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Suárez L, Kosar AJ, Dodd EL, Tazoo D, Lambert AC, Bohle DS. Soluble meso and deuteroporphyrin analogs of the malaria pigment hematin anhydride. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 252:112470. [PMID: 38218137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Two soluble heme analogs of the insoluble malaria pigment hematin anhydride (HA, or β-hematin), [Fe(III)(protoporphyrin)]2, with either mesoporphyrin (MHA) or deuteroporphyrin (DHA) are characterized by elemental analysis, SEM, IR spectroscopy, electronic spectroscopy, paramagnetic 1H NMR spectroscopy and solution magnetic susceptibility. While prior single crystal and X-ray powder diffraction results indicate all three have a common propionate linked dimer motif, there is considerable solid state variation in the conformation. This is associated with enhanced solubility of MHA and DHA. As with HA, DHA undergoes thermally promoted reversible hydration/dehydration in the solid state. Solution 1H NMR studies of DHA suggest a high spin dimeric structure with the porphyrin methyls distributed between two isomers which are also present in the solid state. These soluble iron(III)porphyrin dimers allow for the first direct solution studies by NMR and UV-Vis spectroscopies of these key species. Taken together the results illustrate the importance and utility of varying the substituents on the periphery of the porphyrin for studying heme aggregation and malaria pigment formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Suárez
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Aaron J Kosar
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Erin L Dodd
- Département de Chimie de l'UQAM, 2101, rue Jeanne-Mance, Montréal H2X 2J6, Canada
| | - Dagobert Tazoo
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal H3A 0B8, Canada
| | | | - D Scott Bohle
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal H3A 0B8, Canada.
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2
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Paica IC, Rusu I, Popescu O, Brînzan A, Pencea I, Dobrinescu C, Kelemen B. Tentative indicators of malaria in archaeological skeletal samples, a pilot study testing different methods. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2023; 40:109-116. [PMID: 36724549 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study attempts to integrate multiple methods to investigate the presence of malaria in human skeletal samples from an archaeological context. MATERIALS 33 well preserved human remains originating from a 17th-century archaeological site in southeastern Romania. METHODS The human bone samples were analyzed using rapid diagnostic tests for malaria antigens and PCR amplification of Plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen 1. A preliminary test was performed to identify and briefly characterize the presence of hemozoin using a combination of TEM imaging and diffraction. RESULTS The rapid diagnostic tests indicated that more than half of the examined samples were positive for Plasmodium antigens, but no traces of the parasites' genetic material were detected despite repeated attempts. The TEM images indicated that hemozoin might be a promising diagnostic marker of malaria in ancient bones. CONCLUSIONS The indisputable identification of malaria in the analyzed archaeological population was not possible as none of the applied methodological strategies turned out to be straightforward. SIGNIFICANCE This study reinforces the intricacy and limitations of unequivocally identifying malaria in past populations and sets the stage for future studies on such life-threatening infectious disease in a geographical space, which is currently underrepresented in the bioarchaeological literature. LIMITATIONS The low sample size and the lack of consistency across all assays hindered understanding the role of malaria in the studied population. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Further thorough multidisciplinary approaches on malaria detection in ancient settlements would be appropriate to inform our knowledge of its origins, frequency, and pathogen changes over centuries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioana Rusu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, 400006, Romania; Molecular Biology Centre, Interdisciplinary Research Institute on Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, 400271, Romania.
| | - Octavian Popescu
- Institute of Biology Bucharest of Romanian Academy, Bucharest, 060031, Romania; Molecular Biology Centre, Interdisciplinary Research Institute on Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, 400271, Romania; Emil G. Racoviță Institute, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, 400006, Romania
| | - Alexandru Brînzan
- Institute of Biology Bucharest of Romanian Academy, Bucharest, 060031, Romania
| | - Ion Pencea
- Department of Metallic Material Science and Physical Metallurgy, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, 060042, Romania
| | - Cătălin Dobrinescu
- Department of Research-Development and Projects, Museum of National History and Archaeology, Constanţa, 900745, Romania
| | - Beatrice Kelemen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, 400006, Romania; Molecular Biology Centre, Interdisciplinary Research Institute on Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, 400271, Romania
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3
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Kapishnikov S, Hempelmann E, Elbaum M, Als‐Nielsen J, Leiserowitz L. Malaria Pigment Crystals: The Achilles' Heel of the Malaria Parasite. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:1515-1532. [PMID: 33523575 PMCID: PMC8252759 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The biogenic formation of hemozoin crystals, a crucial process in heme detoxification by the malaria parasite, is reviewed as an antimalarial drug target. We first focus on the in-vivo formation of hemozoin. A model is presented, based on native-contrast 3D imaging obtained by X-ray and electron microscopy, that hemozoin nucleates at the inner membrane leaflet of the parasitic digestive vacuole, and grows in the adjacent aqueous medium. Having observed quantities of hemoglobin and hemozoin in the digestive vacuole, we present a model that heme liberation from hemoglobin and hemozoin formation is an assembly-line process. The crystallization is preceded by reaction between heme monomers yielding hematin dimers involving fewer types of isomers than in synthetic hemozoin; this is indicative of protein-induced dimerization. Models of antimalarial drugs binding onto hemozoin surfaces are reviewed. This is followed by a description of bromoquine, a chloroquine drug analogue, capping a significant fraction of hemozoin surfaces within the digestive vacuole and accumulation of the drug, presumably a bromoquine-hematin complex, at the vacuole's membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Kapishnikov
- Dept. of Chemical Research SupportWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot7610001Israel
| | - Ernst Hempelmann
- Center of Cellular and Molecular Biology of DiseasesInstituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP)City of Knowledge0843 (Republic ofPanama
| | - Michael Elbaum
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological PhysicsWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot7610001Israel
| | - Jens Als‐Nielsen
- Niels Bohr InstituteUniversity of Copenhagen2100CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Leslie Leiserowitz
- Dept. of Molecular Chemistry and Materials ScienceWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot7610001Israel
