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Herraiz T. β-Carboline Alkaloids in Soy Sauce and Inhibition of Monoamine Oxidase (MAO). Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062723. [PMID: 36985694 PMCID: PMC10053526 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) oxidizes neurotransmitters and xenobiotic amines, including vasopressor and neurotoxic amines such as the MPTP neurotoxin. Its inhibitors are useful as antidepressants and neuroprotectants. This work shows that diluted soy sauce (1/3) and soy sauce extracts inhibited human MAO-A and -B isozymes in vitro, which were measured with a chromatographic assay to avoid interferences, and it suggests the presence of MAO inhibitors. Chromatographic and spectrometric studies showed the occurrence of the β-carboline alkaloids harman and norharman in soy sauce extracts inhibiting MAO-A. Harman was isolated from soy sauce, and it was a potent and competitive inhibitor of MAO-A (0.4 µM, 44 % inhibition). The concentrations of harman and norharman were determined in commercial soy sauces, reaching 243 and 52 μg/L, respectively. Subsequently, the alkaloids 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid (THCA) and 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid (MTCA) were identified and analyzed in soy sauces reaching concentrations of 69 and 448 mg/L, respectively. The results show that MTCA was a precursor of harman under oxidative and heating conditions, and soy sauces increased the amount of harman under those conditions. This work shows that soy sauce contains bioactive β-carbolines and constitutes a dietary source of MAO-A and -B inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Herraiz
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), José Antonio Nováis 6, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Tian Y, Li G, Du X, Zeng T, Chen L, Xu W, Gu T, Tao Z, Lu L. Integration of LC-MS-Based and GC-MS-Based Metabolic Profiling to Reveal the Effects of Domestication and Boiling on the Composition of Duck Egg Yolks. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13010135. [PMID: 36677059 PMCID: PMC9866831 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Egg yolks contain abundant lipids, proteins, and minerals that provide not only essential nutrients for embryonic development but also cheap sources of nutrients for consumers worldwide. Previous composition analyses of egg yolks primarily focused on nutrients such as lipids and minerals. However, few studies have reported the effects of domestication and heating on yolk composition and characteristics. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of domestication and boiling on the metabolite contents of egg yolks via untargeted metabolomics using GC-MS and LC-MS. In this study, eggs were collected from Fenghua teals, captive mallards, and Shaoxing ducks. Twelve duck eggs (half raw and half cooked) were randomly selected from each variety, and the egg yolks were separated for metabolic profiling. The analysis identified 1205 compounds in the egg yolks. Domestication generated more differential metabolites than boiling, which indicated that the changes in the metabolome of duck egg yolk caused by domestication were greater than those caused by boiling. In a comparative analysis of domestic and mallard ducks, 48 overlapping differential metabolites were discovered. Among them, nine metabolites were upregulated in domesticated ducks, including monoolein, emodin, daidzein, genistein, and glycitein, which may be involved in lipid metabolism; some of them may also act as phytoestrogens (flavonoids). Another 39 metabolites, including imethylethanolamine, harmalan, mannitol, nornicotine, linoleic acid, diphenylamine, proline betaine, alloxanthin, and resolvin d1, were downregulated by domestication and were linked to immunity, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties. Furthermore, four overlapping differential metabolites that included amino acids and dipeptides were discovered in paired comparisons of the raw and boiled samples. Our findings provided new insights into the molecular response of duck domestication and supported the use of metabolomics to examine the impact of boiling on the composition of egg yolks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Poultry) Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Guoqin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Poultry) Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Xizhong Du
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinhua 321017, China
| | - Tao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Poultry) Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Poultry) Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Wenwu Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Poultry) Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Tiantian Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Poultry) Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Zhengrong Tao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Lizhi Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Poultry) Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-571-8640-6682
