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Liu S, Chowdhury EA, Xu V, Jerez A, Mahmood L, Ly BQ, Le HK, Nguyen A, Rajwade A, Meno-Tetang G, Shah DK. Whole-Body Disposition and Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Adeno-Associated Viruses and the Transgene Product. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:141-157. [PMID: 37805073 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
To facilitate model-informed drug development (MIDD) of adeno-associated virus (AAV) therapy, here we have developed a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for AAVs following preclinical investigation in mice. After 2E11 Vg/mouse dose of AAV8 and AAV9 encoding a monoclonal antibody (mAb) gene, whole-body disposition of both the vector and the transgene mAb was evaluated over 3 weeks. At steady-state, the following tissue-to-blood (T/B) concentration ratios were found for AAV8/9: ∼50 for liver; ∼10 for heart and muscle; ∼2 for brain, lung, kidney, adipose, and spleen; ≤1 for bone, skin, and pancreas. T/B values for mAb were compared with the antibody biodistribution coefficients, and five different clusters of organs were identified based on their transgene expression profile. All the biodistribution data were used to develop a novel AAV PBPK model that incorporates: (i) whole-body distribution of the vector; (ii) binding, internalization, and intracellular processing of the vector; (iii) transgene expression and secretion; and (iv) whole-body disposition of the secreted transgene product. The model was able to capture systemic and tissue PK of the vector and the transgene-produced mAb reasonably well. Pathway analysis of the PBPK model suggested that liver, muscle, and heart are the main contributors for the secreted transgene mAb. Unprecedented PK data and the novel PBPK model developed here provide the foundation for quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) investigations of AAV-mediated gene therapies. The PBPK model can also serve as a quantitative tool for preclinical study design and preclinical-to-clinical translation of AAV-based gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufang Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Ekram Ahmed Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Vivian Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Anthony Jerez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Leeha Mahmood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Bao Quoc Ly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Huyen Khanh Le
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Anne Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Aneesh Rajwade
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Guy Meno-Tetang
- Neuroscience, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Dhaval K Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States.
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2
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Wright JF. Re-administration of AAV vectors by masking with host albumin: A Goldilocks hypothesis. Mol Ther 2023; 31:1870-1873. [PMID: 37369207 PMCID: PMC10362410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J Fraser Wright
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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3
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Large EE, Chapman MS. Adeno-associated virus receptor complexes and implications for adeno-associated virus immune neutralization. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1116896. [PMID: 36846761 PMCID: PMC9950413 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1116896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) are among the foremost vectors for in vivo gene therapy. A number of monoclonal antibodies against several serotypes of AAV have previously been prepared. Many are neutralizing, and the predominant mechanisms have been reported as the inhibition of binding to extracellular glycan receptors or interference with some post-entry step. The identification of a protein receptor and recent structural characterization of its interactions with AAV compel reconsideration of this tenet. AAVs can be divided into two families based on which domain of the receptor is strongly bound. Neighboring domains, unseen in the high-resolution electron microscopy structures have now been located by electron tomography, pointing away from the virus. The epitopes of neutralizing antibodies, previously characterized, are now compared to the distinct protein receptor footprints of the two families of AAV. Comparative structural analysis suggests that antibody interference with protein receptor binding might be the more prevalent mechanism than interference with glycan attachment. Limited competitive binding assays give some support to the hypothesis that inhibition of binding to the protein receptor has been an overlooked mechanism of neutralization. More extensive testing is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael S. Chapman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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4
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Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has a single-stranded DNA genome encapsidated in a small icosahedrally symmetric protein shell with 60 subunits. AAV is the leading delivery vector in emerging gene therapy treatments for inherited disorders, so its structure and molecular interactions with human hosts are of intense interest. A wide array of electron microscopic approaches have been used to visualize the virus and its complexes, depending on the scientific question, technology available, and amenability of the sample. Approaches range from subvolume tomographic analyses of complexes with large and flexible host proteins to detailed analysis of atomic interactions within the virus and with small ligands at resolutions as high as 1.6 Å. Analyses have led to the reclassification of glycan receptors as attachment factors, to structures with a new-found receptor protein, to identification of the epitopes of antibodies, and a new understanding of possible neutralization mechanisms. AAV is now well-enough characterized that it has also become a model system for EM methods development. Heralding a new era, cryo-EM is now also being deployed as an analytic tool in the process development and production quality control of high value pharmaceutical biologics, namely AAV vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott
M. Stagg
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
- Institute
of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Craig Yoshioka
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health
