1
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Liu Z, Sun B, Xu A, Tang J, Zhang H, Gao J, Wang L. MICAL2 implies immunosuppressive features and acts as an independent and adverse prognostic biomarker in pancreatic cancer. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3177. [PMID: 38326344 PMCID: PMC10850094 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52729-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
At present, clinical outcomes of pancreatic cancer patients are still poor. New therapeutic targets for pancreatic cancer are urgently needed. Previous studies have indicated that Microtubule Associated Monooxygenase, Calponin and LIM Domain Containing 2 (MICAL2) is highly expressed in many tumors and promotes tumor progression. However, the role played by MICAL2 in pancreatic cancer remains unclear. Based on gene expression and clinical information from multiple datasets, we used comprehensive bioinformatics analysis in combination with tissue microarray to explore the function and clinical value of MICAL2. The results showed that MICAL2 was highly expressed in pancreatic cancer tissue and exhibited potential diagnostic capability. High expression of MICAL2 was also associated with poor prognosis and acted as an independent prognostic factor. MICAL2, mainly expressed in fibroblasts of pancreatic cancer, was closely related to metastasis and immune-related features, such as epithelial-mesenchymal transformation, extracellular cell matrix degradation, and inflammatory response. Furthermore, higher MICAL2 expression in pancreatic cancer was also associated with an increase in cancer-associated fibroblasts as well as M2 macrophage infiltration, and a reduction in CD8 + T cell infiltration, thereby facilitating the formation of an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Our results helped elucidate the clinical value and function in metastasis and immunity of MICAL2 in pancreatic cancer. These findings provided potential clinical strategies for diagnosis, targeted therapy combination immunotherapy, and prognosis in patients with pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang), Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bing Sun
- Jinzhou Medical University Postgraduate Training Base (The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang), Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Aiguo Xu
- Department of Oncology, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingjiao Tang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang), Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huiqin Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang), Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang), Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang), Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China.
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2
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Martin JL, Khan A, Grintsevich EE. Actin Isoform Composition and Binding Factors Fine-Tune Regulatory Impact of Mical Enzymes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16651. [PMID: 38068973 PMCID: PMC10705957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mical family enzymes are unusual actin regulators that prime filaments (F-actin) for disassembly via the site-specific oxidation of M44/M47. Filamentous actin acts as a substrate of Mical enzymes, as well as an activator of their NADPH oxidase activity, which leads to hydrogen peroxide generation. Mical enzymes are required for cytokinesis, muscle and heart development, dendritic pruning, and axonal guidance, among other processes. Thus, it is critical to understand how this family of actin regulators functions in different cell types. Vertebrates express six actin isoforms in a cell-specific manner, but MICALs' impact on their intrinsic properties has never been systematically investigated. Our data reveal the differences in the intrinsic dynamics of Mical-oxidized actin isoforms. Furthermore, our results connect the intrinsic dynamics of actin isoforms and their redox state with the patterns of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation by MICALs. We documented that the differential properties of actin isoforms translate into the distinct patterns of hydrogen peroxide generation in Mical/NADPH-containing systems. Moreover, our results establish a conceptual link between actin stabilization by interacting factors and its ability to activate MICALs' NADPH oxidase activity. Altogether, our results suggest that the regulatory impact of MICALs may differ depending on the isoform-related identities of local actin networks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elena E. Grintsevich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Long Beach (CSULB), Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
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3
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Rajan S, Terman JR, Reisler E. MICAL-mediated oxidation of actin and its effects on cytoskeletal and cellular dynamics. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1124202. [PMID: 36875759 PMCID: PMC9982024 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1124202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin and its dynamic structural remodelings are involved in multiple cellular functions, including maintaining cell shape and integrity, cytokinesis, motility, navigation, and muscle contraction. Many actin-binding proteins regulate the cytoskeleton to facilitate these functions. Recently, actin's post-translational modifications (PTMs) and their importance to actin functions have gained increasing recognition. The MICAL family of proteins has emerged as important actin regulatory oxidation-reduction (Redox) enzymes, influencing actin's properties both in vitro and in vivo. MICALs specifically bind to actin filaments and selectively oxidize actin's methionine residues 44 and 47, which perturbs filaments' structure and leads to their disassembly. This review provides an overview of the MICALs and the impact of MICAL-mediated oxidation on actin's properties, including its assembly and disassembly, effects on other actin-binding proteins, and on cells and tissue systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeepa Rajan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jonathan R. Terman