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Bousquet P, Hudson A, García-Sevilla JA, Li JX. Imidazoline Receptor System: The Past, the Present, and the Future. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:50-79. [PMID: 31819014 DOI: 10.1124/pr.118.016311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Imidazoline receptors historically referred to a family of nonadrenergic binding sites that recognize compounds with an imidazoline moiety, although this has proven to be an oversimplification. For example, none of the proposed endogenous ligands for imidazoline receptors contain an imidazoline moiety but they are diverse in their chemical structure. Three receptor subtypes (I1, I2, and I3) have been proposed and the understanding of each has seen differing progress over the decades. I1 receptors partially mediate the central hypotensive effects of clonidine-like drugs. Moxonidine and rilmenidine have better therapeutic profiles (fewer side effects) than clonidine as antihypertensive drugs, thought to be due to their higher I1/α 2-adrenoceptor selectivity. Newer I1 receptor agonists such as LNP599 [3-chloro-2-methyl-phenyl)-(4-methyl-4,5-dihydro-3H-pyrrol-2-yl)-amine hydrochloride] have little to no activity on α 2-adrenoceptors and demonstrate promising therapeutic potential for hypertension and metabolic syndrome. I2 receptors associate with several distinct proteins, but the identities of these proteins remain elusive. I2 receptor agonists have demonstrated various centrally mediated effects including antinociception and neuroprotection. A new I2 receptor agonist, CR4056 [2-phenyl-6-(1H-imidazol-1yl) quinazoline], demonstrated clear analgesic activity in a recently completed phase II clinical trial and holds great promise as a novel I2 receptor-based first-in-class nonopioid analgesic. The understanding of I3 receptors is relatively limited. Existing data suggest that I3 receptors may represent a binding site at the Kir6.2-subtype ATP-sensitive potassium channels in pancreatic β-cells and may be involved in insulin secretion. Despite the elusive nature of their molecular identities, recent progress on drug discovery targeting imidazoline receptors (I1 and I2) demonstrates the exciting potential of these compounds to elicit neuroprotection and to treat various disorders such as hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Bousquet
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France (P.B.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (A.H.); Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, University Research Institute on Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Malllorca, Spain (J.A.G.-S.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York (J.-X.L.)
| | - Alan Hudson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France (P.B.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (A.H.); Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, University Research Institute on Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Malllorca, Spain (J.A.G.-S.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York (J.-X.L.)
| | - Jesús A García-Sevilla
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France (P.B.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (A.H.); Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, University Research Institute on Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Malllorca, Spain (J.A.G.-S.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York (J.-X.L.)
| | - Jun-Xu Li
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France (P.B.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (A.H.); Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, University Research Institute on Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Malllorca, Spain (J.A.G.-S.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York (J.-X.L.)
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Effects of harmane during treadmill exercise on spatial memory of restraint-stressed mice. Physiol Behav 2018; 194:239-245. [PMID: 29885919 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wagner DJ, Duan H, Chapron A, Lee RW, Wang J. Potent inhibition of human organic cation transporter 2 (hOCT2) by β-carboline alkaloids. Xenobiotica 2017; 47:1112-1120. [PMID: 27977936 PMCID: PMC5648609 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2016.1271160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
1. Beta-carbolines are indole alkaloids with a wide range of pharmacological and toxicological activities. Beta-carbolines are structurally related to the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), a known substrate of organic cation transporters (OCTs). The goal of this study is to determine the interaction of β-carbolines with human OCT1, 2, and 3 (SLC22A1-3). 2. Dose-dependent inhibition studies were performed for five commercially available β-carbolines using a fluorescent substrate assay in HEK293 cells stably expressing hOCT1-3. The substrate potential was evaluated by uptake assays and the impact of active transport on cellular toxicity examined. 3. All tested β-carbolines potently inhibited hOCT2 with IC50 values in the sub- or low micromolar range. Harmaline is the most potent hOCT2 inhibitor (IC50 = 0.50 ± 0.08 μM). hOCT1 and hOCT3 are less sensitive to β-carboline inhibition. Harmaline, norharmanium, and 2,9-dimethyl-4,9-dihydro-3H-β-carbolinium accumulated 2- to 7-fold higher in cells expressing hOCT1-3. HEK293 cells expressing hOCT1-3 were 6.5- to 13-fold more sensitive to harmane and norharmanium toxicity. 4. Our data support a significant role of hOCT1-3 in tissue uptake and disposition of β-carbolines. Importantly, the potent inhibition of hOCT2 by β-carbolines also raises the concern of potential drug interactions between naturally occurring bioactive alkaloids and drugs eliminated by hOCT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Wagner
