1
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Shabir U, Dar JS, Bhat AH, Ganai BA, Mahmoud MH, Batiha GES. Uncovering the antimicrobial activity of G-type lysozyme 2 derived from Cyprinus carpio mucus against bacterial and fungal pathogens. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 153:105135. [PMID: 38185264 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the antimicrobic potential of mucus samples collected from Cyprinus carpio and identify the specific antimicrobial peptides responsible for its activity. The crude extract was tested against various bacterial and fungal pathogens, and its protein content and profile were analyzed. Purification steps, including gel filtration chromatography, were employed to isolate the most active fraction (peak IV), which was further identified via liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy. The results revealed varying degrees of antimicrobial activity of the crude extract against different bacterial and fungal strains, with Leclercia adecarboxylata, Candida glabrata, and Candida parapsilosis showing the highest susceptibility. SDS-PAGE analysis demonstrated the existence of multiple low molecular weight protein bands in the crude extract, while fraction IV obtained from gel filtration chromatography exhibited the strongest antimicrobial activity. Peak IV displayed a range of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) values against the tested pathogens, spanning from 0.038 to 4.960 mg/mL. Further investigation identified the purified peptide derived from peak IV as G-type lysozyme 2, characterized by a molecular weight of 21 kDa. These findings shed light on the existence of a highly effective antimicrobial peptide, G-type lysozyme 2, within the mucus of Cyprinus carpio. This peptide demonstrates notable activity against diverse bacterial and fungal pathogens. The insights from this study enhance our understanding of the fish's antimicrobial defense mechanisms and hold promise for developing novel antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzma Shabir
- Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Jehangir Shafi Dar
- Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Aashaq Hussain Bhat
- Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, India; Experimental Biology Research Group, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argland, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Bashir Ahmad Ganai
- Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mohamed H Mahmoud
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, Albeheira, Egypt
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2
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Bergamo A, Sava G. Lysozyme: A Natural Product with Multiple and Useful Antiviral Properties. Molecules 2024; 29:652. [PMID: 38338396 PMCID: PMC10856218 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Lysozyme, especially the one obtained from hen's egg white, continues to show new pharmacological properties. The fact that only a few of these properties can be translated into therapeutic applications is due to the lack of suitable clinical studies. However, this lack cannot hide the evidence that is emerging from scientific research. This review for the first time examines, from a pharmacological point of view, all the relevant studies on the antiviral properties of lysozyme, analyzing its possible mechanism of action and its ability to block viral infections and, in some cases, inhibit viral replication. Lysozyme can interact with nucleic acids and alter their function, but this effect is uncoupled from the catalytic activity that determines its antibacterial activity; it is present in intact lysozyme but is equally potent in a heat-degraded lysozyme or in a nonapeptide isolated by proteolytic digestion. An analysis of the literature shows that lysozyme can be used both as a disinfectant for raw and processed foods and as a drug to combat viral infections in animals and humans. To summarize, it can be said that lysozyme has important antiviral properties, as already suspected in the initial studies conducted over 50 years ago, and it should be explored in suitable clinical studies on humans.
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3
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Bergamo A, Sava G. Pharmacological Modulation of Host Immunity with Hen Egg White Lysozyme (HEWL)-A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:5027. [PMID: 37446691 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the 100 years since its discovery, lysozyme has become an important molecule, both as model for studies in different fields and as a candidate for the therapy of various pathological conditions. Of the dozens of known lysozymes, in this review we focus on one in particular, lysozyme extracted from hen egg white (HEWL), and its interaction with the immune system when it is administered orally. Experimental data show that there is an axis that directs immune system activation from GALT (gut-associated lymphoid tissue) and the intestinal lymphocyte clusters. Although a contribution of peptidoglycans from digestion of the bacterial cell wall in the intestinal lumen cannot be excluded, immune stimulation is not dependent on the enzymatic activity of HEWL. The immune responses suggest that HEWL is able to recover from immunodepression caused by tumor growth or immunosuppressants, and that it also improves the success of chemotherapy. The positive results obtained in a small Phase 2 study in patients, the ease of oral administration of this protein, and the absence of adverse effects suggest that HEWL may play an important role in all diseases where the immune system is weakened or where its enhancement plays a critical role in the resolution of the pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberta Bergamo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Gianni Sava
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- Italian Society of Pharmacology, 20129 Milano, Italy
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4
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Trusova VM, Zhytniakivska OA, Tarabara UK, Vus KA, Gorbenko GP. Deciphering the molecular details of interactions between anti-COVID drugs and functional human proteins: in silico approach. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 233:115448. [PMID: 37167767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The molecular docking calculations have been employed to investigate the interactions a set of proteins with the repurposed anti-COVID drugs. The position of the therapeutic agents within the protein structure was dependent on a particular drug-protein system and varied from the binding cleft to the periphery of the polypeptide chain. Interactions involved in the drug-protein complexation includes predominantly hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic contacts. The obtained results may be of particular importance while developing the anti-COVID strategies as well as for deeper understanding of the drug pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriya M Trusova
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Nanotechnologies, V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, Ukraine.
| | - Olga A Zhytniakivska
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Nanotechnologies, V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Uliana K Tarabara
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Nanotechnologies, V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Kateryna A Vus
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Nanotechnologies, V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Galyna P Gorbenko
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Nanotechnologies, V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, Ukraine
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5
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Liu L, Jia X, Zhao X, Li T, Luo Z, Deng R, Peng B, Mao D, Liu H, Zheng Q. In vitro PCR verification that lysozyme inhibits nucleic acid replication and transcription. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6383. [PMID: 37076576 PMCID: PMC10115842 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33228-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysozyme can kill bacteria by its enzymatic activity or through a mechanism involving its cationic nature, which can facilitate electrostatic interactions with the viral capsid, the negatively charged parts of nucleic acids, and polymerase, so binding to nucleic acids may be another biological function of lysozyme. Here, PCR was used as a research tool to detect the effects of lysozyme on the replication and transcription of nucleic acids after treatment in different ways. We found that lysozyme and its hydrolysate can enter cells and inhibit PCR to varying degrees in vitro, and degraded lysozyme inhibited nucleic acid replication more effectively than intact lysozyme. The inhibition of lysozyme may be related to polymerase binding, and the sensitivity of different polymerases to lysozyme is inconsistent. Our findings provide a theoretical basis for further explaining the pharmacological effects of lysozyme, such as antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer, and immune regulatory activities, and directions for the development of new pharmacological effects of lysozyme and its metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Medical Functional Experiment Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637007, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhao
- Medical Functional Experiment Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637007, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Li
- Medical Functional Experiment Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637007, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziren Luo
- Medical Functional Experiment Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637007, People's Republic of China
| | - Ranxi Deng
- Medical Functional Experiment Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637007, People's Republic of China
| | - Bijia Peng
- Medical Functional Experiment Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637007, People's Republic of China
| | - Danting Mao
- Medical Functional Experiment Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637007, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Liu
- Medical Functional Experiment Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637007, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qian Zheng