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Emil Reisler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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4
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Wang L, Yang Y, Ma H, Xie Y, Xu J, Near D, Wang H, Garbutt T, Li Y, Liu J, Qian L. Single-cell dual-omics reveals the transcriptomic and epigenomic diversity of cardiac non-myocytes. Cardiovasc Res 2022; 118:1548-1563. [PMID: 33839759 PMCID: PMC9074971 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The precise cellular identity and molecular features of non-myocytes (non-CMs) in a mammalian heart at a single-cell level remain elusive. Depiction of epigenetic landscape with transcriptomic signatures using the latest single-cell multi-omics has the potential to unravel the molecular programs underlying the cellular diversity of cardiac non-myocytes. Here, we characterized the molecular and cellular features of cardiac non-CM populations in the adult murine heart at the single-cell level. METHODS AND RESULTS Through single-cell dual omics analysis, we mapped the epigenetic landscapes, characterized the transcriptomic profiles and delineated the molecular signatures of cardiac non-CMs in the adult murine heart. Distinct cis-regulatory elements and trans-acting factors for the individual major non-CM cell types (endothelial cells, fibroblast, pericytes, and immune cells) were identified. In particular, unbiased sub-clustering and functional annotation of cardiac fibroblasts (FBs) revealed extensive FB heterogeneity and identified FB sub-types with functional states related to the cellular response to stimuli, cytoskeleton organization, and immune regulation, respectively. We further explored the function of marker genes Hsd11b1 and Gfpt2 that label major FB subpopulations and determined the distribution of Hsd11b1+ and Gfp2+ FBs in murine healthy and diseased hearts. CONCLUSIONS In summary, we characterized the non-CM cellular identity at the transcriptome and epigenome levels using single-cell omics approaches and discovered previously unrecognized cardiac fibroblast subpopulations with unique functional states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, 111 Mason Farm Rd, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, 111 Mason Farm Rd, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yuchen Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, 111 Mason Farm Rd, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, 111 Mason Farm Rd, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Hong Ma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, 111 Mason Farm Rd, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, 111 Mason Farm Rd, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yifang Xie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, 111 Mason Farm Rd, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, 111 Mason Farm Rd, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, 111 Mason Farm Rd, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, 111 Mason Farm Rd, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - David Near
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, 111 Mason Farm Rd, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, 111 Mason Farm Rd, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Haofei Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, 111 Mason Farm Rd, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, 111 Mason Farm Rd, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Tiffany Garbutt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, 111 Mason Farm Rd, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, 111 Mason Farm Rd, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jiandong Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, 111 Mason Farm Rd, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, 111 Mason Farm Rd, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Li Qian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, 111 Mason Farm Rd, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, 111 Mason Farm Rd, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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5
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Signal-regulated oxidation of proteins via MICAL. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:613-620. [PMID: 32219383 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Processing of and responding to various signals is an essential cellular function that influences survival, homeostasis, development, and cell death. Extra- or intracellular signals are perceived via specific receptors and transduced in a particular signalling pathway that results in a precise response. Reversible post-translational redox modifications of cysteinyl and methionyl residues have been characterised in countless signal transduction pathways. Due to the low reactivity of most sulfur-containing amino acid side chains with hydrogen peroxide, for instance, and also to ensure specificity, redox signalling requires catalysis, just like phosphorylation signalling requires kinases and phosphatases. While reducing enzymes of both cysteinyl- and methionyl-derivates have been characterised in great detail before, the discovery and characterisation of MICAL proteins evinced the first examples of specific oxidases in signal transduction. This article provides an overview of the functions of MICAL proteins in the redox regulation of cellular functions.