& Science University, Portland Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Omar Davulcu
- Environmental
Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, 3335 Innovation Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Michael S. Chapman
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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5
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Gale P. Using thermodynamic equilibrium models to predict the effect of antiviral agents on infectivity: Theoretical application to SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses. MICROBIAL RISK ANALYSIS 2022; 21:100198. [PMID: 34901357 PMCID: PMC8642839 DOI: 10.1016/j.mran.2021.100198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Thermodynamic equilibrium models predict the infectivity of novel and emerging viruses using molecular data including the binding affinity of the virus to the host cell (as represented by the association constant Ka_virus_T) and the probability, pvirogenesis, of the virus replicating after entry to the cell. Here those models are adapted based on the principles of ligand binding to macromolecules to assess the effect on virus infectivity of inhibitor molecules which target specific proteins of the virus. Three types of inhibitor are considered using the thermodynamic equilibrium model for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection of the human lung with parameters for the strength and nature of the interaction between the target virus protein and the inhibitor molecule. The first is competitive inhibition of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (SGP) trimer binding to its human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor by unfractionated heparin (UFH). Using a novel approach presented here, a value of Ka_virus_T = 3.53 × 1017 M-1 is calculated for SARS-CoV-2 from the IC50 for inhibition by UFH of SARS-CoV-2 plaque formation in cell culture together with the dissociation constant KVI of 0.73 × 10-10 M reported for heparin binding to SARS-CoV-2 SGP trimer. Such a high Ka_virus_T limits the effectiveness of competitive inhibitors such as UFH. The second is the attachment of a nanoparticle such as a zinc oxide tetrapod (ZnOT) to the virus shell as for herpes simplex virus (HSV). The increase in molecular weight through ZnOT attachment is predicted to decrease Ka_virus_T by orders of magnitude by making the entropy change (ΔSa_immob) on immobilisation of the ZnOT:virus complex on cell binding more negative than for the virus alone. According to the model, ZnOT acts synergistically with UFH at the IC50 of 33 μg/cm3 which together decrease viral infectivity by 61,000-fold compared to the two-fold and three-fold decreases predicted for UFH alone at the IC50 and for ZnOT alone respectively. According to the model here, UFH alone at its peak deliverable dose to the lung of 1,000 μg/cm3 only decreases infectivity by 31-fold. Practicable approaches to target and decrease ΔSa_immob for respiratory viruses should therefore be considered. The combination of decreasing ΔSa_immob together with blocking the interaction of virus surface protein with its host cell receptor may achieve synergistic effects for faecal-oral viruses and HSV. The third is reversible noncompetitive inhibition of the viral main protease (Mpro) for which the decrease in pvirogenesis is assumed to be proportional to the decrease in enzyme activity as predicted by enzyme kinetic equations for a given concentration of inhibitor which binds to Mpro with dissociation constant Ki. Virologists reporting viral inhibition studies are urged to report the concentration of cells in the cell culture experiment as this is a key parameter in estimating Ka_virus_T here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Gale
- Independent Scientist, 15 Weare Close, Portland, Dorset, DT5 1JP, UK
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6
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Meyer NL, Chapman MS. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) cell entry: structural insights. Trends Microbiol 2022; 30:432-451. [PMID: 34711462 PMCID: PMC11225776 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is the leading vector in emerging treatments of inherited diseases. Higher transduction efficiencies and cellular specificity are required for broader clinical application, motivating investigations of virus-host molecular interactions during cell entry. High-throughput methods are identifying host proteins more comprehensively, with subsequent molecular studies revealing unanticipated complexity and serotype specificity. Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) provides a path towards structural details of these sometimes heterogeneous virus-host complexes, and is poised to illuminate more fully the steps in entry. Here presented, is progress in understanding the distinct steps of glycan attachment, and receptor-mediated entry/trafficking. Comparison with structures of antibody complexes provides new insights on immune neutralization with implications for the design of improved gene therapy vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L Meyer
- Pacific Northwest Cryo-EM Center, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU) Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Michael S Chapman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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7
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Enhanced Antiviral Function of Magnesium Chloride-Modified Heparin on a Broad Spectrum of Viruses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810075. [PMID: 34576237 PMCID: PMC8466540 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies reported on the broad-spectrum antiviral function of heparin. Here we investigated the antiviral function of magnesium-modified heparin and found that modified heparin displayed a significantly enhanced antiviral function against human adenovirus (HAdV) in immortalized and primary cells. Nuclear magnetic resonance analyses revealed a conformational change of heparin when complexed with magnesium. To broadly explore this discovery, we tested the antiviral function of modified heparin against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and found that the replication of HSV-1 was even further decreased compared to aciclovir. Moreover, we investigated the antiviral effect against the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and measured a 55-fold decreased viral load in the supernatant of infected cells associated with a 38-fold decrease in virus growth. The advantage of our modified heparin is an increased antiviral effect compared to regular heparin.
