1
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Hecht F, Zocchi M, Tuttle ET, Ward NP, Smith B, Kang YP, Cazarin J, Soares ZG, Ozgurses ME, Zhao H, Sheehan C, Alimohammadi F, Munger LD, Trivedi D, Asantewaa G, Blick-Nitko SK, Zoeller JJ, Chen Y, Vasiliou V, Turner BM, Muir A, Coloff JL, Munger J, DeNicola GM, Harris IS. Catabolism of extracellular glutathione supplies amino acids to support tumor growth. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.10.10.617667. [PMID: 39416022 PMCID: PMC11482906 DOI: 10.1101/2024.10.10.617667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2024]
Abstract
Restricting amino acids from tumors is an emerging therapeutic strategy with significant promise. While typically considered an intracellular antioxidant with tumor-promoting capabilities, glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide of cysteine, glutamate, and glycine that can be catabolized, yielding amino acids. The extent to which GSH-derived amino acids are essential to cancers is unclear. Here, we find that GSH catabolism promotes tumor growth. We show that depletion of intracellular GSH does not perturb tumor growth, and extracellular GSH is highly abundant in the tumor microenvironment, highlighting the potential importance of GSH outside of tumors. We find supplementation with GSH can rescue cancer cell survival and growth in cystine-deficient conditions, and this rescue is dependent on the catabolic activity of γ-glutamyltransferases (GGTs). Finally, pharmacologic targeting of GGTs' activity prevents the breakdown of circulating GSH, lowers tumor cysteine levels, and slows tumor growth. Our findings indicate a non-canonical role for GSH in supporting tumors by acting as a reservoir of amino acids. Depriving tumors of extracellular GSH or inhibiting its breakdown is potentially a therapeutically tractable approach for patients with cancer. Further, these findings change our view of GSH and how amino acids, including cysteine, are supplied to cells.
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George J, Lu Y, Tsuchishima M, Tsutsumi M. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury: The role of oxidative stress and therapeutic approaches. Redox Biol 2024; 75:103258. [PMID: 38970988 PMCID: PMC11279328 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) or reoxygenation injury is the paradoxical exacerbation of cellular impairment following restoration of blood flow after a period of ischemia during surgical procedures or other conditions. Acute interruption of blood supply to the liver and subsequent reperfusion can result in hepatocyte injury, apoptosis, and necrosis. Since the liver requires a continuous supply of oxygen for many biochemical reactions, any obstruction of blood flow can rapidly lead to hepatic hypoxia, which could quickly progress to absolute anoxia. Reoxygenation results in the increased generation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress, which lead to the enhanced production of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and other signaling molecules. Consequent acute inflammatory cascades lead to significant impairment of hepatocytes and nonparenchymal cells. Furthermore, the expression of several vascular growth factors results in the heterogeneous closure of numerous hepatic sinusoids, which leads to reduced oxygen supply in certain areas of the liver even after reperfusion. Therefore, it is vital to identify appropriate therapeutic modalities to mitigate hepatic IR injury and subsequent tissue damage. This review covers all the major aspects of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury, with special emphasis on oxidative stress, associated inflammation and complications, and prospective therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph George
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA; Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan.
| | - Yongke Lu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, 25755, USA
| | - Mutsumi Tsuchishima
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Mikihiro Tsutsumi
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
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Zhang B, Lu J, Lin X, Wang J, Li Q, Jin T, Shi Q, Lu Y, Zhang J, Deng J, Zhang Y, Guo Y, Gao J, Chen H, Yan Y, Wu J, Gao J, Che J, Dong X, Gu Z, Lin N. Injectable and Sprayable Fluorescent Nanoprobe for Rapid Real-Time Detection of Human Colorectal Tumors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2405275. [PMID: 38897213 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202405275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The development of minimally invasive surgery has greatly advanced precision tumor surgery, but sometime suffers from restricted visualization of the surgical field, especially during the removal of abdominal tumors. A 3-D inspection of tumors could be achieved by intravenously injecting tumor-selective fluorescent probes, whereas most of which are unable to instantly distinguish tumors via in situ spraying, which is urgently needed in the process of surgery in a convenient manner. In this study, this work has designed an injectable and sprayable fluorescent nanoprobe, termed Poly-g-BAT, to realize rapid tumor imaging in freshly dissected human colorectal tumors and animal models. Mechanistically, the incorporation of γ-glutamyl group facilitates the rapid internalization of Poly-g-BAT, and these internalized nanoprobes can be subsequently activated by intracellular NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase-1 to release near-infrared fluorophores. As a result, Poly-g-BAT can achieve a superior tumor-to-normal ratio (TNR) up to 12.3 and enable a fast visualization (3 min after in situ spraying) of tumor boundaries in the xenograft tumor models, Apcmin/+ mice models and fresh human tumor tissues. In addition, Poly-g-BAT is capable of identifying minimal premalignant lesions via intravenous injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Jialiang Lu
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xu Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Jinqiang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Tingting Jin
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Qiuqiu Shi
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yinqiong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yu Guo
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Haifeng Chen
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Youyou Yan
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Jiahe Wu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jianqing Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jinxin Che
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaowu Dong
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhen Gu
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Nengming Lin
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310024, China
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Lin H, Wang L, Jiang X, Wang J. Glutathione dynamics in subcellular compartments and implications for drug development. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2024; 81:102505. [PMID: 39053236 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.102505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is a pivotal tripeptide antioxidant essential for maintaining cellular redox homeostasis and regulating diverse cellular processes. Subcellular compartmentalization of GSH underscores its multifaceted roles across various organelles including the cytosol, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and nucleus, each exhibiting distinct regulatory mechanisms. Perturbations in GSH dynamics contribute to pathophysiological conditions, emphasizing the clinical significance of understanding its intricate regulation. This review consolidates current knowledge on subcellular GSH dynamics, highlighting its implications in drug development, particularly in covalent drug design and antitumor strategies targeting intracellular GSH levels. Challenges and future directions in deciphering subcellular GSH dynamics are discussed, advocating for innovative methodologies to advance our comprehension and facilitate the development of precise therapeutic interventions based on GSH modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanfeng Lin
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for NextGen Therapeutics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lingfei Wang
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiqian Jiang
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jin Wang
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for NextGen Therapeutics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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5
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Zhang T, Yao C, Zhou X, Liu S, Qi L, Zhu S, Zhao C, Hu D, Shen W. Glutathione‑degrading enzymes in the complex landscape of tumors (Review). Int J Oncol 2024; 65:72. [PMID: 38847236 PMCID: PMC11173371 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2024.5660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH)‑degrading enzymes are essential for starting the first stages of GSH degradation. These enzymes include extracellular γ‑glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and intracellular GSH‑specific γ‑glutamylcyclotransferase 1 (ChaC1) and 2. These enzymes are essential for cellular activities, such as immune response, differentiation, proliferation, homeostasis regulation and programmed cell death. Tumor tissue frequently exhibits abnormal expression of GSH‑degrading enzymes, which has a key impact on the development and spread of malignancies. The present review summarizes gene and protein structure, catalytic activity and regulation of GSH‑degrading enzymes, their vital roles in tumor development (including regulation of oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, control of programmed cell death, promotion of inflammation and tumorigenesis and modulation of drug resistance in tumor cells) and potential role as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Zhang
- Department of Acupuncture, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
- School of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Chongjie Yao
- School of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Xu Zhou
- School of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Shimin Liu
- School of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - Li Qi
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Shiguo Zhu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Immunology Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Chen Zhao
- School of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Dan Hu
- School of Acupuncture-moxibustion and Tuina, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Weidong Shen
- Department of Acupuncture, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
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6
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Ichihara G, Katsumata Y, Sugiura Y, Matsuoka Y, Maeda R, Endo J, Anzai A, Shirakawa K, Moriyama H, Kitakata H, Hiraide T, Goto S, Ko S, Iwasawa Y, Sugai K, Daigo K, Goto S, Sato K, Yamada KI, Suematsu M, Ieda M, Sano M. MRP1-Dependent Extracellular Release of Glutathione Induces Cardiomyocyte Ferroptosis After Ischemia-Reperfusion. Circ Res 2023; 133:861-876. [PMID: 37818671 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.123.323517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The membrane components of cardiomyocytes are rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are easily oxidized. Thus, an efficient glutathione-based lipid redox system is essential for maintaining cellular functions. However, the relationship between disruption of the redox system during ischemia-reperfusion (IR), oxidized lipid production, and consequent cell death (ferroptosis) remains unclear. We investigated the mechanisms underlying the disruption of the glutathione-mediated reduction system related to ferroptosis during IR and developed intervention strategies to suppress ferroptosis. METHODS In vivo fluctuations of both intra- and extracellular metabolite levels during IR were explored via microdialysis and tissue metabolome analysis. Oxidized phosphatidylcholines were assessed using liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry. The areas at risk following IR were assessed using triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride/Evans blue stain. RESULTS Metabolomic analysis combined with microdialysis revealed a significant release of glutathione from the ischemic region into extracellular spaces during ischemia and after reperfusion. The release of glutathione into extracellular spaces and a concomitant decrease in intracellular glutathione concentrations were also observed during anoxia-reperfusion in an in vitro cardiomyocyte model. This extracellular glutathione release was prevented by chemical inhibition or genetic suppression of glutathione transporters, mainly MRP1 (multidrug resistance protein 1). Treatment with MRP1 inhibitor reduced the intracellular reactive oxygen species levels and lipid peroxidation, thereby inhibiting cell death. Subsequent in vivo evaluation of endogenously oxidized phospholipids following IR demonstrated the involvement of ferroptosis, as levels of multiple oxidized phosphatidylcholines were significantly elevated in the ischemic region 12 hours after reperfusion. Inhibition of the MRP1 transporter also alleviated intracellular glutathione depletion in vivo and significantly reduced the generation of oxidized phosphatidylcholines. Administration of MRP1 inhibitors significantly attenuated infarct size after IR injury. CONCLUSIONS Glutathione was released continuously during IR, primarily in an MRP1-dependent manner, and induced ferroptosis. Suppression of glutathione release attenuated ferroptosis and reduced myocardial infarct size following IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genki Ichihara
- Department of Cardiology (G.I., Y.K., J.E., A.A., K. Shirakawa, H.M., H.K., T.H., Shinichi Goto, S.K., Y.I., K. Sugai, K.D., M.I., M. Sano), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Katsumata
- Department of Cardiology (G.I., Y.K., J.E., A.A., K. Shirakawa, H.M., H.K., T.H., Shinichi Goto, S.K., Y.I., K. Sugai, K.D., M.I., M. Sano), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Sports Medicine (Y.K., K. Sato), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Sugiura
- Department of Biochemistry (Y.S., M. Suematsu), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Multiomics Platform, Center for Cancer Immunotherapy and Immunobiology (CCII), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (Y.S., Y.M., R.M.)
