of S. paphiopedili and the comparison of the effect of combinations of glycoprotein extraction methods and glycan release methods with that of the glycan analysis in S. paphiopedili and S. cerevisiae. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takao Ohashi
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kawasaki
- NITE Biological Resource Center, National Institute of Technology and Evaluation, Chiba, Japan
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13
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Carrillo C, Cordoba-Diaz D, Cordoba-Diaz M, Girbés T, Jiménez P. Effects of temperature, pH and sugar binding on the structures of lectins ebulin f and SELfd. Food Chem 2017; 220:324-330. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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14
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Halder S, Surolia A, Mukhopadhyay C. Dynamics simulation of soybean agglutinin (SBA) dimer reveals the impact of glycosylation on its enhanced structural stability. Carbohydr Res 2016; 428:8-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Biswas H, Chattopadhyaya R. Stability ofCurcuma longarhizome lectin: Role of N-linked glycosylation. Glycobiology 2015; 26:410-26. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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16
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Impact of glycosylation on stability, structure and unfolding of soybean agglutinin (SBA): an insight from thermal perturbation molecular dynamics simulations. Glycoconj J 2015; 32:371-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-015-9601-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Tsai MC, Chen ME, Tsai CL. cDNA cloning and transcriptional expression profiles of a hexamerin in the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 86:180-191. [PMID: 24740927 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A Bactrocera dorsalis hexamerin (BdAr) cDNA was cloned (GenBank accession no. KF815528), and its transcriptional expression profiles were determined. The complete 2,530-bp cDNA encodes a 780-amino acid protein with a predicted molecular mass of 94.01 kDa. The proportions of phenylalanine (7.8%), tyrosine (11.2%), and methionine (2.6%) in BdAr as well as all other amino acids are reported. BdAr transcripts were detected in the brain, flight muscle, foregut, Malpighian tubules, and fat body. In the larval stage, BdAr transcripts were expressed in the early third instar and increased in the late third instar. In pupae, the highest expression of BdAr mRNA was present on day 1, then declined and persisted through day 2 to day 8. In adult females, the relative expression of BdAr was significantly higher on day 0 and day 1 compared to day 6 to day 10 while it was highest in newly eclosed adult males. The comparison of the BdAr expression between 8-10-day-old males and females showed a higher level in females. Our phylogenetic analysis results suggest to us that BdAr is similar to Drosophila larval serum protein 1γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Chen Tsai
- Bachelor Program of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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18
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Stability mechanisms of a thermophilic laccase probed by molecular dynamics. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61985. [PMID: 23658618 PMCID: PMC3639223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Laccases are highly stable, industrially important enzymes capable of oxidizing a large range of substrates. Causes for their stability are, as for other proteins, poorly understood. In this work, multiple-seed molecular dynamics (MD) was applied to a Trametes versicolor laccase in response to variable ionic strengths, temperatures, and glycosylation status. Near-physiological conditions provided excellent agreement with the crystal structure (average RMSD ∼0.92 Å) and residual agreement with experimental B-factors. The persistence of backbone hydrogen bonds was identified as a key descriptor of structural response to environment, whereas solvent-accessibility, radius of gyration, and fluctuations were only locally relevant. Backbone hydrogen bonds decreased systematically with temperature in all simulations (∼9 per 50 K), probing structural changes associated with enthalpy-entropy compensation. Approaching Topt (∼350 K) from 300 K, this change correlated with a beginning “unzipping” of critical β-sheets. 0 M ionic strength triggered partial denucleation of the C-terminal (known experimentally to be sensitive) at 400 K, suggesting a general salt stabilization effect. In contrast, F− (but not Cl−) specifically impaired secondary structure by formation of strong hydrogen bonds with backbone NH, providing a mechanism for experimentally observed small anion destabilization, potentially remedied by site-directed mutagenesis at critical intrusion sites. N-glycosylation was found to support structural integrity by increasing persistent backbone hydrogen bonds by ∼4 across simulations, mainly via prevention of F− intrusion. Hydrogen-bond loss in distinct loop regions and ends of critical β-sheets suggest potential strategies for laboratory optimization of these industrially important enzymes.