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Haichuan Duan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alenka Chapron
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Richard W. Lee
- School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joanne Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Fehér Á, Tóth VE, Al-Khrasani M, Balogh M, Lázár B, Helyes Z, Gyires K, Zádori ZS. Analysing the effect of I 1 imidazoline receptor ligands on DSS-induced acute colitis in mice. Inflammopharmacology 2016; 25:107-118. [PMID: 27873165 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-016-0299-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Imidazoline receptors (IRs) have been recognized as promising targets in the treatment of numerous diseases; and moxonidine and rilmenidine, agonists of I1-IRs, are widely used as antihypertensive agents. Some evidence suggests that IR ligands may induce anti-inflammatory effects acting on I1-IRs or other molecular targets, which could be beneficial in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). On the other hand, several IR ligands may stimulate also alpha2-adrenoceptors, which were earlier shown to inhibit, but in more recent studies to rather aggravate colitis. Hence, this study aimed to analyse for the first time the effect of various I1-IR ligands on intestinal inflammation. Colitis was induced in C57BL/6 mice by adding dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) to the drinking water for 7 days. Mice were treated daily with different IR ligands: moxonidine and rilmenidine (I1-IR agonists), AGN 192403 (highly selective I1-IR ligand, putative antagonist), efaroxan (I1-IR antagonist), as well as with the endogenous IR agonists agmatine and harmane. It was found that moxonidine and rilmenidine at clinically relevant doses, similarly to the other IR ligands, do not have a significant impact on the macroscopic and histological signs of DSS-evoked inflammation. Likewise, colonic myeloperoxidase and serum interleukin-6 levels remained unchanged in response to these agents. Thus, our study demonstrates that imidazoline ligands do not influence significantly the severity of DSS-colitis in mice and suggest that they probably neither affect the course of IBD in humans. However, the translational value of these findings needs to be verified with other experimental colitis models and human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes Fehér
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, 1089, Hungary
| | - Viktória E Tóth
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, 1089, Hungary
| | - Mahmoud Al-Khrasani
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, 1089, Hungary
| | - Mihály Balogh
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, 1089, Hungary
| | - Bernadette Lázár
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, 1089, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Szentagothai Research Centre and MTA-NAP B Chronic Pain Research Group, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Klára Gyires
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, 1089, Hungary
| | - Zoltán S Zádori
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, 1089, Hungary.
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Bakim B, Sertcelik S, Tankaya O. A Case of Serotonin Syndrome with Antidepressant Treatment and Concomitant use of The Herbal Remedy (Peganum Harmala). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5455/bcp.20120729095402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bahadir Bakim
- Psychiatry Service of Şişli Etfal Research and Teaching Hospital, Istanbul - Turkey
| | - Sencan Sertcelik
- Psychiatry Service of Şişli Etfal Research and Teaching Hospital, Istanbul - Turkey
| | - Onur Tankaya
- Psychiatry Service of Samsun Mental Health Hospital, Samsun - Turkey
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Abu Ghazaleh H, Lalies MD, Nutt DJ, Hudson AL. Harmane: An atypical neurotransmitter? Neurosci Lett 2015; 590:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Alpha-2 adrenoceptors and imidazoline receptors in cardiomyocytes mediate counterbalancing effect of agmatine on NO synthesis and intracellular calcium handling. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 68:66-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Zádori ZS, Fehér Á, Al-Khrasani M, Lackó E, Tóth VE, Brancati SB, Hein L, Mátyus P, Gyires K. Imidazoline versus alpha2-adrenoceptors in the control of gastric motility in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 705:61-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Smith KL, Ford GK, Jessop DS, Finn DP. Behavioural, neurochemical and neuroendocrine effects of the endogenous β-carboline harmane in fear-conditioned rats. J Psychopharmacol 2013; 27:162-70. [PMID: 23015542 DOI: 10.1177/0269881112460108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The putative endogenous imidazoline binding site ligand harmane enhances neuronal activation in response to psychological stress and alters behaviour in animal models of anxiety and antidepressant efficacy. However, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying harmane's psychotropic effects are poorly understood. We investigated the effects of intraperitoneal injection of harmane (2.5 and 10 mg/kg) on fear-conditioned behaviour, hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis activity, and monoaminergic activity within specific fear-associated areas of the rat brain. Harmane had no significant effect on the