- Medical Functional Experiment Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637007, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Du Y, Zhao F, Xing J, Liu Z, Cui M. Stabilization of Labile Lysozyme-Ligand Interactions in Native Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:366-373. [PMID: 36735536 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are polyphenolic secondary metabolites with extensive biological activities and pharmacological effects. Exploring the interactions of flavonoids with proteins may be helpful for understanding their biological processes. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is a powerful tool to characterize the noncovalent protein-ligand (PL) complexes. However, some protein-flavonoid complexes are labile during electrospray ionization. Here, the labile lysozyme-flavonoid (rutin, icariin, and naringin) complexes were determined by direct ESI-MS without derivation. It has been found that low amounts of N-methylpyrrolidinone and dimethylformamide can protect labile lysozyme-flavonoid complexes away from dissociation during electrospray ionization process. The intact lysozyme-flavonoid complexes were specifically observed in mass spectra, and the measured binding affinities by ESI-MS were matched with the fluorescence data. The effects of additives on the analysis of lysozyme-flavonoid complexes were investigated by ESI-MS, combined with the molecular docking and fluorescence. This strategy was helpful to investigate the labile PL interactions by direct ESI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Du
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui230029, China
| | - Fengjiao Zhao
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui230029, China
| | - Junpeng Xing
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin130022, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin130022, China
| | - Meng Cui
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui230029, China
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7
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Non-ionic surfactants in drug delivery vehicles: Physicochemical insights with systems of drugs, Igepal CA-630, bovine serum albumin and hen egg-white lysozyme. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Lyndem S, Gazi R, Belwal VK, Bhatta A, Jana M, Roy AS. Binding of bioactive esculin and esculetin with hen egg white lysozyme: Spectroscopic and computational methods to comprehensively elucidate the binding affinities, interacting forces, and conformational alterations at molecular level. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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9
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Liu Y, Zha H, Yu S, Zhong J, Liu X, Yang H, Zhu Q. Molecular characterization and antibacterial activities of a goose-type lysozyme gene from roughskin sculpin (Trachidermus fasciatus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:1079-1087. [PMID: 35870746 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lysozymes, acting as antimicrobial molecules, play a vital role in the host's innate immune response to pathogen infections. In the present study, a g-type lysozyme gene termed Tf-LyzG from roughskin sculpin, Trachidermus fasciatus was firstly reported. The deduced amino acid sequence of Tf-LyzG contained 188 residues and possessed conserved catalytic residues (Glu71, Asp84, and Asp95). Gene expression analysis revealed that Tf-LyzG was widely distributed in the tested eleven tissues with the highest expression in the gill and could be significantly induced post lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. The lysozyme activity of the purified recombinant protein (rTf-LyzG) was found to be most active at pH 5.5 and 37 °C. rTf-LyzG exhibited a wide spectrum of potent bacteriolytic activity against four Gram-positive bacteria and six Gram-negative bacteria. It also displayed a high affinity to polysaccharides on bacteria surfaces including LPS, lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and peptidoglycan (PGN). rTf-LyzG was capable of binding and agglutinating all nine bacteria. Flow cytometry assay further revealed that rTf-LyzG could disrupt the membrane of Micrococcus lysodeikticus which is confirmed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis that reveals blebs around the bacterial cell membrane. In summary, these data indicate that Tf-LyzG is of great importance in the fish immune response against pathogens invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Liu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Haidong Zha
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Shanshan Yu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Jiniao Zhong
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Xueqin Liu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Qian Zhu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China.
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10
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Tutanov O, Tamkovich S. The Influence of Proteins on Fate and Biological Role of Circulating DNA. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7224. [PMID: 35806228 PMCID: PMC9266439 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating DNA has already proven itself as a valuable tool in translational medicine. However, one of the overlooked areas of circulating DNA research is its association with different proteins, despite considerable evidence that this association might impact DNA's fate in circulation and its biological role. In this review, we attempt to shed light on current ideas about circulating DNA origins and forms of circulation, known biological effects, and the clinical potential of circulating tumor deoxyribonucleoprotein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Svetlana Tamkovich
- V. Zelman Institute for Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
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11
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Crystal Structure of Human Lysozyme Complexed with N-Acetyl-α-d-glucosamine. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12094363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Human lysozyme is a natural non-specific immune protein that participates in the immune response of infants against bacterial and viral infections. Lysozyme is a well-known hydrolase that cleaves peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls. Several crystal structures of human lysozyme have been reported, but little is known regarding how it recognizes sugar molecules. In this study, the crystal structures of human lysozyme in its native and two N-acetyl-α-d-glucosamine (α-D-NAG)-bound forms were determined at 1.3 Å and 1.55/1.60 Å resolution, respectively. Human lysozyme formed a typical c-type lysozyme fold and the α-D-NAG molecule was bound to the middle of subsites C and D. The N-acetyl and glucosamine groups of α-D-NAG were stabilized by hydrophobic interactions (Val117, Ala126, and Trp127), hydrogen bonds (Asn64, Asn78, Ala126, and Val128), and water bridges. Conformational changes of Arg80, Tyr81, Val128, and Arg131 of human lysozyme were observed due to the interactions of α-D-NAG with the active-site cleft. The binding configuration of α-D-NAG in human lysozyme was distinct compared with that of other sugar-bound lysozymes. Findings from this structural analysis provide a better understanding of the sugar recognition of human lysozyme during the immune response to microbial pathogens.
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12
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Phenylalanine and indole effects on the pathogenicity of human lysozyme amorphous aggregates. Enzyme Microb Technol 2022; 158:110036. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Jiang L, Li Y, Wang L, Guo J, Liu W, Meng G, Zhang L, Li M, Cong L, Sun M. Recent Insights Into the Prognostic and Therapeutic Applications of Lysozymes. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:767642. [PMID: 34925025 PMCID: PMC8678502 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.767642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysozymes are naturally occurring enzymes present in a variety of biological organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and animal bodily secretions and tissues. It is also the main ingredient of many ethnomedicines. It is well known that lysozymes and lysozyme-like enzymes can be used as anti-bacterial agents by degrading bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan that leads to cell death, and can also inhibit fungi, yeasts, and viruses. In addition to its direct antimicrobial activity, lysozyme is also an important component of the innate immune system in most mammals. Increasing evidence has shown the immune-modulatory effects of lysozymes against infection and inflammation. More recently, studies have revealed the anti-cancer activities of lysozyme in multiple types of tumors, potentially through its immune-modulatory activities. In this review, we summarized the major functions and underlying mechanisms of lysozymes derived from animal and plant sources. We highlighted the therapeutic applications and recent advances of lysozymes in cancers, hypertension, and viral diseases, aiming toseeking alternative therapies for standard medical treatment bypassing side effects. We also evaluated the role of lysozyme as a promising cancer marker for prognosis to indicate the outcomes recurrence for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Jiang
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Yunhe Li
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Liye Wang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jian Guo
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Guixian Meng
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lina Cong
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Meiyan Sun
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
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14