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López-Castaños KA, Ortiz-Frade LA, Méndez E, Quiroga-González E, González-Fuentes MA, Méndez-Albores A. Indirect Quantification of Glyphosate by SERS Using an Incubation Process With Hemin as the Reporter Molecule: A Contribution to Signal Amplification Mechanism. Front Chem 2020; 8:612076. [PMID: 33392153 PMCID: PMC7775572 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.612076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The indirect determination of the most used herbicide worldwide, glyphosate, was achieved by the SERS technique using hemin chloride as the reporter molecule. An incubation process between hemin and glyphosate solutions was required to obtain a reproducible Raman signal on SERS substrates consisting of silicon decorated with Ag nanoparticles (Si-AgNPs). At 780 nm of excitation wavelength, SERS spectra from hemin solutions do not show extra bands in the presence of glyphosate. However, the hemin bands increase in intensity as a function of glyphosate concentration. This allows the quantification of the herbicide using as marker band the signal associated with the ring breathing mode of pyridine at 745 cm-1. The linear range was from 1 × 10-10 to 1 × 10-5 M and the limit of detection (LOD) was 9.59 × 10-12 M. This methodology was successfully applied to the quantification of the herbicide in honey. From Raman experiments with and without silver nanoparticles, it was possible to state that the hemin is the species responsible for the absorption in the absence or the presence of the herbicide via vinyl groups. Likewise, when the glyphosate concentration increases, a subtle increase occurs in the planar orientation of the vinyl group at position 2 in the porphyrin ring of hemin over the silver surface, favoring the reduction of the molecule. The total Raman signal of the hemin-glyphosate incubated solutions includes a maximized electromagnetic contribution by the use of the appropriate laser excitation, and chemical contributions related to charge transfer between silver and hemin, and from resonance properties of Raman scattering of hemin. Incubation of the reporter molecule with the analyte before the conjugation with the SERS substrate has not been explored before and could be extrapolated to other reporter-analyte systems that depend on a binding equilibrium process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis A. Ortiz-Frade
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica (CIDETEQ), Pedro Escobedo, Mexico
| | - Erika Méndez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | | | | | - Alia Méndez-Albores
- Centro de Química-ICUAP, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
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5
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Molecular characterization and tissue localization of glutathione S-transferase from adult Ancylostoma ceylanicum. J Helminthol 2020; 94:e118. [PMID: 31959266 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x20000012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a detoxifying enzyme family that is essential for parasite blood-feeding and survival, and represent potential targets for hookworm vaccine development. Multiple GST-encoding complementary DNAs (cDNAs) have been cloned from Ancylostoma caninum and Necator americanus, but there are no reports about the cloning of this enzyme from Ancylostoma ceylanicum, the animal-derived zoonotic hookworm. To study the molecular nature and tissue localization of GST of A. ceylanicum (Ace-GST), we designed primers based on the GST gene sequence of A. ceylanicum in GenBank, amplified the Ace-GST cDNA by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and analysed its homology and genetic evolution relationship. The amplified product was cloned into the pET-32a vector and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) for expression. To prepare anti-GST polyclonal antibodies, the recombinant protein was purified and used to immunize Kunming mice. The level of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody in the serum of immunized mice was detected by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the Ace-GST localization in adult worm was determined using the immunofluorescence method. The results showed that the full-length cDNA encoding Ace-GST was 468 bp, which had the highest homology with Ac-GST-1 (60.1%) and clustered into one branch (v-class) with Ac-GST-1 and Na-GST-1 in a phylogenetic tree. Mice immunized with recombinant Ace-GST showed specific IgG antibody response. Immunolocalization revealed that natural Ace-GST is mainly located in the epidermis, muscle and intestine of the adult. These results may lay a foundation for further studies on the biological function of Ace-GST.
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Kuter D, Suárez L, Dodd EL, Noll BC, Stephens PW, Bohle DS. Hydrating the Bispropionate Notch in Malaria Pigment: A New Structural Motif in the Iron(III)(deuteroporphyrin) Dimer. Chemistry 2019; 25:4373-4378. [PMID: 30499153 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Treating deuterohemin, chloro(deuteroporphyrinato)iron(III), with a non-coordinating base in DMSO/methanol allows for the isolation of [(deuteroporphyrinato)iron(III)]2 , deuterohematin anhydride (DHA), an analogue of malaria pigment, the natural product of heme detoxification by malaria. The structure of DHA obtained from this solvent system has been solved by X-ray powder diffraction analysis and displays many similarities, yet important structural differences, to malaria pigment. Most notably, a water molecule of solvation occupies a notch created by the propionate side chains and stabilizes a markedly bent propionate ligand coordinated with a long Fe-O bond, and a carboxylate cluster associated with water molecules is generated. Together, these features account for its increased solubility and more open structure, with an increased porphyrin-porphyrin separation. The IR spectroscopic signature associated with this structure also accounts for the strong IR band at 1587 cm-1 seen for many amorphous preparations of synthetic malaria pigment, and it is proposed that stabilizing these structures may be a new objective for antimalarial drugs. The important role of the vinyl substituents in this biochemistry is further demonstrated by the structure of deuterohemin obtained by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kuter
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, H3A 0B8, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Liliana Suárez
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Erin L Dodd
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Bruce C Noll
- Bruker-AXS, 5465 E Cheryl Pkwy, Fitchburg, WI, 53711, USA
| | - Peter W Stephens
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, State University of New York, Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, 11794-3800, USA
| | - D Scott Bohle
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, H3A 0B8, Canada
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Agnello S, Brand M, Chellat MF, Gazzola S, Riedl R. A Structural View on Medicinal Chemistry Strategies against Drug Resistance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:3300-3345. [PMID: 29846032 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201802416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The natural phenomenon of drug resistance is a widespread issue that hampers the performance of drugs in many major clinical indications. Antibacterial and antifungal drugs are affected, as well as compounds for the treatment of cancer, viral infections, or parasitic diseases. Despite the very diverse set of biological targets and organisms involved in the development of drug resistance, the underlying molecular mechanisms have been identified to understand the emergence of resistance and to overcome this detrimental process. Detailed structural information on the root causes for drug resistance is nowadays frequently available, so next-generation drugs can be designed that are anticipated to suffer less from resistance. This knowledge-based approach is essential for fighting the inevitable occurrence of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Agnello
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Einsiedlerstrasse 31, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Michael Brand
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Einsiedlerstrasse 31, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu F Chellat
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Einsiedlerstrasse 31, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Gazzola
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Einsiedlerstrasse 31, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Riedl
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Center for Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Einsiedlerstrasse 31, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
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8
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Agnello S, Brand M, Chellat MF, Gazzola S, Riedl R. Eine strukturelle Evaluierung medizinalchemischer Strategien gegen Wirkstoffresistenzen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201802416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Agnello
- Institut für Chemie und Biotechnologie; FS Organische Chemie und Medizinalchemie; Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften (ZHAW); Einsiedlerstrasse 31 CH-8820 Wädenswil Schweiz
| | - Michael Brand
- Institut für Chemie und Biotechnologie; FS Organische Chemie und Medizinalchemie; Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften (ZHAW); Einsiedlerstrasse 31 CH-8820 Wädenswil Schweiz
| | - Mathieu F. Chellat
- Institut für Chemie und Biotechnologie; FS Organische Chemie und Medizinalchemie; Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften (ZHAW); Einsiedlerstrasse 31 CH-8820 Wädenswil Schweiz