duration of contextually induced freezing or 22 kHz ultrasonic vocalisations and did not alter the contextually induced suppression of motor activity, including rearing. Harmane reduced the duration of rearing and tended to increase freezing in non-fear-conditioned controls, suggesting potential sedative effects. Harmane increased plasma ACTH and corticosterone concentrations, and serotonin (in hypothalamus, amygdaloid cortex, prefrontal cortex and hippocampus) and noradrenaline (prefrontal cortex) content, irrespective of fear-conditioning. Furthermore, harmane reduced dopamine and serotonin turnover in the PFC and hypothalamus, and serotonin turnover in the amygdaloid cortex in both fear-conditioned and non-fear-conditioned rats. In contrast, harmane increased dopamine and noradrenaline content and reduced dopamine turnover in the amygdala of fear-conditioned rats only, suggesting differential effects on catecholaminergic transmission in the presence and absence of fear. The precise mechanism(s) mediating these effects of harmane remain to be determined but may involve its inhibitory action on monoamine oxidases. These findings support a role for harmane as a neuromodulator, altering behaviour, brain neurochemistry and neuroendocrine function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Smith
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and NCBES Neuroscience Cluster, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Effect of harmane, an endogenous β-carboline, on learning and memory in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 103:666-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Owaisat S, Raffa RB, Rawls SM. In vivo comparison of harmine efficacy against psychostimulants: preferential inhibition of the cocaine response through a glutamatergic mechanism. Neurosci Lett 2012; 525:12-6. [PMID: 22877698 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Harmine is a β-carboline compound that targets glutamatergic, monoaminergic, and GABAergic pathways underlying drug addiction. We compared the efficacy of harmine against different psychoactive drugs using an invertebrate (planarian) assay designed to quantify 'C-shape' responses. Harmine itself (0.01-10 μM) did not produce C-shapes. However, when applied over the same concentration range, harmine significantly inhibited C-shapes elicited by cocaine, with a concentration of 0.1 μM producing almost 90% inhibition. Consistent with its putative actions, harmine produced a similar, though less efficacious, inhibition of C-shapes elicited by the substituted amphetamines methamphetamine and mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone) but was much less effective against nicotine. When tested in the presence of the glutamate transporter inhibitor dihydrokainate (DHK) (0.1, 1 μM), harmine (0.1 μM) efficacy against cocaine-induced C-shapes was significantly reduced. Harmine also attenuated C-shapes elicited by N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and by glutamate itself. The present data suggest that harmine displays preferential efficacy against different addictive substances (cocaine>amphetamines>nicotine) and, at least for cocaine, is dependent on the glutamate system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Owaisat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Nikolic K, Agbaba D. Imidazoline antihypertensive drugs: selective i(1) -imidazoline receptors activation. Cardiovasc Ther 2011; 30:209-16. [PMID: 21884004 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5922.2011.00269.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Involvement of imidazoline receptors (IR) in the regulation of vasomotor tone as well as in the mechanism of action of some centrally acting antihypertensives has received tremendous attention. To date, pharmacological studies have allowed the characterization of three main imidazoline receptor classes, the I(1) -imidazoline receptor which is involved in central inhibition of sympathetic tone to lower blood pressure, the I(2) -imidazoline receptor which is an allosteric binding site of monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B), and the I(3) -imidazoline receptor which regulates insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells. All three imidazoline receptors represent important targets for cardiovascular research. The hypotensive effect of clonidine-like centrally acting antihypertensives was attributed both to α(2) -adrenergic receptors and nonadrenergic I(1) -imidazoline receptors, whereas their sedative action involves activation of only α(2) -adrenergic receptors located in the locus coeruleus. Since more selective I(1) -imidazoline receptors ligands reduced incidence of typical side effects of other centrally acting antihypertensives, there is significant interest in developing new agents with higher selectivity and affinity for I(1) -imidazoline receptors. The selective imidazoline receptors agents are also more effective in regulation of body fat, neuroprotection, inflammation, cell proliferation, epilepsy, depression, stress, cell adhesion, and pain. New agonists and antagonists with high selectivity for imidazoline receptor subtypes have been recently developed. In the present review we provide a brief update to the field of imidazoline research, highlighting some of the chemical diversity and progress made in the theoretical studies of imidazoline receptor ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nikolic
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe, Belgrade, Serbia.