| | - Yuta Matsuoka
- Multiomics Platform, Center for Cancer Immunotherapy and Immunobiology (CCII), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (Y.S., Y.M., R.M.)
- Physical Chemistry for Life Science Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Kyushu, Japan (Y.M., K.Y.)
| | - Rae Maeda
- Multiomics Platform, Center for Cancer Immunotherapy and Immunobiology (CCII), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (Y.S., Y.M., R.M.)
| | - Jin Endo
- Department of Cardiology (G.I., Y.K., J.E., A.A., K. Shirakawa, H.M., H.K., T.H., Shinichi Goto, S.K., Y.I., K. Sugai, K.D., M.I., M. Sano), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Anzai
- Department of Cardiology (G.I., Y.K., J.E., A.A., K. Shirakawa, H.M., H.K., T.H., Shinichi Goto, S.K., Y.I., K. Sugai, K.D., M.I., M. Sano), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohsuke Shirakawa
- Department of Cardiology (G.I., Y.K., J.E., A.A., K. Shirakawa, H.M., H.K., T.H., Shinichi Goto, S.K., Y.I., K. Sugai, K.D., M.I., M. Sano), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidenori Moriyama
- Department of Cardiology (G.I., Y.K., J.E., A.A., K. Shirakawa, H.M., H.K., T.H., Shinichi Goto, S.K., Y.I., K. Sugai, K.D., M.I., M. Sano), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kitakata
- Department of Cardiology (G.I., Y.K., J.E., A.A., K. Shirakawa, H.M., H.K., T.H., Shinichi Goto, S.K., Y.I., K. Sugai, K.D., M.I., M. Sano), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hiraide
- Department of Cardiology (G.I., Y.K., J.E., A.A., K. Shirakawa, H.M., H.K., T.H., Shinichi Goto, S.K., Y.I., K. Sugai, K.D., M.I., M. Sano), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Goto
- Department of Cardiology (G.I., Y.K., J.E., A.A., K. Shirakawa, H.M., H.K., T.H., Shinichi Goto, S.K., Y.I., K. Sugai, K.D., M.I., M. Sano), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan (Shinichi Goto)
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, MA, USA (Shinichi Goto)
| | - Seien Ko
- Department of Cardiology (G.I., Y.K., J.E., A.A., K. Shirakawa, H.M., H.K., T.H., Shinichi Goto, S.K., Y.I., K. Sugai, K.D., M.I., M. Sano), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Iwasawa
- Department of Cardiology (G.I., Y.K., J.E., A.A., K. Shirakawa, H.M., H.K., T.H., Shinichi Goto, S.K., Y.I., K. Sugai, K.D., M.I., M. Sano), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sugai
- Department of Cardiology (G.I., Y.K., J.E., A.A., K. Shirakawa, H.M., H.K., T.H., Shinichi Goto, S.K., Y.I., K. Sugai, K.D., M.I., M. Sano), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyohei Daigo
- Department of Cardiology (G.I., Y.K., J.E., A.A., K. Shirakawa, H.M., H.K., T.H., Shinichi Goto, S.K., Y.I., K. Sugai, K.D., M.I., M. Sano), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Goto
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan (Shinya Goto)
| | - Kazuki Sato
- Institute for Integrated Sports Medicine (Y.K., K. Sato), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yamada
- Physical Chemistry for Life Science Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Kyushu, Japan (Y.M., K.Y.)
| | - Makoto Suematsu
- Department of Biochemistry (Y.S., M. Suematsu), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Central Institute for Experimental Medicine and Life Science, Kanagawa, Japan (M. Suematsu)
| | - Masaki Ieda
- Department of Cardiology (G.I., Y.K., J.E., A.A., K. Shirakawa, H.M., H.K., T.H., Shinichi Goto, S.K., Y.I., K. Sugai, K.D., M.I., M. Sano), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoaki Sano
- Department of Cardiology (G.I., Y.K., J.E., A.A., K. Shirakawa, H.M., H.K., T.H., Shinichi Goto, S.K., Y.I., K. Sugai, K.D., M.I., M. Sano), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Bist G, Luong NT, Mahabubur Rahman KM, Ruszaj DM, Li C, Hanigan MH, You Y. SAR of L-ABBA analogs for GGT1 inhibitory activity and L-ABBA's effect on plasma cysteine and GSH species. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023:129406. [PMID: 37423504 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-glutamyl transferase 1 (GGT1) is a critical enzyme involved in the hydrolysis and/or transfer of gamma-glutamyl groups of glutathione, which helps maintain cysteine levels in plasma. In this study, we synthesized L-ABBA analogs to investigate their inhibitory effect on GGT1 hydrolysis and transpeptidase activity, with the goal of defining the pharmacophore of L-ABBA. Our structure-activity relationship (SAR) study revealed that an α-COO- and α-NH3+ group, as well as a two-CH2 unit distance between α-C and boronic acid, are essential for the activity. The addition of an R (alkyl) group at the α-C reduced the activity of GGT1 inhibition, with L-ABBA being the most potent inhibitor among the analogs. Next, we investigated the impact of L-ABBA on plasma levels of cysteine and GSH species, with the expectation of observing reduced cysteine levels and enhanced GSH levels due to its GGT1 inhibition. We administered L-ABBA intraperitoneally and determined the plasma levels of cysteine, cystine, GSH, and GSSG using LCMS. Our results showed time- and L-ABBA dose-dependent changes in total plasma cysteine and GSH levels. This study is the first to demonstrate the regulation of plasma thiol species upon GGT1 inhibition, with plasma cystine levels reduced by up to ∼75% with L-ABBA (0.3 mg/dose). Cancer cells are highly dependent on the uptake of cysteine from plasma for maintaining high levels of intracellular glutathione. Thus, our findings suggest that GGT1 inhibitors, such as L-ABBA, have a potential to be used for GSH reduction thereby inducing oxidative stress in cancer cells and reducing their resistance to many chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Bist
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
| | - Nguyen T Luong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
| | - Kazi Md Mahabubur Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
| | - Donna M Ruszaj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
| | - Chenglong Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Marie H Hanigan
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
| | - Youngjae You
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States.