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Tarancón-Diez L, Rull A, Herrero P, Vazquez-Alejo E, Peraire J, Guillén S, Navarro-Gomez ML, Viladés C, Muñoz-Fernandez MÁ, Vidal F. Early antiretroviral therapy initiation effect on metabolic profile in vertically HIV-1-infected children. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 76:2993-3001. [PMID: 34463735 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkab277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early combined antiretroviral treatment (cART) in perinatally acquired HIV-1 children has been associated with a rapid viral suppression, small HIV-1 reservoir size and reduced mortality and morbidity. Immunometabolism has emerged as an important field in HIV-1 infection offering both relevant knowledge regarding immunopathogenesis and potential targets for therapies against HIV-1. OBJECTIVES To characterize the proteomic, lipidomic and metabolomic profile of HIV-1-infected children depending on their age at cART initiation. PATIENTS AND METHODS Plasma samples from perinatally HIV-1-infected children under suppressive cART who initiated an early cART (first 12 weeks after birth, EARLY, n = 10) and late cART (12-50 weeks after birth, LATE, n = 10) were analysed. Comparative plasma proteomics, lipidomics and metabolomics analyses were performed by nanoLC-Orbitrap, UHPLC-qTOF and GC-qTOF, respectively. RESULTS Seven of the 188 proteins identified exhibited differences comparing EARLY and LATE groups of HIV-1-infected children. Despite no differences in the lipidomic (n = 115) and metabolomic (n = 81) profiles, strong correlations were found between proteins and lipid levels as well as metabolites, including glucidic components and amino acids, with clinical parameters. The ratio among different proteins showed high discriminatory power of EARLY and LATE groups. CONCLUSIONS Protein signature show a different proinflammatory state associated with a late cART introduction. Its associations with lipid levels and the relationships found between metabolites and clinical parameters may potentially trigger premature non-AIDS events in this HIV-1 population, including atherosclerotic diseases and metabolic disorders. Antiretroviral treatment should be started as soon as possible in perinatally acquired HIV-1-infected children to prevent them from future long-life complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tarancón-Diez
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Rull
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Institut Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain.,Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Pol Herrero
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Unitat de Ciències Òmiques (Unitat Mixta de Eurecat-Universitat Rovira i Virgili), Infraestructura Científico-Tècnica Singular (ICTS), Reus, Spain
| | - Elena Vazquez-Alejo
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquim Peraire
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Institut Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain.,Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Sara Guillén
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Luisa Navarro-Gomez
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Consuelo Viladés
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Institut Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain.,Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Mª Ángeles Muñoz-Fernandez
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain.,Spanish HIV-HGM BioBank, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesc Vidal
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,Institut Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain.,Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain
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15
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He F, Chu S, Sun N, Li X, Jing M, Wan J, Zong W, Tang J, Liu R. Binding interactions of acrylamide with lysozyme and its underlying mechanisms based on multi-spectra, isothermal titration microcalorimetry and docking simulation. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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16
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Ali MS, Waseem M, Subbarao N, Al-Lohedan HA. Dynamic interaction between lysozyme and ceftazidime: Experimental and molecular simulation approaches. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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17
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Wedekind SIS, Shenker NS. Antiviral Properties of Human Milk. Microorganisms 2021; 9:715. [PMID: 33807146 PMCID: PMC8066736 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans have always coexisted with viruses, with both positive and negative consequences. Evolutionary pressure on mammals has selected intrinsic properties of lactation and milk to support the relatively immunocompromised neonate from environmental pathogens, as well as support the normal development of diverse immune responses. Human milk supports both adaptive and innate immunity, with specific constituents that drive immune learning and maturation, and direct protection against microorganisms. Viruses constitute one of the most ancient pressures on human evolution, and yet there is a lack of awareness by both public and healthcare professionals of the complexity of human milk as an adaptive response beyond the production of maternal antibodies. This review identifies and describes the specific antiviral properties of human milk and describes how maternal support of infants through lactation is protective beyond antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalie S. Shenker
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK;
- Human Milk Foundation, Daniel Hall Building, Rothamsted Institute, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
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18
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Brunaugh AD, Seo H, Warnken Z, Ding L, Seo SH, Smyth HDC. Development and evaluation of inhalable composite niclosamide-lysozyme particles: A broad-spectrum, patient-adaptable treatment for coronavirus infections and sequalae. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246803. [PMID: 33571320 PMCID: PMC7877651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Niclosamide (NIC) has demonstrated promising in vitro antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic. Though NIC is already FDA-approved, administration of the currently available oral formulation results in systemic drug levels that are too low for the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2. We hypothesized that the co-formulation of NIC with an endogenous protein, human lysozyme (hLYS), could enable the direct aerosol delivery of the drug to the respiratory tract as an alternative to oral delivery, thereby effectively treating COVID-19 by targeting the primary site of SARS-CoV-2 acquisition and spread. To test this hypothesis, we engineered and optimized composite particles containing NIC and hLYS suitable for delivery to the upper and lower airways via dry powder inhaler, nebulizer, and nasal spray. The novel formulation demonstrates potent in vitro and in vivo activity against two coronavirus strains, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, and may offer protection against methicillin-resistance staphylococcus aureus pneumonia and inflammatory lung damage occurring secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infections. The suitability of the formulation for all stages of the disease and low-cost development approach will ensure rapid clinical development and wide-spread utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee D. Brunaugh
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hyojong Seo
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Zachary Warnken
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Li Ding
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sang Heui Seo
- Laboratory of Influenza Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Yoseong Gu, Dajeon, Korea
| | - Hugh D. C. Smyth
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
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19
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Expression and purification of ShLysG in Escherichia coli and initial characterization of its antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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20
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Show PL, Ooi CW, Lee XJ, Yang CL, Liu BL, Chang YK. Batch and dynamic adsorption of lysozyme from chicken egg white on dye-affinity nanofiber membranes modified by ethylene diamine and chitosan. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:1711-1724. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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21
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Dong B, Sun C. Production of an invertebrate lysozyme of Scylla paramamosain in E.coli and evaluation of its antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Protein Expr Purif 2020; 177:105745. [PMID: 32896621 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2020.105745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lysozymes, which are secreted in many organisms, including invertebrates, mammals, plants, bacteria and fungus, exhibit antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Splys-i is an invertebrate-type (i-type) lysozyme isolated from Scylla paramamosain in 2017 and is involved in immune defense against bacteria. However, the antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of Splys-i remain to be elucidated. In the current study, the expression parameters (including IPTG concentration, induction temperature, and induction duration) of Splys-i in Escherichia coli were optimized to achieve high-level yield through shake-flask cultivation with approximately 120 mg of Splys-i obtained from 1 L of LB medium. The purified Splys-i displayed low cytotoxicity to RAW264.7 macrophage cells and low hemolytic activity against erythrocytes of mouse, rat, and rabbit, respectively, and exhibited potent antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria with minimum concentrations ranging from 15 to 90 μg/mL. The antibacterial property of Splys-i was also unaffected when treated with various temperature, pHs, and salinity, respectively, and Splys-i showed resistance to proteinase digestion. Radical-scavenging rate assay (including ABTS+, DPPH, hydroyl free radical, and superoxide anion) indicated that Splys-i was an efficient antioxidant. Splys-i also exerted anti-inflammatory effect through the inhibition of IκBα and NF-κB(P65) phosphorylation, thereby reducing the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. All these results suggested that Splys-i can be prepared from E. coli with potent biological property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Dong
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Wild Plant Resources Development and Application of Yellow River Delta, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Binzhou University, 391 Huanghe 5th Road, Binzhou City, Shandong Province 256603, China.