| | - Silvia Gazzola
- Institut für Chemie und Biotechnologie; FS Organische Chemie und Medizinalchemie; Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften (ZHAW); Einsiedlerstrasse 31 CH-8820 Wädenswil Schweiz
| | - Rainer Riedl
- Institut für Chemie und Biotechnologie; FS Organische Chemie und Medizinalchemie; Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften (ZHAW); Einsiedlerstrasse 31 CH-8820 Wädenswil Schweiz
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9
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Shu F, Shi Y. Systematic Overview of Solid Particles and Their Host Responses. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1157. [PMID: 29892295 PMCID: PMC5985299 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystalline/particulate substances trigger a plethora of signaling events in host cells. The most prominent consequence is the inflammatory reactions that underlie crystal arthropathies, such as gout and pseudogout. However, their impact on our health was underestimated. Recent work on the role of cholesterol crystal in the development of atherosclerosis and the harm of environmental particulates has set up new frontiers in our defense against their detrimental effects. On the other hand, in the last 100 years, crystalline/particulate substances have been used with increasing frequencies in our daily lives as a part of new industrial manufacturing and engineering. Importantly, they have become a tool in modern medicine, used as vaccine adjuvants and drug delivery vehicles. Their biological effects are also being dissected in great detail, particularly with regard to their inflammatory signaling pathways. Solid structure interaction with host cells is far from being uniform, with outcomes dependent on cell types and chemical/physical properties of the particles involved. In this review, we offer a systematic and broad outlook of this landscape and a sage analysis of the complex nature of this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Shu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute for Immunology, Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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10
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Gilson RC, Deissler RJ, Bihary RF, Condit WC, Thompson ME, Blankenship D, Grimberg KO, Brown RW, Grimberg BT. Growth of Plasmodium falciparum in response to a rotating magnetic field. Malar J 2018; 17:190. [PMID: 29724219 PMCID: PMC5934852 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2333-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium falciparum is the deadliest strain of malaria and the mortality rate is increasing because of pathogen drug resistance. Increasing knowledge of the parasite life cycle and mechanism of infection may provide new models for improved treatment paradigms. This study sought to investigate the paramagnetic nature of the parasite’s haemozoin to inhibit parasite viability. Results Paramagnetic haemozoin crystals, a byproduct of the parasite’s haemoglobin digestion, interact with a rotating magnetic field, which prevents their complete formation, causing the accumulation of free haem, which is lethal to the parasites. Plasmodium falciparum cultures of different stages of intraerythrocytic growth (rings, trophozoites, and schizonts) were exposed to a magnetic field of 0.46 T at frequencies of 0 Hz (static), 1, 5, and 10 Hz for 48 h. The numbers of parasites were counted over the course of one intraerythrocytic life cycle via flow cytometry. At 10 Hz the schizont life stage was most affected by the rotating magnetic fields (p = 0.0075) as compared to a static magnetic field of the same strength. Parasite growth in the presence of a static magnetic field appears to aid parasite growth. Conclusions Sequestration of the toxic haem resulting from haemoglobin digestion is key for the parasites’ survival and the focus of almost all existing anti-malarial drugs. Understanding how the parasites create the haemozoin molecule and the disruption of its creation aids in the development of drugs to combat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Gilson
- Department of Physics, CWRU College of Arts and Sciences, 2076 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106-7079, USA.,Department of Pathology, Center for Global Health and Diseases, Biomedical Research Building, Room 427, 2109 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Robert J Deissler
- Department of Physics, CWRU College of Arts and Sciences, 2076 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106-7079, USA
| | - Richard F Bihary
- Department of Physics, CWRU College of Arts and Sciences, 2076 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106-7079, USA
| | - William C Condit
- Department of Physics, CWRU College of Arts and Sciences, 2076 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106-7079, USA
| | - Mary E Thompson
- Department of Physics, CWRU College of Arts and Sciences, 2076 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106-7079, USA
| | - D'Arbra Blankenship
- Department of Pathology, Center for Global Health and Diseases, Biomedical Research Building, Room 427, 2109 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Kerry O Grimberg
- Department of Pathology, Center for Global Health and Diseases, Biomedical Research Building, Room 427, 2109 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Robert W Brown
- Department of Physics, CWRU College of Arts and Sciences, 2076 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106-7079, USA
| | - Brian T Grimberg
- Department of Pathology, Center for Global Health and Diseases, Biomedical Research Building, Room 427, 2109 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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11
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Dilanian RA, Streltsov V, Coughlan HD, Quiney HM, Martin AV, Klonis N, Dogovski C, Boutet S, Messerschmidt M, Williams GJ, Williams S, Phillips NW, Nugent KA, Tilley L, Abbey B. Nanocrystallography measurements of early stage synthetic malaria pigment. J Appl Crystallogr 2017; 50:1533-1540. [PMID: 29021736 PMCID: PMC5627683 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576717012663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent availability of extremely intense, femtosecond X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) sources has spurred the development of serial femtosecond nanocrystallography (SFX). Here, SFX is used to analyze nanoscale crystals of β-hematin, the synthetic form of hemozoin which is a waste by-product of the malaria parasite. This analysis reveals significant differences in β-hematin data collected during SFX and synchrotron crystallography experiments. To interpret these differences two possibilities are considered: structural differences between the nanocrystal and larger crystalline forms of β-hematin, and radiation damage. Simulation studies show that structural inhomogeneity appears at present to provide a better fit to the experimental data. If confirmed, these observations will have implications for designing compounds that inhibit hemozoin formation and suggest that, for some systems at least, additional information may be gained by comparing structures obtained from nanocrystals and macroscopic crystals of the same molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben A. Dilanian
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | - Hannah D. Coughlan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Harry M. Quiney
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew V. Martin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Nectarios Klonis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Con Dogovski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Sébastien Boutet
- LiNAC Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | | | - Garth J. Williams
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, PO Box 5000, Upton, NY 11973-5000, USA
| | - Sophie Williams
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Nicholas W. Phillips
- CSIRO, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Keith A. Nugent
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Leann Tilley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Brian Abbey
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
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12
