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Thomas R, Fukamizo T, Suginta W. Green-Chemical Strategies for Production of Tailor-Made Chitooligosaccharides with Enhanced Biological Activities. Molecules 2023; 28:6591. [PMID: 37764367 PMCID: PMC10536575 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides (COSs) are b-1,4-linked homo-oligosaccharides of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) or glucosamine (GlcN), and also include hetero-oligosaccharides composed of GlcNAc and GlcN. These sugars are of practical importance because of their various biological activities, such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antitumor activities, as well as triggering the innate immunity in plants. The reported data on bioactivities of COSs used to contain some uncertainties or contradictions, because the experiments were conducted with poorly characterized COS mixtures. Recently, COSs have been satisfactorily characterized with respect to their structures, especially the degree of polymerization (DP) and degree of N-acetylation (DA); thus, the structure-bioactivity relationship of COSs has become more unambiguous. To date, various green-chemical strategies involving enzymatic synthesis of COSs with designed sequences and desired biological activities have been developed. The enzymatic strategies could involve transglycosylation or glycosynthase reactions using reducing end-activated sugars as the donor substrates and chitinase/chitosanase and their mutants as the biocatalysts. Site-specific chitin deacetylases were also proposed to be applicable for this purpose. Furthermore, to improve the yields of the COS products, metabolic engineering techniques could be applied. The above-mentioned approaches will provide the opportunity to produce tailor-made COSs, leading to the enhanced utilization of chitin biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reeba Thomas
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BSE), Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Payunai, Wangchan District, Rayong 21210, Thailand; (R.T.); (T.F.)
| | - Tamo Fukamizo
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BSE), Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Payunai, Wangchan District, Rayong 21210, Thailand; (R.T.); (T.F.)
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Wipa Suginta
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BSE), Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Payunai, Wangchan District, Rayong 21210, Thailand; (R.T.); (T.F.)
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Umemoto N, Saito N, Noguchi M, Shoda SI, Ohnuma T, Watanabe T, Sakuda S, Fukamizo T. Plant Chitinase Mutants as the Catalysts for Chitooligosaccharide Synthesis Using the Sugar Oxazoline Derivatives. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:12897-12906. [PMID: 36184795 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sugar oxazolines, (GlcNAc)n-oxa (n = 2, 3, 4, and 5), were synthesized from a mixture of chitooligosaccharides, (GlcNAc)n (n = 2, 3, 4, and 5), and utilized for synthesis of (GlcNAc)7 with higher elicitor activity using plant chitinase mutants as the catalysts. From isothermal titration calorimetry, the binding affinity of (GlcNAc)2-oxa toward an inactive mutant obtained from Arabidopsis thaliana GH18 chitinase was found to be higher than those of the other (GlcNAc)n-oxa (n = 3, 4, and 5). To synthesize (GlcNAc)7, the donor/acceptor substrates with different size combinations, (GlcNAc)2-oxa/(GlcNAc)5 (1), (GlcNAc)3-oxa/(GlcNAc)4 (2), (GlcNAc)4-oxa/(GlcNAc)3 (3), and (GlcNAc)5-oxa/(GlcNAc)2 (4), were incubated with hypertransglycosylating mutants of GH18 chitinases from A. thaliana and Cycas revoluta. The synthetic activities of these plant chitinase mutants were lower than that of a mutant of Bacillus circulans chitinase A1. Nevertheless, in the plant chitinase mutants, the synthetic efficiency of combination (1) was higher than those of the other combinations (2), (3), and (4), suggesting that the synthetic reaction is mostly dominated by the binding affinities of (GlcNAc)n-oxa. In contrast, the Bacillus enzyme mutant with a different subsite arrangement synthesized (GlcNAc)7 from combination (1) in the lowest efficiency. Donor/acceptor-size dependency of the enzymatic synthesis appeared to be strongly related to the subsite arrangement of the enzyme used as the catalyst. The A. thaliana chitinase mutant was found to be useful when combination (1) is employed for the substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Umemoto
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Natsuki Saito
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Masato Noguchi
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Shoda
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ohnuma
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
| | - Takeshi Watanabe
- Department of Agro-Food Science, Niigata Agro-Food University, Tainai-shi, Niigata 959-2702, Japan
| | - Shohei Sakuda
- Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya 320-8551, Japan
| | - Tamo Fukamizo
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara 631-8505, Japan
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3
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Guo Z, Wang L, Su L, Chen S, Xia W, André I, Rovira C, Wang B, Wu J. A Single Hydrogen Bond Controls the Selectivity of Transglycosylation vs Hydrolysis in Family 13 Glycoside Hydrolases. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:5626-5632. [PMID: 35704841 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Converting glycoside hydrolases (GHs) from hydrolytic to synthetic enzymes via transglycosylation is a long-standing goal for the biosynthesis of complex carbohydrates. However, the molecular determinants for the selectivity of transglycosylation (T) vs hydrolysis (H) are still not fully unraveled. Herein, we show experimentally that mutation of one active site residue can switch the enzyme activity between hydrolysis and transglycosylation in two highly homologous GHs. Further QM/MM simulations reveal that the mutation modulates the T vs H reaction barriers via the presence/absence of a single H-bond with the nucleophile Asp. Such a H-bond controls the product selectivity via a dual effect: on one hand, it facilitates the breaking of the glycosyl-enzyme intermediate. On the other, it displaces the sugar acceptor, resulting in a reduced affinity and significant steric repulsion for transglycosylation. These findings expand our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that modulate the T/H balance in GHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingqia Su
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Isabelle André
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse 31400, France
| | - Carme Rovira
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys, 23, 08020 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Binju Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 360015, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
- School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
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4
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Mészáros Z, Petrásková L, Kulik N, Pelantová H, Bojarová P, Křen V, Slámová K. Hypertransglycosylating Variants of the GH20 β‐
N
‐Acetylhexosaminidase for the Synthesis of Chitooligomers. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Mészáros
- Laboratory of Biotransformation Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 Prague 4 CZ 14220 Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Technická 6 Prague 6 CZ 16000 Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Petrásková
- Laboratory of Biotransformation Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 Prague 4 CZ 14220 Czech Republic
| | - Natalia Kulik
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Zámek 136 Nové Hrady CZ 37333 Czech Republic
| | - Helena Pelantová
- Laboratory of Molecular Structure Characterization Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 Prague 4 CZ 14220 Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Bojarová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 Prague 4 CZ 14220 Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Laboratory of Biotransformation Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 Prague 4 CZ 14220 Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Slámová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 Prague 4 CZ 14220 Czech Republic
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Collet L, Vander Wauven C, Oudjama Y, Galleni M, Dutoit R. Highlighting the factors governing transglycosylation in the GH5_5 endo-1,4-β-glucanase RBcel1. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2022; 78:278-289. [PMID: 35234142 PMCID: PMC8900817 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798321013541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglycosylating glycoside hydrolases (GHs) offer great potential for the enzymatic synthesis of oligosaccharides. Although knowledge is progressing, there is no unique strategy to improve the transglycosylation yield. Obtaining efficient enzymatic tools for glycan synthesis with GHs remains dependent on an improved understanding of the molecular factors governing the balance between hydrolysis and transglycosylation. This enzymatic and structural study of RBcel1, a transglycosylase from the GH5_5 subfamily isolated from an uncultured bacterium, aims to unravel such factors. The size of the acceptor and donor sugars was found to be critical since transglycosylation is efficient with oligosaccharides at least the size of cellotetraose as the donor and cellotriose as the acceptor. The reaction pH is important in driving the balance between hydrolysis and transglycosylation: hydrolysis is favored at pH values below 8, while transglycosylation becomes the major reaction at basic pH. Solving the structures of two RBcel1 variants, RBcel1_E135Q and RBcel1_Y201F, in complex with ligands has brought to light some of the molecular factors behind transglycosylation. The structure of RBcel1_E135Q in complex with cellotriose allowed a +3 subsite to be defined, in accordance with the requirement for cellotriose as a transglycosylation acceptor. The structure of RBcel1_Y201F has been obtained with several transglycosylation intermediates, providing crystallographic evidence of transglycosylation. The catalytic cleft is filled with (i) donors ranging from cellotriose to cellohexaose in the negative subsites and (ii) cellobiose and cellotriose in the positive subsites. Such a structure is particularly relevant since it is the first structure of a GH5 enzyme in complex with transglycosylation products that has been obtained with neither of the catalytic glutamate residues modified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Collet