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8
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Zhang C, Xu H, Netto KG, Sokulsky LA, Miao Y, Mo Z, Meng Y, Du Y, Wu C, Han L, Zhang L, Liu C, Zhang G, Li F, Yang M. Inhibition of γ-glutamyl transferase suppresses airway hyperresponsiveness and airway inflammation in a mouse model of steroid resistant asthma exacerbation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1132939. [PMID: 37377967 PMCID: PMC10292800 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1132939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Despite recent advances, there are limited treatments available for acute asthma exacerbations. Here, we investigated the therapeutic potential of GGsTop, a γ-glutamyl transferase inhibitor, on the disease with a murine model of asthma exacerbation. Methods GGsTop was administered to mice that received lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and ovalbumin (OVA) challenges. Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), lung histology, mucus hypersecretion, and collagen deposition were analyzed to evaluate the hallmark features of asthma exacerbation. The level of proinflammatory cytokines and glutathione were determined with/without GGsTop. The transcription profiles were also examined. Results GGsTop attenuates hallmark features of the disease with a murine model of LPS and OVA driven asthma exacerbation. Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), mucus hypersecretion, collagen deposition, and expression of inflammatory cytokines were dramatically inhibited by GGsTop treatment. Additionally, GGsTop restored the level of glutathione. Using RNA-sequencing and pathway analysis, we demonstrated that the activation of LPS/NFκB signaling pathway in airway was downregulated by GGsTop. Interestingly, further analysis revealed that GGsTop significantly inhibited not only IFNγ responses but also the expression of glucocorticoid-associated molecules, implicating that GGsTop profoundly attenuates inflammatory pathways. Conclusions Our study suggests that GGsTop is a viable treatment for asthma exacerbation by broadly inhibiting the activation of multiple inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cancan Zhang
- Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huisha Xu
- Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Keilah G. Netto
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Leon A. Sokulsky
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yiyan Miao
- Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhongyuan Mo
- Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Meng
- Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yingying Du
- Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chengyong Wu
- Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liyou Han
- Institute for Liberal Arts and Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Lirong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chi Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guojun Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fuguang Li
- Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Academy of Medical Sciences & Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
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9
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Chang M, Ma J, Sun Y, Tian L, Liu L, Chen Q, Zhang Z, Wan X, Sun J. γ-Glutamyl-transpeptidase CsGGT2 functions as light-activated theanine hydrolase in tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.). PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:1596-1609. [PMID: 36757089 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Theanine is an important secondary metabolite endowing tea with umami taste and health effects. It is essential to explore the metabolic pathway and regulatory mechanism of theanine to improve tea quality. Here, we demonstrated that the expression patterns of CsGGT2 (γ-glutamyl-transpeptidase), participated in theanine synthesis in vitro in our previous research, are significantly different in the aboveground and underground tissues of tea plants and regulated by light. Light up-regulated the expression of CsHY5, directly binding to the promoter of CsGGT2 and acting as an activator of CsGGT2, with a negative correlation with theanine accumulation. The enzyme activity assays and transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana showed that CsGGT2, acting as bifunctional protein, synthesize and degrade theanine in vitro and in planta. The results of enzyme kinetics, Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assays and targeted gene-silencing assays showed that CsGGT2 had a higher substrate affinity of theanine than that of ethylamine, and performed a higher theanine degradation catalytic efficiency. Therefore, light mediates the degradation of theanine in different tissues by regulating the expression of the theanine hydrolase CsGGT2 in tea plants, and these results provide new insights into the degradation of theanine mediated by light in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Liying Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Linlin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
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10
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Chang M, Ma J, Sun Y, Fu M, Liu L, Chen Q, Zhang Z, Song C, Sun J, Wan X. Role of Endophytic Bacteria in the Remobilization of Leaf Nitrogen Mediated by CsEGGT in Tea Plants ( Camellia sinensis L.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:5208-5218. [PMID: 36970979 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As an important economic plant, tea (Camellia sinensis) has a good economic value and significant health effects. Theanine is an important nitrogen reservoir, and its synthesis and degradation are considered important for nitrogen storage and remobilization in tea plants. Our previous research indicated that the endophyte CsE7 participates in the synthesis of theanine in tea plants. Here, the tracking test confirmed that CsE7 tended to be exposed to mild light and preferentially colonized mature tea leaves. CsE7 also participated in glutamine, theanine, and glutamic acid circulatory metabolism (Gln-Thea-Glu) and contributed to nitrogen remobilization, mediated by the γ-glutamyl-transpeptidase (CsEGGT) with hydrolase preference. The reisolation and inoculation of endophytes further verified their role in accelerating the remobilization of nitrogen, especially in the reuse of theanine and glutamine. This is the first report about the photoregulated endophytic colonization and the positive effect of endophytes on tea plants mediated and characterized by promoting leaf nitrogen remobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City, Anhui Province 230036, P. R. China
| | - Jingyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City, Anhui Province 230036, P. R. China
| | - Ying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City, Anhui Province 230036, P. R. China
| | - Maoyin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City, Anhui Province 230036, P. R. China
| | - Linlin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City, Anhui Province 230036, P. R. China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City, Anhui Province 230036, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City, Anhui Province 230036, P. R. China
| | - Chuankui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City, Anhui Province 230036, P. R. China
| | - Jun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City, Anhui Province 230036, P. R. China
- College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City, Anhui Province 230036, P. R. China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City, Anhui Province 230036, P. R. China
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11
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Wei Y, Sun S, Xu J. Direct and safe one-pot synthesis of functionalized dimethyl 1-aryl-1,9a-dihydropyrido[2,1-c][1,4]thiazine-1-phosphonates. Tetrahedron Lett 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2023.154444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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12
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Nguyen L, Schultz DC, Terzyan SS, Rezaei M, Songb J, Li C, You Y, Hanigan MH. Design and evaluation of novel analogs of 2-amino-4-boronobutanoic acid (ABBA) as inhibitors of human gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 73:116986. [PMID: 36208545 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT1, aka gamma-glutamyl transferase) are needed for the treatment of cancer, cardiovascular illness and other diseases. Compounds that inhibit GGT1 have been evaluated in the clinic, but no inhibitor has successfully demonstrated specific and systemic GGT1 inhibition. All have severe side effects. L-2-amino-4‑boronobutanoic acid (l-ABBA), a glutamate analog, is the most potent GGT1 inhibitor in vitro. In this study, we have solved the crystal structure of human GGT1 (hGGT1) with ABBA bound in the active site. The structure was interrogated to identify interactions between the enzyme and the inhibitor. Based on these data, a series of novel ABBA analogs were designed and synthesized. Their inhibitory activity against the hydrolysis and transpeptidation activities of hGGT1 were determined. The lead compounds were crystalized with hGGT1 and the structures solved. The kinetic data and structures of the complexes provide new insights into the critical role of protein structure dynamics in developing compounds for inhibition of hGGT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luong Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
| | - Daniel C Schultz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Simon S Terzyan
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Structure and Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
| | - Mohammad Rezaei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Jinhua Songb
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Chenglong Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Youngjae You
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States
| | - Marie H Hanigan
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States.