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Sandlin R, Fong KY, Stiebler R, Gulka C, Nesbitt JE, Oliveira MP, Oliveira MF, Wright DW. Detergent-Mediated Formation of β-Hematin: Heme Crystallization Promoted by Detergents Implicates Nanostructure Formation for Use as a Biological Mimic. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2016; 16:2542-2551. [PMID: 27175104 PMCID: PMC4860678 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.5b01580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Hemozoin is a unique biomineral that results from the sequestration of toxic free heme liberated as a consequence of hemoglobin degradation in the malaria parasite. Synthetic neutral lipid droplets (SNLDs) and phospholipids were previously shown to support the rapid formation of β-hematin, abiological hemozoin, under physiologically relevant pH and temperature, though the mechanism by which heme crystallization occurs remains unclear. Detergents are particularly interesting as a template because they are amphiphilic molecules that spontaneously organize into nanostructures and have been previously shown to mediate β-hematin formation. Here, 11 detergents were investigated to elucidate the physicochemical properties that best recapitulate crystal formation in the parasite. A strong correlation between the detergent's molecular structure and the corresponding kinetics of β-hematin formation was observed, where higher molecular weight polar chains promoted faster reactions. The larger hydrophilic chains correlated to the detergent's ability to rapidly sequester heme into the lipophilic core, allowing for crystal nucleation to occur. The data presented here suggest that detergent nanostructures promote β-hematin formation in a similar manner to SNLDs and phospholipids. Through understanding mediator properties that promote optimal crystal formation, we are able to establish an in vitro assay to probe this drug target pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca
D. Sandlin
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Kim Y. Fong
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Renata Stiebler
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Laboratório de
Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo
Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Christopher
P. Gulka
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Jenny E. Nesbitt
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Matheus P. Oliveira
- Laboratório
de Bioquímica de Resposta ao Estresse, Programa de Biologia
Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica,
Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do
Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcus F. Oliveira
- Laboratório
de Bioquímica de Resposta ao Estresse, Programa de Biologia
Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica,
Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do
Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - David W. Wright
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
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13
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Extended structure of indium(III) protoporphyrin IX acetate mimics dimer structure of hematin anhydride. Polyhedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2015.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Kuter D, Mohunlal R, Fitzroy SM, Asher C, Smith PJ, Egan TJ, de Villiers KA. Insights into the initial stages of lipid-mediated haemozoin nucleation. CrystEngComm 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ce00866f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lipid-mediated haemozoin nucleation, as probed by molecular dynamics, proceeds via aggregation of ferrihaem π–π dimers at a lipid–aqueous interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kuter
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science
- Stellenbosch University
- Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Roxanne Mohunlal
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cape Town
- Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Sharné-Maré Fitzroy
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science
- Stellenbosch University
- Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Constance Asher
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cape Town
- Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Peter J. Smith
- Division of Pharmacology
- Department of Medicine
- University of Cape Town Medical School
- Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Timothy J. Egan
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cape Town
- Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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15
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Slocik JM, Drummy LF, Dickerson MB, Crouse CA, Spowart JE, Naik RR. Bioinspired High-Performance Energetic Materials Using Heme-Containing Crystals. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:3539-3544. [PMID: 25940859 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201403659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic hemozoin crystals (β-hematin) are assembled with aluminium nanoparticles (nAl) to create a nanomaterial composite that is highly energetic and reactive. The results here demonstrate that hemozoin rapidly oxidizes the nAl fuel to release large amounts of energy (+12.5 ± 2.4 kJ g(-1) ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Slocik
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Lawrence F Drummy
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Matthew B Dickerson
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, 45433, USA
| | | | - Jonathan E Spowart
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, 45433, USA
| | - Rajesh R Naik
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, 45433, USA
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16
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A Cu2(OH)3Cl-CeO2 nanocomposite with peroxidase-like activity, and its application to the determination of hydrogen peroxide, glucose and cholesterol. Mikrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-015-1506-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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17
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Khoshmanesh A, Dixon MA, Kenny S, Tilley L, McNaughton D, Wood BR. Detection and quantification of early-stage malaria parasites in laboratory infected erythrocytes by attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy and multivariate analysis. Anal Chem 2014; 86:4379-86. [PMID: 24694036 PMCID: PMC4014274 DOI: 10.1021/ac500199x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
New diagnostic modalities for malaria must have high sensitivity and be affordable to the developing world. We report on a method to rapidly detect and quantify different stages of malaria parasites, including ring and gametocyte forms, using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FT-IR) and partial least-squares regression (PLS). The absolute detection limit was found to be 0.00001% parasitemia (<1 parasite/μL of blood; p < 0.008) for cultured early ring stage parasites in a suspension of normal erythrocytes. Future development of universal and robust calibration models can significantly improve malaria diagnoses, leading to earlier detection and treatment of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aazam Khoshmanesh
- Centre
for Biospectroscopy and School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Matthew
W. A. Dixon
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular, Science
and Biotechnology Institute, The University
of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Shannon Kenny
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular, Science
and Biotechnology Institute, The University
of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Leann Tilley
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular, Science
and Biotechnology Institute, The University
of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Don McNaughton
- Centre
for Biospectroscopy and School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Bayden R. Wood
- Centre
for Biospectroscopy and School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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18
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Abstract
Recent initiatives to develop more effective and affordable drugs, controlling mosquitoes and development of a preventative vaccine have been launched with the goal of completely eradicating malaria. To this end, Novartis (Surrey, UK) and GlaxoSmithKline (Middlesex, UK) screened their chemical libraries of approximately two million small molecules for antimalarial properties, which resulted in a set of over 20,000 'highly druggable' initial hits. Efforts in academia are centered on specific pathway targets. One such high-throughput screening effort has been focused on hemozoin formation, a unique heme detoxification pathway found in the malaria parasite. This review discusses the current approaches and limitations of high-throughput screening discovery of hemozoin inhibitors. In the future, new methods must be developed to validate the mechanism of action of these hit compounds within the parasite.