- LABIRIS, 1 Avenue Emile Gryzon, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Center for Protein Engineering (CIP), Biological Macromolecules, University of Liège, 13 Allée du 6 Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | | | | | - Moreno Galleni
- Center for Protein Engineering (CIP), Biological Macromolecules, University of Liège, 13 Allée du 6 Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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Improvement of the Transglycosylation Efficiency of a Lacto-N-Biosidase from Bifidobacterium bifidum by Protein Engineering. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112311493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The lacto-N-biosidase LnbB from Bifidobacterium bifidum JCM 1254 was engineered to improve its negligible transglycosylation efficiency with the purpose of enzymatically synthesizing lacto-N-tetraose (LNT; Gal-β1,3-GlcNAc-β1,3-Gal-β1,4-Glc) in one enzymatic step. LNT is a prebiotic human milk oligosaccharide in itself and constitutes the structural core of a range of more complex human milk oligosaccharides as well. Thirteen different LnbB variants were expressed and screened for transglycosylation activity by monitoring transglycosylation product formation using lacto-N-biose 1,2-oxazoline as donor substrate and lactose as acceptor substrate. LNT was the major reaction product, yet careful reaction analysis revealed the formation of three additional LNT isomers, which we identified to have a β1,2-linkage, a β1,6-linkage, and a 1,1-linkage, respectively, between lacto-N-biose (Gal-β1,3-GlcNAc) and lactose. Considering both maximal transglycosylation yield and regioselectivity as well as minimal product hydrolysis, the best variant was LnbB W394H, closely followed by W465H and Y419N. A high transglycosylation yield was also obtained with W394F, yet the substitution of W394 and W465 of the subsite −1 hydrophobic platform in the enzyme with His dramatically impaired the undesirable product hydrolysis as compared to substitution with Phe; the effect was most pronounced for W465. Using p-nitrophenyl-β-lacto-N-bioside as donor substrate manifested W394 as an important target position. The optimization of the substrate concentrations confirmed that high initial substrate concentration and high acceptor-to-donor ratio both favor transglycosylation.
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7
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Mészáros Z, Nekvasilová P, Bojarová P, Křen V, Slámová K. Reprint of: Advanced glycosidases as ingenious biosynthetic instruments. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 51:107820. [PMID: 34462167 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, glycosidases, naturally hydrolyzing carbohydrate-active enzymes, have found few synthetic applications in industry, being primarily used for cleaving unwanted carbohydrates. With the establishment of glycosynthase and transglycosidase technology by genetic engineering, the view of glycosidases as industrial biotechnology tools has started to change. Their easy production, affordability, robustness, and substrate versatility, added to the possibility of controlling undesired side hydrolysis by enzyme engineering, have made glycosidases competitive synthetic tools. Current promising applications of engineered glycosidases include the production of well-defined chitooligomers, precious galactooligosaccharides or specialty chemicals such as glycosylated flavonoids. Other synthetic pathways leading to human milk oligosaccharides or remodeled antibodies are on the horizon. This work provides an overview of the synthetic achievements to date for glycosidases, emphasizing the latest trends and outlining possible developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Mészáros
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic; Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 1903/3, CZ-16628 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Nekvasilová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, CZ-12843, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Bojarová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Slámová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic.
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Ramakrishna B, Sarma PVSRN, Ankati S, Bhuvanachandra B, Podile AR. Elicitation of defense response by transglycosylated chitooligosaccharides in rice seedlings. Carbohydr Res 2021; 510:108459. [PMID: 34700217 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain chitooligosaccharides (COS) with degree of polymerization (DP) more than 4 are known to have potential biological activities. A hyper-transglycosylating mutant of an endo-chitinase from Serratia proteamaculans (SpChiD-Y28A) was used to synthesize COS with DP6 and DP7 using COS DP5 as substrate. Purified COS with DP5-7 were tested to elicit the defense response in rice seedlings. Among the COS used, DP7 strongly induced oxidative burst response as well as peroxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia lyase activites. A few selected marker genes in salicylic acid (SA)- and jasmonic acid-dependent pathways were evaluated by real-time PCR. The expression levels of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes PR1a and PR10 and defense response genes (chitinase1, peroxidase and β -1,3-glucanase) were up regulated upon COS treatment in rice seedlings. The DP7 induced Phenylalanine ammonia lyase and Isochorismate synthase 1 genes, with concomitant increase of Mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 and WRKY45 transcription factor genes indicated the possible role of phosphorylation in the transmission of a signal to induce SA-mediated defense response in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bellamkonda Ramakrishna
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India
| | - P V S R N Sarma
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Sravani Ankati
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Bhoopal Bhuvanachandra
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Appa Rao Podile
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India.
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9
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Jiménez-Ortega E, Kidibule PE, Fernández-Lobato M, Sanz-Aparicio J. Structural inspection and protein motions modelling of a fungal glycoside hydrolase family 18 chitinase by crystallography depicts a dynamic enzymatic mechanism. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:5466-5478. [PMID: 34712392 PMCID: PMC8515301 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitinases degrade chitin into low molecular weight chitooligomers, which have a broad range of industrial, agricultural, and medical functions. Understanding the relationship between the diverse characteristics of chitinases and their functions is necessary for the improvement of functional enzymes that meet specific requirements. We report here a full crystallographic analysis of three complexes obtained from the chitinase Chit42 from Trichoderma harzianum, which represent different states along the enzymatic mechanism. The inactive double mutant D169A/E171A was submitted to soaking/crystallization experiments with hexa-N-acetyl-glucosamine (NAG6) or tetra-N-acetyl-glucosamine (NAG4), trapping the enzyme-substrate complex (Chit42-NAG6), the enzyme-products complex (Chit42-NAG4-NAG2) and a someway intermediate state. Structural comparison among the different complexes depicts the determinants defining the different subsites and revealed a previously unobserved dynamic on-off ligand binding process associated with a motion of its insertion domain, which might be accompanying the role or aromatics in processivity. An ensemble refinement performed to extract dynamic details from the diffraction data elucidates the implication of some highly flexible residues in the productive sliding of the substrate and the product release event. These positions were submitted to mutagenesis and the activity of the variants was investigated in the hydrolysis of NAG6, colloidal chitin and two chitosans with different polymerization and acetylation degree. All the changes affected the Chit42 hydrolytic activity therefore confirming the involvement of these positions in catalysis. Furthermore, we found the variants R295S and E316S improving the apparent catalytic efficiency of chitin and NAG6 and, together with E316A, enhancing the specific activity on chitosan. Therefore, our results provide novel insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the hydrolysis of chitinous material by fungal chitinases, and suggest new targets to address engineering of these biotechnologically important enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Jiménez-Ortega
- Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Peter Elias Kidibule
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Fernández-Lobato
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Sanz-Aparicio
- Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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10
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Mészáros Z, Nekvasilová P, Bojarová P, Křen V, Slámová K. Advanced glycosidases as ingenious biosynthetic instruments. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 49:107733. [PMID: 33781890 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, glycosidases, naturally hydrolyzing carbohydrate-active enzymes, have found few synthetic applications in industry, being primarily used for cleaving unwanted carbohydrates. With the establishment of glycosynthase and transglycosidase technology by genetic engineering, the view of glycosidases as industrial biotechnology tools has started to change. Their easy production, affordability, robustness, and substrate versatility, added to the possibility of controlling undesired side hydrolysis by enzyme engineering, have made glycosidases competitive synthetic tools. Current promising applications of engineered glycosidases include the production of well-defined chitooligomers, precious galactooligosaccharides or specialty chemicals such as glycosylated flavonoids. Other synthetic pathways leading to human milk oligosaccharides or remodeled antibodies are on the horizon. This work provides an overview of the synthetic achievements to date for glycosidases, emphasizing the latest trends and outlining possible developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Mészáros
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic; Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 1903/3, CZ-16628 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Nekvasilová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, CZ-12843, Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Bojarová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Slámová
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic.