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8
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Kuklik J, Michelfelder S, Schiele F, Kreuz S, Lamla T, Müller P, Park JE. Development of a Bispecific Antibody-Based Platform for Retargeting of Capsid Modified AAV Vectors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158355. [PMID: 34361120 PMCID: PMC8347852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A major limiting factor for systemically delivered gene therapies is the lack of novel tissue specific AAV (Adeno-associated virus) derived vectors. Bispecific antibodies can be used to redirect AAVs to specific target receptors. Here, we demonstrate that the insertion of a short linear epitope “2E3” derived from human proprotein-convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) into different surface loops of the VP capsid proteins can be used for AAV de-targeting from its natural receptor(s), combined with a bispecific antibody-mediated retargeting. We chose to target a set of distinct disease relevant membrane proteins—fibroblast activation protein (FAP), which is upregulated on activated fibroblasts within the tumor stroma and in fibrotic tissues, as well as programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), which is strongly upregulated in many cancers. Upon incubation with a bispecific antibody recognizing the 2E3 epitope and FAP or PD-L1, the bispecific antibody/rAAV complex was able to selectively transduce receptor positive cells. In summary, we developed a novel, rationally designed vector retargeting platform that can target AAVs to a new set of cellular receptors in a modular fashion. This versatile platform may serve as a valuable tool to investigate the role of disease relevant cell types and basis for novel gene therapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Kuklik
- Division of Cancer Immunology and Immune Modulation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88387 Biberach an der Riss, Germany;
| | - Stefan Michelfelder
- Division of Research Beyond Borders, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88387 Biberach an der Riss, Germany; (S.M.); (S.K.)
| | - Felix Schiele
- Division of Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88387 Biberach an der Riss, Germany;
| | - Sebastian Kreuz
- Division of Research Beyond Borders, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88387 Biberach an der Riss, Germany; (S.M.); (S.K.)
- Boehringer Ingelheim Venture Fund GmbH, 55216 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany;
| | - Thorsten Lamla
- Division of Drug Discovery Sciences Biberach, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88387 Biberach an der Riss, Germany;
| | - Philipp Müller
- Boehringer Ingelheim Venture Fund GmbH, 55216 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany;
| | - John E. Park
- Division of Cancer Immunology and Immune Modulation, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88387 Biberach an der Riss, Germany;
- Correspondence:
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9
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Large EE, Silveria MA, Zane GM, Weerakoon O, Chapman MS. Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) Gene Delivery: Dissecting Molecular Interactions upon Cell Entry. Viruses 2021; 13:1336. [PMID: 34372542 PMCID: PMC8310307 DOI: 10.3390/v13071336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human gene therapy has advanced from twentieth-century conception to twenty-first-century reality. The recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus (rAAV) is a major gene therapy vector. Research continues to improve rAAV safety and efficacy using a variety of AAV capsid modification strategies. Significant factors influencing rAAV transduction efficiency include neutralizing antibodies, attachment factor interactions and receptor binding. Advances in understanding the molecular interactions during rAAV cell entry combined with improved capsid modulation strategies will help guide the design and engineering of safer and more efficient rAAV gene therapy vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michael S. Chapman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA; (E.E.L.); (M.A.S.); (G.M.Z.); (O.W.)
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10
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Cabanes-Creus M, Hallwirth CV, Westhaus A, Ng BH, Liao SHY, Zhu E, Navarro RG, Baltazar G, Drouyer M, Scott S, Logan GJ, Santilli G, Bennett A, Ginn SL, McCaughan G, Thrasher AJ, Agbandje-McKenna M, Alexander IE, Lisowski L. Restoring the natural tropism of AAV2 vectors for human liver. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/560/eaba3312. [PMID: 32908003 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aba3312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent clinical successes in gene therapy applications have intensified interest in using adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) as vectors for therapeutic gene delivery. Although prototypical AAV2 shows robust in vitro transduction of human hepatocyte-derived cell lines, it has not translated into an effective vector for liver-directed gene therapy in vivo. This is consistent with observations made in Fah-/-/Rag2-/-/Il2rg-/- (FRG) mice with humanized livers, showing that AAV2 functions poorly in this xenograft model. Here, we derived naturally hepatotropic AAV capsid sequences from primary human liver samples. We demonstrated that capsid mutations, likely acquired as an unintentional consequence of tissue culture propagation, attenuated the intrinsic human hepatic tropism of natural AAV2 and related human liver AAV isolates. These mutations resulted in amino acid changes that increased binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG), which has been regarded as the primary cellular receptor mediating AAV2 infection of human hepatocytes. Propagation of natural AAV variants in vitro showed tissue culture adaptation with resulting loss of tropism for human hepatocytes. In vivo readaptation of the prototypical AAV2 in FRG mice with a humanized liver resulted in restoration of the intrinsic hepatic tropism of AAV2 through decreased binding to HSPG. Our results challenge the notion that high affinity for HSPG is essential for AAV2 entry into human hepatocytes and suggest that natural AAV capsids of human liver origin are likely to be more effective for liver-targeted gene therapy applications than culture-adapted AAV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marti Cabanes-Creus
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Claus V Hallwirth
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Adrian Westhaus
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.,Great Ormond Institute of Child Health, University College London, WC1N 1EH London, UK
| | - Boaz H Ng
- Vector and Genome Engineering Facility, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Sophia H Y Liao
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Erhua Zhu
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Renina Gale Navarro
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Grober Baltazar
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Matthieu Drouyer
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Suzanne Scott
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.,Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Grant J Logan
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Giorgia Santilli
- Great Ormond Institute of Child Health, University College London, WC1N 1EH London, UK