| | - Chunlong Sun
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Wild Plant Resources Development and Application of Yellow River Delta, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Binzhou University, 391 Huanghe 5th Road, Binzhou City, Shandong Province 256603, China
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22
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Mann JK, Ndung'u T. The potential of lactoferrin, ovotransferrin and lysozyme as antiviral and immune-modulating agents in COVID-19. Future Virol 2020. [PMCID: PMC7543043 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2020-0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is spreading rapidly with no established effective treatments. While most cases are mild, others experience uncontrolled inflammatory responses with oxidative stress, dysregulation of iron and coagulation as features. Lactoferrin, ovotransferrin and lysozyme are abundant, safe antimicrobials that have wide antiviral as well as immunomodulatory properties. In particular, lactoferrin restores iron homeostasis and inhibits replication of SARS-CoV, which is closely related to SARS-CoV-2. Ovotransferrin has antiviral peptides and activities that are shared with lactoferrin. Both lactoferrin and lysozyme are ‘immune sensing’ as they may stimulate immune responses or resolve inflammation. Mechanisms by which these antimicrobials may treat or prevent COVID-19, as well as sources and forms of these, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn Kelly Mann
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, 4001, South Africa
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT & Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Chariteplatz, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
- Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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23
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Synthesis and Characterization of Selenium Nanoparticles-Lysozyme Nanohybrid System with Synergistic Antibacterial Properties. Sci Rep 2020; 10:510. [PMID: 31949299 PMCID: PMC6965607 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57333-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the light of promising potency of selenium nanoparticles in biomedical applications, this is the first study to report the synergistic antibacterial activity of these nanoparticles and lysozyme. The nanohybrid system was prepared with various concentrations of each component. Resistance of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was compared in the presence of individual Nano and Bio counterparts as well as the nanohybrid system. Upon interaction of SeNPs with Lysozyme, the nanohybrid system efficiently enhanced the antibacterial activity compared to the protein. Therefore, SeNPs play an important role in inhibition of bacterial growth at very low concentrations of protein; whereas very high amount of the protein is required to inhibit bacterial growth individually. On the other hand, lysozyme has also played a vital role in antibacterial property of SeNPs, inducing 100% inhibition at very low concentration of each component. Hence, presence of both nano and bio counterparts induced vital interplay in the Nanohybrid system. The aged samples also presented good stability of SeNPs both as the intact and complex form. Results of this effort highlight design of nanohybrid systems with synergistic antibacterial properties to overcome the emerging antibiotic resistance as well as to define fruitful applications in biomedicine and food safety.
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24
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Colombet J, Billard H, Viguès B, Balor S, Boulé C, Geay L, Benzerara K, Menguy N, Ilango G, Fuster M, Enault F, Bardot C, Gautier V, Pradeep Ram AS, Sime-Ngando T. Discovery of High Abundances of Aster-Like Nanoparticles in Pelagic Environments: Characterization and Dynamics. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2376. [PMID: 31681233 PMCID: PMC6803438 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports the discovery of Aster-Like Nanoparticles (ALNs) in pelagic environments. ALNs are pleomorphic, with three dominant morphotypes which do not fit into any previously defined environmental entities [i.e., ultramicro-prokaryotes, controversed nanobes, and non-living particles (biomimetic mineralo-organic particles, natural nanoparticles or viruses)] of similar size. Elemental composition and selected-area electron diffraction patterns suggested that the organic nature of ALNs may prevail over the possibility of crystal structures. Likewise, recorded changes in ALN numbers in the absence of cells are at odds with an affiliation to until now described viral particles. ALN abundances showed marked seasonal dynamics in the lakewater, with maximal values (up to 9.0 ± 0.5 × 107 particles·mL−1) reaching eight times those obtained for prokaryotes, and representing up to about 40% of the abundances of virus-like particles. We conclude that (i) aquatic ecosystems are reservoirs of novel, abundant, and dynamic aster-like nanoparticles, (ii) not all virus-like particles observed in aquatic systems are necessarily viruses, and (iii) there may be several types of other ultra-small particles in natural waters that are currently unknown but potentially ecologically important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Colombet
- Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR CNRS 6023, Aubière, France
| | - Hermine Billard
- Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR CNRS 6023, Aubière, France
| | - Bernard Viguès
- Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR CNRS 6023, Aubière, France
| | - Stéphanie Balor
- Plateforme de Microscopie Électronique Intégrative (METI), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Christelle Boulé
- Centre Technologique des Microstructures (CTμ), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Lucie Geay
- Centre Technologique des Microstructures (CTμ), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Karim Benzerara
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux, et de Cosmochimie, Sorbonne Universités, UMR CNRS 7590, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement-Unité Mixte de Recherche 206, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Menguy
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux, et de Cosmochimie, Sorbonne Universités, UMR CNRS 7590, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement-Unité Mixte de Recherche 206, Paris, France
| | - Guy Ilango
- Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR CNRS 6023, Aubière, France
| | - Maxime Fuster
- Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR CNRS 6023, Aubière, France
| | - François Enault
- Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR CNRS 6023, Aubière, France
| | - Corinne Bardot
- Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR CNRS 6023, Aubière, France
| | - Véronique Gautier
- Plateforme GENTYANE, UMR INRA 1095 GDEC, Université Clermont Auvergne, Site de Crouel, Clermont Ferrand, France
| | - Angia Sriram Pradeep Ram
- Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR CNRS 6023, Aubière, France
| | - Télesphore Sime-Ngando
- Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR CNRS 6023, Aubière, France
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25
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Zuo Y, Rui Y, Xu J, Yang L, Yi Z. Multi-spectroscopic and molecular dynamics simulations investigation of the binding mechanism of polybrominated diphenyl ethers to hen egg white lysozyme. LUMINESCENCE 2019; 34:749-758. [PMID: 31264372 DOI: 10.1002/bio.3669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Three PBDEs (BDE25, BDE47, and BDE154) were selected to investigate the interactions between PBDEs and hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) by molecular modeling, fluorescence spectroscopy, and FT-IR spectra. The docking results showed that hydrogen bonds were formed between BDE25 and residue TRP63 and between BDE47 and TRP63 with bond lengths of 2.178 Å and 2.146 Å, respectively. The molecular dynamics simulations indicated that van der Waals forces played a predominant role in the binding of three PBDEs to HEWL. The observed fluorescence quenching can be attributed to the formation of complexes between HEWL and PBDEs, and the quenching mechanism is a static quenching. According to Förster's non-radiative energy transfer theory, the binding distances r were < 7 nm, indicating a high probability of energy transfer from HEWL to the three PBDEs. The synchronous fluorescence showed that the emission maximum wavelength of tryptophan (TRP) residues emerged a red-shift. FT-IR spectra indicated that BDE25, BDE47 and BDE154 induced the α-helix percentage of HEWL decreased from 32.70% ± 1.64% to 28.27% ± 1.41%, 27.50% ± 1.38% and 29.78% ± 1.49%, respectively, whereas the percentage of random coil increased from 26.67% ± 1.33% to 27.60% ± 1.38%, 29.18% ± 1.46% and 30.59% ± 1.53%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Zuo