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6
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Tararina MA, Dam KK, Dhingra M, Janda KD, Palfey BA, Allen KN. Fast Kinetics Reveals Rate-Limiting Oxidation and the Role of the Aromatic Cage in the Mechanism of the Nicotine-Degrading Enzyme NicA2. Biochemistry 2021; 60:259-273. [PMID: 33464876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In Pseudomonas putida, the flavoprotein nicotine oxidoreductase (NicA2) catalyzes the oxidation of (S)-nicotine to N-methyl-myosmine, which is nonenzymatically hydrolyzed to pseudooxynicotine. Structural analysis reveals a monoamine oxidase (MAO)-like fold with a conserved FAD-binding domain and variable substrate-binding domain. The flavoenzyme has a unique variation of the classic aromatic cage with flanking residue pair W427/N462. Previous mechanistic studies using O2 as the oxidizing substrate show that NicA2 has a low apparent Km of 114 nM for (S)-nicotine with a very low apparent turnover number (kcat of 0.006 s-1). Herein, the mechanism of NicA2 was analyzed by transient kinetics. Single-site variants of W427 and N462 were used to probe the roles of these residues. Although several variants had moderately higher oxidase activity (7-12-fold), their reductive half-reactions using (S)-nicotine were generally significantly slower than that of wild-type NicA2. Notably, the reductive half-reaction of wild-type NicA2 is 5 orders of magnitude faster than the oxidative half-reaction with an apparent pseudo-first-order rate constant for the reaction of oxygen similar to kcat. X-ray crystal structures of the N462V and N462Y/W427Y variants complexed with (S)-nicotine (at 2.7 and 2.3 Å resolution, respectively) revealed no significant active-site rearrangements. A second substrate-binding site was identified in N462Y/W427Y, consistent with observed substrate inhibition. Together, these findings elucidate the mechanism of a flavoenzyme that preferentially oxidizes tertiary amines with an efficient reductive half-reaction and a very slow oxidative half-reaction when O2 is the oxidizing substrate, suggesting that the true oxidizing agent is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita A Tararina
- Program in Biomolecular Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Katie K Dam
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Manaswni Dhingra
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | | | - Bruce A Palfey
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, 5220E MSRB III 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Karen N Allen
- Program in Biomolecular Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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7
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Jiang F, Cao J, Kong R, Fang L, Wang B, Zhang S, Yang L, Cao X. MICAL2 regulates myofibroblasts differentiation in epidural fibrosis via SRF/MRTF-A signaling pathway. Life Sci 2021; 269:119045. [PMID: 33453238 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM To determine the role of MICAL2 in myofibroblasts differentiation and epidural fibrosis. BACKGROUND Epidural fibrosis (EF) may develop following laminectomy and aberrant myofibroblasts differentiation and excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation play key roles in the formation of EF. Dense epidural fibrosis results to the poor surgical outcomes and failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS), and there is no effective treatment available. Molecule interacting with Casl2 (MICAL2) has been demonstrated to participate in multiple cellular processes by regulating actin cytoskeleton dynamics. However, its role in epidural fibrosis remains totally unverified. MATERIALS AND METHODS The potential functions and mechanisms of MICAL2 were explored using western blotting, immunofluorescence and lentivirus infection. KEY FINDINGS In our study, we determined that the MICAL2 expression was elevated in epidural fibrotic tissues and TGF-β1-stimulated fibroblasts. Moreover, knockdown of MICAL2 using MICAL2-specific short hairpin RNA attenuated TGF-β1-induced myofibroblasts differentiation and epidural fibrosis both in vitro and vivo, as indicated by decreased scar formation, reduced collagen production and down-regulated expression of α-SMA, collagen-1 and fibronectin. We also demonstrated that MICAL2 knockdown affected the migratory capability of fibroblasts in vitro. By further mechanistic research, we revealed that the MRTF-A nuclear translocation was inhibited in response to the knockdown of MICAL2 in fibroblasts and MICAL2 served as a pro-fibrotic factor in an SRF/MRTF-A-dependent manner. SIGNIFICANCE In conclusion, our results indicated that MICAL2 mediated myofibroblasts differentiation and promoted epidural fibrogenesis via SRF/MRTF-A signaling pathway, suggesting manipulation of MICAL2 activity as a novel alternative strategy for the prevention of epidural fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiang Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Renyi Kong
