1
|
Huang X, Swanson R, Olson ST. Heparin activation of protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor (ZPI) allosterically blocks protein Z activation through an extended heparin-binding site. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102022. [PMID: 35551912 PMCID: PMC9190012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein Z (PZ)-dependent protease inhibitor (ZPI) is a plasma anticoagulant protein of the serpin superfamily, which is activated by its cofactor, PZ, to rapidly inhibit activated factor X (FXa) on a procoagulant membrane surface. ZPI is also activated by heparin to inhibit free FXa at a physiologically significant rate. Here, we show that heparin binding to ZPI antagonizes PZ binding to and activation of ZPI. Virtual docking of heparin to ZPI showed that a heparin-binding site near helix H close to the PZ-binding site as well as a previously mapped site in helix C was both favored. Alanine scanning mutagenesis of the helix H and helix C sites demonstrated that both sites were critical for heparin activation. The binding of heparin chains 72 to 5-saccharides in length to ZPI was similarly effective in antagonizing PZ binding and in inducing tryptophan fluorescence changes in ZPI. Heparin binding to variant ZPIs with either the helix C sites or the helix H sites mutated showed that heparin interaction with the higher affinity helix C site most distant from the PZ-binding site was sufficient to induce these tryptophan fluorescence changes. Together, these findings suggest that heparin binding to a site on ZPI extending from helix C to helix H promotes ZPI inhibition of FXa and allosterically antagonizes PZ binding to ZPI through long-range conformational changes. Heparin antagonism of PZ binding to ZPI may serve to spare limiting PZ and allow PZ and heparin cofactors to target FXa at different sites of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
| | - Richard Swanson
- Department of Periodontics, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Steven T Olson
- Department of Periodontics, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chellam Gayathri S, Gupta S, Suresh A, Senapati S, Sengupta T. Effect of variations in the conserved residues E371 and S359 on the structural dynamics of protein Z dependent protease inhibitor (ZPI): a molecular dynamic simulation study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:6405-6414. [PMID: 33554754 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1883114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein Z (PZ) dependent protease inhibitor (ZPI) is a natural anticoagulant inhibiting blood coagulation proteases fXa and fXIa. Despite being a member of the serpin superfamily, it possesses unique structural features such as activation by PZ, regulating its inhibitory function. In order to understand the Reactive Centre Loop (RCL) dynamics of ZPI, which is absolutely critical for its activity, we performed Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation on ZPI and its E371 and S359 variants located at important conserved functional sites. Unexpectedly, the RCL of E371 variants, (E371K, E371R, and E371Q), were shown to be very stable due to compensatory interactions at the proximal end of RCL. Interestingly, RCL flexibility was shown to be enhanced in the double mutant K318E-E371K due to the repulsive effect of increased negative charge on top of the breach region. Principal component analysis (PCA) coupled with residue wise interaction network analysis(RIN) revealed correlated motion between the RCL and the PZ binding regions in the WT. However, a loss of regulation in correlated motion between RCL and PZ binding hotspot Tyr240 in the double mutant was also observed. Additionally, the S359F and S359I mutations resulted in increased RCL flexibility owing to the disruption of stabilizing hydrogen bonding interaction at the distal end of strand S5A. Thus, the current study proposes that the overall stabilizing interactions of S5A is a major regulator of proper loop movement of ZPI for its activity. The results would be beneficial to engineer activity compromised ZPI as a prophylactic agent for the treatment of hemophilia.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Suchetana Gupta
- BJM School of Biosciences, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Aravind Suresh
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, India
| | - Sanjib Senapati
- BJM School of Biosciences, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Tanusree Sengupta