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Yuefan Rui
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Jie Xu
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Lulu Yang
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Zhongsheng Yi
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
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26
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Feng M, Xie T, Li Y, Zhang N, Lu Q, Zhou Y, Shi M, Sun J, Zhang X. A balanced game: chicken macrophage response to ALV-J infection. Vet Res 2019; 50:20. [PMID: 30841905 PMCID: PMC6404279 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0638-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) infection can cause tumors and immunosuppression in infected chickens. Macrophages play a central role in host defense against invading pathogens. In this study, we discovered an interesting phenomenon: ALV-J replication is weakened from 3 hours post-infection (hpi) to 36 hpi, which was verified using Western blotting and RT-PCR. To further investigate the interaction between ALV-J and macrophages, transcriptome analysis was performed to analyze the host genes’ function in chicken primary monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). Compared to the uninfected control, 624 up-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEG) and 341 down-regulated DEG at 3 hpi, and 174 up-regulated DEG and 87 down-regulated DEG at 36 hpi were identified in chicken MDM, respectively. ALV-J infection induced strong innate immune responses in chicken MDM at 3 hpi, instead of 36 hpi, according to the analysis results of Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway. Importantly, the host factors, such as up-regulated MIP-3α, IL-1β, iNOS, K60, IRG1, CH25H, NFKBIZ, lysozyme and OASL were involved in the host defense response during the course of ALV-J infection. On the contrary, up-regulated EX-FABP, IL4I1, COX-2, NFKBIA, TNFAIP3 and the Jak STAT pathway inhibitors including CISH, SOCS1 and SOCS3 are beneficial to ALV-J survival in chicken macrophages. We speculated that ALV-J tropism for macrophages helps to establish a latent infection in chicken MDM from 6 to 36 hpi. The present study provides a comprehensive view of the interactions between macrophages and ALV-J. It suggests the mechanisms of defense of chicken macrophages against ALV-J invasion and how ALV-J escape the host innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanfang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuyuan Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaohong Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meiqing Shi
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jingchen Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiquan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China. .,Key Lab of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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27
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Boldyrev A, Ziganshin M, Osipov A, Mukhametzyanov T, Lyadov N, Klimovitskii A, Gerasimov A. Lysozyme-Based Composite Drug Preparations for Inhalation Administration. BIONANOSCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-018-0576-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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A facile electrochemical aptasensor for lysozyme detection based on target-induced turn-off of photosensitization. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 126:412-417. [PMID: 30471566 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.09.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The quantification of proteins is essential in fundamental research or clinical applications. Here, we developed a facile electrochemical aptasensor based on target-induced turn-off of photosensitization for label-free and ultrasensitive detection of protein (exemplified by lysozyme). EB (ethidium bromide) molecules that were embedded in dsDNA between lysozyme binding aptamer and complementary DNA immobilized on the electrode, could photo-cleave the dsDNA via singlet oxygen (O21) during photosensitization, resulting in a high voltammetry current of the [Fe(CN)6]3-/4-. Upon recognition of the lysozyme by aptamer, the EB molecules were released from dsDNA, and its photosensitization activity was turned off. As a result, more amount of complementary DNA was retained on the Au nanoparticles modified carbon nanotube paste electrode (AuNPs-CNPE), leading to a declined voltammetry current. Such a sensing strategy allowed detection of 10 pM-1 µM lysozyme with a low detection limit (about 2 pM). Besides, the sensor was free of labeling procedure as well as extra signal amplification step, and the CNPE modification was quite simple, only with AuNPs. The sensor also showed excellent selectivity toward lysozyme in the presence of interfering proteins, such as thrombin, bovine serum albumin, myoglobin, etc. The proposed sensor was applied to the determination of lysozyme in urine samples with the recoveries ranging from 96.6% to 101%. The proposed biosensor holds a great promise in developing other electrochemical sensors based on photosensitization.
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29
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Ansari SS, Yousuf I, Arjmand F, Siddiqi MK, Naqvi S. Exploring the intermolecular interactions and contrasting binding of flufenamic acid with hemoglobin and lysozyme: A biophysical and docking insight. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 116:1105-1118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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30
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Chen TT, Tan LR, Hu N, Dong ZQ, Hu ZG, Jiang YM, Chen P, Pan MH, Lu C. C-lysozyme contributes to antiviral immunity in Bombyx mori against nucleopolyhedrovirus infection. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 108:54-60. [PMID: 29778904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lysozymes is a ubiquitous immune effector that is widely distributed in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Previous reports have shown that lysozymes significantly inhibit viral infections in vertebrates. However, the antiviral effects of lysozymes in invertebrates remain unclear. Here, we investigated the role of lysozymes in Bombyx mori (B. mori) response to viral infection by overexpressing B. mori C-lysozyme (BmC-LZM) in larvae and cells. We found that BmC-LZM was up-regulated in cells in response to viral infection. Indeed, the overexpressing of BmC-LZM significantly inhibited viral replication in cells during late-stage infection. However, this effect was reversed by BmC-LZM mRNA. BmC-LZM was successfully overexpressed in B. mori strain 871 using Baculovirus Expression Vector System (BEVS). This overexpression markedly reduced viral proliferation and increased larval survival percentage. Thus, BmC-LZM inhibited viral replication both in vivo and in vitro, indicating that BmC-LZM is involved in the insect immune response to viral infection. Our results provide a basis for further applications of lysozymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Li-Rong Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Nan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Zhan-Qi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Ya-Ming Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Peng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Min-Hui Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
| | - Cheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
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31
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Abstract
Interactions between human lysozyme (HL) and the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Klebsiella pneumoniae O1, a causative agent of lung infection, were identified by surface plasmon resonance. To characterize the molecular mechanism of this interaction, HL binding to synthetic disaccharides and tetrasaccharides representing one and two repeating units, respectively, of the O-chain of this LPS were studied. pH-dependent structural rearrangements of HL after interaction with the disaccharide were observed through nuclear magnetic resonance. The crystal structure of the HL-tetrasaccharide complex revealed carbohydrate chain packing into the A, B, C, and D binding sites of HL, which primarily occurred through residue-specific, direct or water-mediated hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic contacts. Overall, these results support a crucial role of the Glu35/Asp53/Trp63/Asp102 residues in HL binding to the tetrasaccharide. These observations suggest an unknown glycan-guided mechanism that underlies recognition of the bacterial cell wall by lysozyme and may complement the HL immune defense function.
