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An H, Ju H, Ren Z, Yang H, Huang X, Tu D. Near-infrared mechanoluminescence sensor: A new method for on-site infrastructure detection. LUMINESCENCE 2024; 39:e4754. [PMID: 38679894 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Near-infrared mechanoluminescence is a phenomenon that produces high penetrating near-infrared light under external stimulation. Near-infrared light coincides with the biological window, lower optical loss, and the fact that the mechanoluminescence material is a medium that converts mechanical energy into light energy. The near-infrared mechanoluminescence material has potential application prospects in the fields of biological imaging, medical diagnosis, and monitoring of building materials. In this article, we report on a perovskite-type Sr3Sn2O7:Nd3+ near-infrared mechanoluminescence material, and its peaks locate in the first near-infrared window (800-1000 nm) and the second near-infrared window (1080, 1350 nm), respectively. Under the condition of pre-sintering with Li2CO3 as flux, the best sintering conditions are obtained, and the luminescence of material is in perfect agreement with the applied mechanical stress. In addition, a near-infrared mechanoluminescence sensor is proposed to solve the problem of building damage and timely maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin An
- China Railway Construction Investment Group Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
- School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Haonan Ju
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
- Zhejiang Institute, China University of Geosciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiliang Ren
- School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Hang Yang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
- Zhejiang Institute, China University of Geosciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinru Huang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
- Zhejiang Institute, China University of Geosciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dong Tu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
- Zhejiang Institute, China University of Geosciences, Hangzhou, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Wuhan University, Shenzhen, China
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2
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Nijboer TS, van der Fels CAM, de Wit JG, Keizers B, Huizinga HK, Voskuil FJ, Voskamp MJH, van den Heuvel MC, Witjes MJH, de Jong IJ. Fluorescence-guided surgery using cetuximab-800CW in patients with penile carcinoma. BJU Int 2024. [PMID: 38659306 DOI: 10.1111/bju.16384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the feasibility of fluorescence molecular imaging (FMI), using cetuximab-800CW, as an intraoperative tool to determine surgical margins in penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC). PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 11 patients with PSCC received 75 mg cetuximab followed by 15 mg cetuximab-800CW 2 days before surgery. FMI of the whole excision specimen and tissue slices was performed. Fluorescence visualisation was correlated to histopathology. Based on tumour and healthy tissue regions of interest, mean fluorescence intensity was calculated for each individual patient. RESULTS Significant differences between tumour and healthy mean fluorescence intensity were found with tumour-to-background ratios of a median (IQR) of 1.51 (0.99) and a mean (SD) of 1.51 (0.32) in the excision specimen and tissue slices, respectively. One patient showed a high relative fluorescence intensity with a signal-to-background ratio of 1.79, corresponding to a tumour-positive margin on fresh frozen sectioning. CONCLUSION In this Phase I study we showed that cetuximab-800CW seems suitable to discriminate PSCC from background tissue. The tracer was well tolerated, and no false positive spots were seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Nijboer
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jaron G de Wit
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Keizers
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henrik K Huizinga
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Floris J Voskuil
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten J H Voskamp
- Department of Urology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marius C van den Heuvel
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Max J H Witjes
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Igle Jan de Jong