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13
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Wei X, Zhang C, He S, Huang J, Huang J, Liew SS, Zeng Z, Pu K. A Dual-Locked Activatable Phototheranostic Probe for Biomarker-Regulated Photodynamic and Photothermal Cancer Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202966. [PMID: 35396786 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Activatable phototheranostics holds promise for precision cancer treatment owing to the "turn-on" signals and therapeutic effects. However, most activatable phototheranostic probes only possess photodynamic therapy (PDT) or photothermal therapy (PTT), which suffer from poor therapeutic efficacy due to deficient cellular oxygen and complex tumor microenvironment. We herein report a dual-locked activatable phototheranostic probe that activates near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) signals in tumor, triggers PDT in response to a tumor-periphery biomarker, and switches from PDT to PTT upon detecting a tumor-core-hypoxia biomarker. This PDT-PTT auto-regulated probe exhibits complete tumor ablation under the photoirradiation of a single laser source by producing cytotoxic singlet oxygen at the tumor periphery and generating hyperthermia at tumor-core where is too hypoxic for PDT. This dual-locked probe represents a promising molecular design approach toward precise cancer phototheranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wei
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Chi Zhang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Shasha He
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Jiaguo Huang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Jingsheng Huang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Si Si Liew
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Ziling Zeng
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Kanyi Pu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637457, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 636921, Singapore
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14
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Nishijima H, Zunitch MJ, Yoshida M, Kondo K, Yamasoba T, Schwob JE, Holbrook EH. Rapid fluorescent vital imaging of olfactory epithelium. iScience 2022; 25:104222. [PMID: 35494237 PMCID: PMC9046240 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory epithelium (OE) undergoes degeneration in disorders such as age-related and post-viral olfactory dysfunction. However, methods for real-time in vivo detection of OE and assessment of total extent within the nasal cavity are currently unavailable. We identified two fluorescence probes for rapidly detecting and evaluating the entire extent of mice OE with topical application. Taking advantage of the differential expression of the enzymes cytochrome p450 (CYP) and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) in OE relative to respiratory epithelium, we utilized the conversion of coumarin (a substrate of various CYP subtypes) and gGlu-HRMG (a substrate of GGT) by these enzymes to form metabolites with fluorescent emissions in the duct cells and sustentacular cells of neuron-containing OE. In depleted and regenerated OE model, the emission of these probes remained absent in respiratory metaplasia but appeared in regenerated OE. These substrates could be used to monitor OE degeneration and follow regenerative response to therapeutic interventions. Enzymes Cyp2a5 and Ggt7 are expressed in olfactory epithelial cells Substrates for Cyp2a5 and Ggt7 can label olfactory epithelium (OE) in situ Lesion recovered, not damaged OE, is labeled with Cyp2a5 and Ggt7 substrates
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Nishijima
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Matthew J Zunitch
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Masafumi Yoshida
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kenji Kondo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yamasoba
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - James E Schwob
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Eric H Holbrook
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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15
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Wei X, Zhang C, He S, Huang J, Huang J, Liew SS, Zeng Z, Pu K. A Dual‐locked Activatable Phototheranostic Probe for Biomarkers Regulated Photodynamic and Photothermal Cancer Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wei
- Nanyang Technological University School of chemical and biomedical Engineering SINGAPORE
| | - Chi Zhang
- Nanyang Technological University School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering SINGAPORE
| | - Shasha He
- Nanyang Technological University School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering SINGAPORE
| | - Jiaguo Huang
- Sun Yat-Sen University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences SINGAPORE
| | - Jingsheng Huang
- Nanyang Technological University School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering SINGAPORE
| | - Si Si Liew
- Nanyang Technological University School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering SINGAPORE
| | - Ziling Zeng
- Nanyang Technological University School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering SINGAPORE
| | - Kanyi Pu
- Nanyang Technological University School of Chemical and Biomedical Engieering 70 Nanyang Drive 637457 Singapore SINGAPORE
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16
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Muraoka M, Yoshida S, Ohno M, Matsuura H, Nagano K, Hirata Y, Arai M, Hirata K. Reactivity of γ-glutamyl-cysteine with intracellular and extracellular glutathione metabolic enzymes. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:180-188. [PMID: 34923639 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-glutamyl-cysteine (γ-EC) is a precursor of glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis. We investigated whether it functions as a substrate for three intracellular and one extracellular GSH metabolic enzymes, which mediate the antioxidant defence function of GSH. Among them, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase and γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) exhibited substrate specificity for γ-EC, whereas glutathione reductase did not. The specificities of γ-EC and its disulphide form to GGT were comparable to GSH and its oxidized form, GSSG respectively. These results indicate that they can supply GSH constituent amino acids, glutamate, cysteine and cystine through degradation by GGT. γ-EC may contribute valuable antioxidant defence properties as a food and cosmetic additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misa Muraoka
- Applied Environmental Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Saki Yoshida
- Applied Environmental Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Moeka Ohno
- Applied Environmental Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Matsuura
- Applied Environmental Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuya Nagano
- Applied Environmental Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Masayoshi Arai
- Natural Products for Drug Discovery Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Hirata
- Applied Environmental Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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17
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Yang Y, Zhang M, Zhang W, Chen Y, Zhang T, Chen S, Yuan Y, Liang G, Zhang S. Sensitive sensing of alkaline phosphatase and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase activity for tumor imaging. Analyst 2022; 147:1544-1550. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an00163b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanism of bioluminescence phenomenon of the probe P-Bz-Luc in the presence of ALP or GGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyun Yang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Wenting Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Yinglu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Huangshan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Yue Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Gaolin Liang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shusheng Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Road, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
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18
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Cui CY, Li B, Cheng D, Li XY, Chen JL, Chen YT, Su XC. Simultaneous Quantification of Biothiols and Deciphering Diverse GSH Stability in Different Live Cells by 19F-Tag. Anal Chem 2021; 94:901-908. [PMID: 34958555 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
GSH, Cys, Hcy, and H2S are important biothiols and play important roles in the living systems. Quantitative and simultaneous determination of these biothiols under physiological conditions is still a challenge. Herein, we developed an effective 19F-reactive tag that readily interacts with these four biothiols for the generation of stable thioether products that have distinguishable 19F-chemical shifts. These thioester compounds encode the characteristic fingerprint profiles of each biothiols, allowing one to simultaneously quantify and determine these biothiols by 1D 19F NMR spectroscopy. The intra-/extracellular GSH in live cells was assessed by the established strategy, and remarkable variations in the GSH stability were determined between the normal mammalian cells and cancer cells. It is notable that GSH hydrolyzes efficiently in the out-membrane of the cancer cells and the lysates. In contrast, GSH remains stable in the tested normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yu Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Dan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xia-Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jia-Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ya-Ting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xun-Cheng Su
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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19
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Somma V, Calvio C, Rabuffetti M, Rama E, Speranza G, Morelli CF. An overall framework for the E. coli γ-glutamyltransferase-catalyzed transpeptidation reactions. Bioorg Chem 2021; 115:105217. [PMID: 34364051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
γ-Glutamyl derivatives of proteinogenic or modified amino acids raise considerable interest as flavor enhancers or biologically active compounds. However, their supply, on a large scale and at reasonable costs, remains challenging. Enzymatic synthesis has been recognized as a possible affordable alternative with respect to both isolation procedures from natural sources, burdened by low-yield and by the requirement of massive amount of starting material, and chemical synthesis, inconvenient because of the need of protection/deprotection steps. The E. coli γ-glutamyltransferase (Ec-GGT) has already been proposed as a biocatalyst for the synthesis of various γ-glutamyl derivatives. However, enzymatic syntheses using this enzyme usually provide the desired products in limited yield. Hydrolysis and autotranspeptidation of the donor substrate have been identified as the side reactions affecting the final yield of the catalytic process. In addition, experimental conditions need to be specifically adjusted for each acceptor substrate. Substrate specificity and the fine characterization of the activities exerted by the enzyme over time has so far escaped rationalization. In this work, reactions catalyzed by Ec-GGT between the γ-glutamyl donor glutamine and several representative acceptor amino acids have been finely analyzed with the identification of single reaction products over time. This approach allowed to rationalize the effect of donor/acceptor molar ratio on the outcome of the transpeptidation reaction and on the distribution of the different byproducts, inferring a general scheme for Ec-GGT-catalyzed reactions. The propensity to react of the different acceptor substrates is in agreement with recent findings obtained using model substrates and further supported by x-ray crystallography and will contribute to characterize the still elusive acceptor binding site of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Somma
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi, 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Cinzia Calvio
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Università degli Studi di Pavia, via Ferrata, 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Marco Rabuffetti
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi, 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Erlinda Rama
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Università degli Studi di Pavia, via Ferrata, 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Speranza
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi, 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Carlo F Morelli
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi, 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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20
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Takeuchi I, Kawamata R, Makino K. Effects of GGsTop ® on Collagen and Glutathione in the Oral Mucosa Using a Rat Model of 5-Fluorouracil-Induced Oral Mucositis. In Vivo 2021; 35:175-180. [PMID: 33402464 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM To evaluate the usefulness of GGsTop® for oral mucositis, a quantitative study focusing on oral mucosal tissues is necessary. In this study, we aimed to quantify collagen and glutathione using a rat model of 5-fluorouracil-induced oral mucositis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Changes in ulcer area and erythrocyte count were measured to confirm the usefulness of GGsTop® for oral mucositis. The effect of GGsTop on collagen was evaluated by observing oral mucosal tissue sections and measuring the collagen concentration in the tissues. The total glutathione concentration and the oxidized glutathione concentration were measured, and the concentration of the reduced form was calculated. RESULTS GGsTop® shortened the treatment period for oral mucositis without affecting the white blood cell count. In addition, GGsTop® promoted collagen production and alleviated oxidative stress conditions. CONCLUSION GGsTop affects collagen and glutathione in the treatment of oral mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issei Takeuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan.,Center for Drug Delivery Research, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Riko Kawamata
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kimiko Makino
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan; .,Center for Drug Delivery Research, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
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21
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Usama SM, Inagaki F, Kobayashi H, Schnermann MJ. Norcyanine-Carbamates Are Versatile Near-Infrared Fluorogenic Probes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:5674-5679. [PMID: 33844539 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Fluorogenic probes in the near-infrared (NIR) region have the potential to provide stimuli-dependent information in living organisms. Here, we describe a new class of fluorogenic probes based on the heptamethine cyanine scaffold, the most broadly used NIR chromophore. These compounds result from modification of heptamethine norcyanines with stimuli-responsive carbamate linkers. The resulting cyanine carbamates (CyBams) exhibit exceptional turn-ON ratios (∼170×) due to dual requirements for NIR emission: carbamate cleavage through 1,6-elimination and chromophore protonation. Illustrating their utility in complex in vivo settings, a γ-glutamate substituted CyBam was applied to imaging γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) activity in a metastatic model of ovarian cancer. Overall, CyBams have significant potential to extend the reach of fluorogenic strategies to intact tissue and live animal imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Muhammad Usama
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Fuyuki Inagaki
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Martin J Schnermann
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
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22
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A Systematic Review of Serum γ-Glutamyltransferase as a Prognostic Biomarker in Patients with Genitourinary Cancer. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040549. [PMID: 33916150 PMCID: PMC8066142 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Glutamyltransferase (GGT), a membrane-bound enzyme, contributes to the metabolism of glutathione (GSH), which plays a critical physiological role in protecting cells against oxidative stress. GGT has been proposed as a biomarker of carcinogenesis and tumor progression given that GGT activity is important during both the promotion and invasion phases in cancer cells. Moreover, GGT expression is reportedly related to drug-resistance possibly because a wide range of drugs are conjugated with GSH, the availability of which is influenced by GGT activity. While serum GGT activity is commonly used as a quick, inexpensive, yet reliable means of assessing liver function, recent epidemiological studies have shown that it may also be an indicator of an increased risk of prostate cancer development. Moreover, elevated serum GGT is reportedly an adverse prognostic predictor in patients with urologic neoplasms, including renal cell carcinoma, prostate cancer, and urothelial carcinoma, although the background mechanisms have still not been well-characterized. The present review article summarizes the possible role of GGT in cancer cells and focuses on evidence evaluation through a systematic review of the latest literature on the prognostic role of serum GGT in patients with genitourinary cancer.