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Reuel NF, Mu B, Zhang J, Hinckley A, Strano MS. Nanoengineered glycan sensors enabling native glycoprofiling for medicinal applications: towards profiling glycoproteins without labeling or liberation steps. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 41:5744-79. [PMID: 22868627 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35142k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nanoengineered glycan sensors may help realize the long-held goal of accurate and rapid glycoprotein profiling without labeling or glycan liberation steps. Current methods of profiling oligosaccharides displayed on protein surfaces, such as liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, capillary electrophoresis, and microarray methods, are limited by sample pretreatment and quantitative accuracy. Microarrayed platforms can be improved with methods that better estimate kinetic parameters rather than simply reporting relative binding information. These quantitative glycan sensors are enabled by an emerging class of nanoengineered materials that differ in their mode of signal transduction from traditional methods. Platforms that respond to mass changes include a quartz crystal microbalance and cantilever sensors. Electronic response can be detected from electrochemical, field effect transistor, and pore impedance sensors. Optical methods include fluorescent frontal affinity chromatography, surface plasmon resonance methods, and fluorescent carbon nanotubes. After a very brief primer on glycobiology and its connection to medicine, these emerging systems are critically reviewed for their potential use as core sensors in future glycoprofiling tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel F Reuel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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20
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Rao DH, Gowda LR. The D-galactose specific lectin of field bean (Dolichos lablab) seed binds sugars with extreme negative cooperativity and half-of-the-sites binding. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 524:85-92. [PMID: 22613075 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The field bean (Dolichos lablab) lectin designated as PPO-haemagglutinin (DLL-II) is bifunctional, exhibiting both polyphenol oxidase and haemagglutinating activity. The lectin is unusual in that it binds galactose (Gal), lactose (Lac) and N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) only in the presence of (NH₄)₂SO₄ and exhibits negative cooperativity and half-of-the-sites binding. Circular dichroism, isothermal titration calorimetry and fluorescence quenching were used to assess the sugar binding in the presence of (NH₄)₂O₄. Comparison of the near-UV CD spectra with and without bound sugar revealed ligand induced conformational changes. The intrinsic fluorescence quenching data indicate that DLL-II exhibits weak binding to Gal in the presence of (NH₄)₂SO₄ with a stoichiometry of one bound ligand per dimer. ITC data fitted using a two sets of sites binding model presented a similar picture. The K(a)'s for Gal, Lac and GalNAc in the presence of (NH₄)₂SO₄ were 0.16±0.002, 0.21±0.004 and 8.45±0.78 (×10⁻³) M⁻¹ respectively. The Hill plot for the binding of these sugars to DLL-II was curvilinear with a tangent slope <1.0 indicating negative cooperativity. DLL-II thus exhibits half-of-the-site binding, an extreme form of negative cooperativity in which the second ligand does not bind at all. This is the first report of a legume lectin, exhibiting half-of-the-sites binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devavratha H Rao
- Department of Protein Chemistry and Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India
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21
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Portillo-Téllez M, Bello M, Salcedo G, Gutiérrez G, Gómez-Vidales V, García-Hernández E. Folding and homodimerization of wheat germ agglutinin. Biophys J 2011; 101:1423-31. [PMID: 21943423 PMCID: PMC3177061 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) is emblematic of proteins that specialize in the recognition of carbohydrates. It was the first lectin reported to have a capacity for discriminating between normal and malignant cells. Since then, it has become a preferred model for basic research and is frequently considered in the development of biomedical and biotechnological applications. However, the molecular basis for the structural stability of this homodimeric lectin remains largely unknown, a situation that limits the rational manipulation and modification of its function. In this work we performed a thermodynamic characterization of WGA folding and self-association processes as a function of pH and temperature by using differential scanning and isothermal dilution calorimetry. WGA is monomeric at pH 2, and one of its four hevein-like domains is unfolded at room temperature. Under such conditions, the agglutinin exhibits a fully reversible thermal unfolding that consists of three two-state transitions. At higher pH values, the protein forms weak, nonobligate dimers. This behavior contrasts with that observed for the other plant lectins studied thus far, which form strong, obligate oligomers, indicating a distinctly different molecular basis for WGA function. For dimer formation, the four domains must be properly folded. Nevertheless, depending on the solution conditions, self-association may be coupled with folding of the labile domain. Therefore, dimerization may proceed as a rigid-body-like association or a folding-by-binding event. This hybrid behavior is not seen in other plant lectins. The emerging molecular picture for the WGA assembly highlights the need for a reexamination of existing ligand-binding data in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martiniano Bello