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Le Fang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Binyu Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiaojian Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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8
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Varland S, Vandekerckhove J, Drazic A. Actin Post-translational Modifications: The Cinderella of Cytoskeletal Control. Trends Biochem Sci 2019; 44:502-516. [PMID: 30611609 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Actin is one of the most abundant proteins in eukaryotic cells and the main component of the microfilament system. It plays essential roles in numerous cellular activities, including muscle contraction, maintenance of cell integrity, and motility, as well as transcriptional regulation. Besides interacting with various actin-binding proteins (ABPs), proper actin function is regulated by post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as acetylation, arginylation, oxidation, and others. Here, we explain how actin PTMs can contribute to filament formation and stability, and may have additional actin regulatory functions, which potentially contribute to disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Varland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, N-5020 Bergen, Norway; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 53 A, N-5020 Bergen, Norway; Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Joël Vandekerckhove
- Department of Biochemistry, UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent University, Albert Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Adrian Drazic
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
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9
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Esposito A, Ventura V, Petoukhov MV, Rai A, Svergun DI, Vanoni MA. Human MICAL1: Activation by the small GTPase Rab8 and small-angle X-ray scattering studies on the oligomerization state of MICAL1 and its complex with Rab8. Protein Sci 2018; 28:150-166. [PMID: 30242933 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human MICAL1 is a member of a recently discovered family of multidomain proteins that couple a FAD-containing monooxygenase-like domain to typical protein interaction domains. Growing evidence implicates the NADPH oxidase reaction catalyzed by the flavoprotein domain in generation of hydrogen peroxide as a second messenger in an increasing number of cell types and as a specific modulator of actin filaments stability. Several proteins of the Rab families of small GTPases are emerging as regulators of MICAL activity by binding to its C-terminal helical domain presumably shifting the equilibrium from the free - auto-inhibited - conformation to the active one. We here extend the characterization of the MICAL1-Rab8 interaction and show that indeed Rab8, in the active GTP-bound state, stabilizes the active MICAL1 conformation causing a specific four-fold increase of kcat of the NADPH oxidase reaction. Kinetic data and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements support the formation of a 1:1 complex between full-length MICAL1 and Rab8 with an apparent dissociation constant of approximately 8 μM. This finding supports the hypothesis that Rab8 is a physiological regulator of MICAL1 activity and shows how the protein region preceding the C-terminal Rab-binding domain may mask one of the Rab-binding sites detected with the isolated C-terminal fragment. SAXS-based modeling allowed us to propose the first model of the free full-length MICAL1, which is consistent with an auto-inhibited conformation in which the C-terminal region prevents catalysis by interfering with the conformational changes that are predicted to occur during the catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Esposito
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Ventura
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Maxim V Petoukhov
- A.V. Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics" of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 59, 119333, Moscow, Russia.,A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 31, 119071, Moscow, Russia.,N.N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina str. 4, 119991, Moscow, Russia.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory, EMBL Hamburg Unit, c/o DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Amrita Rai
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227, Dortmund
| | - Dmitri I Svergun
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, EMBL Hamburg Unit, c/o DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria A Vanoni
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
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10