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23
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Abstract
Phosphonodepsipeptides are phosphorus analogues of depsipeptides and phosphonate-linked analogues of naturally occurring peptides. They are more stable than phosphonopeptides and have been widely applied as enzyme inhibitors, haptens for the production of antibodies, biological agents, and prodrugs. The synthetic strategies towards phosphonodepsipeptides are reviewed, including the phosphonylation of hydroxy esters with phosphonochloridates, the condensation of phosphonic monoesters and hydroxy esters, the alkylation of phosphonic monoesters with 1-(alkoxycarbonyl)alkyl halides or sulfonates, multicomponent condensation of amides, aldehydes, and dichlorophosphites followed by alcoholysis with hydroxy esters, the phosphinylation of hydroxy esters with phosphonochloridites followed by oxidation, and the carbene insertion of N-protected amino acids with 1-diazoalkylphosphonates. This review includes the synthesis of α-, β-, and γ-phosphonodepsipeptides and phosphonodepsipeptides with C-1-hydroxyalkylphosphonic acids.
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24
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Huang Z, An R, Wei S, Wang J, Ye D. Noninvasive ratiometric fluorescence imaging of γ-glutamyltransferase activity using an activatable probe. Analyst 2021; 146:1865-1871. [PMID: 33480367 DOI: 10.1039/d0an02232b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) is an important aminopeptidase overexpressed in many malignant tumors, and accurate detection of its activity is useful for the diagnosis and treatment of tumors. Herein, we report a GGT-activatable ratiometric fluorescent probe (1) constructed by covalently linking an 'always-on' BODIPY fluorophore with a GGT-activatable near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent substrate. Upon interaction with GGT, the NIR fluorescence at 735 nm in probe 1 is significantly enhanced, while the fluorescence of BODIPY at 517 nm remains unchanged. Using BODIPY fluorescence as an internal standard, significantly enhanced ratiometric fluorescence between 735 nm and 517 nm could be achieved, allowing accurate detection of the activity of GGT in living subjects independent of probe concentration. We demonstrate that probe 1 is feasible for the evaluation of GGT levels in different tumor cells and differentiation of GGT-positive tumor cells from GGT-negative normal tissue cells. Moreover, probe 1 is further applied for the visualization of tumor via noninvasive ratiometric fluorescence imaging of GGT activity, which could facilitate the detection of GGT-positive tumor tissues and study of GGT-related pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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25
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Terzyan SS, Nguyen LT, Burgett AWG, Heroux A, Smith CA, You Y, Hanigan MH. Crystal structures of glutathione- and inhibitor-bound human GGT1: critical interactions within the cysteinylglycine binding site. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100066. [PMID: 33187988 PMCID: PMC7949050 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.016265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT1) has been implicated in an array of human diseases including asthma, reperfusion injury, and cancer. Inhibitors are needed for therapy, but development of potent, specific inhibitors of GGT1 has been hampered by a lack of structural information regarding substrate binding and cleavage. To enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanism of substrate cleavage, we have solved the crystal structures of human GGT1 (hGGT1) with glutathione (a substrate) and a phosphate-glutathione analog (an irreversible inhibitor) bound in the active site. These are the first structures of any eukaryotic GGT with the cysteinylglycine region of the substrate-binding site occupied. These structures and the structure of apo-hGGT reveal movement of amino acid residues within the active site as the substrate binds. Asn-401 and Thr-381 each form hydrogen bonds with two atoms of GSH spanning the γ-glutamyl bond. Three different atoms of hGGT1 interact with the carboxyl oxygen of the cysteine of GSH. Interactions between the enzyme and substrate change as the substrate moves deeper into the active site cleft. The substrate reorients and a new hydrogen bond is formed between the substrate and the oxyanion hole. Thr-381 is locked into a single conformation as an acyl bond forms between the substrate and the enzyme. These data provide insight on a molecular level into the substrate specificity of hGGT1 and provide an explanation for seemingly disparate observations regarding the enzymatic activity of hGGT1 mutants. This knowledge will aid in the design of clinically useful hGGT1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon S Terzyan
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Structure and Function, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Luong T Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Anthony W G Burgett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Annie Heroux
- Energy Sciences Directorate/Photon Science Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA
| | - Clyde A Smith
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Youngjae You
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Marie H Hanigan
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.
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26
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Corti A, Belcastro E, Dominici S, Maellaro E, Pompella A. The dark side of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT): Pathogenic effects of an 'antioxidant' enzyme. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 160:807-819. [PMID: 32916278 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Having long been regarded as just a member in the cellular antioxidant systems, as well as a clinical biomarker of hepatobiliary diseases and alcohol abuse, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) enzyme activity has been highlighted by more recent research as a critical factor in modulation of redox equilibria within the cell and in its surroundings. Moreover, due to the prooxidant reactions which can originate during its metabolic function in selected conditions, experimental and clinical studies are increasingly involving GGT in the pathogenesis of several important disease conditions, such as atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, lung inflammation, neuroinflammation and bone disorders. The present article is an overview of the laboratory findings that have prompted an evolution in interpretation of the significance of GGT in human pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Corti
- Dept. of Translational Research NTMS, University of Pisa Medical School, Italy
| | - Eugenia Belcastro
- Dept. of Translational Research NTMS, University of Pisa Medical School, Italy
| | - Silvia Dominici
- Dept. of Translational Research NTMS, University of Pisa Medical School, Italy
| | - Emilia Maellaro
- Dept. of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Italy
| | - Alfonso Pompella
- Dept. of Translational Research NTMS, University of Pisa Medical School, Italy.
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27
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Kubota R, Hayashi N, Kinoshita K, Saito T, Ozaki K, Ueda Y, Tsuchishima M, Tsutsumi M, George J. Inhibition of γ-glutamyltransferase ameliorates ischaemia-reoxygenation tissue damage in rats with hepatic steatosis. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:5195-5207. [PMID: 32910829 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hepatic steatosis may be associated with an increased γ-glutamyltransferase (γ-GT) levels. Ischaemia-reoxygenation (IR) injury causes several deleterious effects. We evaluated the protective effects of a selective inhibitor of γ-GT in experimentally induced IR injury in rats with obesity and steatosis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats with hepatic steatosis were used in the current study. The portal vein and hepatic artery of left lateral and median lobes were clamped to induce ischaemia. Before clamping, 1 ml of saline (IR group) or 1-ml saline containing 1 mg·kg-1 body weight of GGsTop (γ-GT inhibitor; IR-GGsTop group) was injected into the liver via the inferior vena cava. Blood flow was restored after at 30 min of the start of ischaemia. Blood was collected before, at 30 min after ischaemia and at 2 h and 6 h after reoxygenation. All the animals were killed at 6 h and the livers were collected. KEY RESULTS Treatment with GGsTop resulted in significant reduction of serum ALT, AST and γ-GT levels and hepatic γ-GT, malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and HMGB1 at 6 h after reoxygenation. Inhibition of γ-GT retained normal hepatic glutathione levels. There was prominent hepatic necrosis in IR group, which is significantly reduced in IR-GGsTop group. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Treatment with GGsTop significantly increased hepatic glutathione content, reduced hepatic MDA, 4-HNE and HMGB1 levels and, remarkably, ameliorated hepatic necrosis after ischaemia-reoxygenation. The results indicated that GGsTop could be an appropriate therapeutic agent to reduce IR-induced liver injury in obesity and steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Kubota
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Hayashi
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan.,Center for Regenerative Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Uchinada, Japan
| | - Kaori Kinoshita
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan.,Center for Regenerative Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Uchinada, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Ozaki
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan
| | - Yoshimichi Ueda
- Department of Pathology II, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan
| | | | - Mikihiro Tsutsumi
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan.,Center for Regenerative Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Uchinada, Japan
| | - Joseph George
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan.,Center for Regenerative Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University Hospital, Uchinada, Japan
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28
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Abdou MM. Synopsis of recent synthetic methods and biological applications of phosphinic acid derivatives. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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29
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Li M, Wang C, Wang T, Fan M, Wang N, Ma D, Hu T, Cui X. Asymmetric Si-rhodamine scaffolds: rational design of pH-durable protease-activated NIR probes in vivo. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:2455-2458. [PMID: 31996872 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09666c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A group of asymmetric Si-rhodamine scaffolds was designed for protease-activated NIR probes. Dual pH-inertia for both spirocyclized fluorescent probes and fluorescent products of zwitterions form over a wide range of pH (4.0-11.0). Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) were monitored by fluorescent imaging in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China.