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Guillermo Salcedo
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, México, D.F., México
| | - Gabriel Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, México, D.F., México
| | - Virginia Gómez-Vidales
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, México, D.F., México
| | - Enrique García-Hernández
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, México, D.F., México
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22
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Kaushik S, Mohanty D, Surolia A. Role of glycosylation in structure and stability of Erythrina corallodendron lectin (EcorL): a molecular dynamics study. Protein Sci 2011; 20:465-81. [PMID: 21432931 DOI: 10.1002/pro.578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The effect of glycosylation on structure and stability of glycoproteins has been a topic of considerable interest. In this work, we have investigated the solution conformation of the oligosaccharide and its effect on the structure and stability of the glycoprotein by carrying out a series of long Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on glycosylated Erythrina corallodendron lectin (EcorL) and nonglycosylated recombinant Erythrina corallodendron lectin (rEcorL). Our results indicate that, despite the similarity in overall three dimensional structures, glycosylated EcorL has lesser nonpolar solvent accessible surface area compared to nonglycosylated EcorL. This might explain the experimental observation of higher thermodynamic stability for glycosylated EcorL compared to nonglycosylated EcorL. Analysis of the simulation results indicates that, dynamic view of interactions between protein residues and oligosaccharide is entirely different from the static picture seen in the crystal structure. The oligosaccharide moiety had dynamically stable interactions with Lys 55 and Tyr 53, both of which are separated in sequence from the site of glycosylation, Asn 17. It is possible that glycosylation helps in forming long-range contacts between amino acids, which are separated in sequence and thus provides a folding nucleus. Thus our simulations not only reveal the conformations sampled by the oligosaccharide, but also provide novel insights into possible molecular mechanisms by which glycosylation can help in folding of the glycoprotein by formation of folding nucleus involving specific contacts with the oligosaccharide moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kaushik
- Bioinformatics Centre, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067
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23
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Sen D, Mandal DK. Pea lectin unfolding reveals a unique molten globule fragment chain. Biochimie 2011; 93:409-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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24
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Gupta G, Surolia A, Sampathkumar SG. Lectin microarrays for glycomic analysis. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2010; 14:419-36. [PMID: 20726799 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2009.0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Glycomics is the study of comprehensive structural elucidation and characterization of all glycoforms found in nature and their dynamic spatiotemporal changes that are associated with biological processes. Glycocalyx of mammalian cells actively participate in cell-cell, cell-matrix, and cell-pathogen interactions, which impact embryogenesis, growth and development, homeostasis, infection and immunity, signaling, malignancy, and metabolic disorders. Relative to genomics and proteomics, glycomics is just growing out of infancy with great potential in biomedicine for biomarker discovery, diagnosis, and treatment. However, the immense diversity and complexity of glycan structures and their multiple modes of interactions with proteins pose great challenges for development of analytical tools for delineating structure function relationships and understanding glyco-code. Several tools are being developed for glycan profiling based on chromatography, mass spectrometry, glycan microarrays, and glyco-informatics. Lectins, which have long been used in glyco-immunology, printed on a microarray provide a versatile platform for rapid high throughput analysis of glycoforms of biological samples. Herein, we summarize technological advances in lectin microarrays and critically review their impact on glycomics analysis. Challenges remain in terms of expansion to include nonplant derived lectins, standardization for routine clinical use, development of recombinant lectins, and exploration of plant kingdom for discovery of novel lectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Gupta
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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25
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Cheng S, Edwards SA, Jiang Y, Gräter F. Glycosylation enhances peptide hydrophobic collapse by impairing solvation. Chemphyschem 2010; 11:2367-74. [PMID: 20583025 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201000205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational N-glycosylation of proteins is ubiquitous in eukaryotic cells, and has been shown to influence the thermodynamics of protein collapse and folding. However, the mechanism for this influence is not well understood. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations are carried out to study the collapse of a peptide linked to a single N-glycan. The glycan is shown to perturb the local water hydrogen-bonding network, rendering it less able to solvate the peptide and thus enhancing the hydrophobic contribution to the free energy of collapse. The enhancement of the hydrophobic collapse compensates for the weakened entropic coiling due to the bulky glycan chain and leads to a stronger burial of hydrophobic surface, presumably enhancing folding. This conclusion is reinforced by comparison with coarse-grained simulations, which contain no explicit solvent and correspondingly exhibit no significant thermodynamic changes on glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmei Cheng
- CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, P. R. China
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26
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Abstract
Glycosylation is an essential form of post-translational modification that regulates intracellular and extracellular processes. Regrettably, conventional biochemical and genetic methods often fall short for the study of glycans, because their structures are often not precisely defined at the genetic level. To address this deficiency, chemists have developed technologies to perturb glycan biosynthesis, profile their presentation at the systems level, and perceive their spatial distribution. These tools have identified potential disease biomarkers and ways to monitor dynamic changes to the glycome in living organisms. Still, glycosylation remains the underexplored frontier of many biological systems. In this Account, we focus on research in our laboratory that seeks to transform the study of glycan function from a challenge to routine practice.
In studies of proteins and nucleic acids, functional studies have often relied on genetic manipulations to perturb structure. Though not directly subject to mutation, we can determine glycan structure−function relationships by synthesizing defined glycoconjugates or by altering natural glycosylation pathways. Chemical syntheses of uniform glycoproteins and polymeric glycoprotein mimics have facilitated the study of individual glycoconjugates in the absence of glycan microheterogeneity. Alternatively, selective inhibition or activation of glycosyltransferases or glycosidases can define the biological roles of the corresponding glycans. Investigators have developed tools including small molecule inhibitors, decoy substrates, and engineered proteins to modify cellular glycans. Current approaches offer a precision approaching that of genetic control. Genomic and proteomic profiling form a basis for biological discovery. Glycans also present a rich matrix of information that adapts rapidly to changing environs. Glycomic and glycoproteomic analyses via microarrays and mass spectrometry are beginning to characterize alterations in glycans that correlate with disease. These approaches have already identified several cancer biomarkers. Metabolic labeling can identify recently synthesized glycans and thus directly track glycan dynamics. This approach can highlight changes in physiology or environment and may be more informative than steady-state analyses. Together, glycomic and metabolic labeling techniques provide a comprehensive description of glycosylation as a foundation for hypothesis generation. Direct visualization of proteins via the green fluorescent protein (GFP) and its congeners has revolutionized the field of protein dynamics. Similarly, the ability to perceive the spatial organization of glycans could transform our understanding of their role in development, infection, and disease progression. Fluorescent tagging in cultured cells and developing organisms has revealed important insights into the dynamics of these structures during growth and development. These results have highlighted the need for additional imaging probes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolyn R. Bertozzi
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, B-84 Hildebrand Hall, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
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The presence of monoglucosylated N196-glycan is important for the structural stability of storage protein, arylphorin. Biochem J 2009; 421:87-96. [PMID: 19358695 DOI: 10.1042/bj20082170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Although N-glycosylation has been known to increase the stability of glycoproteins, it is difficult to assess the structural importance of glycans in the stabilization of glycoproteins. APA (Antheraea pernyi arylphorin) is an insect hexamerin that has two N-glycosylations at Asn196 and Asn344 respectively. The glycosylation of Asn344 is critical for the folding process; however, glycosylation of Asn196 is not. Interestingly, the N196-glycan (glycosylation of Asn196) remains in an immature form (Glc1Man9GlcNAc2). The mutation of Asn196 to glutamine does not change the ecdysone-binding activity relative to that of the wild-type. In the present study, we determined the crystal structure of APA, and all sugar moieties of the N196-glycan were clearly observed in the electron-density map. Although the sugar moieties of the glycan generally have high structural flexibility, most sugar moieties of the N196-glycan were well organized in the deep cleft of the subunit interface and mediated many inter- and intrasubunit hydrogen bonds. Analytical ultracentrifugation and GdmCl (guanidinium chloride) unfolding experiments revealed that the presence of the N196-glycan was important for stabilizing the hexameric state and overall stability of APA respectively. Our results could provide a structural basis for studying not only other glycoproteins that carry an immature N-glycan, but also the structural role of N-glycans that are located in the deep cleft of a protein.