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New imidazoline/α2-adrenoceptors affecting compounds—4(5)-(2-aminoethyl)imidazoline (dihydrohistamine) derivatives. Synthesis and receptor affinity studies. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:156-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Herraiz T, González D, Ancín-Azpilicueta C, Arán VJ, Guillén H. beta-Carboline alkaloids in Peganum harmala and inhibition of human monoamine oxidase (MAO). Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 48:839-45. [PMID: 20036304 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Revised: 11/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Peganum harmala L. is a multipurpose medicinal plant increasingly used for psychoactive recreational purposes (Ayahuasca analog). Harmaline, harmine, harmalol, harmol and tetrahydroharmine were identified and quantified as the main beta-carboline alkaloids in P. harmala extracts. Seeds and roots contained the highest levels of alkaloids with low levels in stems and leaves, and absence in flowers. Harmine and harmaline accumulated in dry seeds at 4.3% and 5.6% (w/w), respectively, harmalol at 0.6%, and tetrahydroharmine at 0.1% (w/w). Roots contained harmine and harmol with 2.0% and 1.4% (w/w), respectively. Seed extracts were potent reversible and competitive inhibitors of human monoamine oxidase (MAO-A) with an IC(50) of 27 microg/l whereas root extracts strongly inhibited MAO-A with an IC(50) of 159 microg/l. In contrast, they were poor inhibitors of MAO-B. Inhibition of MAO-A by seed extracts was quantitatively attributed to harmaline and harmine whereas inhibition by root extracts came from harmine with no additional interferences. Stems and leaves extracts were poor inhibitors of MAO. The potent inhibition of MAO-A by seed and root extracts of P. harmala containing beta-carbolines should contribute to the psychopharmacological and toxicological effects of this plant and could be the basis for its purported antidepressant actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Herraiz
- Spanish Council for Scientific Research, CSIC, Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales, Madrid, Spain.
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Smith KL, Jessop DS, Finn DP. Modulation of stress by imidazoline binding sites: implications for psychiatric disorders. Stress 2009; 12:97-114. [PMID: 19006007 DOI: 10.1080/10253890802302908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we present evidence for the involvement of imidazoline binding sites (IBS) in modulating responses to stress, through central control of monoaminergic and hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity. Pharmacological and physiological evidence is presented for differential effects of different IBS subtypes on serotoninergic and catecholaminergic pathways involved in control of basal and stress-stimulated HPA axis activity. IBS ligands can modulate behavioural and neuroendocrine responses in animal models of stress, depression and anxiety, and a body of evidence exists for alterations in central IBS expression in psychiatric patients, which can be normalised partially or fully by treatment with antidepressants. Dysfunction in monoaminergic systems and the HPA axis under basal and stress-induced activation has been extensively reported in psychiatric illnesses. On the basis of the literature, we suggest a potential therapeutic role for selective IBS ligands in the treatment of depression and anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, NCBES Neuroscience Cluster, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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19
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New analogues of agmatine with higher affinity to imidazoline receptors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:1009-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Yan L, Wang Z, Chen MT, Wu N, Lan J, Gao X, You J, Gau HM, Chen CT. Preferential Formation of Homochiral Helical Sandwich-Shaped Architectures through the Metal-Mediated Assembly of Tris(imidazoline) Ligands with a Set of d3-d10 Transition-Metal Ions. Chemistry 2008; 14:11601-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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21
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Herraiz T, Guillén H, Arán VJ. Oxidative Metabolism of the Bioactive and Naturally Occurring β-Carboline Alkaloids, Norharman and Harman, by Human Cytochrome P450 Enzymes. Chem Res Toxicol 2008; 21:2172-80. [DOI: 10.1021/tx8002565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Herraiz
- Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales, CSIC, and Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hugo Guillén
- Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales, CSIC, and Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente J. Arán
- Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales, CSIC, and Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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22