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30
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Abstract
The mercapturic acid pathway is a major route for the biotransformation of xenobiotic and endobiotic electrophilic compounds and their metabolites. Mercapturic acids (N-acetyl-l-cysteine S-conjugates) are formed by the sequential action of the glutathione transferases, γ-glutamyltransferases, dipeptidases, and cysteine S-conjugate N-acetyltransferase to yield glutathione S-conjugates, l-cysteinylglycine S-conjugates, l-cysteine S-conjugates, and mercapturic acids; these metabolites constitute a "mercapturomic" profile. Aminoacylases catalyze the hydrolysis of mercapturic acids to form cysteine S-conjugates. Several renal transport systems facilitate the urinary elimination of mercapturic acids; urinary mercapturic acids may serve as biomarkers for exposure to chemicals. Although mercapturic acid formation and elimination is a detoxication reaction, l-cysteine S-conjugates may undergo bioactivation by cysteine S-conjugate β-lyase. Moreover, some l-cysteine S-conjugates, particularly l-cysteinyl-leukotrienes, exert significant pathophysiological effects. Finally, some enzymes of the mercapturic acid pathway are described as the so-called "moonlighting proteins," catalytic proteins that exert multiple biochemical or biophysical functions apart from catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E Hanna
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - M W Anders
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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31
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Milito A, Brancaccio M, Lisurek M, Masullo M, Palumbo A, Castellano I. Probing the Interactions of Sulfur-Containing Histidine Compounds with Human Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17120650. [PMID: 31757046 PMCID: PMC6949936 DOI: 10.3390/md17120650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) is a cell surface enzyme involved in glutathione metabolism and maintenance of redox homeostasis. High expression of GGT on tumor cells is associated with an increase of cell proliferation and resistance against chemotherapy. GGT inhibitors that have been evaluated in clinical trials are too toxic for human use. We have previously identified ovothiols, 5(Nπ)-methyl-thiohistidines of marine origin, as non-competitive-like inhibitors of GGT that are more potent than the known GGT inhibitor, 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine (DON), and are not toxic for human embryonic cells. We extended these studies to the desmethylated form of ovothiol, 5-thiohistidine, and confirmed that this ovothiol derivative also acts as a non-competitive-like GGT inhibitor, with a potency comparable to ovothiol. We also found that both 5-thiohistidine derivatives act as reversible GGT inhibitors compared to the irreversible DON. Finally, we probed the interactions of 5-thiohistidines with GGT by docking analysis and compared them with the 2-thiohistidine ergothioneine, the physiological substrate glutathione, and the DON inhibitor. Overall, our results provide new insight for further development of 5-thiohistidine derivatives as therapeutics for GGT-positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonsina Milito
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (M.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Mariarita Brancaccio
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (M.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Michael Lisurek
- Department of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, 13125 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Mariorosario Masullo
- Department of Human Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Naples “Parthenope”, 80133 Naples, Italy;
| | - Anna Palumbo
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (M.B.); (A.P.)
| | - Immacolata Castellano
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (M.B.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-5833206
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32
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Koyama T, Tsubota A, Sawano T, Tawa M, Watanabe B, Hiratake J, Nakagawa K, Matsumura Y, Ohkita M. Involvement of γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase in Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction in Isolated Rat Hearts. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 42:1947-1952. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Koyama
- Laboratory of Pathological and Molecular Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Akari Tsubota
- Laboratory of Pathological and Molecular Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Tatsuya Sawano
- Laboratory of Pathological and Molecular Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University
| | - Masashi Tawa
- Laboratory of Pathological and Molecular Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Department of Pharmacology, Kanazawa Medical University
| | | | - Jun Hiratake
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University
| | - Keisuke Nakagawa
- Laboratory of Pathological and Molecular Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Yasuo Matsumura
- Laboratory of Pathological and Molecular Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Mamoru Ohkita
- Laboratory of Pathological and Molecular Pharmacology, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences
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33
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Xiao Y, Yang H, Lu J, Li D, Xu C, Risch HA. Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase and the overall survival of metastatic pancreatic cancer. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:1020. [PMID: 31664937 PMCID: PMC6819453 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6250-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulating evidence suggests that Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) may be involved in cancer occurrence and progression. However, the prognostic role of serum GGT in pancreatic cancer (PC) survival lacks adequate evaluation. In this study, we aimed to analyze the association between serum GGT measured at diagnosis and overall survival (OS) in patients with metastatic PC. Methods We identified 320 patients with histopathologically confirmed metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) diagnosed during 2015 and 2016 at a specialized cancer hospital in southwestern China. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional-hazards models were used to determine associations between serum GGT and OS in metastatic PDAC. Results Controlled for possible confounding factors, serum GGT was significantly associated with OS: serum GGT > 48 U/L yielded a hazard ratio of 1.53 (95% CI: 1.19–1.97) for mortality risk. A significant dose-response association between serum GGT and OS was also observed. Subgroup analysis showed a possible interaction between GGT and blood glucose level. Conclusion Serum GGT could be a potential indicator of survival in metastatic PDAC patients. Underlying mechanisms for this association should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Xiao
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520-8034, USA
| | - Haijun Yang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jian Lu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Dehui Li
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chuanzhi Xu
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Harvey A Risch
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520-8034, USA.