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28
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Kosloski MP, Miclea RD, Balu-Iyer SV. Role of glycosylation in conformational stability, activity, macromolecular interaction and immunogenicity of recombinant human factor VIII. AAPS JOURNAL 2009; 11:424-31. [PMID: 19499345 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-009-9119-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Factor VIII (FVIII) is a multi-domain glycoprotein that is an essential cofactor in the blood coagulation cascade. Its deficiency or dysfunction causes hemophilia A, a bleeding disorder. Replacement using exogenous recombinant human factor VIII (rFVIII) is the first line of therapy for hemophilia A. The role of glycosylation on the activity, stability, protein-lipid interaction, and immunogenicity of FVIII is not known. In order to investigate the role of glycosylation, a deglycosylated form of FVIII was generated by enzymatic cleavage of carbohydrate chains. The biochemical properties of fully glycosylated and completely deglycosylated forms of rFVIII (degly rFVIII) were compared using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, size exclusion chromatography, and clotting activity studies. The biological activity of degly FVIII decreased in comparison to the fully glycosylated protein. The ability of degly rFVIII to interact with phosphatidylserine containing membranes was partly impaired. Data suggested that glycosylation significantly influences the stability and the biologically relevant macromolecular interactions of FVIII. The effect of glycosylation on immunogenicity was investigated in a murine model of hemophilia A. Studies showed that deletion of glycosylation did not increase immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Kosloski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260, USA
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Effect of glycosylation on protein folding: a close look at thermodynamic stabilization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:8256-61. [PMID: 18550810 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0801340105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is one of the most common posttranslational modifications to occur in protein biosynthesis, yet its effect on the thermodynamics and kinetics of proteins is poorly understood. A minimalist model based on the native protein topology, in which each amino acid and sugar ring was represented by a single bead, was used to study the effect of glycosylation on protein folding. We studied in silico the folding of 63 engineered SH3 domain variants that had been glycosylated with different numbers of conjugated polysaccharide chains at different sites on the protein's surface. Thermal stabilization of the protein by the polysaccharide chains was observed in proportion to the number of attached chains. Consistent with recent experimental data, the degree of thermal stabilization depended on the position of the glycosylation sites, but only very weakly on the size of the glycans. A thermodynamic analysis showed that the origin of the enhanced protein stabilization by glycosylation is destabilization of the unfolded state rather than stabilization of the folded state. The higher free energy of the unfolded state is enthalpic in origin because the bulky polysaccharide chains force the unfolded ensemble to adopt more extended conformations by prohibiting formation of a residual structure. The thermodynamic stabilization induced by glycosylation is coupled with kinetic stabilization. The effects introduced by the glycans on the biophysical properties of proteins are likely to be relevant to other protein polymeric conjugate systems that regularly occur in the cell as posttranslational modifications or for biotechnological purposes.