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Zhao J, Tandrup T, Bissaro B, Barbe S, Poulsen JCN, André I, Dumon C, Lo Leggio L, O'Donohue MJ, Fauré R. Probing the determinants of the transglycosylation/hydrolysis partition in a retaining α-l-arabinofuranosidase. N Biotechnol 2021; 62:68-78. [PMID: 33524585 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2021.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The use of retaining glycoside hydrolases as synthetic tools for glycochemistry is highly topical and the focus of considerable research. However, due to the incomplete identification of the molecular determinants of the transglycosylation/hydrolysis partition (t/h), rational engineering of retaining glycoside hydrolases to create transglycosylases remains challenging. Therefore, to understand better the factors that underpin transglycosylation in a GH51 retaining α-l-arabinofuranosidase from Thermobacillus xylanilyticus, the investigation of this enzyme's active site was pursued. Specifically, the properties of two mutants, F26L and L352M, located in the vicinity of the active site are described, using kinetic and 3D structural analyses and molecular dynamics simulations. The results reveal that the presence of L352M in the context of a triple mutant (also containing R69H and N216W) generates changes both in the donor and acceptor subsites, the latter being the result of a domino-like effect. Overall, the mutant R69H-N216W-L352M displays excellent transglycosylation activity (70 % yield, 78 % transfer rate and reduced secondary hydrolysis of the product). In the course of this study, the central role played by the conserved R69 residue was also reaffirmed. The mutation R69H affects both the catalytic nucleophile and the acid/base, including their flexibility, and has a determinant effect on the t/h partition. Finally, the results reveal that increased loop flexibility in the acceptor subsites creates new interactions with the acceptor, in particular with a hydrophobic binding platform composed of N216W, W248 and W302.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Zhao
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Tobias Tandrup
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bastien Bissaro
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Barbe
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Isabelle André
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Dumon
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Leila Lo Leggio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Régis Fauré
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France.
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12
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Selection and mutational analyses of the substrate interacting residues of a chitinase from Enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae (EcChi2) to improve transglycosylation. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:2432-2441. [PMID: 33096170 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Transglycosylation (TG) by Enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae chitinase 2 (EcChi2) has been deciphered by site-directed mutagenesis. EcChi2 originally displayed feeble TG with chitin oligomer with a degree of polymerization (DP4), for a short duration. Based on the 3D modelling and molecular docking analyses, we altered the substrate interactions at the substrate-binding cleft, catalytic center, and catalytic groove of EcChi2 by mutational approach to improve TG. The mutation of W166A and T277A increased TG by EcChi2 and also affected its catalytic efficiency on the polymeric substrates. Whereas, R171A had a drastically decreased hydrolytic activity but, retained TG activity. In the increased hydrolytic activity of the T277A, altered interactions with the substrates played an indirect role in the catalysis. Mutation of the central Asp, in the conserved DxDxE motif, to Ala (D314A) and Asn (D314N) conversion yielded DP5-DP8 TG products. The quantifiable TG products (DP5 and DP6) increased to 8% (D314A) and 7% (D314N), resulting in a hyper-transglycosylating mutant. Mutation of W276A and W398A resulted in the loss of TG activity, indicating that the aromatic residues (W276 and W398) at +1 and +2 subsites are essential for the TG activity of EcChi2.
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13
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Harmsen RAG, Aam BB, Madhuprakash J, Hamre AG, Goddard-Borger ED, Withers SG, Eijsink VGH, Sørlie M. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Chito-oligosaccharides with Alternating N-d-Acetylglucosamine and d-Glucosamine. Biochemistry 2020; 59:4581-4590. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rianne A. G. Harmsen
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Berit Bjugan Aam
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Jogi Madhuprakash
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
| | - Anne Grethe Hamre
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Ethan D. Goddard-Borger
- Walter & Eliza Hall, Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Colombia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Stephen G. Withers
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Colombia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Vincent G. H. Eijsink
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
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14
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Mallakuntla MK, Podile AR. Catalytic efficiency of a multi-domain transglycosylating chitinase from Enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae (EcChi2) is influenced by polycystic kidney disease domains. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 143:109702. [PMID: 33375970 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2020.109702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial chitinases recruited multiple accessory domains for the conversion of recalcitrant polysaccharides to simple soluble sugars/amino sugars. Here, we report detailed properties of a multi-domain GH18 chitinase from Enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae (EcChi2) that preferred β-chitin as substrate. EcChi2 exhibited transglycosylation (TG) activity on oligomeric substrates from DP4-DP6. The high amount of DP2 is indicative of exo mode activity of EcChi2. We generated EcChi2 variants (truncated and fusion chimeras) and elucidated the role of catalytic and accessory domains. The catalytic efficiency of truncated GH18 and fusion chimera of GH18+ChBD1-ChBD2 decreased to 22 and 17-fold, respectively, than EcChi2, and lost the hydrolytic activity on polymeric substrates, except colloidal chitin. On the other hand, the catalytic activity of truncated PKD1-GH18-PKD2 on polymeric and oligomeric substrates was similar to EcChi2, suggesting that PKD domains are essential for increasing the rate of hydrolysis. Moreover, the truncated ChBD1-ChBD2 and fusion PKD1 + PKD2 participated in chitin-binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Krishna Mallakuntla
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 50046, Telangana, India
| | - Appa Rao Podile
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 50046, Telangana, India.
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15
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Rani TS, Madhuprakash J, Podile AR. Chitinase-E from Chitiniphilus shinanonensis generates chitobiose from chitin flakes. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:1037-1043. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Alsina C, Sancho-Vaello E, Aranda-Martínez A, Faijes M, Planas A. Auxiliary active site mutations enhance the glycosynthase activity of a GH18 chitinase for polymerization of chitooligosaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 252:117121. [PMID: 33183587 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Depolymerization of chitin results in chitooligosaccharides (COS) that induce immunostimulatory effects and disease protective responses and have many potential applications in agriculture and medicine. Isolation of bioactive COS with degree of polymerization (DP) larger than six from chitin hydrolyzates is hampered by their water insolubility. Enzymatic synthesis by exploiting the transglycosylation activity of GH18 chitinases offers a potential strategy to access oligomers in the range of bioactive DPs. We engineered SpChiD chitinase as a glycosynthase by mutation of the assisting residue of the catalytic triad in the substrate-assisted mechanism for polymerization of an oxazoline substrate (DP5ox). The insoluble polymer containing DP10 was partially hydrolyzed due to the significant residual hydrolase activity of the mutant enzyme. Combined mutations that strongly reduce the hydrolytic activity, in which the original catalytic triad only retains the essential acid/base residue, together with neighboring mutations in the -1/+1 subsites region, render glycosynthase-like chitinases able to produce chitin oligomers with DP10 as major product in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Alsina
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, University Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enea Sancho-Vaello
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, University Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Magda Faijes
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, University Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Planas
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, University Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain.