- Department of Urology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Püllen L, Costa PF, Darr C, Hess J, Kesch C, Rehme C, Wahl M, Yirga L, Reis H, Szarvas T, van Leeuwen FWB, Herrmann K, Hadaschik BA, Tschirdewahn S, Krafft U. Near-infrared fluorescence lymph node template region dissection plus backup lymphadenectomy in open radical cystectomy for bladder cancer using an innovative handheld device: A single center experience. J Surg Oncol 2024. [PMID: 38583145 DOI: 10.1002/jso.27618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extent of pelvic lymphadenectomy (PLND) as part of radical cystectomy (RC) for bladder cancer (BC) remains unclear. Sentinel-based and lymphangiographic approaches could lead to reduced morbidity without sacrificing oncologic safety. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the feasibility and diagnostic value of fluorescence-guided template sentinel region dissection (FTD) using a handheld near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) camera in open radical cystectomy. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS After peritumoral cystoscopic injection of indocyanine green (ICG) 21 patients underwent open RC with FTD due to BC between June 2019 and June 2021. Intraoperatively, the FIS-00 Hamamatsu Photonics® NIRF camera was used to identify and resect fluorescent template sentinel regions (FTRs) followed by extended pelvic lymphadenectomy (ePLND) as oncological back-up. OUTCOME MEASUREMENT AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Descriptive analysis of positive and negative results per template region. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS FTRs were identified in all 21 cases. Median time (range) from ICG injection to fluorescence detection was 75 (55-125) minutes. On average (SD), 33.4 (9.6) lymph nodes were dissected per patient. Considering template regions as the basis of analysis, 67 (38.3%) of 175 resected regions were NIRF-positive, with 13 (7.4%) regions harboring lymph node metastases. We found no metastatic lymph nodes in NIRF-negative template regions. Outside the standard template, two NIRF-positive benign nodes were identified. CONCLUSION The concept of NIRF-guided FTD proved for this group all lymph node metastases to be found in NIRF-positive template regions. Pending validation in a larger collective, resection of approximately 40% of standard regions may be sufficient and may result in less morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Püllen
- Department of Urology, West German Cancer Center, University Duisburg Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pedro F Costa
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West German Cancer Center, University Duisburg Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christopher Darr
- Department of Urology, West German Cancer Center, University Duisburg Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jochen Hess
- Department of Urology, West German Cancer Center, University Duisburg Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Kesch
- Department of Urology, West German Cancer Center, University Duisburg Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Rehme
- Department of Urology, West German Cancer Center, University Duisburg Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Milan Wahl
- Department of Urology, West German Cancer Center, University Duisburg Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Leubet Yirga
- Department of Urology, West German Cancer Center, University Duisburg Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Henning Reis
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tibor Szarvas
- Department of Urology, West German Cancer Center, University Duisburg Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Fijs W B van Leeuwen
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ken Herrmann
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West German Cancer Center, University Duisburg Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Boris A Hadaschik
- Department of Urology, West German Cancer Center, University Duisburg Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Tschirdewahn
- Department of Urology, West German Cancer Center, University Duisburg Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Krafft
- Department of Urology, West German Cancer Center, University Duisburg Essen, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
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Alden NA, Yeingst TJ, Pfeiffer HM, Celik N, Arrizabalaga JH, Helton AM, Liu Y, Stairs DB, Glick AB, Goyal N, Hayes DJ. Near-Infrared Induced miR-34a Delivery from Nanoparticles in Esophageal Cancer Treatment. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303593. [PMID: 38215360 PMCID: PMC11032112 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Current nucleic acid delivery methods have not achieved efficient, non-toxic delivery of miRNAs with tumor-specific selectivity. In this study, a new delivery system based on light-inducible gold-silver-gold, core-shell-shell (CSS) nanoparticles is presented. This system delivers small nucleic acid therapeutics with precise spatiotemporal control, demonstrating the potential for achieving tumor-specific selectivity and efficient delivery of miRNA mimics. The light-inducible particles leverage the photothermal heating of metal nanoparticles due to the local surface plasmonic resonance for controlled chemical cleavage and release of the miRNA mimic payload. The CSS morphology and composition result in a plasmonic resonance within the near-infrared (NIR) region of the