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Lee J, Kim I, Yeo S, Kim D, Kim M. Dextran-Conjugated Lysozymes Inhibit the Growth of Shigella sonnei and Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2018; 23:60-69. [PMID: 29662849 PMCID: PMC5894787 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2018.23.1.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysozyme is well known as a natural antimicrobial agent, but its function is limited in that it only combats Gram-positive bacteria. We investigated the inhibitory effects of dextran-conjugated lysozymes (DLs) against some strains of Gram-negative bacteria and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV). The Maillard reactions of the DL were performed at various pHs (3.0, 7.0, and 8.5) in the presence of saturated KBr solution for 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 days. The growth inhibition effects against Gram-negative bacterial strains, such as Escherichia coli, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella sonnei, and Shigella flexneri were found only in some DLs. DLs incubated at pH 7.0 for 9 days strongly inhibited growth of S. sonnei (92.9%). Fathead minnow (FHM) cells were infected with VHSV. DLs treated at all pHs for 1 day resulted in more than 80% viability of VHSV-infected FHM cells. The results of this study suggest that our DLs can be useful in food preservatives, pharmaceuticals, or aquatic feed due to their inhibitory effects against pathogenic bacteria and viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joongjae Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, Chungnam 31116, Korea.,Natural Nutraceuticals Industrialization Research Center, Dankook University, Chungnam 31116, Korea
| | - Inyong Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, Chungnam 31116, Korea.,Natural Nutraceuticals Industrialization Research Center, Dankook University, Chungnam 31116, Korea
| | - Seoungsoon Yeo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, Chungnam 31116, Korea.,Natural Nutraceuticals Industrialization Research Center, Dankook University, Chungnam 31116, Korea
| | - Duwoon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology and Foodborne Virus Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Misook Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, Chungnam 31116, Korea.,Natural Nutraceuticals Industrialization Research Center, Dankook University, Chungnam 31116, Korea
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Das S, Ghosh P, Koley S, Singha Roy A. Binding of naringin and naringenin with hen egg white lysozyme: A spectroscopic investigation and molecular docking study. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 192:211-221. [PMID: 29145059 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The interactions of naringenin (NG) and naringin (NR) with Hen Egg White Lysozyme (HEWL) in aqueous medium have been investigated using UV-vis spectroscopy, steady-state fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD), Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and molecular docking analyses. Both NG and NR can quench the intrinsic fluorescence of HEWL via static quenching mechanism. At 300K, the value of binding constant (Kb) of HEWL-NG complex (5.596±0.063×104M-1) was found to be greater than that of HEWL-NR complex (3.404±0.407×104M-1). The negative ΔG° values in cases of both the complexes specify the spontaneous binding. The binding distance between the donor (HEWL) and acceptor (NG/NR) was estimated using the Försters theory and the possibility of non-radiative energy transfer from HEWL to NG/NR was observed. The presence of metal ions (Ca2+, Cu2+ and Fe2+) decreased the binding affinity of NG/NR towards HEWL. Synchronous fluorescence studies indicate the change in Trp micro-environment due to the incorporation of NG/NR into HEWL. CD and FT-IR studies indicated that the α-helicity of the HEWL was slightly enhanced due to ligand binding. NG and NR inhibited the enzymatic activity of HEWL and exhibited their affinity for the active site of HEWL. Molecular docking studies revealed that both NG and NR bind in the close vicinity of Trp 62 and Trp 63 residues which is vital for the catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Das
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Meghalaya, Shillong 793003, India
| | - Pooja Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Sudipta Koley
- Department of Physics, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, Meghalaya, India
| | - Atanu Singha Roy
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Meghalaya, Shillong 793003, India.
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Du FK, Zhang H, Tan XC, Yan J, Liu M, Chen X, Wu YY, Feng DF, Chen QY, Cen JM, Liu SG, Qiu YQ, Han HY. Ru(bpy) 32+-Silica@Poly-L-lysine-Au as labels for electrochemiluminescence lysozyme aptasensor based on 3D graphene. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 106:50-56. [PMID: 29414088 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the feasibility of a novel sensitive electrochemiluminescence aptasensor for the detection of lysozyme using Ru(bpy)32+-Silica@Poly-L-lysine-Au (RuSiNPs@PLL-Au) nanocomposites labeling as an indicator was demonstrated. The substrate electrode of the aptasensor was prepared by depositing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on 3D graphene-modified electrode. The lysozyme binding aptamer (LBA) was attached to the 3D graphene/AuNPs electrode through gold-thiol affinity, hybridized with a complementary single-strand DNA (CDNA) of the lysozyme aptamer labeled by RuSiNPs@PLL-Au as an electrochemiluminescence intensity amplifier. Thanks to the synergistic amplification of the 3D graphene, the AuNPs and RuSiNPs@PLL-Au NPs linked to Ru(bpy)32+-ECL further enhanced the ECL intensity of the aptasensor. In presence of lysozyme, the CDNA segment of the self-assembled duplex was displaced by the lysozyme, resulting in decreased electrochemiluminescence signal. Under the optimized conditions, the decrease in electrochemiluminescence intensity varied proportionally with the logarithmic concentration of the lysozyme from 2.25 × 10-12 to 5.0 × 10-8 mol L-1, and the detection limit was estimated to 7.5 × 10-13 mol L-1. The aptasensor was further tested in real samples and found reliable for the detection of lysozyme, thus holding great potential application in food safety researches and bioassay analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Kai Du
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Key Laboratory of Guangxi Colleges and Universities for food safety and pharmaceutical analytical chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530008, PR China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Key Laboratory of Guangxi Colleges and Universities for food safety and pharmaceutical analytical chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530008, PR China
| | - Xue-Cai Tan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Key Laboratory of Guangxi Colleges and Universities for food safety and pharmaceutical analytical chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530008, PR China.
| | - Jun Yan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Key Laboratory of Guangxi Colleges and Universities for food safety and pharmaceutical analytical chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530008, PR China
| | - Min Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Key Laboratory of Guangxi Colleges and Universities for food safety and pharmaceutical analytical chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530008, PR China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Key Laboratory of Guangxi Colleges and Universities for food safety and pharmaceutical analytical chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530008, PR China
| | - Ye-Yu Wu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Key Laboratory of Guangxi Colleges and Universities for food safety and pharmaceutical analytical chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530008, PR China
| | - De-Fen Feng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Key Laboratory of Guangxi Colleges and Universities for food safety and pharmaceutical analytical chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530008, PR China
| | - Quan-You Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Key Laboratory of Guangxi Colleges and Universities for food safety and pharmaceutical analytical chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530008, PR China
| | - Jian-Mei Cen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Key Laboratory of Guangxi Colleges and Universities for food safety and pharmaceutical analytical chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530008, PR China
| | - Shao-Gang Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Key Laboratory of Guangxi Colleges and Universities for food safety and pharmaceutical analytical chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530008, PR China
| | - Yu-Qin Qiu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Key Laboratory of Guangxi Colleges and Universities for food safety and pharmaceutical analytical chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530008, PR China
| | - He-You Han
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Key Laboratory of Guangxi Colleges and Universities for food safety and pharmaceutical analytical chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning 530008, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
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Sonu VK, Rajkumar I, Bhattacharjee K, Joshi S, Mitra S. Interaction of caffeine and sulfadiazine with lysozyme adsorbed at colloidal metal nanoparticle interface: influence on drug transport ability and antibacterial activity. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:321-335. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1426497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vikash K. Sonu
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793 022, India
| | - Imocha Rajkumar
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793 022, India
| | - Kaushik Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793 022, India
| | - S.R. Joshi
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793 022, India
| | - Sivaprasad Mitra
- Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793 022, India
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36
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Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Type 1 Virus (HIV-1) Life Cycle by Different Egg White Lysozymes. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 185:786-798. [PMID: 29330771 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2678-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Lysozyme is a relatively small enzyme with different biological activities, which is found in tears, saliva, egg white, and human milk. In the study, the anti-HIV-1 activity of lysozymes purified from quail, Meleagris, and hen egg white has been determined. For this end, a time-of-drug-addition assay was performed to identify the target of anti-HIV-1 agents and for determination of probable anti HIV-1 mechanism of the studied lysozyme, the binding affinity of the lysozymes to the human CD4 receptor was studied by molecular docking method. To define structural differences between studied lysozymes, structural motifs of them were predicted by MEME tool. Quail, hen, and Meleagris lysozymes showed potent anti-HIV-1 activity with EC50 of 7.5, 10, and 55 nM, respectively. The time-of-drug-addition study demonstrated that the inhibitory effect of all purified lysozymes is before HIV-1 infection. The frequency and intensity of CD4 expression in PBMCs decreased in the presence of all mentioned lysozymes. Also, the expression level of C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) and chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) on CD4+ T cells was not changed in cells treated with these lysozymes. The results of in silico study confirmed that the binding energy of quail lysozyme with CD4 was more than that of other studied lysozymes. The results revealed that these lysozymes restrict HIV-1 attachment to host cell CD4.