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Rich SK, Terman JR. Axon formation, extension, and navigation: only a neuroscience phenomenon? Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 53:174-182. [PMID: 30248549 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how neurons form, extend, and navigate their finger-like axonal and dendritic processes is crucial for developing therapeutics for the diseased and damaged brain. Although less well appreciated, many other types of cells also send out similar finger-like projections. Indeed, unlike neuronal specific phenomena such as synapse formation or synaptic transmission, an important issue for thought is that this critical long-standing question of how a cellular process like an axon or dendrite forms and extends is not primarily a neuroscience problem but a cell biological problem. In that case, the use of simple cellular processes - such as the bristle cell process of Drosophila - can aid in the fight to answer these critical questions. Specifically, determining how a model cellular process is generated can provide a framework for manipulations of all types of membranous process-containing cells, including different types of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon K Rich
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jonathan R Terman
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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11
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Wu H, Yesilyurt HG, Yoon J, Terman JR. The MICALs are a Family of F-actin Dismantling Oxidoreductases Conserved from Drosophila to Humans. Sci Rep 2018; 8:937. [PMID: 29343822 PMCID: PMC5772675 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17943-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular form and function – and thus normal development and physiology – are specified via proteins that control the organization and dynamic properties of the actin cytoskeleton. Using the Drosophila model, we have recently identified an unusual actin regulatory enzyme, Mical, which is directly activated by F-actin to selectively post-translationally oxidize and destabilize filaments – regulating numerous cellular behaviors. Mical proteins are also present in mammals, but their actin regulatory properties, including comparisons among different family members, remain poorly defined. We now find that each human MICAL family member, MICAL-1, MICAL-2, and MICAL-3, directly induces F-actin dismantling and controls F-actin-mediated cellular remodeling. Specifically, each human MICAL selectively associates with F-actin, which directly induces MICALs catalytic activity. We also find that each human MICAL uses an NADPH-dependent Redox activity to post-translationally oxidize actin’s methionine (M) M44/M47 residues, directly dismantling filaments and limiting new polymerization. Genetic experiments also demonstrate that each human MICAL drives F-actin disassembly in vivo, reshaping cells and their membranous extensions. Our results go on to reveal that MsrB/SelR reductase enzymes counteract each MICAL’s effect on F-actin in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, our results therefore define the MICALs as an important phylogenetically-conserved family of catalytically-acting F-actin disassembly factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Wu
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Harold C Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Hunkar Gizem Yesilyurt
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Harold C Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Jimok Yoon
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Harold C Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.,Drug Development Center, SK biopharmaceuticals Co. Ltd., Seongnam, 13494, Korea
| | - Jonathan R Terman
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Harold C Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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12
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Cai Y, Lu J, Tang F. Overexpression of MICAL2, a novel tumor-promoting factor, accelerates tumor progression through regulating cell proliferation and EMT. J Cancer 2018; 9:521-527. [PMID: 29483957 PMCID: PMC5820919 DOI: 10.7150/jca.22355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecule interacting with CasL 2 (MICAL2), a microtubule associated monooxygenase, is involved in cell growth, axon guidance, vesicle trafficking and apoptosis. Recent studies have demonstrated that MICAL2 is highly expressed in tumor and accelerates tumor progression and it is deemed to be a novel tumor-promoting factor. MICAL2 overexpression increases cell proliferation to accelerate tumor growth, and MICAL2 also promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins to increase cancer cell metastasis. On mechanism, MICAL2 induces EMT by regulating SRF (serum response factor)/MRTF-A (myocardin related transcription factor A) signaling, Semaphorin/Plexin pathway and inducing ROS (Reactive oxygen species) production. In the present review, we introduced MICAL family, expatiated the structure and functions of MICALs, and summarized the mechanisms of MICAL2 involving tumor progression. The challenges and perspectives for MICAL2 in tumor are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Cai
- Clinical Laboratory and Medical Research Center, Zhuhai Hospital, Jinan University, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinping Lu