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19
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Olivier M, Van Den Ham K, Shio MT, Kassa FA, Fougeray S. Malarial pigment hemozoin and the innate inflammatory response. Front Immunol 2014; 5:25. [PMID: 24550911 PMCID: PMC3913902 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a deadly infectious disease caused by the intraerythrocytic protozoan parasite Plasmodium. The four species of Plasmodium known to affect humans all produce an inorganic crystal called hemozoin (HZ) during the heme detoxification process. HZ is released from the food vacuole into circulation during erythrocyte lysis, while the released parasites further infect additional naive red blood cells. Once in circulation, HZ is rapidly taken up by circulating monocytes and tissue macrophages, inducing the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Over the last few years, it has been reported that HZ, similar to uric acid crystals, asbestos, and silica, is able to trigger IL-1β production via the activation of the NOD-like receptor containing pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome complex. Additionally, recent findings have shown that host factors, such as fibrinogen, have the ability to adhere to free HZ and modify its capacity to activate host immune cells. Although much has been discovered regarding NLRP3 inflammasome induction, the mechanism through which this intracellular multimolecular complex is activated remains unclear. In the present review, the most recent discoveries regarding the capacity of HZ to trigger this innate immune complex as well as the impact of HZ on several other inflammatory signaling pathways will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Olivier
- Department of Medicine, McGill TB International Centre, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University , Montréal, QC , Canada ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill TB International Centre, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University , Montréal, QC , Canada
| | - Kristin Van Den Ham
- Department of Medicine, McGill TB International Centre, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University , Montréal, QC , Canada ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill TB International Centre, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University , Montréal, QC , Canada
| | - Marina Tiemi Shio
- Department of Medicine, McGill TB International Centre, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University , Montréal, QC , Canada ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill TB International Centre, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University , Montréal, QC , Canada
| | - Fikregabrail Aberra Kassa
- Department of Medicine, McGill TB International Centre, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University , Montréal, QC , Canada ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill TB International Centre, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University , Montréal, QC , Canada
| | - Sophie Fougeray
- Department of Medicine, McGill TB International Centre, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University , Montréal, QC , Canada ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill TB International Centre, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University , Montréal, QC , Canada
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20
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Dodd EL, Bohle DS. Orienting the heterocyclic periphery: a structural model for chloroquine's antimalarial activity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:13765-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc05328a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A fluorescent structurally characterized chloroquine–metalloporphyrin adduct has been prepared and characterized. This allows for new insights into antimalarial drug–heme interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L. Dodd
- Department of Chemistry
- McGill University
- Montreal, Canada
| | - D. Scott Bohle
- Department of Chemistry
- McGill University
- Montreal, Canada
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21
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Ryu JH, Lee Y, Do MJ, Jo SD, Kim JS, Kim BS, Im GI, Park TG, Lee H. Chitosan-g-hematin: enzyme-mimicking polymeric catalyst for adhesive hydrogels. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:224-33. [PMID: 24071001 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Phenol derivative-containing adhesive hydrogels has been widely recognized as having potential for biomedical applications, but their conventional production methods, utilizing a moderate/strong base, alkaline buffers, the addition of oxidizing agents or the use of enzymes, require alternative approaches to improve their biocompatibility. In this study, we report a polymeric, enzyme-mimetic biocatalyst, hematin-grafted chitosan (chitosan-g-hem), which results in effective gelation without the use of alkaline buffers or enzymes. Furthermore, gelation occurs under mild physiological conditions. Chitosan-g-hem biocatalyst (0.01%, w/v) has excellent catalytic properties, forming chitosan-catechol hydrogels rapidly (within 5 min). In vivo adhesive force measurement demonstrated that the hydrogel formed by the chitosan-g-hem activity showed an increase in adhesion force (33.6 ± 5.9 kPa) compared with the same hydrogel formed by pH-induced catechol oxidation (20.6 ± 5.5 kPa) in mouse subcutaneous tissue. Using the chitosan-g-hem biocatalyst, other catechol-functionalized polymers (hyaluronic acid-catechol and poly(vinyl alcohol)-catechol) also formed hydrogels, indicating that chitosan-g-hem can be used as a general polymeric catalyst for preparing catechol-containing hydrogels.
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22
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Ambele MA, Sewell BT, Cummings FR, Smith PJ, Egan TJ. Synthetic Hemozoin (β-Hematin) Crystals Nucleate at the Surface of Neutral Lipid Droplets that Control Their Sizes. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2013; 13:10.1021/cg4009416. [PMID: 24244110 PMCID: PMC3826461 DOI: 10.1021/cg4009416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Emulsions of monopalmitoylglycerol (MPG) and of a neutral lipid blend (NLB), consisting of MPG, monostearoylglycerol, dipalmitoylglycerol, dioleoylglycerol and dilineoylglycerol (4:2:1:1:1), the composition associated with hemozoin from the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, have been used to mediate the formation of β-hematin microcrystals. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron diffraction and electron spectroscopic imaging/electron energy loss spectroscopy (ESI/EELS) have been used to characterize both the lipid emulsion and β-hematin crystals. The latter have been compared with β-hematin formed at a pentanol/aqueous interface and with hemozoin both within P. falciparum parasites and extracted from the parasites. When lipid and ferriprotoporphyrin IX solutions in 1:9 v/v acetone/methanol were thoroughly pre-mixed either using an extruder or ultrasound, β-hematin crystals were found formed in intimate association with the lipid droplets. These crystals resembled hemozoin crystals, with prominent {100} faces. Lattice fringes in TEM indicated that these faces made contact with the lipid surface. The average length of these crystals was 0.62 times the average diameter of NLB droplets and their size distributions were statistically equivalent after 10 min incubation, suggesting that the lipid droplets also controlled the sizes of the crystals. This most closely resembles hemozoin formation in the helminth worm Schistosoma mansoni, while in P. falciparum, crystal formation appears to be associated with the much more gently curved digestive vacuole membrane which apparently leads to formation of much larger hemozoin crystals, similar to those formed at the flat pentanol-water interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin A. Ambele
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - B. Trevor Sewell
- Electron Microscope Unit, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Franscious R. Cummings
- Electron Microscope Unit, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Peter J. Smith
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Timothy J. Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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23
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Klonis N, Creek DJ, Tilley L. Iron and heme metabolism in Plasmodium falciparum and the mechanism of action of artemisinins. Curr Opin Microbiol 2013; 16:722-7. [PMID: 23932203 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During the asexual blood stage of its lifecycle, the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum grows and multiplies in the hemoglobin-rich environment of the human erythrocyte. Although the parasite has evolved unique strategies to survive in this environment, its interaction with iron represents an Achilles' heel that is exploited by many antimalarial drugs. Recent work has shed new light on how the parasite deals with hemoglobin breakdown products and on the role of iron as a mediator of the action of the antimalarial drug, artemisinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nectarios Klonis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, and ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-ray Science, 30 Flemington Road, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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24
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Teguh SC, Klonis N, Duffy S, Lucantoni L, Avery VM, Hutton CA, Baell JB, Tilley L. Novel Conjugated Quinoline–Indoles Compromise Plasmodium falciparum Mitochondrial Function and Show Promising Antimalarial Activity. J Med Chem 2013; 56:6200-15. [DOI: 10.1021/jm400656s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sandra Duffy
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Brisbane Innovation Park, Griffith University,
Nathan QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Leonardo Lucantoni