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aymonnier K, Kawecki C, Arocas V, Boulaftali Y, Bouton MC. Serpins, New Therapeutic Targets for Hemophilia. Thromb Haemost 2020; 121:261-269. [PMID: 32987444 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1716751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hemostasis is a tightly regulated process characterized by a finely tuned balance between procoagulant and anticoagulant systems. Among inherited hemostatic conditions, hemophilia is one of the most well-known bleeding disorders. Hemophilia A (HA) and B (HB) are due to deficiencies in coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) or FIX, respectively, leading to unwanted bleeding. Until recently, hemophilia treatment has consisted of prophylactic replacement therapy using plasma-derived or recombinant FVIII in cases of HA or FIX in cases of HB. Because FVIII and FIX deficiencies lead to an imbalance between procoagulant and anticoagulant systems, a recent upcoming strategy implies blocking of endogenous anticoagulant proteins to compensate for the procoagulant factor deficit, thus restoring hemostatic equilibrium. Important physiological proteins of the anticoagulant pathways belong to the serpin (serine protease inhibitor) family and, recently, different experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated that targeting natural serpins could decrease bleeding in hemophilia. Here, we aim to review the different, recent studies demonstrating that blocking serpins such as antithrombin, protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor, and protease nexin-1 or modifying a serpin like α1-antitrypsin could rebalance coagulation in hemophilia. Furthermore, we underline the potential therapeutic use of serpins for the treatment of hemophilia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Aymonnier
- INSERM U1148-LVTS, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,CHU Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Kawecki
- INSERM U1148-LVTS, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,INSERM U1176-HITh, Université Paris-Sud (Université Paris-Saclay), Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Véronique Arocas
- INSERM U1148-LVTS, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,CHU Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Yacine Boulaftali
- INSERM U1148-LVTS, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,CHU Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ma L, Wu J, Zheng Y, Shu Z, Wei Z, Sun Y, Carrell RW, Zhou A. Heparin Blocks the Inhibition of Tissue Kallikrein 1 by Kallistatin through Electrostatic Repulsion. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E828. [PMID: 32481593 PMCID: PMC7356578 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Kallistatin, also known as SERPINA4, has been implicated in the regulation of blood pressure and angiogenesis, due to its specific inhibition of tissue kallikrein 1 (KLK1) and/or by its heparin binding ability. The binding of heparin on kallistatin has been shown to block the inhibition of KLK1 by kallistatin but the detailed molecular mechanism underlying this blockade is unclear. Here we solved the crystal structures of human kallistatin and its complex with heparin at 1.9 and 1.8 Å resolution, respectively. The structures show that kallistatin has a conserved serpin fold and undergoes typical stressed-to-relaxed conformational changes upon reactive loop cleavage. Structural analysis and mutagenesis studies show that the heparin binding site of kallistatin is located on a surface with positive electrostatic potential near a unique protruded 310 helix between helix H and strand 2 of β-sheet C. Heparin binding on this site would prevent KLK1 from docking onto kallistatin due to the electrostatic repulsion between heparin and the negatively charged surface of KLK1, thus blocking the inhibition of KLK1 by kallistatin. Replacement of the acidic exosite 1 residues of KLK1 with basic amino acids as in thrombin resulted in accelerated inhibition. Taken together, these data indicate that heparin controls the specificity of kallistatin, such that kinin generation by KLK1 within the microcirculation will be locally protected by the binding of kallistatin to the heparin-like glycosaminoglycans of the endothelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Ma
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; (L.M.); (J.W.); (Z.S.); (Z.W.)
| | - Jiawei Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; (L.M.); (J.W.); (Z.S.); (Z.W.)
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; (L.M.); (J.W.); (Z.S.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zimei Shu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; (L.M.); (J.W.); (Z.S.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zhenquan Wei
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; (L.M.); (J.W.); (Z.S.); (Z.W.)