- Clinical Laboratory and Medical Research Center, Zhuhai Hospital, Jinan University, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Faqing Tang
- Clinical Laboratory and Medical Research Center, Zhuhai Hospital, Jinan University, Zhuhai 519000, Guangdong, China
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13
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Abstract
Protein function can be regulated via post-translational modifications by numerous enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms, including oxidation of cysteine and methionine residues. Redox-dependent regulatory mechanisms have been identified for nearly every cellular process, but the major paradigm has been that cellular components are oxidized (damaged) by reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a relatively unspecific way, and then reduced (repaired) by designated reductases. While this scheme may work with cysteine, it cannot be ascribed to other residues, such as methionine, whose reaction with ROS is too slow to be biologically relevant. However, methionine is clearly oxidized in vivo and enzymes for its stereoselective reduction are present in all three domains of life. Here, we revisit the chemistry and biology of methionine oxidation, with emphasis on its generation by enzymes from the monooxygenase family. Particular attention is placed on MICALs, a recently discovered family of proteins that harbor an unusual flavin-monooxygenase domain with an NADPH-dependent methionine sulfoxidase activity. Based on structural and kinetic information we provide a rational framework to explain MICAL mechanism, inhibition, and regulation. Methionine residues that are targeted by MICALs are reduced back by methionine sulfoxide reductases, suggesting that reversible methionine oxidation may be a general mechanism analogous to the regulation by phosphorylation by kinases/phosphatases. The identification of new enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of methionine will open a new area of research at the forefront of redox signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Manta
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vadim N Gladyshev
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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14
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Vanoni MA. Structure-function studies of MICAL, the unusual multidomain flavoenzyme involved in actin cytoskeleton dynamics. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 632:118-141. [PMID: 28602956 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
MICAL (from the Molecule Interacting with CasL) indicates a family of multidomain proteins conserved from insects to humans, which are increasingly attracting attention for their participation in the control of actin cytoskeleton dynamics, and, therefore, in the several related key processes in health and disease. MICAL is unique among actin binding proteins because it catalyzes a NADPH-dependent F-actin depolymerizing reaction. This unprecedented reaction is associated with its N-terminal FAD-containing domain that is structurally related to p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase, the prototype of aromatic monooxygenases, but catalyzes a strong NADPH oxidase activity in the free state. This review will focus on the known structural and functional properties of MICAL forms in order to provide an overview of the arguments supporting the current hypotheses on the possible mechanism of action of MICAL in the free and F-actin bound state, on the modulating effect of the CH, LIM, and C-terminal domains that follow the catalytic flavoprotein domain on the MICAL activities, as well as that of small molecules and proteins interacting with MICAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antonietta Vanoni
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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15
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Mechanism of Rifampicin Inactivation in Nocardia farcinica. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162578. [PMID: 27706151 PMCID: PMC5051949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel mechanism of rifampicin (Rif) resistance has recently been reported in Nocardia farcinica. This new mechanism involves the activity of rifampicin monooxygenase (RifMO), a flavin-dependent monooxygenase that catalyzes the hydroxylation of Rif, which is the first step in the degradation pathway. Recombinant RifMO was overexpressed and purified for biochemical analysis. Kinetic characterization revealed that Rif binding is necessary for effective FAD reduction. RifMO exhibits only a 3-fold coenzyme preference for NADPH over NADH. RifMO catalyzes the incorporation of a single oxygen atom forming an unstable intermediate that eventually is converted to 2'-N-hydroxy-4-oxo-Rif. Stable C4a-hydroperoxyflavin was not detected by rapid kinetics methods, which is consistent with only 30% of the activated oxygen leading to product formation. These findings represent the first reported detailed biochemical characterization of a flavin-monooxygenase involved in antibiotic resistance.