light spectrum. Through this method, exogenous miR-34a-5p mimics are effectively delivered to human squamous cell carcinoma TE10 cells, leading to apoptosis induction without adverse effects on untransformed keratinocytes in vitro. The CSS nanoparticle delivery system is tested in vivo in Foxn1nu athymic nude mice with bilateral human esophageal TE10 cancer cells xenografts. These experiments reveal that this CSS nanoparticle conjugates, when systemically administered, followed by 850 nm light emitting diode irradiation at the tumor site, 6 h post-injection, produce a significant and sustained reduction in tumor volume, exceeding 87% in less than 72 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick A. Alden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Tyus J. Yeingst
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Hanna M. Pfeiffer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Nazmiye Celik
- The Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, Millennium Science Complex, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Penn State University, 212 Earth-Engineering Sciences Bldg., University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Julien H. Arrizabalaga
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Angelica M. Helton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Yiming Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Douglas B. Stairs
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
- Penn State Cancer Institute, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Adam B. Glick
- The Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, Millennium Science Complex, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
- The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
| | - Neerav Goyal
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Daniel J. Hayes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
- The Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, Millennium Science Complex, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
- Materials Research Institute, Millennium Science Complex, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
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5
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Cheng K, Huang W, Gong X, Deng C. Dual substitution of host lattice ions to enhance the luminescence properties of Zn 2TiO 4:Cr 3+ phosphor. LUMINESCENCE 2024; 39:e4730. [PMID: 38548694 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Near-infrared light sources have potential applications in many fields. Cr3+ is a good luminescence centre to prepare near-infrared phosphors. Improving the performance of existing near-infrared luminescent materials has indeed attracted great interest from researchers. The luminescence properties of Zn2TiO4:Cr3+ were improved by crystal field engineering strategies. Zn2+-Ti4+ was partially replaced using a Li+-Nb5+ ion pair based on the Zn2TiO4:Cr3+ phosphors. Luminescence Cr3+-activated luminescent materials are sensitive to changes in the local crystal structure and crystal field environment. Doping of Li+-Nb5+ increased the luminescence intensity up to 2.7 times that of the undoped sample. Also, the thermal stability of the phosphor was greatly increased by the replacement of Li+-Nb5+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Composite Materials of Guizhou Province, College of Big Data and Information Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Weichao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Composite Materials of Guizhou Province, College of Big Data and Information Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xinyong Gong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Composite Materials of Guizhou Province, College of Big Data and Information Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Chaoyong Deng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Composite Materials of Guizhou Province, College of Big Data and Information Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
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6
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Ma Z, Wang Q, Cai Z, Chen Z, Li N, Zhao N. Benzothiazolium-based NIR AIE photosensitizers with type I and II ROS generation for efficient mitochondria-targeted photodynamic therapy. LUMINESCENCE 2024; 39:e4735. [PMID: 38565323 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
In this work, a near-infrared emissive photosensitizer of 3,3-dimethyl-N,N-diphenyl-2-(thiophen-2-yl)-3H-indol-6-amine functionlized benzothiazolium (DPITT) was developed. DPITT exhibited aggregation-induced emission effect and potent type I and II reactive oxygen species generation capacities after white light irradiation. Taking advantage of the cationic feature, DPITT penetrated the cell membrane and selectively accumulated in the mitochondria in living cells. Upon white light irradiation, the photosensitized DPITT was able to induce mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to cell death. Photosensitized DPITT was further applied to disrupt the multicellular tumour spheroids, demonstrating its potential application in inhibiting hypoxic solid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhedong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ziying Cai