| | - Yinbiao Sun
- Randall Division of Cell & Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, New Hunt’s House, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK;
| | - Robin W. Carrell
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK;
| | - Aiwu Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; (L.M.); (J.W.); (Z.S.); (Z.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Huang X, Liu B, Wei Y, Beyea R, Yan H, Olson ST. Lipid oxidation inactivates the anticoagulant function of protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor (ZPI). J Biol Chem 2017; 292:14625-14635. [PMID: 28717005 PMCID: PMC5582853 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.793901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid oxidation due to oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and thrombotic cardiovascular diseases. Several findings suggest that lipid peroxidation can alter the function of coagulation proteins and contribute to a hypercoagulable state, but the molecular mechanisms are unclear. Here, we report that oxidized phospholipids suppress the anticoagulant function of the serpin, protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor (ZPI), a specific inhibitor of membrane-associated factor Xa (FXa) that requires protein Z (PZ), phospholipid, and calcium as cofactors. We found that this suppression arises from a diminished ability of the oxidized membrane to function as a cofactor to promote ZPI inhibition of membrane-bound FXa, due fully or in part to the susceptibility of the bound ZPI-PZ complex to oxidative inactivation. Surprisingly, free ZPI was also susceptible to inactivation by oxidized membrane vesicles in the absence of calcium. Oxidized vesicles containing both phosphatidylserine and polyunsaturated fatty acids were required to promote inactivation of the ZPI-PZ complex or free ZPI, indicating that binding of the PZ-complexed or free ZPI to peroxide-modified phospholipid vesicles mediates the inactivation. Heparin protected the ZPI-PZ complex and free ZPI from inactivation, suggesting that blocking the heparin-binding site on ZPI interferes with ZPI binding to lipid or to PZ. This was confirmed by direct lipid-binding experiments. Native PAGE indicated that oxidization induced dissociation of the ZPI-PZ complex and increased the negative charge of ZPI. We conclude that compromised ZPI anticoagulant function could contribute to thrombus initiation and growth in oxidative stress-induced cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- From the Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases and Department of Periodontics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612 and
| | | | | | - Ryan Beyea
- From the Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases and Department of Periodontics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612 and
| | - Han Yan
- Neurology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Steven T Olson
- From the Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases and Department of Periodontics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612 and
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dissing C, Persson E. Factor VII Tokushima (Cys22→Gly) is not γ-carboxylated due to a disrupted γ-carboxylase recognition site. Thromb Res 2017; 158:108-112. [PMID: 28886472 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2017.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Egon Persson
- Haemophilia Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang L, Rezaie AR. Characterization of Protein Z-Dependent Protease Inhibitor/Antithrombin Chimeras Provides Insight into the Serpin Specificity of Coagulation Proteases. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:3276-3283. [PMID: 28782047 PMCID: PMC5537704 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein Z (PZ)-dependent protease inhibitor (ZPI) and antithrombin (AT) are two physiological serpin inhibitors involved in the regulation of proteolytic activities of the blood coagulation cascade. ZPI has restricted protease specificity capable of inhibiting factors Xa (FXa) and XIa (FXIa) but exhibiting no reactivity with other coagulation proteases. Unlike ZPI, AT is a general inhibitor of all coagulation proteases and the only physiological inhibitor of factor IXa (FIXa). To understand the molecular determinants of protease specificity of the two serpins, we engineered two ZPI mutants in which the P12-P3' residues of the reactive center loop of ZPI were replaced with either P12-P3' or P12-P7' residues of AT (ZPI-ATP12-P3' and ZPI-ATP12-P7'). The reactivity of chimeras with FXa was improved ∼4-25-fold in the absence of PZ. Both chimeras inhibited FIXa with rate constants that were ∼2 orders of magnitude higher than the rate of the AT inhibition of the protease. PZ improved the reactivity of chimeras with FIXa by another 2 orders of magnitude, rendering the chimeras potent inhibitors of FIXa so that the PZ-mediated inhibitory activity of the ZPI-AT chimeras toward FIXa was ∼20-fold higher than that of the fondaparinux-catalyzed inhibition of FIXa by AT. Further studies revealed that the substitution of P1-Tyr of ZPI with an Arg is sufficient to convert the serpin to an effective inhibitor of FIXa. The potential therapeutic utility of the serpin chimeras as specific inhibitors of FIXa was diminished by findings that the chimeras function as effective substrates for other coagulation proteases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Likui Yang