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30
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Ghosh S, Mandal DK. Kinetic stability plays a dominant role in the denaturant-induced unfolding of Erythrina indica lectin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2006; 1764:1021-8. [PMID: 16713758 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2006.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2005] [Revised: 03/03/2006] [Accepted: 03/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The urea-induced denaturation of dimeric Erythrina indica lectin (EIL) has been studied at pH 7.2 under equilibrium and kinetic conditions in the temperature range of 40-55 degrees C. The structure of EIL is largely unaffected in this temperature range in absence of denaturant, and also in 8 M urea after incubation for 24 h at ambient temperature. The equilibrium denaturation of EIL exhibits a monophasic unfolding transition from the native dimer to the unfolded monomer as monitored by fluorescence, far-UV CD, and size-exclusion FPLC. The thermodynamic parameters determined for the two-state unfolding equilibrium show that the free energy of unfolding (DeltaGu, aq) remains practically same between 40 and 55 degrees C, with a value of 11.8 +/- 0.6 kcal mol(-1) (monomer units). The unfolding kinetics of EIL describes a single exponential decay pattern, and the apparent rate constants determined at different temperatures indicate that the rate of the unfolding reaction increases several fold with increase in temperature. The presence of probe like external metal ions (Mn2+, Ca2+) does not influence the unfolding reaction thermodynamically or kinetically; however, the presence of EDTA affects only kinetics. The present results suggest that the ability of EIL to preserve the structural integrity against the highly denaturing conditions is linked primarily to its kinetic stability, and the synergic action of heat and denaturant is involved in the unfolding of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Presidency College, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700 073, India
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31
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Erratum: N-linked oligosaccharides as outfitters for glycoprotein folding, form and function. Trends Biochem Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2006.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Mitra N, Sinha S, Ramya TNC, Surolia A. N-linked oligosaccharides as outfitters for glycoprotein folding, form and function. Trends Biochem Sci 2006; 31:156-63. [PMID: 16473013 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2006.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2005] [Revised: 01/06/2006] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation, particularly N-linked glycosylation, profoundly affects protein folding, oligomerization and stability. The increased efficiency of folding of glycosylated proteins could be due to the chaperone-like activity of glycans, which is observed even when the glycan is not attached to the protein. Covalently linked glycans could also facilitate oligomerization by mediating inter-subunit interactions in the protein or stabilizing the oligomer in other ways. Glycosylation also affects the rate of fibril formation in prion proteins: N-glycans reduce the rate of fibril formation, and O-glycans affect the rate either way depending on factors such as position and orientation. It has yet to be determined whether there is any correlation among the sites of glycosylation and the ensuing effect in multiply glycosylated proteins. It is also not apparent whether there is a common pattern in the conservation of glycans in a related family of glycoproteins, but it is evident that glycosylation is a multifaceted post-translational modification. Indeed, glycosylation serves to "outfit" proteins for fold-function balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Mitra
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
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Anula HM, Myshkin E, Guliaev A, Luman C, Danilov EO, Castellano FN, Bullerjahn GS, Rodgers MAJ. Photo Processes on Self-Associated Cationic Porphyrins and Plastocyanin Complexes 1. Ligation of Plastocyanin Tyrosine 83 onto Metalloporphyrins and Electron-Transfer Fluorescence Quenching. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:2545-59. [PMID: 16480316 DOI: 10.1021/jp054712t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The spectroscopic properties of the self-associated complexes formed between the anionic surface docking site of spinach plastocyanin and the cationic metalloporphyrins, in which the tyrosine 83 (Y83) moiety is placed just below the docking site, tetrakis(N-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin (Pd(II)TMPyP(4+) and Zn(II)TMPyP(4+)), have been studied and reported herein. The fluorescence quenching phenomenon of the self-assembled complex of Zn(II)TMPyP(4+)/plastocyanin has also been discovered. The observed red-shifting of the Soret and Q-bands of the UV-visible spectra, ca. 9 nm for Pd(II)TMPyP(4+)/plastocyanin and ca. 6 nm for the Zn(II)TMPyP(4+)/plastocyanin complexes, was explained in terms of exciton theory coupled with the Gouterman model. Thus, the hydroxyphenyl terminus of the Y83 residue of the self-associated plastocyanin/cationic porphyrin complexes was implicated in the charge-transfer ligation with the central