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17
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Madhuprakash J, Rani TS, Podile AR, Eijsink VGH, Sørlie M. Thermodynamic insights into the role of aromatic residues in chitooligosaccharide binding to the transglycosylating chitinase-D from Serratia proteamaculans. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140414. [PMID: 32224199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jogi Madhuprakash
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway; Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India.
| | - T Swaroopa Rani
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
| | - Appa Rao Podile
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway.
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18
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Varlamov VP, Il'ina AV, Shagdarova BT, Lunkov AP, Mysyakina IS. Chitin/Chitosan and Its Derivatives: Fundamental Problems and Practical Approaches. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:S154-S176. [PMID: 32087058 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920140084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we present the data on the natural occurrence of chitin and its partially or fully deacetylated derivative chitosan, as well as their properties, methods of modification, and potential applications of derivatives with bactericidal, fungicidal, and antioxidant activities. The structure and physicochemical characteristics of the polymers, their functions, and features of chitin microbial synthesis and degradation, including the processes occurring in nature, are described. New data on the hydrolytic microorganisms capable of chitin degradation under extreme conditions are presented. Special attention is focused on the effect of physicochemical characteristics of chitosan, including molecular weight, degree of deacetylation, polydispersity index, and number of amino group derivatives (quaternized, succinyl, etc.) on the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of modified polymers that can be of particular interest for biotechnology, medicine, and agriculture. Analysis of the available literature data confirms the importance of fundamental research to broaden our knowledge on the occurrence of chitin and chitosan in nature, their role in global biosphere cycles, and prospects of applied research aimed at using chitin, chitosan, and their derivatives in various aspects of human activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Varlamov
- Laboratory of Biopolymer Engineering, Institute of Bioengineering, Federal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117312, Russia.
| | - A V Il'ina
- Laboratory of Biopolymer Engineering, Institute of Bioengineering, Federal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117312, Russia
| | - B Ts Shagdarova
- Laboratory of Biopolymer Engineering, Institute of Bioengineering, Federal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117312, Russia
| | - A P Lunkov
- Laboratory of Biopolymer Engineering, Institute of Bioengineering, Federal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117312, Russia
| | - I S Mysyakina
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Federal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117312, Russia
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19
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Bhuvanachandra B, Podile AR. A transglycosylating chitinase from Chitiniphilus shinanonensis (CsChiL) hydrolyzes chitin in a processive manner. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 145:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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Visootsat A, Nakamura A, Vignon P, Watanabe H, Uchihashi T, Iino R. Single-molecule imaging analysis reveals the mechanism of a high-catalytic-activity mutant of chitinase A from Serratia marcescens. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:1915-1925. [PMID: 31924658 PMCID: PMC7029130 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin degradation is important for biomass conversion and has potential applications for agriculture, biotechnology, and the pharmaceutical industry. Chitinase A from the Gram-negative bacterium Serratia marcescens (SmChiA) is a processive enzyme that hydrolyzes crystalline chitin as it moves linearly along the substrate surface. In a previous study, the catalytic activity of SmChiA against crystalline chitin was found to increase after the tryptophan substitution of two phenylalanine residues (F232W and F396W), located at the entrance and exit of the substrate binding cleft of the catalytic domain, respectively. However, the mechanism underlying this high catalytic activity remains elusive. In this study, single-molecule fluorescence imaging and high-speed atomic force microscopy were applied to understand the mechanism of this high-catalytic-activity mutant. A reaction scheme including processive catalysis was used to reproduce the properties of SmChiA WT and F232W/F396W, in which all of the kinetic parameters were experimentally determined. High activity of F232W/F396W mutant was caused by a high processivity and a low dissociation rate constant after productive binding. The turnover numbers for both WT and F232W/F396W, determined by the biochemical analysis, were well-replicated using the kinetic parameters obtained from single-molecule imaging analysis, indicating the validity of the reaction scheme. Furthermore, alignment of amino acid sequences of 258 SmChiA-like proteins revealed that tryptophan, not phenylalanine, is the predominant amino acid at the corresponding positions (Phe-232 and Phe-396 for SmChiA). Our study will be helpful for understanding the kinetic mechanisms and further improvement of crystalline chitin hydrolytic activity of SmChiA mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akasit Visootsat
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, School of Physical Sciences, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan; Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakamura
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, School of Physical Sciences, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan; Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Paul Vignon
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan; Chimie ParisTech, Paris 75231, France
| | - Hiroki Watanabe
- Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institute of Natural Science, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Takayuki Uchihashi
- Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan; Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institute of Natural Science, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Ryota Iino
- Department of Functional Molecular Science, School of Physical Sciences, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan; Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.
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21
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Chu F, Wang D, Liu T, Han H, Yu Y, Yang Q. An optimized cocktail of chitinolytic enzymes to produce N,N′-diacetylchitobiose and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine from defatted krill by-products. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 133:1029-1034. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Molecular engineering of chitinase from Bacillus sp. DAU101 for enzymatic production of chitooligosaccharides. Enzyme Microb Technol 2019; 124:54-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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23
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Alsina C, Faijes M, Planas A. Glycosynthase-type GH18 mutant chitinases at the assisting catalytic residue for polymerization of chitooligosaccharides. Carbohydr Res 2019; 478:1-9. [PMID: 31005672 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides (COS), the depolymerization products of chitin, have many potential applications in agriculture and medicine since they induce immunostimulating effects and disease protective responses. Most of their biological activities require degrees of polymerization (DP) larger than the tetrasaccharide, but structurally well-defined COS with DP larger than six are difficult to produce due to their high insolubility and complex isolation from chitin hydrolysates. Enzymatic synthesis by exploiting the transglycosylation activity of chitinases offers a potential strategy for the assembly of oligomers in the range of bioactive DPs. We here explore the glycosynthase-like activity of six GH18 chitinases from bacterial and archaeal origin by mutating the catalytic assisting residue in the substrate-assisted mechanism of this enzyme family. The alanine mutants at the assisting residue have a significant, but not essential, effect on the hydrolase activity. We studied the ability of the alanine mutants at the assisting residue to catalyze the polymerization of an oxazoline derivative as donor substrate, selecting the oxazoline of pentaacetylchitopentaose (DP5ox) with the aim of obtaining larger oligomers/polymers that, being insoluble, might be resistant to further reactions by the hydrolytically compromised mutant enzymes. For all the enzymes, insoluble polymeric material was obtained, with DP10 as major component, but other COS with different DPs were also obtained, limiting the practical application to produce oligomers/polymers with a defined DP. The balance between the residual hydrolase activity of the mutant enzymes and the solubility/precipitation kinetics still lead to hydrolysis and/or transglycosylation reactions on the newly formed products. From the selected enzymes, the Thermococcus kodakaraensis ChiA D1022A mutant gave the best results, with the formation of insoluble polymers in 45% yield (w/w) and containing about 55% of the target DP10 product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Alsina
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull Via Augusta 390, 08017, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magda Faijes
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull Via Augusta 390, 08017, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Planas
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull Via Augusta 390, 08017, Barcelona, Spain.