- Cardiovascular
Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical
Research Foundation, Oklahoma
City, Oklahoma 73104, United States
| | - Alireza R. Rezaie
- Cardiovascular
Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical
Research Foundation, Oklahoma
City, Oklahoma 73104, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ulbricht D, Oertwig K, Arnsburg K, Saalbach A, Pippel J, Sträter N, Heiker JT. Basic Residues of β-Sheet A Contribute to Heparin Binding and Activation of Vaspin (Serpin A12). J Biol Chem 2016; 292:994-1004. [PMID: 27941022 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.748020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Many members of the serine protease inhibitor (serpin) family are activated by glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Visceral adipose tissue-derived serpin (vaspin), serpin A12 of the serpin family, and its target protease kallikrein 7 (KLK7) are heparin-binding proteins, and inhibition of KLK7 by vaspin is accelerated by heparin. However, the nature of GAG binding to vaspin is not known. Here, we measured vaspin binding of various glycosaminoglycans and low molecular weight heparins by microscale thermophoresis and analyzed acceleration of protease inhibition by these molecules. In addition, basic residues contributing to heparin binding and heparin activation were identified by a selective labeling approach. Together, these data show that vaspin binds heparin with high affinity (KD = 21 ± 2 nm) and that binding takes place at a basic patch on top of β-sheet A and is different from other heparin-binding serpins. Mutation of basic residues decreased heparin binding and activation of vaspin. Similarly, reactive center loop insertion into sheet A decreased heparin binding because it disturbs the basic cluster. Finally, using vaspin-overexpressing keratinocyte cells, we show that a significant part of secreted vaspin is bound in the extracellular matrix on the cell surface. Together, basic residues of central β-sheet A contribute to heparin binding and activation of vaspin. Thus, binding to GAGs in the extracellular matrix can direct and regulate vaspin interaction with target proteases or other proteins and may play an important role in the various beneficial functions of vaspin in different tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Ulbricht
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy, and Psychology
| | - Kathrin Oertwig
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy, and Psychology
| | - Kristin Arnsburg
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy, and Psychology
| | - Anja Saalbach
- the Department of Dermatology, Venerology, and Allergology, and
| | - Jan Pippel
- the Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Norbert Sträter
- the Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - John T Heiker
- From the Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy, and Psychology,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wei H, Cai H, Wu J, Wei Z, Zhang F, Huang X, Ma L, Feng L, Zhang R, Wang Y, Ragg H, Zheng Y, Zhou A. Heparin Binds Lamprey Angiotensinogen and Promotes Thrombin Inhibition through a Template Mechanism. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:24900-24911. [PMID: 27681598 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.725895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lamprey angiotensinogen (l-ANT) is a hormone carrier in the regulation of blood pressure, but it is also a heparin-dependent thrombin inhibitor in lamprey blood coagulation system. The detailed mechanisms on how angiotensin is carried by l-ANT and how heparin binds l-ANT and mediates thrombin inhibition are unclear. Here we have solved the crystal structure of cleaved l-ANT at 2.7 Å resolution and characterized its properties in heparin binding and protease inhibition. The structure reveals that l-ANT has a conserved serpin fold with a labile N-terminal angiotensin peptide and undergoes a typical stressed-to-relaxed conformational change when the reactive center loop is cleaved. Heparin binds l-ANT tightly with a dissociation constant of ∼10 nm involving ∼8 monosaccharides and ∼6 ionic interactions. The heparin binding site is located in an extensive positively charged surface area around helix D involving residues Lys-148, Lys-151, Arg-155, and Arg-380. Although l-ANT by itself is a poor thrombin inhibitor with a second order rate constant of 500 m-1 s-1, its interaction with thrombin is accelerated 90-fold by high molecular weight heparin following a bell-shaped dose-dependent curve. Short heparin chains of 6-20 monosaccharide units are insufficient to promote thrombin inhibition. Furthermore, an l-ANT mutant with the P1 Ile mutated to Arg inhibits thrombin nearly 1500-fold faster than the wild type, which is further accelerated by high molecular weight heparin. Taken together, these results suggest that heparin binds l-ANT at a conserved heparin binding site around helix D and promotes the interaction between l-ANT and thrombin through a template mechanism conserved in vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hudie Wei
- From the Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China and
| | - Haiyan Cai
- From the Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China and
| | - Jiawei Wu
- From the Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China and
| | - Zhenquan Wei
- From the Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China and