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zuxiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Nan Li
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
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Turker-Burhan M, Ellidokuz EB, Bagriyanik HA, Tozburun S. An endoscopic approach providing near-infrared laser-induced coagulation with accurate depth limits. J Biophotonics 2024; 17:e202300377. [PMID: 38247032 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202300377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
This article investigates an endoscopic approach that utilizes negative pressure to achieve laser-induced thermal coagulation limited to the esophageal wall's mucosal and superficial submucosal layers. The study was built upon a series of studies combining numerical simulation based on the Monte-Carlo technique and ex vivo porcine tissue experiments, including apparatus design and histology analysis. An endoscopy apparatus was developed using 3D printing to validate the tissue stretching-based approach. A fiber-pigtailed diode was used as the near-infrared source, emitting 208.8 W/cm2 laser irradiance at 1.5 μm. Simulation results suggested that the approach successfully created a local heat well to prevent residual thermal effects (>65°C) from penetrating the deeper submucosal layer. Histology analysis of ex vivo tissues showed that at a fluence of 5.22 kJ/cm2, the depth of thermal coagulation was reduced by half compared to the control. With further preclinical studies, including endoscopy apparatus design, the approach can be applied to the larger esophageal surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Turker-Burhan
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Ender Berat Ellidokuz
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Internal Medicine Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Husnu Alper Bagriyanik
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Serhat Tozburun
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir, Turkey
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Türkiye
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Türkiye
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Yim A, Alberto M, Sharma V, Green A, Mclean A, du Plessis J, Wong LM, Wood B, Ischia J, Raman J, Bolton D. Near-infrared spectroscopy as a novel method of ex vivo bladder cancer tissue characterisation. BJU Int 2024; 133 Suppl 4:44-52. [PMID: 38238965 DOI: 10.1111/bju.16226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy in differentiating between benign and malignant bladder pathologies ex vivo immediately after resection, including the grade and stage of malignancy. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 355 spectra were measured on 71 bladder specimens from patients undergoing transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT) between April and August 2022. Scan time was 5 s, undertaken using a portable NIR spectrometer within 10 min from excision. Specimens were then sent for routine histopathological correlation. Machine learning models were applied to the spectral dataset to construct diagnostic algorithms; these were then tested for their ability to predict the histological diagnosis of each sample using its NIR spectrum. RESULTS A two-group algorithm comparing low- vs high-grade urothelial cancer demonstrated 97% sensitivity, 99% specificity, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.997. A three-group algorithm predicting stages Ta vs T1 vs T2 achieved 97% sensitivity, 92% specificity, and the AUC was 0.996. CONCLUSIONS This first study evaluating the diagnostic potential of NIR spectroscopy in urothelial cancer shows that it can be accurately used to assess tissue in an ex vivo setting immediately after TURBT. This offers point-of-care assessment of bladder pathology, with potential to influence the extent of resection, reducing both the need for re-resection where invasive disease may be suspected, and also the potential for complications where extent of diagnostic resection can be limited. Further studies utilising fibre-optic probes offer the potential for in vivo assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Yim
- Department of Urology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Young Urology Researchers Organisation (YURO), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew Alberto
- Department of Urology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Varun Sharma
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Spectromix Lab, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexander Green
- Centre for Biospectroscopy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aaron Mclean
- Centre for Biospectroscopy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Justin du Plessis
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lih-Ming Wong