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24
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Madhuprakash J, Dalhus B, Vaaje-Kolstad G, Sakuda S, Podile AR, Eijsink VGH, Sørlie M. Structural and Thermodynamic Signatures of Ligand Binding to the Enigmatic Chitinase D of Serratia proteamaculans. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:2270-2279. [PMID: 30789732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b11448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacteria Serratia marcescens and Serratia proteamaculans have efficient chitinolytic machineries that degrade chitin into N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), which is used as a carbon and energy source. The enzymatic degradation of chitin in these bacteria occurs through the synergistic action of glycoside hydrolases (GHs) that have complementary activities; an endo-acting GH (ChiC) making random scissions on the polysaccharide chains and two exo-acting GHs mainly targeting single reducing (ChiA) and nonreducing (ChiB) chain ends. Both bacteria produce low amounts of a fourth GH18 (ChiD) with an unclear role in chitin degradation. Here, we have determined the thermodynamic signatures for binding of (GlcNAc)6 and the inhibitor allosamidin to SpChiD as well as the crystal structure of SpChiD in complex with allosamidin. The binding free energies for the two ligands are similar (Δ Gr° = -8.9 ± 0.1 and -8.4 ± 0.1 kcal/mol, respectively) with clear enthalpic penalties (Δ Hr° = 3.2 ± 0.1 and 1.8 ± 0.1 kcal/mol, respectively). Binding of (GlcNAc)6 is dominated by solvation entropy change (- TΔ Ssolv° = -17.4 ± 0.4 kcal/mol) and the conformational entropy change dominates for allosamidin binding (- TΔ Sconf° = -9.0 ± 0.2 kcal/mol). These signatures as well as the interactions with allosamidin are very similar to those of SmChiB suggesting that both enzymes are nonreducing end-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jogi Madhuprakash
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science , NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences , P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås , Norway.,Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences , University of Hyderabad , Gachibowli, 500046 Hyderabad , India
| | - Bjørn Dalhus
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute for Clinical Medicine , University of Oslo , P.O. Box 4950, Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo , Norway.,Department of Microbiology, Clinic for Laboratory Medicine , Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet , P.O. Box 4950, Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo , Norway
| | - Gustav Vaaje-Kolstad
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science , NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences , P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås , Norway
| | - Shohei Sakuda
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry , University of Tokyo , Bunkyo-Ku, 113 Tokyo , Japan
| | - Appa Rao Podile
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences , University of Hyderabad , Gachibowli, 500046 Hyderabad , India
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science , NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences , P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås , Norway
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science , NMBU-Norwegian University of Life Sciences , P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås , Norway
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25
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Lee HJ, Lee YS, Choi YL. Cloning, purification, and characterization of an organic solvent-tolerant chitinase, MtCh509, from Microbulbifer thermotolerans DAU221. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:303. [PMID: 30455732 PMCID: PMC6222997 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1299-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to use organic solvents in enzyme reactions offers a number of industrially useful advantages. However, most enzymes are almost completely inactive in the presence of organic solvents. Thus, organic solvent-tolerant enzymes have potential applications in industrial processes. RESULTS A chitinase gene from Microbulbifer thermotolerans DAU221 (mtch509) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The molecular weight of the expressed MtCh509 protein was approximately 60 kDa, and it was purified by His-tag affinity chromatography. Enzymatic assays showed that the optimum temperature for MtCh509 chitinase activity was 55 °C, and the enzyme was stable for 2 h at up to 50 °C. The optimum pH for MtCh509 activity was in the sub-acidic range, at pH 4.6 and 5.0. The activity of MtCh509 was maintained in presence of 1 M salt, gradually decreasing at higher concentrations, with residual activity (20%) detected after incubation in 5 M salt. Some organic solvents (benzene, DMSO, hexane, isoamyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, and toluene; 10-20%, v/v) increased the reactivity of MtCh509 relative to the aqueous system. When using NAG3, as a substrate, MtCh509 produced NAG2 as the major product, as well as NAG4, demonstrating that MtCh509 has transglycosylation activity. The K m and V max values for MtCh509 using colloidal chitin as a substrate were 9.275 mg/mL and 20.4 U/mg, respectively. Thus, MtCh509 could be used in extreme industrial conditions. CONCLUSION The results of the hydrolysate analysis and the observed increase in enzyme activity in the presence of organic solvents show that MtCh509 has industrially attractive advantages. This is the first report on an organic solvent-tolerant and transglycosylating chitinase from Microbulbifer species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jung Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Suk Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Lark Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315 Republic of Korea
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Vaikuntapu PR, Mallakuntla MK, Das SN, Bhuvanachandra B, Ramakrishna B, Nadendla SR, Podile AR. Applicability of endochitinase of Flavobacterium johnsoniae with transglycosylation activity in generating long-chain chitooligosaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 117:62-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Madhuprakash J, Dalhus B, Rani TS, Podile AR, Eijsink VGH, Sørlie M. Key Residues Affecting Transglycosylation Activity in Family 18 Chitinases: Insights into Donor and Acceptor Subsites. Biochemistry 2018; 57:4325-4337. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jogi Madhuprakash
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
| | - Bjørn Dalhus
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, P.O.
Box 4950, Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Microbiology, Clinic for Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, P.O. Box 4950, Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - T. Swaroopa Rani
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
| | - Appa Rao Podile
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
| | - Vincent G. H. Eijsink
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
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You X, Qin Z, Yan Q, Yang S, Li Y, Jiang Z. Structural insights into the catalytic mechanism of a novel glycoside hydrolase family 113 β-1,4-mannanase from Amphibacillus xylanus. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:11746-11757. [PMID: 29871927 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
β-1,4-Mannanase degrades β-1,4-mannan polymers into manno-oligosaccharides with a low degree of polymerization. To date, only one glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 113 β-1,4-mannanase, from Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius (AaManA), has been structurally characterized, and no complex structure of enzyme-manno-oligosaccharides from this family has been reported. Here, crystal structures of a GH family 113 β-1,4-mannanase from Amphibacillus xylanus (AxMan113A) and its complexes with mannobiose, mannotriose, mannopentaose, and mannahexaose were solved. AxMan113A had higher affinity for -1 and +1 mannoses, which explains why the enzyme can hydrolyze mannobiose. At least six subsites (-4 to +2) exist in the groove, but mannose units preferentially occupied subsites -4 to -1 because of steric hindrance formed by Lys-238 and Trp-239. Based on the structural information and bioinformatics, rational design was implemented to enhance hydrolysis activity. Enzyme activity of AxMan113A mutants V139C, N237W, K238A, and W239Y was improved by 93.7, 63.4, 112.9, and 36.4%, respectively, compared with the WT. In addition, previously unreported surface-binding sites were observed. Site-directed mutagenesis studies and kinetic data indicated that key residues near the surface sites play important roles in substrate binding and recognition. These first GH family 113 β-1,4-mannanase-manno-oligosaccharide complex structures may be useful in further studying the catalytic mechanism of GH family 113 members, and provide novel insight into protein engineering of GHs to improve their hydrolysis activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin You
- From the Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083
| | - Zhen Qin
- the School of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, R&D Center of Separation and Extraction Technology in Fermentation Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, and
| | - Qiaojuan Yan
- From the Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083
| | - Shaoqing Yang
- the College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yanxiao Li
- From the Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083
| | - Zhengqiang Jiang
- the College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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29
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Microbial and viral chitinases: Attractive biopesticides for integrated pest management. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:818-838. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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30