| | - Fei Zhang
- From the Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China and
| | - Xin Huang
- From the Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China and
| | - Lina Ma
- From the Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China and
| | - Lingling Feng
- From the Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China and
| | - Ruoxi Zhang
- From the Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China and
| | - Yunjie Wang
- the Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, 33613 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hermann Ragg
- the Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, 33613 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ying Zheng
- From the Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China and
| | - Aiwu Zhou
- From the Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China and
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mulloy B, Hogwood J, Gray E, Lever R, Page CP. Pharmacology of Heparin and Related Drugs. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:76-141. [PMID: 26672027 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.011247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin has been recognized as a valuable anticoagulant and antithrombotic for several decades and is still widely used in clinical practice for a variety of indications. The anticoagulant activity of heparin is mainly attributable to the action of a specific pentasaccharide sequence that acts in concert with antithrombin, a plasma coagulation factor inhibitor. This observation has led to the development of synthetic heparin mimetics for clinical use. However, it is increasingly recognized that heparin has many other pharmacological properties, including but not limited to antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antimetastatic actions. Many of these activities are independent of its anticoagulant activity, although the mechanisms of these other activities are currently less well defined. Nonetheless, heparin is being exploited for clinical uses beyond anticoagulation and developed for a wide range of clinical disorders. This article provides a "state of the art" review of our current understanding of the pharmacology of heparin and related drugs and an overview of the status of development of such drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mulloy
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - John Hogwood
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Elaine Gray
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Rebecca Lever
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Clive P Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Role of heparin and non heparin binding serpins in coagulation and angiogenesis: A complex interplay. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 604:128-42. [PMID: 27372899 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pro-coagulant, anti-coagulant and fibrinolytic pathways are responsible for maintaining hemostatic balance under physiological conditions. Any deviation from these pathways would result in hypercoagulability leading to life threatening diseases like myocardial infarction, stroke, portal vein thrombosis, deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). Angiogenesis is the process of sprouting of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones and plays a critical role in vascular repair, diabetic retinopathy, chronic inflammation and cancer progression. Serpins; a superfamily of protease inhibitors, play a key role in regulating both angiogenesis and coagulation. They are characterized by the presence of highly conserved secondary structure comprising of 3 β-sheets and 7-9 α-helices. Inhibitory role of serpins is modulated by binding to cofactors, specially heparin and heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) present on cell surfaces and extracellular matrix. Heparin and HSPGs are the mainstay of anti-coagulant therapy and also have therapeutic potential as anti-angiogenic inhibitors. Many of the heparin binding serpins that regulate coagulation cascade are also potent inhibitors of angiogenesis. Understanding the molecular mechanism of the switch between their specific anti-coagulant and anti-angiogenic role during inflammation, stress and regular hemostasis is important. In this review, we have tried to integrate the role of different serpins, their interaction with cofactors and their interplay in regulating coagulation and angiogenesis.
Collapse
|
12
|
Yadav VK, Mandal RS, Puniya BL, Kumar R, Dey S, Singh S, Yadav S. Structural and binding studies of SAP-1 protein with heparin. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 85:404-10. [PMID: 25147059 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