- Department of Urology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bayden Wood
- Spectromix Lab, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Biospectroscopy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joseph Ischia
- Department of Urology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jaishankar Raman
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Spectromix Lab, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Damien Bolton
- Department of Urology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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Darras KFA, Yusti E, Huang JC, Zemp D, Kartono AP, Wanger TC. Bat point counts: A novel sampling method shines light on flying bat communities. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:17179-17190. [PMID: 34938501 PMCID: PMC8668732 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging technologies based on the detection of electro-magnetic energy offer promising opportunities for sampling biodiversity. We exploit their potential by showing here how they can be used in bat point counts-a novel method to sample flying bats-to overcome shortcomings of traditional sampling methods, and to maximize sampling coverage and taxonomic resolution of this elusive taxon with minimal sampling bias. We conducted bat point counts with a sampling rig combining a thermal scope to detect bats, an ultrasound recorder to obtain echolocation calls, and a near-infrared camera to capture bat morphology. We identified bats with a dedicated identification key combining acoustic and morphological features, and compared bat point counts with the standard bat sampling methods of mist-netting and automated ultrasound recording in three oil palm plantation sites in Indonesia, over nine survey nights. Based on rarefaction and extrapolation sampling curves, bat point counts were similarly effective but more time-efficient than the established methods for sampling the oil palm species pool in our study. Point counts sampled species that tend to avoid nets and those that are not echolocating, and thus cannot be detected acoustically. We identified some bat sonotypes with near-infrared imagery, and bat point counts revealed strong sampling biases in previous studies using capture-based methods, suggesting similar biases in other regions might exist. Our method should be tested in a wider range of habitats and regions to assess its performance. However, while capture-based methods allow to identify bats with absolute and internal morphometry, and unattended ultrasound recorders can effectively sample echolocating bats, bat point counts are a promising, non-invasive, and potentially competitive new tool for sampling all flying bats without bias and observing their behavior in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Felix Arno Darras
- AgroecologyDepartment of Crop SciencesUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
- Sustainable Agriculture & Technology LabSchool of EngineeringWestlake UniversityHangzhouChina
| | | | | | - Delphine‐Clara Zemp
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and BiogeographyUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
- Laboratory of Conservation BiologyInstitute of BiologyUniversity of NeuchâtelNeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Agus Priyono Kartono
- Department of Forest Resources Conservation and EcotourismFaculty of ForestryIPB UniversityBogorIndonesia
| | - Thomas Cherico Wanger
- Sustainable Agriculture & Technology LabSchool of EngineeringWestlake UniversityHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang ProvinceWestlake UniversityHangzhouChina
- GlobalAgroforestryNetwork.orgChina
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Gao C, Han Y, Zhang K, Wei T, Jiang Z, Wei Y, Yin L, Piccinelli F, Yao C, Xie X, Bettinelli M, Huang L. Templated-Construction of Hollow MoS 2 Architectures with Improved Photoresponses. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2020; 7:2002444. [PMID: 33240779 PMCID: PMC7675057 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite the outstanding optoelectronic properties of MoS2 and its analogues, synthesis of such materials with desired features including fewer layers, arbitrary hollow structures, and particularly specifically customized morphologies, via inorganic reactions has always been challenging. Herein, using predesigned lanthanide-doped upconversion luminescent materials (e.g., NaYF4:Ln) as templates, arbitrary MoS2 hollow structures with precisely defined morphologies, widely variable dimensions, and very small shell thickness (≈2.5 nm) are readily constructed. Most importantly, integration of the near-infrared-responsive template significantly improves the photoresponse of up to 600 fold in device made of NaYF4:Yb/Er@MoS2 compared with that of MoS2 nanosheets under 980 nm laser illumination. Multichannel optoelectronic device is further fabricated by simply changing luminescent ions in the template, e.g., NaYF4:Er@MoS2, operating at 1532 nm light excitation with a 276-fold photoresponse enhancement. The simple chemistry, easy operation, high reliability, variable morphologies, and wide universality represent the most important advantages of this novel strategy that has not been accessed before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gao