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Brisbane Innovation Park, Griffith University,
Nathan QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Vicky M. Avery
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Brisbane Innovation Park, Griffith University,
Nathan QLD 4111, Australia
| | | | - Jonathan B. Baell
- Medicinal
Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Parkville
VIC 3052, Australia
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25
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Doménech-Carbó A, Maciuk A, Figadère B, Poupon E, Cebrián-Torrejón G. Solid-State Electrochemical Assay of Heme-Binding Molecules for Screening of Drugs with Antimalarial Potential. Anal Chem 2013; 85:4014-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303746k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Doménech-Carbó
- Departament
de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100
Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alexandre Maciuk
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, UMR CNRS 8076 BioCIS, LabEx LERMIT,
Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, 5, rue J.-B. Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Bruno Figadère
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, UMR CNRS 8076 BioCIS, LabEx LERMIT,
Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, 5, rue J.-B. Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Erwan Poupon
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, UMR CNRS 8076 BioCIS, LabEx LERMIT,
Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, 5, rue J.-B. Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Gerardo Cebrián-Torrejón
- Departament
de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100
Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, UMR CNRS 8076 BioCIS, LabEx LERMIT,
Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, 5, rue J.-B. Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
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26
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Gonçalves LCP, Tonelli RR, Bagnaresi P, Mortara RA, Ferreira AG, Bastos EL. A nature-inspired betalainic probe for live-cell imaging of Plasmodium-infected erythrocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53874. [PMID: 23342028 PMCID: PMC3547039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A model betalainic dye was semisynthesized from betanin, the magenta pigment of the red beet, and was effective for live-cell imaging of Plasmodium-infected red blood cells. This water-soluble fluorescent probe is photostable, excitable in the visible region and cell membrane-permeable, and its photophysical properties are not notably pH-sensitive. Fluorescence imaging microscopy of erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium falciparum, a causative agent of malaria in humans, showed that only the parasite was stained. Z-stacking analysis suggested that the probe accumulates proximal to the nucleus of the parasite. Indicaxanthin, one of the natural fluorescent betalains found in the petals of certain flowers, did not stain the parasite or the red blood cell.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renata Rosito Tonelli
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Piero Bagnaresi
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato Arruda Mortara
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunobiologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Erick Leite Bastos
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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27
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Gildenhuys J, le Roex T, Egan TJ, de Villiers KA. The single crystal X-ray structure of β-hematin DMSO solvate grown in the presence of chloroquine, a β-hematin growth-rate inhibitor. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:1037-47. [PMID: 23253048 DOI: 10.1021/ja308741e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Single crystals of solvated β-hematin were grown from a DMSO solution containing the antimalarial drug chloroquine, a known inhibitor of β-hematin formation. In addition, a kinetics study employing biomimetic lipid-water emulsion conditions was undertaken to further investigate the effect of chloroquine and quinidine on the formation of β-hematin. Scanning electron microscopy shows that the external morphology of the β-hematin DMSO solvate crystals is almost indistinguishable from that of malaria pigment (hemozoin), and single crystal X-ray diffraction confirms the presence of μ-propionato coordination dimers of iron(III) protoporphyrin IX. The free propionic acid functional groups of adjacent dimers hydrogen bond to included DMSO molecules, rather than forming carboxylic acid dimers. The observed exponential kinetics were modeled using the Avrami equation, with an Avrami constant equal to 1. The decreased rate of β-hematin formation observed at low concentrations of both drugs could be accounted for by assuming a mechanism of drug adsorption to sites on the fastest growing face of β-hematin. This behavior was modeled using the Langmuir isotherm. Higher concentrations of drug resulted in decreased final yields of β-hematin, and an irreversible drug-induced precipitation of iron(III) protoporphyrin IX was postulated to account for this. The model permits determination of the equilibrium adsorption constant (K(ads)). The values for chloroquine (log K(ads) = 5.55 ± 0.03) and quinidine (log K(ads) = 4.92 ± 0.01) suggest that the approach may be useful as a relative probe of the mechanism of action of novel antimalarial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johandie Gildenhuys
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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28
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Tseng CW, Chang HY, Chang JY, Huang CC. Detection of mercury ions based on mercury-induced switching of enzyme-like activity of platinum/gold nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:6823-30. [PMID: 23011048 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr31716h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, bimetallic platinum/gold nanoparticles (Pt/Au NPs) were found to exhibit peroxidase-like activity, and the deposition of mercury was found to switch the enzymatic activity to a catalase-like activity. Based on this phenomenon, we developed a new method for detecting mercury ions through their deposition on bimetallic Pt/Au NPs to switch the catalytic activity of Pt/Au NPs. Pt/Au NPs could be easily prepared through reduction of Au(3+) and Pt(4+) by sodium citrate in a one-pot synthesis. The peroxidase catalytic activity of the Pt/Au NPs was controlled by varying the ratios of Pt to Au. The Pt(0.1)/Au NPs (prepared with a [Au(3+)]/[Pt(4+)] molar ratio of 9.0/1.0) showed excellent oxidation catalysis for H(2)O(2)-mediated oxidation of Amplex® Red (AR) to resorufin. The oxidized product of AR, resorufin, fluoresces more strongly (excitation/emission wavelength maxima ca. 570/585 nm) than AR alone. The peroxidase catalytic activity of Pt(0.1)/Au NPs was switched to catalase-like activity in the presence of mercury ions in a 5.0 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris)-borate solution (pH 7.0) through the deposition of Hg on the particle surfaces owing to the strong Hg-Au metallic bond. The catalytic activity of Hg-Pt(0.1)/Au NPs is superior (by at least 5-fold) to that of natural catalase (from bovine liver). Under optimal solution conditions [5.0 mM Tris-borate (pH 7.0), H(2)O(2) (50 mM), and AR (10 μM)] and in the presence of the masking agents polyacrylic acid and tellurium nanowires, the Pt(0.1)/Au NPs allowed the selective detection of inorganic mercury (Hg(2+)) and methylmercury ions (MeHg(+)) at concentrations as low as several nanomolar. This simple, fast, and cost-effective system enabled selective determination of the spiked concentrations of Hg(2+) and MeHg(+) in tap, pond, and stream waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Wei Tseng
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Center of Excellence for Marine Bioenvironment and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2, Pei-Ning Road, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
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Bohle DS, Dodd EL, Stephens PW. Structure of Malaria Pigment and Related Propanoate-Linked Metalloporphyrin Dimers. Chem Biodivers 2012; 9:1891-902. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201200033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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30
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Blank O, Davioud-Charvet E, Elhabiri M. Interactions of the antimalarial drug methylene blue with methemoglobin and heme targets in Plasmodium falciparum: a physico-biochemical study. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:544-54. [PMID: 22256987 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to drugs has led to renewed interest of redox-active methylene blue (MB) for which no resistance has been reported so far. Moreover, MB displays unique interactions with glutathione reductase (GR). However, the mechanisms of action/interaction with potential targets of MB are yet to be elucidated. Our physico-biochemical study on MB and relevant hematin-containing targets was performed under quasi-physiological conditions. RESULTS The water deprotonation of the Fe(III)protoporphyrin dimer, the major building block of β-hematin, was studied. At pH 6, the predominant dimer possesses water coordinated to both metals. Below pH 6, spontaneous precipitation of β-hematin occurred reminiscent of hemozoin biomineralization at pH 5.0-5.5 in the food vacuole of the malarial parasite. MB also forms dimers (K(Dim)=6800 M(-1)) and firmly binds to hematin in a 2:1 hematin:MB sandwich complex (K(D)=3.16 μM). MB bioactivation catalyzed by GR induces efficient methemoglobin(Fe(III)) [metHb(Fe(III))] reduction to hemoglobin(Fe(II)). The reduction rate, mediated by leucomethylene blue (LMB), was determined (k(metHb)(red)=991 M(-1)·s(-1)) in an assay coupled to the GR/reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate system. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSION Our work provides new insights into the understanding of (i) how MB interacts with hematin-containing targets, (ii) other relevant MB properties in corroboration with the distribution of the three major LMB species as a function of pH, and (iii) how this redox-active cycler induces efficient catalytic reduction of metHb(Fe(III)) to hemoglobin(Fe(II)) mediated by oxidoreductases. These physico-biochemical parameters of MB open promising perspectives for the interpretation of the pharmacology and pathophysiology of malaria and possibly new routes for antimalarial drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Blank