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Bhuvanachandra B, Madhuprakash J, Podile AR. Active-site mutations improved the transglycosylation activity of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia chitinase A. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2018; 1866:407-414. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Niu X, Zhou JS, Wang YX, Liu CC, Liu ZH, Yuan S. Heterologous Expression and Characterization of a Novel Chitinase (ChiEn1) from Coprinopsis cinerea and its Synergism in the Degradation of Chitin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:6943-6956. [PMID: 28721730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chitinase ChiEn1 did not hydrolyze insoluble chitin but showed hydrolysis and transglycosylation activities toward chitin-oligosaccharides. Interestingly, the addition of ChiEn1 increased the amount of reducing sugars released from chitin powder by endochitinase ChiIII by 105.0%, and among the released reducing sugars the amount of (GlcNAc)2 was increased by 149.5%, whereas the amount of GlcNAc was decreased by 10.3%. The percentage of GlcNAc in the products of chitin powder with the combined ChiIII and ChiEn1 was close to that in the products of chitin-oligosaccharides with ChiEn1, rather than that with ChiIII. These results indicate that chitin polymers are first degraded into chitin oligosaccharides by ChiIII and the latter are further degraded to monomers and dimers by ChiEn1, and the synergistic action of ChiEn1 and ChiIII is involved in the efficient degradation of chitin in cell walls during pileus autolysis. The structure modeling explores the molecular base of ChiEn1 action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Niu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing, PR China 210023
| | - Jiang-Sheng Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing, PR China 210023
| | - Yan-Xin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing, PR China 210023
| | - Cui-Cui Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing, PR China 210023
| | - Zhong-Hua Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing, PR China 210023
| | - Sheng Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Microbial Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University , Nanjing, PR China 210023
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Abdul Manas NH, Md Illias R, Mahadi NM. Strategy in manipulating transglycosylation activity of glycosyl hydrolase for oligosaccharide production. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2017; 38:272-293. [PMID: 28683572 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2017.1339664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing market demand for oligosaccharides has intensified the need for efficient biocatalysts. Glycosyl hydrolases (GHs) are still gaining popularity as biocatalyst for oligosaccharides synthesis owing to its simple reaction and high selectivity. PURPOSE Over the years, research has advanced mainly directing to one goal; to reduce hydrolysis activity of GHs for increased transglycosylation activity in achieving high production of oligosaccharides. DESIGN AND METHODS This review concisely presents the strategies to increase transglycosylation activity of GHs for oligosaccharides synthesis, focusing on controlling the reaction equilibrium, and protein engineering. Various modifications of the subsites of GHs have been demonstrated to significantly modulate the hydrolysis and transglycosylation activity of the enzymes. The clear insight of the roles of each amino acid in these sites provides a platform for designing an enzyme that could synthesize a specific oligosaccharide product. CONCLUSIONS The key strategies presented here are important for future improvement of GHs as a biocatalyst for oligosaccharide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Hasmaliana Abdul Manas
- a Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability, Faculty of Engineering , Universiti Malaysia Sarawak , Kota Samarahan , Malaysia.,b BioMolecular and Microbial Process Research Group , Health and Wellness Research Alliance, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor , Malaysia
| | - Rosli Md Illias
- b BioMolecular and Microbial Process Research Group , Health and Wellness Research Alliance, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Johor , Malaysia.,c Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering , Universiti Teknologi Malaysia , Skudai , Malaysia
| | - Nor Muhammad Mahadi
- d Comparative Genomics and Genetics Research Centre , Malaysia Genome Institute , Kajang , Malaysia
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Yan YL, Hu Y, Simpson DJ, Gänzle MG. Enzymatic Synthesis and Purification of Galactosylated Chitosan Oligosaccharides Reducing Adhesion of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:5142-5150. [PMID: 28593759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 causes diarrhea in weaned piglets and represent a suitable model system for ETEC causing childhood diarrhea. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of oligosaccharides against ETEC K88 adhesion to porcine erythrocytes with two bioassays. Galactosylated chitosan-oligosaccharides (Gal-COS) were synthesized through transgalactosylation by β-galactosidase. Fractions 2-5 of Gal-COS were obtained through cation exchange and size exclusion chromatography. Fractions 2-5 of acetylated Gal-COS were obtained through chemical acetylation followed by size exclusion chromatography. Gal-COS F2 containing the largest oligosaccharides had the highest antiadhesion activity with the minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.22 g/L, followed by F3 and F4. Acetylation of Gal-COS decreased their ability to reduce ETEC K88 adhesion. The composition of active oligosaccharides was determined with LC-MS. Galactosylation of COS produces oligosaccharides which reduce ETEC K88 adhesion; moreover, resulting oligosaccharides match the composition of human milk oligosaccharides, which prevent adhesion of multiple pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Lu Yan
- University of Alberta , Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Edmonton, Alberta T6E2P5, Canada
| | - Ying Hu
- University of Alberta , Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Edmonton, Alberta T6E2P5, Canada
| | - David J Simpson
- University of Alberta , Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Edmonton, Alberta T6E2P5, Canada
| | - Michael G Gänzle
- University of Alberta , Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Edmonton, Alberta T6E2P5, Canada
- Hubei University of Technology , College of Bioengineering and Food Science, Wuhan 430068, P.R. China
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2011-2012. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:255-422. [PMID: 26270629 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This review is the seventh update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2012. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural types constitute the remainder. The main groups of compound are oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:255-422, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
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Slámová K, Bojarová P. Engineered N-acetylhexosamine-active enzymes in glycoscience. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:2070-2087. [PMID: 28347843 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, enzymes modifying N-acetylhexosamine substrates have emerged in numerous theoretical studies as well as practical applications from biology, biomedicine, and biotechnology. Advanced enzyme engineering techniques converted them into potent synthetic instruments affording a variety of valuable glycosides. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review presents the diversity of engineered enzymes active with N-acetylhexosamine carbohydrates: from popular glycoside hydrolases and glycosyltransferases to less known oxidases, epimerases, kinases, sulfotransferases, and acetylases. Though hydrolases in natura, engineered chitinases, β-N-acetylhexosaminidases, and endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidases were successfully employed in the synthesis of defined natural and derivatized chitooligomers and in the remodeling of N-glycosylation patterns of therapeutic antibodies. The genes of various N-acetylhexosaminyltransferases were cloned into metabolically engineered microorganisms for producing human milk oligosaccharides, Lewis X structures, and human-like glycoproteins. Moreover, mutant N-acetylhexosamine-active glycosyltransferases were applied, e.g., in the construction of glycomimetics and complex glycostructures, industrial production of low-lactose milk, and metabolic labeling of glycans. In the synthesis of biotechnologically important compounds, several innovative glycoengineered systems are presented for an efficient bioproduction of GlcNAc, UDP-GlcNAc, N-acetylneuraminic acid, and of defined glycosaminoglycans. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The above examples demonstrate that engineering of N-acetylhexosamine-active enzymes was able to solve complex issues such as synthesis of tailored human-like glycoproteins or industrial-scale production of desired oligosaccharides. Due to the specific catalytic mechanism, mutagenesis of these catalysts was often realized through rational solutions. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Specific N-acetylhexosamine glycosylation is crucial in biological, biomedical and biotechnological applications and a good understanding of its details opens new possibilities in this fast developing area of glycoscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristýna Slámová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Bojarová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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Liu T, Chen L, Zhou Y, Jiang X, Duan Y, Yang Q. Structure, Catalysis, and Inhibition of OfChi-h, the Lepidoptera-exclusive Insect Chitinase. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:2080-2088. [PMID: 28053084 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.755330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitinase-h (Chi-h) is of special interest among insect chitinases due to its exclusive distribution in lepidopteran insects and high sequence identity with bacterial and baculovirus homologs. Here OfChi-h, a Chi-h from Ostrinia furnacalis, was investigated. Crystal structures of both OfChi-h and its complex with chitoheptaose ((GlcN)7) reveal that OfChi-h possesses a long and asymmetric substrate binding cleft, which is a typical characteristics of a processive exo-chitinase. The structural comparison between OfChi-h and its bacterial homolog SmChiA uncovered two phenylalanine-to-tryptophan site variants in OfChi-h at subsites +2 and possibly -7. The F232W/F396W double mutant endowed SmChiA with higher hydrolytic activities toward insoluble substrates, such as insect cuticle, α-chitin, and chitin nanowhisker. An enzymatic assay demonstrated that OfChi-h outperformed OfChtI, an insect endo-chitinase, toward the insoluble substrates, but showed lower activity toward the soluble substrate ethylene glycol chitin. Furthermore, OfChi-h was found to be inhibited by N,N',N″-trimethylglucosamine-N,N',N″,N″'-tetraacetylchitotetraose (TMG-(GlcNAc)4), a substrate analog which can be degraded into TMG-(GlcNAc)1-2 Injection of TMG-(GlcNAc)4 into 5th-instar O. furnacalis larvae led to severe defects in pupation. This work provides insights into a molting-indispensable insect chitinase that is phylogenetically closer to bacterial chitinases than insect chitinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Liu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemical Engineering, School of Life Science and Biotechnology and School of Software, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China and