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16
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Wilson C, Terman JR, González-Billault C, Ahmed G. Actin filaments-A target for redox regulation. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2016; 73:577-595. [PMID: 27309342 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Actin and its ability to polymerize into dynamic filaments is critical for the form and function of cells throughout the body. While multiple proteins have been characterized as affecting actin dynamics through noncovalent means, actin and its protein regulators are also susceptible to covalent modifications of their amino acid residues. In this regard, oxidation-reduction (Redox) intermediates have emerged as key modulators of the actin cytoskeleton with multiple different effects on cellular form and function. Here, we review work implicating Redox intermediates in post-translationally altering actin and discuss what is known regarding how these alterations affect the properties of actin. We also focus on two of the best characterized enzymatic sources of these Redox intermediates-the NADPH oxidase NOX and the flavoprotein monooxygenase MICAL-and detail how they have both been identified as altering actin, but share little similarity and employ different means to regulate actin dynamics. Finally, we discuss the role of these enzymes and redox signaling in regulating the actin cytoskeleton in vivo and highlight their importance for neuronal form and function in health and disease. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Wilson
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad De Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, 7800024, Chile.,Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jonathan R Terman
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390. .,Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390.
| | - Christian González-Billault
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad De Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, 7800024, Chile. .,Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile. .,The Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California 94945.
| | - Giasuddin Ahmed
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390.,Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390
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17
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Grintsevich EE, Yesilyurt HG, Rich SK, Hung RJ, Terman JR, Reisler E. F-actin dismantling through a redox-driven synergy between Mical and cofilin. Nat Cell Biol 2016; 18:876-85. [PMID: 27454820 PMCID: PMC4966907 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Numerous cellular functions depend on actin filament (F-actin) disassembly. The
best-characterized disassembly proteins, the ADF/cofilins/twinstar, sever filaments and
recycle monomers to promote actin assembly. Cofilin is also a relatively weak actin
disassembler, posing questions about mechanisms of cellular F-actin destabilization. Here
we uncover a key link to targeted F-actin disassembly by finding that F-actin is
efficiently dismantled through a post-translational-mediated synergism between cofilin and
the actin-oxidizing enzyme Mical. We find that Mical-mediated oxidation of actin improves
cofilin binding to filaments, where their combined effect dramatically accelerates F-actin
disassembly compared to either effector alone. This synergism is also necessary and
sufficient for F-actin disassembly in vivo, magnifying the effects of
both Mical and cofilin on cellular remodeling, axon guidance, and Semaphorin/Plexin
repulsion. Mical and cofilin, therefore, form a Redox-dependent synergistic pair that
promotes F-actin instability by rapidly dismantling F-actin and generating
post-translationally modified actin that has altered assembly properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena E Grintsevich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Hunkar Gizem Yesilyurt
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Shannon K Rich
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Ruei-Jiun Hung
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Jonathan R Terman
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Emil Reisler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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18
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Properties and catalytic activities of MICAL1, the flavoenzyme involved in cytoskeleton dynamics, and modulation by its CH, LIM and C-terminal domains. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 593:24-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Sorrentino L, Calogero AM, Pandini V, Vanoni MA, Sevrioukova IF, Aliverti A. Key Role of the Adenylate Moiety and Integrity of the Adenylate-Binding Site for the NAD(+)/H Binding to Mitochondrial Apoptosis-Inducing Factor. Biochemistry 2015; 54:6996-7009. [PMID: 26535916 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) is a mitochondrial flavoprotein with pro-life and pro-death activities, which plays critical roles in mitochondrial energy metabolism and caspase-independent apoptosis. Defects in AIF structure or expression can cause mitochondrial abnormalities leading to mitochondrial defects and neurodegeneration. The mechanism of AIF-induced apoptosis was extensively investigated, whereas the mitochondrial function of AIF is poorly understood. A unique feature of AIF is the ability to form a tight, air-stable charge-transfer (CT) complex upon reaction with NADH and to undergo a conformational switch leading to dimerization, proposed to be important for its vital and lethal functions. Although some aspects of interaction of AIF with NAD(+)/H have been analyzed, its precise mechanism is not fully understood. We investigated how