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique et Médicinale, European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), University of Strasbourg and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Strasbourg, France
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31
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Gemma S, Camodeca C, Sanna Coccone S, Joshi BP, Bernetti M, Moretti V, Brogi S, Bonache de Marcos MC, Savini L, Taramelli D, Basilico N, Parapini S, Rottmann M, Brun R, Lamponi S, Caccia S, Guiso G, Summers RL, E. Martin R, Saponara S, Gorelli B, Novellino E, Campiani G, Butini S. Optimization of 4-Aminoquinoline/Clotrimazole-Based Hybrid Antimalarials: Further Structure–Activity Relationships, in Vivo Studies, and Preliminary Toxicity Profiling. J Med Chem 2012; 55:6948-67. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300802s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Gemma
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Caterina Camodeca
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Salvatore Sanna Coccone
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Bhupendra P. Joshi
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Matteo Bernetti
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Vittoria Moretti
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Simone Brogi
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Luisa Savini
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Donatella Taramelli
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Farmacologiche
e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Basilico
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche,
Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Parapini
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Farmacologiche
e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Matthias Rottmann
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel,
Switzerland and University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Reto Brun
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel,
Switzerland and University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefania Lamponi
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Silvio Caccia
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, Via la Masa
19, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanna Guiso
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, Via la Masa
19, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Robert L. Summers
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200,
Australia
| | - Rowena E. Martin
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200,
Australia
| | - Simona Saponara
- Dipartimento di
Neuroscienze, University of Siena, via
A. Moro, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Beatrice Gorelli
- Dipartimento di
Neuroscienze, University of Siena, via
A. Moro, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica
e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Stefania Butini
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
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Goud GN, Deumic V, Gupta R, Brelsford J, Zhan B, Gillespie P, Plieskatt JL, Tsao EI, Hotez PJ, Bottazzi ME. Expression, purification, and molecular analysis of the Necator americanus glutathione S-transferase 1 (Na-GST-1): a production process developed for a lead candidate recombinant hookworm vaccine antigen. Protein Expr Purif 2012; 83:145-51. [PMID: 22503665 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme Necator americanus glutathione S-transferase 1 (Na-GST-1) belongs to a unique Nu class of GSTs and is a lead candidate antigen in a bivalent human hookworm vaccine. Here we describe the expression of Na-GST-1 in the yeast Pichia pastoris at the 20 L manufacturing scale and its purification process performed by three chromatographic steps, comprised of a Q Sepharose XL anion exchange column, followed by a Butyl Sepharose HP hydrophobic affinity column and a Superdex 75 size-exclusion column. Approximately 1.5 g of recombinant protein was recovered at an overall process yield of 51%, with a purity grade of 98% and the absence of detectable host cell protein. By mass spectrometry the recombinant protein exhibits a mass of 23,676Da, which closely matches the predicted molecular mass of the protein. The expression and purification methods described here are suitable for further scale-up product development and for its use to design formulation processes suitable to generate a vaccine for clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaddam Narsa Goud
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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33
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Bohle DS, Dodd EL. [Gallium(III) protoporphyrin IX]2: A Soluble Diamagnetic Model for Malaria Pigment. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:4411-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ic2027303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Scott Bohle
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2K6,
Canada
| | - Erin L. Dodd
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2K6,
Canada
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34
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Muñoz-Durango K, Maciuk A, Harfouche A, Torijano-Gutiérrez S, Jullian JC, Quintin J, Spelman K, Mouray E, Grellier P, Figadère B. Detection, characterization, and screening of heme-binding molecules by mass spectrometry for malaria drug discovery. Anal Chem 2012; 84:3324-9. [PMID: 22409647 DOI: 10.1021/ac300065t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Drug screening for antimalarials uses heme biocrystallization inhibition methods as an alternative to parasite cultures, but they involve complex processes and cannot detect artemisinin-like molecules. The described method detects heme-binding compounds by mass spectrometry, using dissociation of the drug-heme adducts to evaluate putative antiplasmodial activity. Applied to a chemical library, it showed a good hit-to-lead ratio and is an efficient early stage screening for complex mixtures like natural extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalina Muñoz-Durango
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, UMR 8076 CNRS BioCIS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, 5 rue J.-B. Clément, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
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35
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Analysis of the electrochemical reactivity of natural hemozoin and β-hemozoin in the presence of antimalarial drugs. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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36
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Bohle DS, Dodd EL, Kosar AJ, Sharma L, Stephens PW, Suárez L, Tazoo D. Soluble Synthetic Analogues of Malaria Pigment: Structure of Mesohematin Anhydride and its Interaction with Chloroquine in Solution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201100910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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37
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Bohle DS, Dodd EL, Kosar AJ, Sharma L, Stephens PW, Suárez L, Tazoo D. Soluble Synthetic Analogues of Malaria Pigment: Structure of Mesohematin Anhydride and its Interaction with Chloroquine in Solution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:6151-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201100910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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38
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Use of the NP-40 detergent-mediated assay in discovery of inhibitors of beta-hematin crystallization. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:3363-9. [PMID: 21518844 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00121-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The protozoan parasite responsible for malaria affects over 500 million people each year. Current antimalarials have experienced decreased efficacy due to the development of drug-resistant strains of Plasmodium spp., resulting in a critical need for the discovery of new antimalarials. Hemozoin, a crystalline by-product of heme detoxification that is necessary for parasite survival, serves as an important drug target. The quinoline antimalarials, including amodiaquine and chloroquine, act by inhibiting the formation of hemozoin. The formation of this crystal does not occur spontaneously, and recent evidence suggests crystallization occurs in the presence of neutral lipid particles located in the acidic digestive vacuole of the parasite. To mimic these conditions, the lipophilic detergent NP-40 has previously been shown to successfully mediate the formation of β-hematin, synthetic hemozoin. Here, an NP-40 detergent-based assay was successfully adapted for use as a high-throughput screen to identify inhibitors of β-hematin formation. The resulting assay exhibited a favorable Z' of 0.82 and maximal drift of less than 4%. The assay was used in a pilot screen of 38,400 diverse compounds at a screening concentration of 19.3 μM, resulting in the identification of 161 previously unreported β-hematin inhibitors. Of these, 48 also exhibited ≥ 90% inhibition of parasitemia in a Plasmodium falciparum whole-cell assay at a screening concentration of 23 μM. Eight of these compounds were identified to have nanomolar 50% inhibitory concentration values near that of chloroquine in this assay.