SAP-1 is a low molecular weight cysteine protease inhibitor (CPI) which belongs to type-2 cystatins family. SAP-1 protein purified from human seminal plasma (HuSP) has been shown to inhibit cysteine and serine proteases and exhibit interesting biological properties, including high temperature and pH stability. Heparin is a naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan (with varied chain length) which interacts with a number of proteins and regulates multiple steps in different biological processes. As an anticoagulant, heparin enhances inhibition of thrombin by the serpin antithrombin III. Therefore, we have employed surface plasmon resonance (SPR) to improve our understanding of the binding interaction between heparin and SAP-1 (protease inhibitor). SPR data suggest that SAP-1 binds to heparin with a significant affinity (KD = 158 nm). SPR solution competition studies using heparin oligosaccharides showed that the binding of SAP-1 to heparin is dependent on chain length. Large oligosaccharides show strong binding affinity for SAP-1. Further to get insight into the structural aspect of interactions between SAP-1 and heparin, we used modelled structure of the SAP-1 and docked with heparin and heparin-derived polysaccharides. The results suggest that a positively charged residue lysine plays important role in these interactions. Such information should improve our understanding of how heparin, present in the reproductive tract, regulates cystatins activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vikash K Yadav
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Qureshi SH, Lu Q, Manithody C, Yang L, Rezaie AR. Characterization of the protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor interactive-sites of protein Z. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2014; 1844:1631-7. [PMID: 24960590 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein Z (PZ) has been reported to promote the inactivation of factor Xa (FXa) by PZ-dependent protease inhibitor (ZPI) by about three orders of magnitude. Previously, we prepared a chimeric PZ in which its C-terminal pseudo-catalytic domain was grafted on FX light-chain (Gla and EGF-like domains) (PZ/FX-LC). Characterization of PZ/FX-LC revealed that the ZPI interactive-site is primarily located within PZ pseudo-catalytic domain. Nevertheless, the cofactor function and apparent Kd of PZ/FX-LC for interaction with ZPI remained impaired ~6-7-fold, suggesting that PZ contains a ZPI interactive-site outside pseudo-catalytic domain. X-ray structural data indicates that Tyr-240 of ZPI interacts with EGF2-domain of PZ. Structural data further suggests that 3 other ZPI surface loops make salt-bridge interactions with PZ pseudo-catalytic domain. To identify ZPI interactive-sites on PZ, we grafted the N-terminal EGF2 subdomain of PZ onto PZ/FX-LC chimera (PZ-EGF2/FX-LC) and also generated two compensatory charge reversal mutants of PZ pseudo-catalytic domain (Glu-244 and Arg-212) and ZPI surface loops (Lys-239 and Asp-293). METHODS PZ chimeras were expressed in mammalian cells and ZPI derivatives were expressed in Escherichia coli. RESULTS The PZ EGF2 subdomain fusion restored the defective cofactor function of PZ/FX-LC. The activities of PZ and ZPI mutants were all impaired if assayed individually, but partially restored if the compensatory charge reversal mutants were used in the assay. CONCLUSIONS PZ EGF2 subdomain constitutes an interactive-site for ZPI. Data with compensatory charge reversal mutants validates structural data that the identified residues are part of interactive-sites. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Insight is provided into mechanisms through which specificity of ZPI-PZ-FXa complex formation is determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shabir H Qureshi
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Qiuya Lu
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Chandrashekhara Manithody
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Likui Yang
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Alireza R Rezaie
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yang L, Rezaie AR. Residues of the 39-loop restrict the plasma inhibitor specificity of factor IXa. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:12692-8. [PMID: 23530052 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.459347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The two plasma inhibitors, protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor (ZPI) and tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), effectively inhibit the activity of activated factor X (FXa); however, neither inhibitor exhibits any reactivity with the homologous protease activated factor IX (FIXa). In this study, we investigated the molecular basis for the lack of reactivity of FIXa with these plasma inhibitors and discovered that unique structural features within residues of the 39-loop are responsible for restricting the inhibitor specificity of FIXa. This loop in FXa is highly acidic and contains three Glu residues at positions 36, 37, and 39. On the other hand, the loop is shorter by one residue in FIXa (residue 37 is missing), and it contains a Lys and an Asp at positions 36 and 39, respectively. We discovered that replacing residues of the 39-loop (residues 31-41) of FIXa with corresponding residues of FXa renders the FIXa chimera susceptible to inactivation by both ZPI and TFPI. Thus, the inactivation rate of the FIXa chimera by ZPI in the presence of protein Z (PZ), negatively charged membrane vesicles, and calcium ions approached the same diffusion-limited rate (>10(7) m(-1) s(-1)) that has been observed for the PZ-dependent inhibition of FXa by ZPI. Interestingly, sequence alignments indicated that, similar to FXa, residue 36 is a Glu in both mouse and bovine FIXa and that both proteases are also susceptible to inhibition by the PZ-ZPI complex. These results suggest that structural features within residues of the 39-loop contribute to the resistance of FIXa to inhibition by plasma inhibitors ZPI and TFPI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Likui Yang
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|