| | - Antonette Bennett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Samantha L Ginn
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Geoff McCaughan
- Liver Injury and Cancer Program, Centenary Research Institute, A.W Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Australian National Liver Transplant Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- Great Ormond Institute of Child Health, University College London, WC1N 1EH London, UK
| | - Mavis Agbandje-McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Ian E Alexander
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and Children's Hospital at Westmead, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Leszek Lisowski
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia. .,Vector and Genome Engineering Facility, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.,Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Centre, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
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11
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Investigation of the Differences in Antithrombin to Heparin Binding among Antithrombin Budapest 3, Basel, and Padua Mutations by Biochemical and In Silico Methods. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11040544. [PMID: 33917853 PMCID: PMC8068293 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antithrombin (AT) is a serine protease inhibitor, its activity is highly accelerated by heparin. Mutations at the heparin-binding region lead to functional defect, type II heparin-binding site (IIHBS) AT deficiency. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the molecular background of AT Budapest 3 (p.Leu131Phe, ATBp3), AT Basel (p.Pro73Leu), and AT Padua (p.Arg79His) mutations. Advanced in silico methods and heparin-binding studies of recombinant AT proteins using surface plasmon resonance method were used. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis and Differential Scanning Fluorimetry (NanoDSF) were performed in plasma samples. Heparin affinity of AT Padua was the lowest (KD = 1.08 × 10-6 M) and had the most severe consequences affecting the allosteric pathways of activation, moreover significant destabilizing effects on AT were also observed. KD values for AT Basel, ATBp3 and wild-type AT were 7.64 × 10-7 M, 2.15 × 10-8 M and 6.4 × 10-10 M, respectively. Heparin-binding of AT Basel was slower, however once the complex was formed the mutation had only minor effect on the secondary and tertiary structures. Allosteric activation of ATBp3 was altered, moreover decreased thermostability in ATBp3 homozygous plasma and increased fluctuations in multiple regions of ATBp3 were observed by in silico methods suggesting the presence of a quantitative component in the pathogenicity of this mutation due to molecular instability.
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12
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Chowdhury EA, Meno-Tetang G, Chang HY, Wu S, Huang HW, Jamier T, Chandran J, Shah DK. Current progress and limitations of AAV mediated delivery of protein therapeutic genes and the importance of developing quantitative pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) models. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 170:214-237. [PMID: 33486008 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
While protein therapeutics are one of the most successful class of drug molecules, they are expensive and not suited for treating chronic disorders that require long-term dosing. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) mediated in vivo gene therapy represents a viable alternative, which can deliver the genes of protein therapeutics to produce long-term expression of proteins in target tissues. Ongoing clinical trials and recent regulatory approvals demonstrate great interest in these therapeutics, however, there is a lack of understanding regarding their cellular disposition, whole-body disposition, dose-exposure relationship, exposure-response relationship, and how product quality and immunogenicity affects these important properties. In addition, there is a lack of quantitative studies to support the development of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic models, which can support the discovery, development, and clinical translation of this delivery system. In this review, we have provided a state-of-the-art overview of current progress and limitations related to AAV mediated delivery of protein therapeutic genes, along with our perspective on the steps that need to be taken to improve clinical translation of this therapeutic modality.
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13
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Yan L, Wang D, Yu Y, Zhang F, Ye X, Linhardt RJ, Chen S. Fucosylated Chondroitin Sulfate 9-18 Oligomers Exhibit Molecular Size-Independent Antithrombotic Activity while Circulating in the Blood. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:2232-2246. [PMID: 32786291 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (FCS) oligosaccharides extracted from sea cucumber and depolymerized exhibit potent anticoagulant activity. Knowledge of the antithrombotic activity of different size oligosaccharides and their fucose (Fuc) branch sulfation pattern should promote their development for clinical applications. We prepared highly purified FCS trisaccharide repeating units from hexasaccharide (6-mer) to octadecasaccharide (18-mer), including those with 2,4-disulfated and 3,4-disulfated Fuc branches. All 10 oligosaccharides were identified by their nuclear magnetic resonance structures and ESI-FTMS spectroscopy. In vitro anticoagulant activities and surface plasmon resonance binding tests indicated those of larger molecular sizes and 2,4-disulfated Fuc branches showed stronger anticoagulant effects with respect to anti-FXase activity, as well as stronger binding to FIXa among various clotting proteins. However, both types of FCS 9-mer to 18-mer exhibited molecular size-independent potent antithrombotic activity in vivo at the same dose. In addition, both types of the FCS 6-mer exhibited favorable antithrombotic activity in vivo, although they showed weak anticoagulant activity in vitro. Combining absorption and metabolism studies, we conclude that FCS 9-18 oligomers could remain in the circulation to interact with various clotting proteins to prevent thrombus formation, and appreciable quantities of these oligomers could be excreted through the kidneys. All FCS 9-18 oligomers also resulted in no bleeding, hypotension, or platelet aggregation risk during blood circulation. Thus, FCS 9-18 oligomers with 2,4-disulfated or 3,4-disulfated Fuc branches exhibit potent and safe antithrombotic activity needed for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lufeng Yan
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotechnology Center 4005, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Danli Wang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yanlei Yu
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotechnology Center 4005, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotechnology Center 4005, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Xingqian Ye
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies and Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotechnology Center 4005, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Shiguo Chen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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14