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39
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Differential drug efflux or accumulation does not explain variation in the chloroquine response of Plasmodium falciparum strains expressing the same isoform of mutant PfCRT. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:2310-8. [PMID: 21343459 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01167-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutant forms of the Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (PfCRT) mediate chloroquine resistance by effluxing the drug from the parasite's digestive vacuole, the acidic organelle in which chloroquine exerts its parasiticidal effect. However, different parasites bearing the same mutant form of PfCRT can vary substantially in their chloroquine susceptibility. Here, we have investigated the biochemical basis for the difference in chloroquine response among transfectant parasite lines having different genetic backgrounds but bearing the same mutant form of PfCRT. Despite showing significant differences in their chloroquine susceptibility, all lines with the mutant PfCRT showed a similar chloroquine-induced H+ leak from the digestive vacuole, indicative of similar rates of PfCRT-mediated chloroquine efflux. Furthermore, all lines showed similarly reduced levels of drug accumulation. Factors other than chloroquine efflux and accumulation therefore influence the susceptibility to this drug in parasites expressing mutant PfCRT. Furthermore, in some but not all strains bearing mutant PfCRT, the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) for chloroquine and the degree of resistance compared to that of recombinant control parasites varied with the length of the parasite growth assays. In these parasites, the 50% inhibitory concentration for chloroquine measured in 72- or 96-h assays was significantly lower than that measured in 48-h assays. This highlights the importance of considering the first- and second-cycle activities of chloroquine in future studies of parasite susceptibility to this drug.
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40
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Navarro M, Castro W, Martínez A, Sánchez Delgado RA. The mechanism of antimalarial action of [Au(CQ)(PPh(3))]PF(6): structural effects and increased drug lipophilicity enhance heme aggregation inhibition at lipid/water interfaces. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:276-82. [PMID: 21194628 PMCID: PMC3038622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2010.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of antimalarial action of [Au(CQ)(PPh(3))]PF(6) (1), which is active in vitro against CQ-resistant P. falciparum and in vivo against P. berghei, has been investigated in relation to hemozoin formation and DNA as possible important targets. Complex 1 interacts with heme and inhibits β-hematin formation both in aqueous medium and near water/n-octanol interfaces at pH ~5 to a greater extent than chloroquine diphosphate (CQDP) or other known metal-based antimalarial agents; the higher inhibition activity is probably related to the higher lipophilicity observed for 1 through partition coefficient measurements at low pH, with respect to CQDP. The interactions of complex 1 with DNA were explored using spectrophotometric and fluorimetric titrations, circular dichroism spectroscopy, viscosity and melting point studies, as well as electrophoresis and covalent binding assays. The experimental data indicate that complex 1 interacts with DNA predominantly by intercalation and electrostatic association of the CQ moiety, similarly to free CQDP, while no covalent metal-DNA binding seems to take place. The most likely antimalarial mechanism for complex 1 is thus heme aggregation inhibition; the high activities observed against resistant parasites are probably due to the structural modification of CQ introduced by the presence of the gold-triphenylphosphine fragment, together with the enhanced lipophilic character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maribel Navarro
- Laboratorio de Química Bioinorgánica, Centro de Química, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Carretera Panamericana Km.11, Altos de Pipe. Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela.
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41
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Müller IB, Hyde JE. Antimalarial drugs: modes of action and mechanisms of parasite resistance. Future Microbiol 2010; 5:1857-73. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria represents one of the most serious threats to human health worldwide, and preventing and curing this parasitic disease still depends predominantly on the administration of a small number of drugs whose efficacy is continually threatened and eroded by the emergence of drug-resistant parasite populations. This has an enormous impact on the mortality and morbidity resulting from malaria infection, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, where the lethal human parasite species Plasmodium falciparum accounts for approximately 90% of deaths recorded globally. Successful treatment of uncomplicated malaria is now highly dependent on artemisinin-based combination therapies. However, the first cases of artemisinin-resistant field isolates have been reported recently and potential replacement antimalarials are only in the developmental stages. Here, we summarize recent progress in tackling the problem of parasite resistance and discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms that confer resistance to current antimalarial agents as far as they are known, understanding of which should assist in the rational development of new drugs and the more effective deployment of older ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid B Müller
- Department of Biochemistry, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - John E Hyde
- Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
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Hoang AN, Sandlin RD, Omar A, Egan TJ, Wright DW. The neutral lipid composition present in the digestive vacuole of Plasmodium falciparum concentrates heme and mediates β-hematin formation with an unusually low activation energy. Biochemistry 2010; 49:10107-16. [PMID: 20979358 DOI: 10.1021/bi101397u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, neutral lipids serve as major energy storage molecules; however, in Plasmodium falciparum, a parasite responsible for causing malaria in humans, neutral lipids may have other functions during the intraerythrocytic stage of the parasite life cycle. Specifically, experimental data suggest that neutral lipid structures behave as a catalyst for the crystallization of hemozoin, a detoxification byproduct of several blood-feeding organisms, including malaria parasites. Synthetic neutral lipid droplets (SNLDs) were produced by depositing a lipid blend solution comprised of mono- and diglycerides onto an aqueous surface. These lipid droplets are able to mediate the production of brown pigments that are morphologically and chemically identical to hemozoin. The partitioning of heme into these SNLDs was examined by employing Nile Red, a lipid specific dye. Soluble ferriprotoporphyrin IX was observed to spontaneously localize to the lipid droplets, partitioning in a pH-dependent manner with an estimated log P of 2.6. Interestingly, the pH profile of heme partitioning closely resembles that of β-hematin formation. Differential scanning calorimetry and kinetic studies demonstrated that the SNLDs provide a unique environment that promotes hemozoin formation. SNLD-mediated formation of the malaria pigment displayed an activation energy barrier lower than those of individual lipid components. In particular, lipid droplets composed of diglycerides displayed activation barriers lower than those composed of monoglycerides. This difference was attributed to the greater fluidity of these lipids. In conjunction with the known pattern of lipid body proliferation, it is suggested that neutral lipid structures within the digestive vacuole not only are the location of in vivo hemozoin formation but are also essential for the survival of the parasite by functioning as a kinetically competent and site specific mediator for heme detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh N Hoang
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Station B351822, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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