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37
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HIV-Enhancing and HIV-Inhibiting Properties of Cationic Peptides and Proteins. Viruses 2017; 9:v9050108. [PMID: 28505117 PMCID: PMC5454421 DOI: 10.3390/v9050108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic antimicrobial peptides and proteins have historically been ascribed roles in innate immunity that infer killing of microbial and viral pathogens and protection of the host. In the context of sexually transmitted HIV-1, we take an unconventional approach that questions this paradigm. It is becoming increasingly apparent that many of the cationic polypeptides present in the human genital or anorectal mucosa, or human semen, are capable of enhancing HIV-1 infection, often in addition to other reported roles as viral inhibitors. We explore how the in vivo environment may select for or against the HIV-enhancing aspects of these cationic polypeptides by focusing on biological relevance. We stress that the distinction between enhancing and inhibiting HIV-1 infection is not mutually exclusive to specific classes of cationic polypeptides. Understanding how virally enhancing peptides and proteins act to promote sexual transmission of HIV-1 would be important for the design of topical microbicides, mucosal vaccines, and other preventative measures.
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38
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Choi S, Attri P, Lee I, Oh J, Yun JH, Park JH, Choi EH, Lee W. Structural and functional analysis of lysozyme after treatment with dielectric barrier discharge plasma and atmospheric pressure plasma jet. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1027. [PMID: 28432354 PMCID: PMC5430822 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01030-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The variation in the biological function of proteins plays an important role in plasma medicine and sterilization. Several non-thermal plasma sources with different feeding gases are used worldwide for plasma treatment, including dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) and atmospheric-pressure plasma jet (APPJ) as the most commonly used sources. Therefore, in the present work, we used both DBD and APPJ plasma sources with N2 and air as feeding gases to evaluate the effects on the structural, thermodynamic, and activity changes of enzymes. In the current work, we used lysozyme as a model enzyme and verified the structural changes using circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence, and X-ray crystallography. In addition, we investigated the lysozyme thermodynamics using CD thermal analysis and changes in the B-factor from X-ray crystallography. The results showed that lysozyme activity decreased after the plasma treatment. From these analyses, we concluded that N2-feeding gas plasma disturbs the structure and activity of lysozyme more than Air feeding gas plasma in our experimental studies. This study provides novel fundamental information on the changes to enzymes upon plasma treatment, which has been absent from the literature until now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooho Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Pankaj Attri
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center/Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 139-701, Korea
| | - Inhwan Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Jeongmin Oh
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Yun
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Park
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center/Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 139-701, Korea
| | - Eun Ha Choi
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center/Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 139-701, Korea
| | - Weontae Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, Korea.
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39
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Bastos P, Trindade F, da Costa J, Ferreira R, Vitorino R. Human Antimicrobial Peptides in Bodily Fluids: Current Knowledge and Therapeutic Perspectives in the Postantibiotic Era. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:101-146. [PMID: 28094448 PMCID: PMC7168463 DOI: 10.1002/med.21435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are an integral part of the innate immune defense mechanism of many organisms. Due to the alarming increase of resistance to antimicrobial therapeutics, a growing interest in alternative antimicrobial agents has led to the exploitation of AMPs, both synthetic and isolated from natural sources. Thus, many peptide-based drugs have been the focus of increasing attention by many researchers not only in identifying novel AMPs, but in defining mechanisms of antimicrobial peptide activity as well. Herein, we review the available strategies for the identification of AMPs in human body fluids and their mechanism(s) of action. In addition, an overview of the distribution of AMPs across different human body fluids is provided, as well as its relation with microorganisms and infectious conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Bastos
- Department of Medical Sciences, iBiMED-Institute for Research in Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fábio Trindade
- Department of Medical Sciences, iBiMED-Institute for Research in Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Unidade de Investigação Cardiovascular, Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João da Costa
- Department of Chemistry, CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry, QOPNA, Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rui Vitorino
- Department of Medical Sciences, iBiMED-Institute for Research in Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Unidade de Investigação Cardiovascular, Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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40
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Ko J, Wan Q, Bathige SDNK, Lee J. Molecular characterization, transcriptional profiling, and antibacterial potential of G-type lysozyme from seahorse (Hippocampus abdominalis). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 58:622-630. [PMID: 27732899 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Lysozymes are a family of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of bacterial cell wall, acting as antimicrobial effectors of the innate immune system. In the present study, an ortholog of goose-type lysozyme (ShLysG) from the big-belly seahorse (Hippocampus abdominalis) was identified and characterized structurally and functionally. The full-length cDNA sequence (1213 bp) of ShLysG is comprised of an open reading frame made up of 552 bp, encoding a polypeptide of 184 amino acid (aa) with a predicted molecular mass of 20 kDa. In silico analysis of ShLysG revealed the absence of signal peptide and the presence of a characteristic bacterial soluble lytic transglycosylase (SLT) domain bearing three catalytic residues (Glu71, Asp84, and Asp95) and seven N-acetyl-d-glucosamine binding sites (Glu71, Asp95, Tyr98, His99, Ile117, Tyr145, and Asn146). Homology analysis demonstrated that the aa sequence of ShLysG shared 60.7-67.4% identity and 72.6-79.3% similarity with the orthologs of other teleosts. Phylogenetic analysis of ShLysG indicated a closest relationship with the ortholog from Gadus morhua. In healthy seahorse, ShLysG mRNA showed a constitutive expression in all the tissues examined, with the highest expression in kidney and the least expression in liver. The ShLysG mRNA levels were also shown significant elevation upon the bacterial and pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs) challenges. Furthermore, lytic activities of ShLysG recombinant protein were detected against several Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial species. Taken together, these results suggest that ShLysG might possess a potential immune defensive role against invading microbial pathogens in seahorse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Ko
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Jeju International Marine Science Research & Education Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology (KIOST), Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, 63349, Republic of Korea
| | - Qiang Wan
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea.
| | - S D N K Bathige
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea.
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41
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Sonu VK, Islam MM, Rohman MA, Mitra S. Lysozyme binding ability toward psychoactive stimulant drugs: Modulatory effect of colloidal metal nanoparticles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 146:514-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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42
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Patel R, Dohare N, Khan AB. Interfacial and Wetting Behavior of Cationic, Anionic and Nonionic Surfactants in the Absence and Presence of Lysozyme. CHEMISTRY & CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.23939/chcht10.02.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we discuss various physicochemical properties of cationic (CTAB), anionic (SDBS) and nonionic (TX-100) surfactants in the presence and absence of lysozyme, at different temperatures by using tensiometery. The surface excess (Γmax) decreases with the increase in temperature for all three kinds of surfactants in the presence and absence of lysozyme, but the most prominent decrease is to be observed for SDBS as compared to CTAB and TX-100 in the presence of lysozyme. The minimum area per molecule (Amin) follows the opposite trend as expected. In addition, contact angle analysis was also done to observe the wettability of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) surface by these surfactants in the presence and absence of lysozyme.