metal atoms of these metalloporphyrins. Moreover, ground-state spectrometric-binding studies between Pd(II)TMPyP(4+) and the Y83 mutant plastocyanin (Y83F-PC) system proved that Y83 moiety of plastocyanin played a critical role in the formation of such ion-pair complexes. Difference absorption spectra and the Job's plots showed that the electrostatic attractions between the cationic porphyrins and the anionic patch of plastocyanin, bearing the nearby Y83 residue, led to the predominant formation of a self-associated 1:1 complex in the ground-state with significantly high binding constants (K = (8.0 +/- 1.1) x 10(5) M(-1) and (2.7 +/- 0.8) x 10(6) M(-1) for Pd(II)TMPyP(4+) and zinc variant, respectively) in low ionic strength buffer, 1 mM KCl and 1 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). Molecular modeling calculations supported the formation of a 1:1 self-associated complex between the porphyrin and plastocyanin with an average distance of ca. 9 A between the centers of mass of the porphyrin and Y83 positioned just behind the anionic surface docking site on the protein surface. The photoexcited singlet state of Zn(II)TMPyP(4+) was quenched by the Y83 residue of the self-associated plastocyanin in a static mechanism as evidenced by steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence experiments. Even when all the porphyrin was complexed (more than 97%), significant residual fluorescence from the complex was observed such that the amplitude of quenching of the singlet state of uncomplexed species was enormously obscured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hewa M Anula
- The Center for Photochemical Sciences and Departments of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, USA
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Sinha S, Surolia A. Oligomerization endows enormous stability to soybean agglutinin: a comparison of the stability of monomer and tetramer of soybean agglutinin. Biophys J 2005; 88:4243-51. [PMID: 15792973 PMCID: PMC1305654 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.105.061309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2005] [Accepted: 03/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean agglutinin is a tetrameric legume lectin, each of whose subunits are glycosylated. This protein shows a very high degree of stability when compared to the other proteins of the same family. In a previous work, it was shown that the unusual stability of the protein is due to a high degree of subunit interactions. In this study we present the thermodynamic parameters for the stability of soybean agglutinin monomer. The monomeric species is found at pH 2 and below which it is most populated at pH 1.9, as evident from size-exclusion chromatographic and dynamic light scattering studies. The analyses of circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy suggest that the monomer is well folded, and that it has certain characteristic features when compared to its tetrameric counterpart. The conformational stabilities of the tetramer and the monomer at the temperature of their maximum stabilities (310 K) are 59.2 kcal/mol and 9.8 kcal/mol, respectively, indicating that oligomerization contributes significantly to the stability of the native molecule. Also, the T(g) difference for the two forms of the protein is approximately 40 K, whereas the difference in DeltaC(p) is only 1.6 kcal/mol/K. This suggests that the major hydrophobic core is present in the monomer itself, and that oligomerization involves mainly ionic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmistha Sinha
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
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Sinha S, Mitra N, Kumar G, Bajaj K, Surolia A. Unfolding studies on soybean agglutinin and concanavalin a tetramers: a comparative account. Biophys J 2005; 88:1300-10. [PMID: 15542553 PMCID: PMC1305132 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.104.051052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2004] [Accepted: 11/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The unfolding pathway of two very similar tetrameric legume lectins soybean agglutinin (SBA) and Concanavalin A (ConA) were determined using GdnCl-induced denaturation. Both proteins displayed a reversible two-state unfolding mechanism. The analysis of isothermal denaturation data provided values for conformational stability of the two proteins. It was found that the DeltaG of unfolding of SBA was much higher than ConA at all the temperatures at which the experiments were done. ConA had a T(g) 18 degrees C less than SBA. The higher conformational stability of SBA in comparison to ConA is largely due to substantial differences in their degrees of subunit interactions. Ionic interactions at the interface of the two proteins especially at the noncanonical interface seem to play a significant role in the observed stability differences between these two proteins. Furthermore, SBA is a glycoprotein with a GlcNac2Man9 chain attached to Asn-75 of each subunit. The sugar chain in SBA lies at the noncanonical interface of the protein, and it is found to interact with the amino acid residues in the adjacent noncanonical interface. These interactions further stabilize SBA with respect to ConA, which is not glycosylated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmistha Sinha
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