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)Nanjing Tech University30 South Puzhu RoadNanjing211816China
- School of Inspection and Testing CertificationChangzhou Vocational Institute of EngineeringChangzhou213164China
| | - Yingdong Han
- School of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics EngineeringTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)Nanjing Tech University30 South Puzhu RoadNanjing211816China
| | - Tian Wei
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)Nanjing Tech University30 South Puzhu RoadNanjing211816China
| | - Zhang Jiang
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)Nanjing Tech University30 South Puzhu RoadNanjing211816China
| | - Yang Wei
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)Nanjing Tech University30 South Puzhu RoadNanjing211816China
| | - Lisha Yin
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)Nanjing Tech University30 South Puzhu RoadNanjing211816China
| | - Fabio Piccinelli
- Luminescent Materials LaboratoryDepartment of BiotechnologyUniversity of VeronaVerona37134Italy
| | - Cheng Yao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringNanjing Tech University30 South Puzhu RoadNanjing211816China
| | - Xiaoji Xie
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)Nanjing Tech University30 South Puzhu RoadNanjing211816China
| | - Marco Bettinelli
- Luminescent Materials LaboratoryDepartment of BiotechnologyUniversity of VeronaVerona37134Italy
| | - Ling Huang
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)Nanjing Tech University30 South Puzhu RoadNanjing211816China
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11
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Ishii A, Miyasaka T. Sensitized Yb 3+ Luminescence in CsPbCl 3 Film for Highly Efficient Near-Infrared Light-Emitting Diodes. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2020; 7:1903142. [PMID: 32076593 PMCID: PMC7029626 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201903142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) light emitting diodes (LEDs) with the emission wavelength over 900 nm are useful in a wide range of optical applications. Narrow bandgap NIR emitters have been widely investigated using organic compounds and colloidal quantum dots. However, intrinsically low charge mobility and luminescence efficiency of these materials limit improvement of the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of NIR LEDs, which is far from practical applications. Herein, a highly efficient NIR LED is demonstrated, which is based on an energy transfer from wide bandgap all inorganic perovskite (CsPbCl3) to ytterbium ions (Yb3+) as an NIR emitter doped in the perovskite crystalline film. High mobility of electrically excited carriers in the perovskite crystalline film provides a long carrier diffusion and enhances radiative recombination of an emission center due to minimized charge trapping losses, resulting in high EQE value in LEDs. The NIR emission of Yb3+ at around 1000 nm is found to be sensitized by CsPbCl3 thin film with a photoluminescence quantum yield over 60%. The LED based on Yb3+-doped CsPbCl3 film exhibits a high EQE of 5.9% with a peak wavelength of 984 nm, achieved by high carrier transporting ability and effective sensitized emission property in the solid-film structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Ishii
- Graduate School of EngineeringToin University of Yokohama1614 Kurogane‐cho, AobaYokohamaKanagawa225–8503Japan
- JSTPRESTO4‐1‐8 HonchoKawaguchiSaitama332‐0012Japan
| | - Tsutomu Miyasaka
- Graduate School of EngineeringToin University of Yokohama1614 Kurogane‐cho, AobaYokohamaKanagawa225–8503Japan
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Kawamura S, Matsubara K, Sakai S, Sasaki K, Saito M, Saito K, Yagi M, Norimatsu W, Sasai R, Kusunoki M, Eguchi M, Yin S, Asakura Y, Yui T. Preparation of Stable Silver Nanoparticles Having Wide Red-To-Near-Infrared Extinction. Glob Chall 2018; 2:1700105. [PMID: 31565325 PMCID: PMC6607257 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.201700105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) within the interlayer space of transparent layered titania nanosheet (TNS) films is investigated. A considerable number of silver ions (≈70% against the cation exchange capacity of the TNS) are intercalated in the TNS films using methyl-viologen-containing TNSs as a precursor. The silver ion (Ag+)-containing TNS films are treated with aqueous sodium tetrahydroborate (NaBH4), resulting in a gradual color change to bright blue. Various structural analyses clearly show that crystalline AgNPs are generated within the interlayer space of the TNSs. The NaBH4-treated films show intense and characteristic near-infrared (NIR) extinction spectra up to 1800 nm. The stability of the AgNPs within the TNS against oxygen and moisture is also investigated, and 96% and 82% of the AgNPs remain after standing in air for 1 month and 1 year, respectively. The NIR extinctions of the AgNP-containing TNS films are further extended by employing different preparation procedures, for example, using sintered TNS films as starting materials and irradiating the Ag+-containing TNSs with ultraviolet (UV) light. The obtained AgNP-containing TNS films exhibit photochemical activities in the production of hydrogen from ammonia borane under visible-light irradiation and the decomposition of nitrogen monoxide under UV-light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Kawamura