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Mary B, Maurya S, Kumar M, Bammidi S, Kumar V, Jayandharan GR. Molecular Engineering of Adeno-Associated Virus Capsid Improves Its Therapeutic Gene Transfer in Murine Models of Hemophilia and Retinal Degeneration. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4738-4750. [PMID: 31596095 PMCID: PMC7035104 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based gene therapy has been promising, but several host-related transduction or immune challenges remain. For this mode of therapy to be widely applicable, it is crucial to develop high transduction and permeating vectors that infect the target at significantly low doses. Because glycosylation of capsid proteins is known to be rate limiting in the life cycle of many viruses, we reasoned that perturbation of glycosylation sites in AAV2 capsid will enhance gene delivery. In our first set experiments, pharmacological modulation of the glycosylation status in host cells, modestly decreased (1-fold) AAV2 packaging efficacy while it improved their gene expression (∼74%) in vitro. We then generated 24 mutant AAV2 vectors modified to potentially create or disrupt a glycosylation site in its capsid. Three of them demonstrated a 1.3-2.5-fold increase in transgene expression in multiple cell lines (HeLa, Huh7, and ARPE-19). Hepatic gene transfer of these vectors in hemophilia B mice, resulted in a 2-fold increase in human coagulation factor (F)IX levels, while its T/B-cell immunogenic response was unaltered. Subsequently, intravitreal gene transfer of glycosylation site-modified vectors in C57BL6/J mice demonstrated an increase in green fluorescence protein expression (∼2- to 4-fold) and enhanced permeation across retina. Subretinal administration of these modified vectors containing RPE65 gene further rescued the photoreceptor response in a murine model of Leber congenital amarousis. Our studies highlight the translational potential of glycosylation site-modified AAV2 vectors for hepatic and ocular gene therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertin Mary
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208 016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shubham Maurya
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208 016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohit Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208 016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sridhar Bammidi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208 016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Core Facility, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198, Nebraska, United States
| | - Giridhara R. Jayandharan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208 016, Uttar Pradesh, India
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15
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Meyer NL, Hu G, Davulcu O, Xie Q, Noble AJ, Yoshioka C, Gingerich DS, Trzynka A, David L, Stagg SM, Chapman MS. Structure of the gene therapy vector, adeno-associated virus with its cell receptor, AAVR. eLife 2019; 8:e44707. [PMID: 31115336 PMCID: PMC6561701 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are preeminent in emerging clinical gene therapies. Generalizing beyond the most tractable genetic diseases will require modulation of cell specificity and immune neutralization. Interactions of AAV with its cellular receptor, AAVR, are key to understanding cell-entry and trafficking with the rigor needed to engineer tissue-specific vectors. Cryo-electron tomography shows ordered binding of part of the flexible receptor to the viral surface, with distal domains in multiple conformations. Regions of the virus and receptor in close physical proximity can be identified by cross-linking/mass spectrometry. Cryo-electron microscopy with a two-domain receptor fragment reveals the interactions at 2.4 Å resolution. AAVR binds between AAV's spikes on a plateau that is conserved, except in one clade whose structure is AAVR-incompatible. AAVR's footprint overlaps the epitopes of several neutralizing antibodies, prompting a re-evaluation of neutralization mechanisms. The structure provides a roadmap for experimental probing and manipulation of viral-receptor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L Meyer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Guiqing Hu
- Institute Molecular BiophysicsFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeUnited States
| | - Omar Davulcu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Qing Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Alex J Noble
- Institute Molecular BiophysicsFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeUnited States
| | - Craig Yoshioka
- OHSU Center for Spatial Systems BiomedicinePortlandUnited States
| | - Drew S Gingerich
- OHSU Center for Spatial Systems BiomedicinePortlandUnited States
| | - Andrew Trzynka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Larry David
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Scott M Stagg
- Institute Molecular BiophysicsFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeUnited States
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryFlorida State UniversityTallahasseeUnited States
| | - Michael Stewart Chapman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of MissouriColumbiaUnited States
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16
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Chandra N, Liu Y, Liu JX, Frängsmyr L, Wu N, Silva LM, Lindström M, Chai W, Pedrosa Domellöf F, Feizi T, Arnberg N. Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans as Viral Decoy Receptors for Human Adenovirus Type 37. Viruses 2019; 11:E247. [PMID: 30871026 PMCID: PMC6466042 DOI: 10.3390/v11030247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycans on plasma membranes and in secretions play important roles in infection by many viruses. Species D human adenovirus type 37 (HAdV-D37) is a major cause of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) and infects target cells by interacting with sialic acid (SA)-containing glycans via the fiber knob domain of the viral fiber protein. HAdV-D37 also interacts with sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), but the outcome of this interaction remains unknown. Here, we investigated the molecular requirements of HAdV-D37 fiber knob:GAG interactions using a GAG microarray and demonstrated that fiber knob interacts with a broad range of sulfated GAGs. These interactions were corroborated in cell-based assays and by surface plasmon resonance analysis. Removal of heparan sulfate (HS) and sulfate groups from human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells by heparinase III and sodium chlorate treatments, respectively, reduced HAdV-D37 binding to cells. Remarkably, removal of HS by heparinase III enhanced the virus infection. Our results suggest that interaction of HAdV-D37 with sulfated GAGs in secretions and on plasma membranes prevents/delays the virus binding to SA-containing receptors and inhibits subsequent infection. We also found abundant HS in the basement membrane of the human corneal epithelium, which may act as a barrier to sub-epithelial infection. Collectively, our findings provide novel insights into the role of GAGs as viral decoy receptors and highlight the therapeutic potential of GAGs and/or GAG-mimetics in HAdV-D37 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Chandra
- Section of Virology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Yan Liu
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Jing-Xia Liu
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden.