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43
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Characterization of the binding of flavanone hesperetin with chicken egg lysozyme using spectroscopic techniques: effect of pH on the binding. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-015-0578-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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44
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Parigi SM, Eldh M, Larssen P, Gabrielsson S, Villablanca EJ. Breast Milk and Solid Food Shaping Intestinal Immunity. Front Immunol 2015; 6:415. [PMID: 26347740 PMCID: PMC4541369 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
After birth, the intestinal immune system enters a critical developmental stage, in which tolerogenic and pro-inflammatory cells emerge to contribute to the overall health of the host. The neonatal health is continuously challenged by microbial colonization and food intake, first in the form of breast milk or formula and later in the form of solid food. The microbiota and dietary compounds shape the newborn immune system, which acquires the ability to induce tolerance against innocuous antigens or induce pro-inflammatory immune responses against pathogens. Disruption of these homeostatic mechanisms might lead to undesired immune reactions, such as food allergies and inflammatory bowel disease. Hence, a proper education and maturation of the intestinal immune system is likely important to maintain life-long intestinal homeostasis. In this review, the most recent literature regarding the effects of dietary compounds in the development of the intestinal immune system are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Parigi
- Translational Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Maria Eldh
- Translational Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Pia Larssen
- Translational Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Susanne Gabrielsson
- Translational Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Eduardo J Villablanca
- Translational Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
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Abstract
Milk contains an array of proteins with useful bioactivities. Many milk proteins encompassing native or chemically modified casein, lactoferrin, alpha-lactalbumin, and beta-lactoglobulin demonstrated antiviral activities. Casein and alpha-lactalbumin gained anti-HIV activity after modification with 3-hydroxyphthalic anhydride. Many milk proteins inhibited HIV reverse transcriptase. Bovine glycolactin, angiogenin-1, lactogenin, casein, alpha-lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin, bovine lactoferrampin, and human lactoferrampin inhibited HIV-1 protease and integrase. Several mammalian lactoferrins prevented hepatitis C infection. Lactoferrin, methylated alpha-lactalbumin and methylated beta-lactoglobulin inhibited human cytomegalovirus. Chemically modified alpha-lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin and lysozyme, lactoferrin and lactoferricin, methylated alpha-lactalbumin, methylated and ethylated beta-lactoglobulins inhibited HSV. Chemically modified bovine beta-lactoglobulin had antihuman papillomavirus activity. Beta-lactoglobulin, lactoferrin, esterified beta-lactoglobulin, and esterified lactoferrindisplayed anti-avian influenza A (H5N1) activity. Lactoferrin inhibited respiratory syncytial virus, hepatitis B virus, adenovirus, poliovirus, hantavirus, sindbis virus, semliki forest virus, echovirus, and enterovirus. Milk mucin, apolactoferrin, Fe3+-lactoferrin, beta-lactoglobulin, human lactadherin, bovine IgG, and bovine kappa-casein demonstrated antihuman rotavirus activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China,
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46
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Cao D, Wu H, Li Q, Sun Y, Liu T, Fei J, Zhao Y, Wu S, Hu X, Li N. Expression of recombinant human lysozyme in egg whites of transgenic hens. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118626. [PMID: 25706123 PMCID: PMC4338068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicken egg lysozyme (cLY) is an enzyme with 129 amino acid (AA) residue enzyme. This enzyme is present not only in chicken egg white but also in mucosal secretions such as saliva and tears. The antibacterial properties of egg white can be attributed to the presence of lysozyme, which is used as an anti-cancer drug and for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. In this study, we constructed a lentiviral vector containing a synthetic cLY signal peptide and a 447 bp synthetic human lysozyme (hLY) cDNA sequence driven by an oviduct-specific ovalbumin promoter, and microinjected into the subgerminal cavity of stage X chick embryos to generate transgenic chicken. The transgene inserted in the chicken chromosomes directs the synthesis and secretion of hLY which has three times higher specific activity than cLY. Three G1 transgenic chickens were identified, the only female of which expressed recombinant human lysozyme (rhLY) at 57.66 ± 4.10 μg/ml in the egg white and the G2 transgenic hens of the G1 transgenic cock A011 expressed rhLY at 48.72 ± 1.54 μg/ml. This experiment demonstrated that transgenic hens with stable oviduct-specific expression of recombinant human lysozyme proteins can be created by microinjection of lentiviral vectors. The results of this research could be contribute to the technological development using transgenic hens as a cost-effective alternative to other mammalian systems, such as cow, sheep and goats, for the production of therapeutic proteins and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dainan Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Hanyu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Qingyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yingmin Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Tongxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Jing Fei
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yaofeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Sen Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
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Singha Roy A, Utreja J, Badhei S. Characterization of the binding of fisetin and morin with chicken egg lysozyme using spectroscopic and molecular docking methods. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-014-0465-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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48
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The Role of Cationic Polypeptides in Modulating HIV-1 Infection of the Cervicovaginal Mucosa. Antibiotics (Basel) 2014; 3:677-93. [PMID: 27025760 PMCID: PMC4790373 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics3040677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosa and overlying fluid of the female reproductive tract (FRT) are portals for the heterosexual transmission of HIV-1. Toward the ongoing development of topically applied microbicides and mucosal vaccines against HIV-1, it is evermore important to understand how the dynamic FRT mucosa is involved in controlling transmission and infection of HIV-1. Cationic peptides and proteins are the principal innate immune effector molecules of mucosal surfaces, and interact in a combinatorial fashion to modulate HIV-1 infection of the cervix and vagina. While cationic peptides and proteins have historically been categorized as antimicrobial or have other host-benefitting roles, an increasing number of these molecules have been found to augment HIV-1 infection and potentially antagonize host defense. Complex environmental factors such as hormonal fluctuations and/or bacterial and viral co-infections provide additional challenges to both experimentation and interpretation of results. In the context of heterosexual transmission of HIV-1, this review explores how various cationic peptides and proteins participate in modulating host defense against HIV-1 of the cervicovaginal mucosa.
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49
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Yu Y, Zhou X, Wu S, Wei T, Yu L. High-yield production of the human lysozyme by Pichia pastoris SMD1168 using response surface methodology and high-cell-density fermentation. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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50
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Ding J, Wang R, Yang F, Zhao L, Qin Y, Zhang G, Yan X. Identification and characterization of a novel phage-type like lysozyme from Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 47:81-9. [PMID: 24995730 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel lysozyme gene (RpLysPh) with high similarity to the bacteriophage lysozymes was identified in Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum. The full length cDNA of RpLysPh is 828bp and contains a 462bp open reading frame (ORF) that codes for a 154 amino acid protein. Multiple sequence alignment analysis revealed that the three residues essential for catalytic activity in phage-type lysozyme (Glu(20), Asp(29), and Thr(35)) are conserved in RpLysPh. The comparison of the 3D models of RpLysPh and Coxiella burnetii lysozyme also suggested that the active sites involved in the binding of substrate have similar conformations. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that RpLysPh shares a similar origin with the bacterial phage-type lysozyme group. The highest level of expression of RpLysPh was observed in hemocytes, followed by mantle. Induction of RpLysPh expression was observed in gills in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN), polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly(I:C)), and whole glucan particles (WGP) challenge. The recombinant protein of RpLysPh showed antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Ding
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Rui Wang
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Feng Yang
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Liqiang Zhao
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Yanjie Qin
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Guofan Zhang
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Xiwu Yan
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Shellfish Culture and Breeding in Liaoning Province, Dalian 116023, PR China.
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