the oxidized and photoreduced wild-type and G307A and -E variants of murine AIF associate with NAD(+)/H and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN(+)/H) to determine the role of the adenylate moiety in the binding process. Our results indicate that (i) the adenylate moiety of NAD(+)/H is crucial for the association with AIF and for the subsequent structural reorganization of the complex, but not for protein dimerization, (ii) FAD reduction rather than binding of NAD(+)/H to AIF initiates conformational rearrangement, and (iii) alteration of the adenylate-binding site by the G307E (equivalent to a pathological G308E mutation in human AIF) or G307A replacements decrease the affinity and association rate of NAD(+)/H, which, in turn, perturbs CT complex formation and protein dimerization but has no influence on the conformational switch in the regulatory peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Sorrentino
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Vittorio Pandini
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Vanoni
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Irina F Sevrioukova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697-3900, United States
| | - Alessandro Aliverti
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
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20
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Gellert M, Hanschmann EM, Lepka K, Berndt C, Lillig CH. Redox regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics during differentiation and de-differentiation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1850:1575-87. [PMID: 25450486 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cytoskeleton, unlike the bony vertebrate skeleton or the exoskeleton of invertebrates, is a highly dynamic meshwork of protein filaments that spans through the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. Especially actin filaments and microtubuli do not only provide structure and points of attachments, but they also shape cells, they are the basis for intracellular transport and distribution, all types of cell movement, and--through specific junctions and points of adhesion--join cells together to form tissues, organs, and organisms. SCOPE OF REVIEW The fine tuned regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics is thus indispensible for cell differentiation and all developmental processes. Here, we discussed redox signalling mechanisms that control this dynamic remodeling. Foremost, we emphasised recent discoveries that demonstrated reversible thiol and methionyl switches in the regulation of actin dynamics. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Thiol and methionyl switches play an essential role in the regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The dynamic remodeling of the cytoskeleton is controlled by various redox switches. These mechanisms are indispensible during development and organogenesis and might contribute to numerous pathological conditions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Redox regulation of differentiation and de-differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Gellert
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Hanschmann
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Klaudia Lepka
- Klinik für Neurologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Carsten Berndt
- Klinik für Neurologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christopher Horst Lillig
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, Greifswald, Germany.
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21
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MICAL—methionine sulfoxide reductase couple: a new target for the development of neuroprotective strategies. Russ Chem Bull 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-014-0686-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Huijbers MME, Montersino S, Westphal AH, Tischler D, van Berkel WJH. Flavin dependent monooxygenases. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 544:2-17. [PMID: 24361254 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Flavin-dependent monooxygenases catalyze a wide variety of chemo-, regio- and enantioselective oxygenation reactions. As such, they are involved in key biological processes ranging from catabolism, detoxification and biosynthesis, to light emission and axon guidance. Based on fold and function, flavin-dependent monooxygenases can be distributed into eight groups. Groups A and B comprise enzymes that rely on NAD(P)H as external electron donor. Groups C-F are two-protein systems, composed of a monooxygenase and a flavin reductase. Groups G and H comprise internal monooxygenases that reduce the flavin cofactor through substrate oxidation. Recently, many new flavin-dependent monooxygenases have been discovered. In addition to posing basic enzymological questions, these proteins attract attention of pharmaceutical and fine-chemical industries, given their importance as regio- and enantioselective biocatalysts. In this review we present an update of the classification of flavin-dependent monooxygenases and summarize the latest advances in our understanding of their catalytic and structural properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke M E Huijbers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefania Montersino
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adrie H Westphal
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Tischler
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Interdisciplinary Ecological Center, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Willem J H van Berkel
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenlaan 3, 6703 HA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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