- Department of Clinical Science, Ophthalmology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Lars Frängsmyr
- Section of Virology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Nian Wu
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Lisete M Silva
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Mona Lindström
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden.
- Department of Clinical Science, Ophthalmology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Wengang Chai
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Fatima Pedrosa Domellöf
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden.
- Department of Clinical Science, Ophthalmology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Ten Feizi
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Niklas Arnberg
- Section of Virology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, SE-90185 Umeå, Sweden.
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17
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Raghunathan R, Polinski NK, Klein JA, Hogan JD, Shao C, Khatri K, Leon D, McComb ME, Manfredsson FP, Sortwell CE, Zaia J. Glycomic and Proteomic Changes in Aging Brain Nigrostriatal Pathway. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:1778-1787. [PMID: 29915149 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.000680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological disorder characterized by the progressive loss of functional dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway in the brain. Although current treatments provide only symptomatic relief, gene therapy has the potential to slow or halt the degeneration of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons in PD patients. Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) are vectors of choice in gene therapy because of their well-characterized safety and efficacy profiles; however, although gene therapy has been successful in preclinical models of the disease, clinical trials in humans have failed to demonstrate efficacy. Significantly, all primary AAV receptors of the virus are glycans. We thus hypothesize that age related changes in glycan receptors of heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans (receptor for rAAV2), and/or N-glycans with terminal galactose (receptor for rAAV9) results in poor adeno-associated virus binding in either the striatum or substantia nigra, or both, affecting transduction and gene delivery. To test our hypothesis we analyzed the striatum and substantia nigra for changes in HS, N-glycans and proteomic signatures in young versus aged rat brain striatum and substantia nigra. We observed different brain region-specific HS disaccharide profiles in aged compared with young adult rats for brain region-specific profiles in striatum versus substantia nigra. We observed brain region- and age-specific N-glycan compositional profiles with respect to the terminal galactose units that serve as receptors for AAV9. We also observed brain region-specific changes in protein expression in the aging nigrostriatal pathway. These studies provide insight into age- and brain region-specific changes in glycan receptors and proteome that will inform design of improved viral vectors for Parkinson Disease (PD) gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Raghunathan
- From the ‡Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nicole K Polinski
- ‖Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University
| | - Joshua A Klein
- ¶Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John D Hogan
- ¶Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chun Shao
- §Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kshitij Khatri
- §Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Deborah Leon
- §Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark E McComb
- §Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Fredric P Manfredsson
- ‖Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University
| | - Caryl E Sortwell
- ‖Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University
| | - Joseph Zaia
- From the ‡Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts; .,§Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University Medical Campus, Boston, Massachusetts.,¶Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
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18
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An Alternate Route for Adeno-associated Virus (AAV) Entry Independent of AAV Receptor. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.02213-17. [PMID: 29343568 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02213-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Determinants and mechanisms of cell attachment and entry steer adeno-associated virus (AAV) in its utility as a gene therapy vector. Thus far, a systematic assessment of how diverse AAV serotypes engage their proteinaceous receptor AAVR (KIAA0319L) to establish transduction has been lacking, despite potential implications for cell and tissue tropism. Here, a large set of human and simian AAVs as well as in silico-reconstructed ancestral AAV capsids were interrogated for AAVR usage. We identified a distinct AAV capsid lineage comprised of AAV4 and AAVrh32.33 that can bind and transduce cells in the absence of AAVR, independent of the multiplicity of infection. Virus overlay assays and rescue experiments in nonpermissive cells demonstrate that these AAVs are unable to bind to or use the AAVR protein for entry. Further evidence for a distinct entry pathway was observed in vivo, as AAVR knockout mice were equally as permissive to transduction by AAVrh32.33 as wild-type mice upon systemic injection. We interestingly observe that some AAV capsids undergo a low level of transduction in the absence of AAVR, both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that some capsids may have a multimodal entry pathway. In aggregate, our results demonstrate that AAVR usage is conserved among all primate AAVs except for those of the AAV4 lineage, and a non-AAVR pathway may be available to other serotypes. This work furthers our understanding of the entry of AAV, a vector system of broad utility in gene therapy.IMPORTANCE Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a nonpathogenic virus that is used as a vehicle for gene delivery. Here, we have identified several situations in which transduction is retained in both cell lines and a mouse model in the absence of a previously defined entry receptor, AAVR. Defining the molecular determinants of the infectious pathway of this highly relevant viral vector system can help refine future applications and therapies with this vector.