- Department of Materials Science and TechnologyFaculty of EngineeringNiigata University8050 Ikarashi‐2Niigata950‐2181Japan
| | - Kazuki Matsubara
- Department of Materials Science and TechnologyFaculty of EngineeringNiigata University8050 Ikarashi‐2Niigata950‐2181Japan
| | - Sotaro Sakai
- Department of Materials Science and TechnologyFaculty of EngineeringNiigata University8050 Ikarashi‐2Niigata950‐2181Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sasaki
- Department of Materials Science and TechnologyFaculty of EngineeringNiigata University8050 Ikarashi‐2Niigata950‐2181Japan
| | - Masataro Saito
- Department of Materials Science and TechnologyFaculty of EngineeringNiigata University8050 Ikarashi‐2Niigata950‐2181Japan
| | - Kenji Saito
- Department of Materials Science and TechnologyFaculty of EngineeringNiigata University8050 Ikarashi‐2Niigata950‐2181Japan
| | - Masayuki Yagi
- Department of Materials Science and TechnologyFaculty of EngineeringNiigata University8050 Ikarashi‐2Niigata950‐2181Japan
| | - Wataru Norimatsu
- Department of Materials ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya UniversityFuro‐cho, Chikusa‐kuNagoya‐shiAichi‐ken464‐8603Japan
| | - Ryo Sasai
- Department of Physics and Materials ScienceInterdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and EngineeringShimane University1060, Nishi‐kawatsu‐choMatsue690‐8504Japan
| | - Michiko Kusunoki
- Institute of Materials and Systems for SustainabilityNagoya UniversityFuro‐cho, Chikusa‐kuNagoya‐shiAichi‐ken464‐8603Japan
| | - Miharu Eguchi
- Electronic Functional Materials GroupPolymer Materials UnitNational Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)1‐1 NamikiTsukubaIbaraki305‐0044Japan
| | - Shu Yin
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced MaterialsTohoku University2‐1‐1, KatahiraAoba‐kuSendai980‐8577Japan
| | - Yusuke Asakura
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced MaterialsTohoku University2‐1‐1, KatahiraAoba‐kuSendai980‐8577Japan
| | - Tatsuto Yui
- Department of Materials Science and TechnologyFaculty of EngineeringNiigata University8050 Ikarashi‐2Niigata950‐2181Japan
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13
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Bagheri A, Arandiyan H, Boyer C, Lim M. Lanthanide-Doped Upconversion Nanoparticles: Emerging Intelligent Light-Activated Drug Delivery Systems. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2016; 3:1500437. [PMID: 27818904 PMCID: PMC5069703 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201500437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The development of drug delivery systems (DDSs) using near infrared (NIR) light and upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) has generated intensive interest over the past five years. These NIR-initiated DDSs not only offer a high degree of spatial and temporal determination of therapeutic release but also provide precise control over the released dosage. Furthermore, these nanoplatforms confer several advantages over conventional light-based DDSs-NIR offers better tissue penetration depth and a reduced risk of cellular photo-damage caused by exposure to light at high-energy wavelengths (e.g., ultraviolet light, <400 nm). The development of DDSs that can be activated by low intensity NIR illumination is highly desirable to avoid exposing living tissues to excessive heat that can limit the in vivo application of these DDSs. This encompasses research in three directions: (i) enhancing the quantum yield of the UCNPs; (ii) incorporation of photo-responsive materials with red-shifted absorptions into the UCNPs; and (iii) tuning the UCNPs excitation wavelength. This review focuses on recent advances in the development of NIR-initiated DDS, with emphasis on the use of photo-responsive compounds and polymeric materials conjugated onto UCNPs. The challenges that limit UCNPs clinical applications, alongside with the aforementioned techniques that have emerged to overcome these limitations, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Bagheri
- School of Chemical Engineering The University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Hamidreza Arandiyan
- School of Chemical Engineering The University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Center for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Center for Nano Medicine (ACN) School of Chemical Engineering UNSW Australia Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - May Lim
- School of Chemical Engineering The University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