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Kulkarni KA, Srivastava A, Mitra N, Sharon N, Surolia A, Vijayan M, Suguna K. Effect of glycosylation on the structure of Erythrina corallodendron lectin. Proteins 2004; 56:821-7. [PMID: 15281133 DOI: 10.1002/prot.20168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The three-dimensional structure of the recombinant form of Erythrina corallodendron lectin, complexed with lactose, has been elucidated by X-ray crystallography at 2.55 A resolution. Comparison of this non-glycosylated structure with that of the native glycosylated lectin reveals that the tertiary and quaternary structures are identical in the two forms, with local changes observed at one of the glycosylation sites (Asn17). These changes take place in such a way that hydrogen bonds with the neighboring protein molecules in rECorL compensate those made by the glycan with the protein in ECorL. Contrary to an earlier report, this study demonstrates that the glycan attached to the lectin does not influence the oligomeric state of the lectin. Identical interactions between the lectin and the non-covalently bound lactose in the two forms indicate, in line with earlier reports, that glycosylation does not affect the carbohydrate specificity of the lectin. The present study, the first of its kind involving a glycosylated protein with a well-defined glycan and the corresponding deglycosylated form, provides insights into the structural aspects of protein glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Kulkarni
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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Li G, Yan Q, Nita-Lazar A, Haltiwanger RS, Lennarz WJ. Studies on the N-glycosylation of the subunits of oligosaccharyl transferase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 2004; 280:1864-71. [PMID: 15507441 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m410969200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, oligosaccharyl transferase (OT) consists of nine different subunits. Three of the essential gene products, Ost1p, Wbp1p, and Stt3p, are N-linked glycoproteins. To study the function of the N-glycosylation of these proteins, we prepared single or multiple N-glycosylation site mutations in each of them. We established that the four potential N-glycosylation sites in Ost1p and the two potential N-glycosylation sites in Wbp1p were occupied in the mature proteins. Interestingly, none of the N-glycosylation sites in these two proteins was conserved, and no defect in growth or OT activity was observed when the N-glycosylation sites were mutated to block N-glycosylation in either subunit. However, in the third glycosylated subunit, Stt3p, there are two adjacent potential N-glycosylation sites (N(535)NTWN(539)NT) that, in contrast to the other subunits, are highly conserved in eukaryotic organisms. Mass spectrometric analysis of a tryptic digest of Stt3p showed that the peptide containing the two adjacent N-glycosylation sites was N-glycosylated at one site. Furthermore, the glycan chain identified as Man(8)GlcNAc(2) is found linked only to Asn(539). Mutation experiments were carried out at these two sites. Four single amino acid mutations blocking either N-glycosylation site (N535Q, T537A, N539Q, and T541A) resulted in strains that were either lethal or extremely temperature sensitive. However, other mutations in the two N-glycosylation sites N(535)NTWN(539)NT (N536Q, T537S, N540Q, and T541S), did not exhibit growth defects. Based on these studies, we conclude that N-glycosylation of Stt3p at Asn(539) is essential for its function in the OT complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangtao Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology and Institute for Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5215, USA
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Xu G, Zhai H, Narayan M, McLafferty FW, Scheraga HA. Simultaneous Characterization of the Reductive Unfolding Pathways of RNase B Isoforms by Top-Down Mass Spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 11:517-24. [PMID: 15123246 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2004.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2003] [Revised: 01/14/2004] [Accepted: 01/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for characterization of the simultaneous reductive unfolding pathways of five isoforms of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease B (RNase B) is demonstrated. The results indicate that each isoform unfolds reductively through two three-disulfide-containing structured intermediates before proceeding to the fully reduced form, as in the reductive unfolding pathways of the A variant lacking the carbohydrate chain. The rates of reduction of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (RNase A) and RNase B and the formation and consumption of their reductive intermediates are identical, indicating that the unfolding events necessary to expose disulfide bonds for reduction are not affected by the oligosaccharide. The method utilizes top-down mass spectrometry and a naturally occurring tag on the protein, viz. the carbohydrate moiety, to obtain unfolding information of an ensemble of protein isoforms and is a generally applicable methodological advance for conducting folding studies on mixtures of different proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Xu
- Baker Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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