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19
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Zhao J, Huvent I, Lippens G, Eliezer D, Zhang A, Li Q, Tessier P, Linhardt RJ, Zhang F, Wang C. Glycan Determinants of Heparin-Tau Interaction. Biophys J 2017; 112:921-932. [PMID: 28297651 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Tau aggregates into paired helical filaments within neurons, a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. Heparin promotes tau aggregation and recently has been shown to be involved in the cellular uptake of tau aggregates. Although the tau-heparin interaction has been extensively studied, little is known about the glycan determinants of this interaction. Here, we used surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and NMR spectroscopy to characterize the interaction between two tau fragments, K18 and K19, and several polysaccharides, including heparin, heparin oligosaccharides, chemically modified heparin, and related glycans. Using a heparin-immobilized chip, SPR revealed that tau K18 and K19 bind heparin with a KD of 0.2 and 70 μM, respectively. In SPR competition experiments, N-desulfation and 2-O-desulfation had no effect on heparin binding to K18, whereas 6-O-desulfation severely reduced binding, suggesting a critical role for 6-O-sulfation in the tau-heparin interaction. The tau-heparin interaction became stronger with longer-chain heparin oligosaccharides. As expected for an electrostatics-driven interaction, a moderate amount of salt (0.3 M NaCl) abolished binding. NMR showed the largest chemical-shift perturbation (CSP) in R2 in tau K18, which was absent in K19, revealing differential binding sites in K18 and K19 to heparin. Dermatan sulfate binding produced minimal CSP, whereas dermatan disulfate, with the additional 6-O-sulfo group, induced much larger CSP. 2-O-desulfated heparin induced much larger CSP in K18 than 6-O-desulfated heparin. Our data demonstrate a crucial role for the 6-O-sulfo group in the tau-heparin interaction, which to our knowledge has not been reported before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | - Isabelle Huvent
- Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique-Unité Mixte de Recherche, Université de Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Guy Lippens
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, University of Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - David Eliezer
- Department of Biochemistry, Program in Structural Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Anqiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | - Quanhong Li
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Peter Tessier
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York; Department of Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York.
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York; Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York.
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20
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Xie Q, Spear JM, Noble AJ, Sousa DR, Meyer NL, Davulcu O, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ, Stagg SM, Chapman MS. The 2.8 Å Electron Microscopy Structure of Adeno-Associated Virus-DJ Bound by a Heparinoid Pentasaccharide. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2017; 5:1-12. [PMID: 28480299 PMCID: PMC5415311 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Atomic structures of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-DJ, alone and in complex with fondaparinux, have been determined by cryoelectron microscopy at 3 Å resolution. The gene therapy vector, AAV-DJ, is a hybrid of natural serotypes that was previously derived by directed evolution, selecting for hepatocyte entry and resistance to neutralization by human serum. The structure of AAV-DJ differs from that of parental serotypes in two regions where neutralizing antibodies bind, so immune escape appears to have been the primary driver of AAV-DJ's directed evolution. Fondaparinux is an analog of cell surface heparan sulfate to which several AAVs bind during entry. Fondaparinux interacts with viral arginines at a known heparin binding site, without the large conformational changes whose presence was controversial in low-resolution imaging of AAV2-heparin complexes. The glycan density suggests multi-modal binding that could accommodate sequence variation and multivalent binding along a glycan polymer, consistent with a role in attachment, prior to more specific interactions with a receptor protein mediating entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xie
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - John M. Spear
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, 91 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4380, USA
| | - Alex J. Noble
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, 91 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4380, USA
| | - Duncan R. Sousa
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, 91 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4380, USA
| | - Nancy L. Meyer
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Omar Davulcu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chemistry, and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chemistry, and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Scott M. Stagg
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, 91 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4380, USA
| | - Michael S. Chapman
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
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21
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Zhao J, Liu X, Malhotra A, Li Q, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ. Novel method for measurement of heparin anticoagulant activity using SPR. Anal Biochem 2017; 526:39-42. [PMID: 28322799 PMCID: PMC5553204 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel method has been developed for the easy measurement of heparin's anticoagulant activity using surface plasmon resonance. The anticoagulant activity of target heparin was evaluated by measuring the competitive antithrombin III binding of analyte heparin in the solution phase and USP heparin immobilized on chip surface. Heparins, obtained from different animal sources, and low molecular weight heparins were analyzed. The results were reproducible and correlated well with the results of chromogenic assays (correlation coefficient r = 0.98 for anti-Xa and r = 0.94 for anti-IIa). This protocol provides many advantages, significantly minimizing time, cost and the complications of chromogenic assay methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Troy, NY 12180, USA; College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xinyue Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Anju Malhotra