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Herraiz T. Identification and occurrence of beta-carboline alkaloids in raisins and inhibition of monoamine oxidase (MAO). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:8534-40. [PMID: 17883257 DOI: 10.1021/jf0719151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is a mitochondrial enzyme involved in the oxidative catabolism of neurotransmitters and xenobiotic amines, including vasopressor and neurotoxic amines, and a current target for antidepressant and neuroprotective drugs. Raisin extracts and homogenates exhibited reversible in vitro inhibition of MAO isozymes, particularly MAO-A, suggesting the presence of MAO-inhibiting substances. Chromatographic and spectrometric studies showed the occurrence of aromatic beta-carboline alkaloids in raisins, and norharman and harman were identified as the key contributors to MAO inhibition. On average, harman ranged from 6 to 644 ng/g and norharman from 2 to 120 ng/g. Several technological variables appeared to determine the presence of these compounds in raisins. Dark-brown raisins (i.e., sun-dried) contained much higher levels than golden raisins. Tetrahydro-beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid compounds that are direct precursors of aromatic beta-carbolines were also identified in raisins and appeared in a higher amount, reaching up to 50 microg/g. beta-Carbolines were isolated from raisins and acted as good competitive inhibitors of MAO-A (harman) and MAO-B (norharman) isozymes. These results suggest that beta-carboline alkaloids and perhaps raisins containing a high level of beta-carbolines might exhibit potential activity as MAO inhibitors. The results also show that some raisins can be a source of dietary exposure to bioactive beta-carbolines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Herraiz
- Spanish Council for Scientific Research, CSIC, Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Huang W, Li J, Ou L. Facile Synthesis of Isoquinolines, β‐Carbolines, and 3‐Deazapurines. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910701392459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Huang
- a Department of Chemistry , Tianjin University , Tianjin, China
| | - Jingyi Li
- a Department of Chemistry , Tianjin University , Tianjin, China
| | - Lihua Ou
- a Department of Chemistry , Tianjin University , Tianjin, China
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Tanabe M, Kino Y, Honda M, Ono H. Presynaptic I1-imidazoline receptors reduce GABAergic synaptic transmission in striatal medium spiny neurons. J Neurosci 2006; 26:1795-802. [PMID: 16467528 PMCID: PMC6793622 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4642-05.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Imidazoline receptors are expressed widely in the CNS. In the present study, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were made from medium spiny neurons in dorsal striatum slices from the rat brain, and the roles of I1-imidazoline receptors in the modulation of synaptic transmission were studied. Moxonidine, an I1-imidazoline receptor agonist, decreased the GABAA receptor-mediated IPSCs in a concentration-dependent manner. However, glutamate-mediated EPSCs were hardly affected. The depression of IPSCs by moxonidine was antagonized by either idazoxan or efaroxan, which are both imidazoline receptor antagonists containing an imidazoline moiety. In contrast, yohimbine and SKF86466 (6-chloro-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-methyl-1H-3-benzazepine), which are alpha2-adrenergic receptor antagonists with no affinity for imidazoline receptors, did not affect the moxonidine-induced inhibition of IPSCs. Moxonidine increased the paired-pulse ratio and reduced the frequency of miniature IPSCs without affecting their amplitude, indicating that this agent inhibits IPSCs via presynaptic mechanisms. Moreover, the sulfhydryl alkylating agent N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) significantly reduced the moxonidine-induced inhibition of IPSCs. Thus, the activation of presynaptic I1-imidazoline receptors decreases GABA-mediated inhibition of medium spiny neurons in the striatum, in which NEM-sensitive proteins such as G(i/o)-type G-proteins play an essential role. The adenylate cyclase activator forskolin partly opposed IPSC inhibition elicited by subsequently applied moxonidine. Furthermore, the protein kinase C (PKC) activator phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate attenuated and the PKC inhibitor chelerythrine potentiated the moxonidine-induced inhibition of IPSCs. These results suggest that IPSC inhibition via presynaptic I1-imidazoline receptors involves intracellular adenylate cyclase activity and is influenced by static PKC activity in the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuo Tanabe
- Laboratory of CNS Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan.