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14
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Jin L, AlOtaibi B, Benetti D, Li S, Zhao H, Mi Z, Vomiero A, Rosei F. Near-Infrared Colloidal Quantum Dots for Efficient and Durable Photoelectrochemical Solar-Driven Hydrogen Production. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2016; 3:1500345. [PMID: 27668151 PMCID: PMC5021169 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201500345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A new hybrid photoelectrochemical photoanode is developed to generate H2 from water. The anode is composed of a TiO2 mesoporous frame functionalized by colloidal core@shell quantum dots (QDs) followed by CdS and ZnS capping layers. Saturated photocurrent density as high as 11.2 mA cm-2 in a solar-cell-driven photoelectrochemical system using near-infrared QDs is obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jin
- Centre for Energy Materials and Telecommunications Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique 1650 Boul. Lionel-Boulet Varennes QC J3X 1S2 Canada
| | - Bandar AlOtaibi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering McGill University 3480 Univ. Str. W Montreal QC H3A 0E9 Canada
| | - Daniele Benetti
- Centre for Energy Materials and Telecommunications Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique 1650 Boul. Lionel-Boulet Varennes QC J3X 1S2 Canada
| | - Shun Li
- Centre for Energy Materials and Telecommunications Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique 1650 Boul. Lionel-Boulet Varennes QC J3X 1S2 Canada
| | - Haiguang Zhao
- Centre for EnergyMaterials and TelecommunicationsInstitut National de la Recherche Scientifique1650 Boul. Lionel-BouletVarennesQC J3X 1S2Canada; CNR INO SENSOR LabVia Branze 4525123BresciaItaly
| | - Zetian Mi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering McGill University 3480 Univ. Str. W Montreal QC H3A 0E9 Canada
| | - Alberto Vomiero
- Centre for EnergyMaterials and TelecommunicationsInstitut National de la Recherche Scientifique1650 Boul. Lionel-BouletVarennesQC J3X 1S2Canada; CNR INO SENSOR LabVia Branze 4525123BresciaItaly; Department of Engineering Sciences and MathematicsLuleå University of Technology971 98LuleåSweden
| | - Federico Rosei
- Centre for EnergyMaterials and TelecommunicationsInstitut National de la Recherche Scientifique1650 Boul. Lionel-BouletVarennesQC J3X 1S2Canada; CSACSMcGill University801 Sherbrooke Str. W.MontrealQCH3A 0B8Canada
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15
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Li Z, Zhang Y, Wu X, Wu X, Maudgal R, Zhang H, Han G. In Vivo Repeatedly Charging Near-Infrared-Emitting Mesoporous SiO 2/ZnGa 2O 4:Cr 3+ Persistent Luminescence Nanocomposites. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2015; 2:1500001. [PMID: 27419003 PMCID: PMC4941782 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201500001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) persistent phosphor ZnGa2O4:Cr3+ (ZGC) has unique deep-tissue rechargeable afterglow properties. However, the current synthesis leads to agglomerated products with irregular morphologies and wide size distributions. Herein, we report on in vivo rechargeable mesoporous SiO2/ZnGa2O4:Cr3+ (mZGC) afterglow NIR-emitting nanocomposites that are made by a simple, one-step mesoporous template method. At less than 600 °C, pores in mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) act as nanoreactors to generate in situ ZnGa2O4:Cr3+ NIR-persistent phosphors. The as-synthesized mZGC preserves defined size, morphology, and mesoporous nanostructure of the MSNs. The persistent luminescence of the as-synthesized mZGC is recharged in a simulated deep-tissue environment (e.g., ≈8 mm pork slab) in vitro by using red light (620 nm). Moreover, mZGC can be repeatedly activated in vivo for persistent luminescence imaging in a live mouse model by using white LED as a light source. Our concept of utilizing mesoporous silica as nanoreactor to fabricate ZGC PL nanoparticles with controllable morphology and preserved porous nanostructure paves a new way to the development and the wide application of deep tissue rechargeable ZGC in photonics and biophotonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanjun Li
- Department of Biology and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Yuanwei Zhang
- Department of Biology and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Xiang Wu
- Department of Biology and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Xiaoqiong Wu
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jimei Road 1799, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Rohit Maudgal
- Department of Biology and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Hongwu Zhang
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jimei Road 1799, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Gang Han
- Department of Biology and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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