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34
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Zhang Y, Zhang G, Yang P, Moosa B, Khashab NM. Self-Immolative Fluorescent and Raman Probe for Real-Time Imaging and Quantification of γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase in Living Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:27529-27535. [PMID: 31290645 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b07186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing over-expressed enzymes or biomarkers in living cells is critical for the molecular understanding of disease pathology and consequently for designing precision medicines. Herein, a "switch-on" probe is designed to selectively detect γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) in living cells via a unique ensemble of enhanced fluorescence and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). In the presence of GGT, the γ-glutamyl bond in the probe molecule is cleaved, thereby activating a fluorescent probe molecule as well as a Raman reporter molecule. Consequently, the detection of GGT is achieved based on both plasmonic fluorescent enhancement and SERS with a detection limit as low as 1.2 × 10-3 U/L (normal range for GGT levels in the blood is 9-48 U/L). The main advantage of this platform is that on the occasion of fluorescence signal interference, especially in the presence of free metal ions in cells, the SERS signals still hold high stability as a backup. This work highlights the benefits of the marriage of two complimentary sensing techniques into one platform that can overcome the major obstacles of detection of real-time biomarkers and imaging in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Smart Hybrid Materials Laboratory (SHMs), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Gengwu Zhang
- Smart Hybrid Materials Laboratory (SHMs), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Peng Yang
- Smart Hybrid Materials Laboratory (SHMs), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Basem Moosa
- Smart Hybrid Materials Laboratory (SHMs), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Niveen M Khashab
- Smart Hybrid Materials Laboratory (SHMs), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
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Brancaccio M, Russo M, Masullo M, Palumbo A, Russo GL, Castellano I. Sulfur-containing histidine compounds inhibit γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activity in human cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:14603-14614. [PMID: 31375562 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) is an enzyme located on the surface of cellular membranes and involved in GSH metabolism and maintenance of redox homeostasis. High GGT expression on tumor cells is associated with increased cell proliferation and resistance against chemotherapy. GGT inhibitors evaluated so far in clinical trials are too toxic for human use. In this study, using enzyme kinetics analyses, we demonstrate that ovothiols, 5(Nπ)-methyl thiohistidines of marine origin, act as noncompetitive inhibitors of GGT, with an apparent Ki of 21 μm, when we fixed the concentrations of the donor substrate. We found that these compounds are more potent than the known GGT inhibitor 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine and are not toxic toward human embryonic cells. In particular, cellular process-specific fluorescence-based assays revealed that ovothiols induce a mixed cell-death phenotype of apoptosis and autophagy in GGT-overexpressing cell lines, including human liver cancer and chronic B leukemic cells. The findings of our study provide the basis for further development of 5-thiohistidines as therapeutics for GGT-positive tumors and highlight that GGT inhibition is involved in autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarita Brancaccio
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Russo
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Mariorosario Masullo
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Naples "Parthenope," 80133 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Palumbo
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Naples, Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Russo
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Naples, Italy.,Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, 83100 Avellino, Italy
| | - Immacolata Castellano
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121 Naples, Italy
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Zhou Q, Shao S, Wang J, Xu C, Xiang J, Piao Y, Zhou Z, Yu Q, Tang J, Liu X, Gan Z, Mo R, Gu Z, Shen Y. Enzyme-activatable polymer-drug conjugate augments tumour penetration and treatment efficacy. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 14:799-809. [PMID: 31263194 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-019-0485-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 486] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A tumour microenvironment imposes barriers to the passive diffusion of molecules, which renders tumour penetration an unresolved obstacle to an effective anticancer drug delivery. Here, we present a γ-glutamyl transpeptidase-responsive camptothecin-polymer conjugate that actively infiltrates throughout the tumour tissue through transcytosis. When the conjugate passes on the luminal endothelial cells of the tumour blood vessels or extravasates into the tumour interstitium, the overexpressed γ-glutamyl transpeptidase on the cell membrane cleaves the γ-glutamyl moieties of the conjugate to generate positively charged primary amines. The resulting cationic conjugate undergoes caveolae-mediated endocytosis and transcytosis, which enables transendothelial and transcellular transport and a relatively uniform distribution throughout the tumour. The conjugate showed a potent antitumour activity in mouse models that led to the eradication of small solid tumours (~100 mm3) and regression of large established tumours with clinically relevant sizes (~500 mm3), and significantly extended the survival of orthotopic pancreatic tumour-bearing mice compared to that with the first-line chemotherapeutic drug gemcitabine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zhou
- Center for Bionanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shiqun Shao
- Center for Bionanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinqiang Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, California NanoSystems Institute and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Changhuo Xu
- Center for Bionanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiajia Xiang
- Center for Bionanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Piao
- Center for Bionanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhuxian Zhou
- Center for Bionanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingsong Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jianbin Tang
- Center for Bionanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangrui Liu
- Center for Bionanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhihua Gan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen Gu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, California NanoSystems Institute and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Youqing Shen
- Center for Bionanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Shi B, Zhang Z, Lan C, Wang B, Xu S, Ge M, Xu G, Zhu T, Liu Y, Zhao C. Enhanced γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase Imaging That Unravels the Glioma Recurrence in Post-radio/Chemotherapy Mixtures for Precise Pathology via Enzyme-Triggered Fluorescent Probe. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:557. [PMID: 31213974 PMCID: PMC6554337 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate pathological diagnosis of gliomas recurrence is crucial for the optimal management and prognosis prediction. The study here unravels that our newly developed γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) fluorescence probe (Figure 1A) imaging in twenty recurrent glioma tissues selectively recognizes the most malignant portion from treatment responsive tissues induced by radio/chemo-therapy (Figure 1B). The overexpression of GGT in recurrent gliomas and low level in radiation necrosis were validated by western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, the ki-67 index evaluation demonstrated the significant increase of malignancy, aided by the GGT-responsive fluorescent probe to screen out the right specimen through fast enhanced imaging of enzyme activity. Importantly, our GGT-targeting probe can be used for accurate determination of pathologic evaluation of tumor malignancy, and eventually for guiding the following management in patients with recurrent gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Shi
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanjin Lan
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bao Wang
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shangchen Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mingxu Ge
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ge Xu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianli Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingchao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chunchang Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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Luo Z, An R, Ye D. Recent Advances in the Development of Optical Imaging Probes for γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase. Chembiochem 2018; 20:474-487. [PMID: 30062708 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) is a cell-membrane-bound protease that participates in cellular glutathione and cysteine homeostasis, which are closely related to many physiological and pathological processes. The accurate measurement of GGT activity is useful for the early diagnosis of diseases. In the past few years, many efforts have been made to build optical imaging probes for the detection of GGT activity both in vitro and in vivo. In this Minireview, recent advances in the development of various optical imaging probes for GGT, including activatable fluorescence probes, ratiometric fluorescence probes, and activatable bioluminescence probes, are summarized. This review starts from the instruction of the GGT enzyme and its biological functions, followed by a discussion of activatable fluorescence probes that show off-on fluorescence in response to GGT. GGT-activatable two-photon fluorescence imaging probes with improved imaging depth and spatial resolution are also discussed. Ratiometric fluorescence probes capable of accurately reporting on GGT levels through a self-calibration mechanism are discussed, followed by describing GGT-activatable bioluminescence probes that can offer a high signal-to-background ratio to detect GGT in living mice. Finally, current challenges and further perspectives for the development of molecular imaging probes for GGT are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P.R. China
| | - Ruibing An
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P.R. China
| | - Deju Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P.R. China
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Liu Y, Tan J, Zhang Y, Zhuang J, Ge M, Shi B, Li J, Xu G, Xu S, Fan C, Zhao C. Visualizing glioma margins by real-time tracking of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase activity. Biomaterials 2018; 173:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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40
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Lee YC, Chi MC, Lin MG, Chen YY, Lin LL, Wang TF. Biocatalytic Synthesis of γ-glutamyl-L-leucine, a Kokumi-Imparting Dipeptide, byBacillus licheniformisγ-Glutamyltranspeptidase. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/08905436.2018.1444636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chung Lee
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chun Chi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Min-Guan Lin
- Academia Sinica, Institute of Molecular Biology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yu Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Long-Liu Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Fan Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
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Plant-Derived Anticancer Agents: Lessons from the Pharmacology of Geniposide and Its Aglycone, Genipin. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6020039. [PMID: 29587429 PMCID: PMC6027249 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6020039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
For centuries, plants have been exploited by mankind as sources of numerous cancer chemotherapeutic agents. Good examples of anticancer compounds of clinical significance today include the taxanes (e.g., taxol), vincristine, vinblastine, and the podophyllotoxin analogues that all trace their origin to higher plants. While all these drugs, along with the various other available therapeutic options, brought some relief in cancer management, a real breakthrough or cure has not yet been achieved. This critical review is a reflection on the lessons learnt from decades of research on the iridoid glycoside geniposide and its aglycone, genipin, which are currently used as gold standard reference compounds in cancer studies. Their effects on tumour development (carcinogenesis), cancer cell survival, and death, with particular emphasis on their mechanisms of actions, are discussed. Particular attention is also given to mechanisms related to the dual pro-oxidant and antioxidant effects of these compounds, the mitochondrial mechanism of cancer cell killing through reactive oxygen species (ROS), including that generated through the uncoupling protein-2 (UCP-2), the inflammatory mechanism, and cell cycle regulation. The implications of various studies for the evaluation of glycosidic and aglycone forms of natural products in vitro and in vivo through pharmacokinetic scrutiny are also addressed.
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Abstract
Many potentially toxic electrophilic xenobiotics and some endogenous compounds are detoxified by conversion to the corresponding glutathione S-conjugate, which is metabolized to the N-acetylcysteine S-conjugate (mercapturate) and excreted. Some mercapturate pathway components, however, are toxic. Bioactivation (toxification) may occur when the glutathione S-conjugate (or mercapturate) is converted to a cysteine S-conjugate that undergoes a β-lyase reaction. If the sulfhydryl-containing fragment produced in this reaction is reactive, toxicity may ensue. Some drugs and halogenated workplace/environmental contaminants are bioactivated by this mechanism. On the other hand, cysteine S-conjugate β-lyases occur in nature as a means of generating some biologically useful sulfhydryl-containing compounds.