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Anderson NJ, Seif I, Nutt DJ, Hudson AL, Robinson ESJ. Autoradiographical distribution of imidazoline binding sites in monoamine oxidase A deficient mice. J Neurochem 2006; 96:1551-9. [PMID: 16476082 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03662.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study has used receptor autoradiography to characterize imidazoline binding sites (I-BS) in monoamine oxidase (MAO) A knockout and wild-type mice. A comparison between MAO-A and MAO-B, binding of the endogenous beta-carboline [(3)H]harmane, and I-BS, has been made using sections from brain and kidney. The loss of binding to MAO-A in the knockout animals was confirmed using the selective radioligand [(3)H]Ro41-1049, with labelling reduced to background levels. The binding of [(3)H]Ro19-6327 to MAO-B was unaffected, indicating no change in this isoform in response to the loss of MAO-A. A reduction in binding to the I(2)-BS, as labelled by both [(3)H]idazoxan and [(3)H]2-BFI (2-(2-benzofuranyl)-2-imidazoline), was seen in the MAO-A knockout animals in both brain and kidney sections, whereas binding to the I(1)-BS in kidney sections remained unchanged. The loss of I(2) binding was found to be regionally dependent and was positively correlated with the relative expression of MAO-A in specific regions in the wild-type animals. Using the MAO-A knockout mice it was also possible to demonstrate a non-MAO-A population of binding sites labelled by the putative I-BS endogenous ligand, harmane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Anderson
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Bristol, UK.
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Anderson NJ, Lupo PA, Nutt DJ, Hudson AL, Robinson ESJ. Characterisation of imidazoline I2 binding sites in pig brain. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 519:68-74. [PMID: 16109401 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2005] [Accepted: 06/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The imidazoline I2 binding sites in the central nervous system have previously been described in several different species including rat, mouse, rabbit and frog. The present study has investigated the imidazoline I2 binding site, and its relationship to the monoamine oxidase isoforms, in pig whole brain and compared the results obtained with data from other species. Results from saturation binding studies revealed that the imidazoline I2-selective ligand, [3H]2BFI (2-(2-benzofuranyl)-2-imidazoline) labelled a single saturable population of sites with a KD=6.6 nM and Bmax=771.7 fmol/mg protein. The pharmacological characterisation of the sites was similar to that previously reported with a rank order of potency for the imidazoline I2 ligands of 2BFI>BU224>Idazoxan>BU226. Displacement by the imidazoline I1 ligands was low affinity and the monoamine oxidase inhibitors displaced with micromolar affinity. The majority of compounds displaced the binding in a monophasic manner, however, displacement by the putative endogenous ligand, harmane was biphasic. The relative populations of the two monoamine oxidase isoforms revealed a 10 fold greater expression of monoamine oxidase B relative to monoamine oxidase A. These data confirm the presence of imidazoline I2 binding sites in pig brain and show that their pharmacology is characteristic of that seen in other species. The proportion of monoamine oxidase A and B expressed in the pig brain is similar to that seen in the human brain therefore, given the association between imidazoline I2 binding sites and monoamine oxidase, the pig may provide a more useful model for human imidazoline I2 binding sites than other species such as the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Anderson
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University Walk, Clifton, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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