| | - Lei Chen
- From the State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemical Engineering, School of Life Science and Biotechnology and School of Software, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China and
| | - Yong Zhou
- From the State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemical Engineering, School of Life Science and Biotechnology and School of Software, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China and
| | - Xi Jiang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemical Engineering, School of Life Science and Biotechnology and School of Software, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China and
| | - Yanwei Duan
- From the State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemical Engineering, School of Life Science and Biotechnology and School of Software, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China and
| | - Qing Yang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemical Engineering, School of Life Science and Biotechnology and School of Software, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China and .,Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing 100193, China
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Chen J, An Y, Kumar A, Liu Z. Improvement of chitinase Pachi with nematicidal activities by random mutagenesis. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 96:171-176. [PMID: 27989482 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.11.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chitinase, an enzyme that can degrade the main compositions of insect intestine and cuticle, has been used in the bio-control field. Our previous work has reported the chitinase Pachi with nematicidal activity (Caenorhabditis elegans). In the present study, to improve the chitinolytic and nematicidal activities of Pachi, a random mutant library was constructed by error-prone PCR and screened by bacteriophage T7-based high-throughput screening system. One mutant, PachiN35D was obtained from about 10, 000 clones. The kinetics analysis revealed that PachiN35D exhibited a 63% decrease in Km value against chitosan, a 2.1-fold enhancement in kcat/Km value and a 1.2-fold increase in specific activity over the wild-type Pachi. Moreover, the mortality analysis against Caenorhabditis elegans showed that the 50% lethal concentration (LC50) of PachiN35D is 309.6±1.1μg/ml and a 20% increase in nematicidal activity over the wild-type Pachi (with a LC50 value of 387.3±31.7μg/ml). The structure modeling and superimposition indicated that the substitution N35D reduced the distance between substrate and substrate-binding site Asp141, finally resulting in an increase in substrate affinity, catalytic efficiency and specific activity. These results provide useful information for the study of structure-function relationship of Pachi and lay a foundation for its potential applications in agro-biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpeng Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430 070, China
| | - Yangdongfang An
- College of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430 070, China
| | - Ashok Kumar
- College of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430 070, China
| | - Ziduo Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430 070, China.
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Durand J, Biarnés X, Watterlot L, Bonzom C, Borsenberger V, Planas A, Bozonnet S, O’Donohue MJ, Fauré R. A Single Point Mutation Alters the Transglycosylation/Hydrolysis Partition, Significantly Enhancing the Synthetic Capability of an endo-Glycoceramidase. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b02159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Durand
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Xevi Biarnés
- Laboratory
of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laurie Watterlot
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Cyrielle Bonzom
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Antoni Planas
- Laboratory
of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sophie Bozonnet
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Régis Fauré
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
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Vaikuntapu PR, Rambabu S, Madhuprakash J, Podile AR. A new chitinase-D from a plant growth promoting Serratia marcescens GPS5 for enzymatic conversion of chitin. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 220:200-207. [PMID: 27567481 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The current study describes heterologous expression and biochemical characterization of single-modular chitinase-D from Serratia marcescens (SmChiD) with unprecedented catalytic properties which include chitobiase and transglycosylation (TG) activities besides hydrolytic activity. Without accessory domains, SmChiD, hydrolyzed insoluble polymeric chitin substrates like colloidal, α- and β-chitin. Activity studies on CHOS with degree of polymerization (DP) 2-6 as substrate revealed that SmChiD hydrolyzed DP2 with a chitobiase activity and showed TG activity on CHOS with DP3-6, producing longer chain CHOS. But, the TG products were further hydrolyzed to shorter chain CHOS with DP1-2 products. SmChiD with its unique catalytic properties, could be a potential enzyme for the production of long chain CHOS and also for the preparation of efficient enzyme cocktails for chitin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Papa Rao Vaikuntapu
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
| | - Samudrala Rambabu
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
| | - Jogi Madhuprakash
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
| | - Appa Rao Podile
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India.
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40
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Recent Progress in Chitosanase Production of Monomer-Free Chitooligosaccharides: Bioprocess Strategies and Future Applications. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 180:883-899. [PMID: 27206559 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2140-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Biological activities of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) are well documented, and numerous reports of COS production using specific and non-specific enzymes are available. However, strategies for improving the overall yield by making it monomer free need to be developed. Continuous enzymatic production from chitosan derived from marine wastes is desirable and is cost-effective. Isolation of potential microbes showing chitosanase activity from various ecological niches, gene cloning, enzyme immobilization, and fractionation/purification of COS are some areas, where lot of work is in progress. This review covers recent measures to improve monomer-free COS production using chitosanase/non-specific enzymes and purification/fractionation of these molecules using ultrafiltration and column chromatographic techniques. Various bioprocess strategies, gene cloning for enhanced chitosanase enzyme production, and other measures for COS yield improvements have also been covered in this review. COS derivative preparation as well as COS-coated nanoparticles for efficient drug delivery are being focused in recent studies.
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Jana S, Hamre AG, Wildberger P, Holen MM, Eijsink VGH, Beckham GT, Sørlie M, Payne CM. Aromatic-Mediated Carbohydrate Recognition in Processive Serratia marcescens Chitinases. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:1236-49. [PMID: 26824449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b12610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms use a host of enzymes, including processive glycoside hydrolases, to deconstruct recalcitrant polysaccharides to sugars. Processive glycoside hydrolases closely associate with polymer chains and repeatedly cleave glycosidic linkages without dissociating from the crystalline surface after each hydrolytic step; they are typically the most abundant enzymes in both natural secretomes and industrial cocktails by virtue of their significant hydrolytic potential. The ubiquity of aromatic residues lining the enzyme catalytic tunnels and clefts is a notable feature of processive glycoside hydrolases. We hypothesized that these aromatic residues have uniquely defined roles, such as substrate chain acquisition and binding in the catalytic tunnel, that are defined by their local environment and position relative to the substrate and the catalytic center. Here, we investigated this hypothesis with variants of Serratia marcescens family 18 processive chitinases ChiA and ChiB. We applied molecular simulation and free energy calculations to assess active site dynamics and ligand binding free energies. Isothermal titration calorimetry provided further insight into enthalpic and entropic contributions to ligand binding free energy. Thus, the roles of six aromatic residues, Trp-167, Trp-275, and Phe-396 in ChiA, and Trp-97, Trp-220, and Phe-190 in ChiB, have been examined. We observed that point mutation of the tryptophan residues to alanine results in unfavorable changes in the free energy of binding relative to wild-type. The most drastic effects were observed for residues positioned at the "entrances" of the deep substrate-binding clefts and known to be important for processivity. Interestingly, phenylalanine mutations in ChiA and ChiB had little to no effect on chito-oligomer binding, in accordance with the limited effects of their removal on chitinase functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvamay Jana
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0046, United States
| | - Anne Grethe Hamre
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Ås 1430, Norway
| | - Patricia Wildberger
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Ås 1430, Norway
| | - Matilde Mengkrog Holen
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Ås 1430, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Ås 1430, Norway
| | - Gregg T Beckham
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Ås 1430, Norway
| | - Christina M Payne
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0046, United States
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42