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Hatem E, El Banna N, Huang ME. Multifaceted Roles of Glutathione and Glutathione-Based Systems in Carcinogenesis and Anticancer Drug Resistance. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 27:1217-1234. [PMID: 28537430 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Glutathione is the most abundant antioxidant molecule in living organisms and has multiple functions. Intracellular glutathione homeostasis, through its synthesis, consumption, and degradation, is an intricately balanced process. Glutathione levels are often high in tumor cells before treatment, and there is a strong correlation between elevated levels of intracellular glutathione/sustained glutathione-mediated redox activity and resistance to pro-oxidant anticancer therapy. Recent Advances: Ample evidence demonstrates that glutathione and glutathione-based systems are particularly relevant in cancer initiation, progression, and the development of anticancer drug resistance. CRITICAL ISSUES This review highlights the multifaceted roles of glutathione and glutathione-based systems in carcinogenesis, anticancer drug resistance, and clinical applications. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The evidence summarized here underscores the important role played by glutathione and the glutathione-based systems in carcinogenesis and anticancer drug resistance. Future studies should address mechanistic questions regarding the distinct roles of glutathione in different stages of cancer development and cancer cell death. It will be important to study how metabolic alterations in cancer cells can influence glutathione homeostasis. Sensitive approaches to monitor glutathione dynamics in subcellular compartments will be an indispensible step. Therapeutic perspectives should focus on mechanism-based rational drug combinations that are directed against multiple redox targets using effective, specific, and clinically safe inhibitors. This new strategy is expected to produce a synergistic effect, prevent drug resistance, and diminish doses of single drugs. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 1217-1234.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Hatem
- 1 CNRS UMR3348, Institut Curie, PSL Research University , Orsay, France .,2 CNRS UMR3348, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Orsay, France
| | - Nadine El Banna
- 1 CNRS UMR3348, Institut Curie, PSL Research University , Orsay, France .,2 CNRS UMR3348, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Orsay, France
| | - Meng-Er Huang
- 1 CNRS UMR3348, Institut Curie, PSL Research University , Orsay, France .,2 CNRS UMR3348, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , Orsay, France
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44
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Watanabe B, Tabuchi Y, Wada K, Hiratake J. Synthesis and evaluation of the inhibitory activity of the four stereoisomers of the potent and selective human γ-glutamyl transpeptidase inhibitor GGsTop. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4920-4924. [PMID: 28985998 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
2-Amino-4-{[3-(carboxymethyl)phenoxy](methoxy)phosphoryl}butanoic acid (GGsTop) is a potent, highly selective, nontoxic, and irreversible inhibitor of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT). GGsTop has been widely used in academic and medicinal research, and also as an active ingredient (Nahlsgen) in commercial anti-aging cosmetics. GGsTop consists of four stereoisomers due to the presence of two stereogenic centers, i.e., the α-carbon atom of the glutamate mimic (l/d) and the phosphorus atom (RP/SP). In this study, each stereoisomer of GGsTop was synthesized stereoselectively and their inhibitory activity against human GGT was evaluated. The l- and d-configurations of each stereoisomer were determined by a combination of a chiral pool synthesis and chiral HPLC analysis. The synthesis of the four stereoisomers of GGsTop used chiral synthetic precursors that were separated by chiral HPLC on a preparative scale. With respect to the configuration of the α-carbon atom of the glutamate mimic, the l-isomer (kon=174M-1s-1) was ca. 8-fold more potent than the d-isomer (kon=21.5M-1s-1). In contrast, the configuration of the phosphorus atom is critical for GGT inhibitory activity. Based on a molecular modeling approach, the absolute configuration of the phosphorus atom of the active GGsTop isomers was postulated to be SP. The SP-isomers inhibited human GGT (kon=21.5-174M-1s-1), while the RP-isomers were inactive even at concentrations of 0.1mM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bunta Watanabe
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
| | - Yukiko Tabuchi
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Kei Wada
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Jun Hiratake
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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Watanabe B, Morikita T, Tabuchi Y, Kobayashi R, Li C, Yamamoto M, Koeduka T, Hiratake J. An improved synthesis of the potent and selective γ-glutamyl transpeptidase inhibitor GGsTop together with an inhibitory activity evaluation of its potential hydrolysis products. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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46
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Luo Z, Feng L, An R, Duan G, Yan R, Shi H, He J, Zhou Z, Ji C, Chen HY, Ye D. Activatable Near-Infrared Probe for Fluorescence Imaging of γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase in Tumor Cells and In Vivo. Chemistry 2017; 23:14778-14785. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Liandong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Ruibing An
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Guanfu Duan
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development; School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; East China Normal University; Shanghai 200062 P. R. China
| | - Runqi Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Hua Shi
- Department of Radiology; Drum Tower Hospital; School of Medicine; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210008 P. R. China
| | - Jian He
- Department of Radiology; Drum Tower Hospital; School of Medicine; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210008 P. R. China
| | - Zhengyang Zhou
- Department of Radiology; Drum Tower Hospital; School of Medicine; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210008 P. R. China
| | - Changge Ji
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development; School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; East China Normal University; Shanghai 200062 P. R. China
| | - Hong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Deju Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
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Kumari S, Pal RK, Gupta R, Goel M. High Resolution X-ray Diffraction Dataset for Bacillus licheniformis Gamma Glutamyl Transpeptidase-acivicin complex: SUMO-Tag Renders High Expression and Solubility. Protein J 2017; 36:7-16. [PMID: 28120227 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-017-9693-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, (GGT) is a ubiquitous protein which plays a central role in glutathione metabolism and has myriad clinical implications. It has been shown to be a virulence factor for pathogenic bacteria, inhibition of which results in reduced colonization potential. However, existing inhibitors are effective but toxic and therefore search is on for novel inhibitors, which makes it imperative to understand the interactions of various inhibitors with the protein in substantial detail. High resolution structures of protein bound to different inhibitors can serve this purpose. Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase from Bacillus licheniformis is one of the model systems that have been used to understand the structure-function correlation of the protein. The structures of the native protein (PDB code 4OTT), of its complex with glutamate (PDB code 4OTU) and that of its precursor mimic (PDB code 4Y23) are available, although at moderate/low resolution. In the present study, we are reporting the preliminary analysis of, high resolution X-ray diffraction data collected for the co-crystals of B. licheniformis, Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, with its inhibitor, Acivicin. Crystals belong to the orthorhombic space group P212121 and diffract X-ray to 1.45 Å resolution. This is the highest resolution data reported for all GGT structures available till now. The use of SUMO fused expression system enhanced yield of the target protein in the soluble fraction, facilitating recovery of protein with high purity. The preliminary analysis of this data set shows clear density for the inhibitor, acivicin, in the protein active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobha Kumari
- Department of Biophysics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Ravi Kant Pal
- National Institute of Immunology (NII), Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Rani Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Manisha Goel
- Department of Biophysics, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India.
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Bolz C, Bach NC, Meyer H, Müller G, Dawidowski M, Popowicz G, Sieber SA, Skerra A, Gerhard M. Comparison of enzymatic properties and small molecule inhibition of γ-glutamyltranspeptidases from pathogenic and commensal bacteria. Biol Chem 2017; 398:341-357. [PMID: 27636829 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infects the stomach of 50% of the population worldwide, thus causing chronic gastritis. Although this infection can be cured by antibiotic treatment, therapeutic options are increasingly limited due to the development of resistances. The γ-glutamyl-transpeptidase (gGT) of H. pylori (HpgGT) is a virulence factor important for colonization and contributes to bacterial immune evasion. Therefore, this enzyme is a potential target for developing new anti-infectives. As species specificity of such compounds is required in order to avoid off-target or adverse effects, comparative analysis of the gGTs from different organisms is a prerequisite for drug development. To allow detailed biochemical and enzymatic characterization, recombinant gGTs from five different bacteria as well as Homo sapiens were characterized and compared. Investigation of the enzymatic activity, the binding modes of known inhibitors to the catalytic center, and a high resolution X-ray structure of the HpgGT provided a starting point for the identification of new inhibitory substances targeting HpgGT. Inhibitors with Ki values in the nm to mm range were identified and their binding modes were analyzed by mass spectrometry. The results of this study provide a basis for the development of species-specific lead compounds with anti-infective potential by effectively inhibiting HpgGT.
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Tong H, Zheng Y, Zhou L, Li X, Qian R, Wang R, Zhao J, Lou K, Wang W. Enzymatic Cleavage and Subsequent Facile Intramolecular Transcyclization for in Situ Fluorescence Detection of γ-Glutamyltranspetidase Activities. Anal Chem 2016; 88:10816-10820. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongjuan Tong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yongjun Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiangmin Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Rui Qian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jianhong Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Kaiyan Lou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, United States
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Abstract
Organophosphonic acids are unique as natural products in terms of stability and mimicry. The C-P bond that defines these compounds resists hydrolytic cleavage, while the phosphonyl group is a versatile mimic of transition-states, intermediates, and primary metabolites. This versatility may explain why a variety of organisms have extensively explored the use organophosphonic acids as bioactive secondary metabolites. Several of these compounds, such as fosfomycin and bialaphos, figure prominently in human health and agriculture. The enzyme reactions that create these molecules are an interesting mix of chemistry that has been adopted from primary metabolism as well as those with no chemical precedent. Additionally, the phosphonate moiety represents a source of inorganic phosphate to microorganisms that live in environments that lack this nutrient; thus, unusual enzyme reactions have also evolved to cleave the C-P bond. This review is a comprehensive summary of the occurrence and function of organophosphonic acids natural products along with the mechanisms of the enzymes that synthesize and catabolize these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoff P Horsman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - David L Zechel
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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