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Eide KB, Stockinger LW, Lewin AS, Tøndervik A, Eijsink VG, Sørlie M. The role of active site aromatic residues in substrate degradation by the human chitotriosidase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:242-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Hamre AG, Jana S, Reppert NK, Payne CM, Sørlie M. Processivity, Substrate Positioning, and Binding: The Role of Polar Residues in a Family 18 Glycoside Hydrolase. Biochemistry 2015; 54:7292-306. [PMID: 26503416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic degradation of recalcitrant polysaccharides such as cellulose (β-1,4-linked glucose) and chitin (β-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine) by glycoside hydrolases (GHs) is of significant biological and economical importance. In nature, depolymerization is primarily accomplished by processive GHs, which remain attached to the substrate between subsequent hydrolytic reactions. Recent computational efforts have suggested that the processive ability of a GH is directly linked to the ligand binding free energy. The contribution of individual aromatic residues in the active site of these enzymes has been extensively studied. In this study, we offer the first experimental evidence confirming correlation of binding free energy and degree of processivity and evidence that polar residues are essential for maintaining processive ability. Exchanging Thr(276) with Ala in substrate binding subsite -2 in the processive ChiA of Serratia marcescens results in a decrease in both the enthalpy (2.6 and 3.8 kcal/mol) and free energy (0.5 and 2.2 kcal/mol) for the binding to the substrate (GlcNAc)6 and the inhibitor allosamidin, respectively, compared to that of the wild type. Moreover, the initial apparent processivity as measured by [(GlcNAc)2]/[GlcNAc] ratios (17.1 ± 0.4) and chitin degradation efficiency (20%) are greatly reduced for ChiA-T276A versus those of the wild type (30.1 ± 1.5 and 75%, respectively). Mutation of Arg(172) to Ala reduces the level of recognition and positioning of the substrate into the active site. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate ChiA-R172A behaves like the wild type, but the dynamics of ChiA-T276A are greatly influenced by mutation, which is reflective of their influence on processivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Grethe Hamre
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Suvamay Jana
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Nicole K Reppert
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Christina M Payne
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
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Madhuprakash J, El Gueddari NE, Moerschbacher BM, Podile AR. Production of bioactive chitosan oligosaccharides using the hypertransglycosylating chitinase-D from Serratia proteamaculans. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 198:503-509. [PMID: 26432054 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The biological activities of chitosan and its oligosaccharides are greatly influenced by properties such as the degree of polymerization (DP), degree of acetylation (DA) and pattern of acetylation (PA). Here, structurally diverse chitosan oligosaccharides from chitosan polymers (DA=35% or 61%) were generated using Serratia proteamaculans wild-type chitinase D (SpChiD) and the W114A mutant which lacks transglycosylase activity. The crude oligosaccharide mixtures and purified fractions with specific DP and DA ranges were tested for their ability to induce an oxidative burst in rice cell suspension cultures. The crude mixtures were more active when produced by the W114A mutant whereas the purified fractions were more active when produced by wild-type SpChiD. Neither hydrolysis nor transglycosylation by SpChiD was inhibited in the presence of fully-deacetylated oligosaccharides, suggesting that SpChiD could be exploited to generate oligosaccharides with defined DA and PA values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jogi Madhuprakash
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
| | - Nour Eddine El Gueddari
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, WWU, Münster University, Münster, Germany
| | - Bruno M Moerschbacher
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, WWU, Münster University, Münster, Germany
| | - Appa Rao Podile
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India.
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Naqvi S, Moerschbacher BM. The cell factory approach toward biotechnological production of high-value chitosan oligomers and their derivatives: an update. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 37:11-25. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2015.1104289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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46
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Langner T, Göhre V. Fungal chitinases: function, regulation, and potential roles in plant/pathogen interactions. Curr Genet 2015; 62:243-54. [PMID: 26527115 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-015-0530-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the past decades our knowledge about fungal cell wall architecture increased tremendously and led to the identification of many enzymes involved in polysaccharide synthesis and remodeling, which are also of biotechnological interest. Fungal cell walls play an important role in conferring mechanic stability during cell division and polar growth. Additionally, in phytopathogenic fungi the cell wall is the first structure that gets into intimate contact with the host plant. A major constituent of fungal cell walls is chitin, a homopolymer of N-acetylglucosamine units. To ensure plasticity, polymeric chitin needs continuous remodeling which is maintained by chitinolytic enzymes, including lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases N-acetylglucosaminidases, and chitinases. Depending on the species and lifestyle of fungi, there is great variation in the number of encoded chitinases and their function. Chitinases can have housekeeping function in plasticizing the cell wall or can act more specifically during cell separation, nutritional chitin acquisition, or competitive interaction with other fungi. Although chitinase research made huge progress in the last decades, our knowledge about their role in phytopathogenic fungi is still scarce. Recent findings in the dimorphic basidiomycete Ustilago maydis show that chitinases play different physiological functions throughout the life cycle and raise questions about their role during plant-fungus interactions. In this work we summarize these functions, mechanisms of chitinase regulation and their putative role during pathogen/host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Langner
- Institute for Microbiology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vera Göhre
- Institute for Microbiology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Inverse relationship between chitobiase and transglycosylation activities of chitinase-D from Serratia proteamaculans revealed by mutational and biophysical analyses. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15657. [PMID: 26493546 PMCID: PMC4616163 DOI: 10.1038/srep15657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serratia proteamaculans chitinase-D (SpChiD) has a unique combination of hydrolytic and transglycosylation (TG) activities. The TG activity of SpChiD can be used for large-scale production of chito-oligosaccharides (CHOS). The multiple activities (hydrolytic and/or chitobiase activities and TG) of SpChiD appear to be strongly influenced by the substrate-binding cleft. Here, we report the unique property of SpChiD substrate-binding cleft, wherein, the residues Tyr28, Val35 and Thr36 control chitobiase activity and the residues Trp160 and Trp290 are crucial for TG activity. Mutants with reduced (V35G and T36G/F) or no (SpChiDΔ30–42 and Y28A) chitobiase activity produced higher amounts of the quantifiable even-chain TG product with degree of polymerization (DP)-6, indicating that the chitobiase and TG activities are inversely related. In addition to its unprecedented catalytic properties, unlike other chitinases, the single modular SpChiD showed dual unfolding transitions. Ligand-induced thermal stability studies with the catalytically inactive mutant of SpChiD (E153A) showed that the transition temperature increased upon binding of CHOS with DP2–6. Isothermal titration calorimetry experiments revealed the exceptionally high binding affinities for E153A to CHOS with DP2–6. These observations strongly support that the architecture of SpChiD substrate-binding cleft adopted to control chitobiase and TG activities, in addition to usual chitinase-mediated hydrolysis.
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48
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Stockinger LW, Eide KB, Dybvik AI, Sletta H, Vårum KM, Eijsink VG, Tøndervik A, Sørlie M. The effect of the carbohydrate binding module on substrate degradation by the human chitotriosidase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1854:1494-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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49
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Modulation of the transglycosylation activity of plant family GH18 chitinase by removing or introducing a tryptophan side chain. FEBS Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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50
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Bissaro B, Durand J, Biarnés X, Planas A, Monsan P, O’Donohue MJ, Fauré R. Molecular Design of Non-Leloir Furanose-Transferring Enzymes from an α-l-Arabinofuranosidase: A Rationale for the Engineering of Evolved Transglycosylases. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b00949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Bissaro
- Université
de Toulouse; INSA, UPS, INP; LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792,
Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Julien Durand
- Université
de Toulouse; INSA, UPS, INP; LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792,
Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Xevi Biarnés
- Laboratory
of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Planas
- Laboratory
of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pierre Monsan
- Université
de Toulouse; INSA, UPS, INP; LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792,
Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- Toulouse White
Biotechnology, UMS INRA/INSA 1337, UMS CNRS/INSA 3582, 3 Rue des Satellites, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Michael J. O’Donohue
- Université
de Toulouse; INSA, UPS, INP; LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792,
Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Régis Fauré
- Université
de Toulouse; INSA, UPS, INP; LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792,
Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France
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