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Quanhong Li
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Troy, NY 12180, USA; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Troy, NY 12180, USA; Departments of Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
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22
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Madigan VJ, Asokan A. Engineering AAV receptor footprints for gene therapy. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 18:89-96. [PMID: 27262111 PMCID: PMC6537878 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) are currently at the forefront of human gene therapy clinical trials as recombinant vectors. Significant progress has been made in elucidating the structure, biology and tropisms of different naturally occurring AAV isolates in the past decade. In particular, a spectrum of AAV capsid interactions with host receptors have been identified and characterized. These studies have enabled a better understanding of key determinants of AAV cell recognition and entry in different hosts. This knowledge is now being applied toward engineering new, lab-derived AAV capsids with favorable transduction profiles. The current review conveys a structural perspective of capsid-glycan interactions and provides a roadmap for generating synthetic strains by engineering AAV receptor footprints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J Madigan
- Gene Therapy Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Aravind Asokan
- Gene Therapy Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Jude Samulski
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Su W, Kang J, Sopher B, Gillespie J, Aloi MS, Odom GL, Hopkins S, Case A, Wang DB, Chamberlain JS, Garden GA. Recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors mediate efficient gene transduction in cultured neonatal and adult microglia. J Neurochem 2016; 136 Suppl 1:49-62. [PMID: 25708596 PMCID: PMC4547919 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are a specialized population of myeloid cells that mediate CNS innate immune responses. Efforts to identify the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate microglia behaviors have been hampered by the lack of effective tools for manipulating gene expression. Cultured microglia are refractory to most chemical and electrical transfection methods, yielding little or no gene delivery and causing toxicity and/or inflammatory activation. Recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAVs) vectors are non-enveloped, single-stranded DNA vectors commonly used to transduce many primary cell types and tissues. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility and efficiency of utilizing rAAV serotype 2 (rAAV2) to modulate gene expression in cultured microglia. rAAV2 yields high transduction and causes minimal toxicity or inflammatory response in both neonatal and adult microglia. To demonstrate that rAAV transduction can induce functional protein expression, we used rAAV2 expressing Cre recombinase to successfully excise a LoxP-flanked miR155 gene in cultured microglia. We further evaluated rAAV serotypes 5, 6, 8, and 9, and observed that all efficiently transduced cultured microglia to varying degrees of success and caused little or no alteration in inflammatory gene expression. These results provide strong encouragement for the application of rAAV-mediated gene expression in microglia for mechanistic and therapeutic purposes. Neonatal microglia are functionally distinct from adult microglia, although the majority of in vitro studies utilize rodent neonatal microglia cultures because of difficulties of culturing adult cells. In addition, cultured microglia are refractory to most methods for modifying gene expression. Here, we developed a novel protocol for culturing adult microglia and evaluated the feasibility and efficiency of utilizing Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus (rAAV) to modulate gene expression in cultured microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Su
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - John Kang
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Bryce Sopher
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - James Gillespie
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Macarena S. Aloi
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Guy L. Odom
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephanie Hopkins
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Amanda Case
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David B. Wang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Gwenn A. Garden
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center on Human Development and Disability
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Nance ME, Duan D. Perspective on Adeno-Associated Virus Capsid Modification for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Gene Therapy. Hum Gene Ther 2015; 26:786-800. [PMID: 26414293 PMCID: PMC4692109 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2015.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a X-linked, progressive childhood myopathy caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene, one of the largest genes in the genome. It is characterized by skeletal and cardiac muscle degeneration and dysfunction leading to cardiac and/or respiratory failure. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a highly promising gene therapy vector. AAV gene therapy has resulted in unprecedented clinical success for treating several inherited diseases. However, AAV gene therapy for DMD remains a significant challenge. Hurdles for AAV-mediated DMD gene therapy include the difficulty to package the full-length dystrophin coding sequence in an AAV vector, the necessity for whole-body gene delivery, the immune response to dystrophin and AAV capsid, and the species-specific barriers to translate from animal models to human patients. Capsid engineering aims at improving viral vector properties by rational design and/or forced evolution. In this review, we discuss how to use the state-of-the-art AAV capsid engineering technologies to overcome hurdles in AAV-based DMD gene therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Capsid/chemistry
- Capsid/metabolism
- Capsid Proteins/genetics
- Capsid Proteins/metabolism
- Dependovirus/genetics
- Dependovirus/metabolism
- Dystrophin/deficiency
- Dystrophin/genetics
- Gene Expression
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Genetic Vectors/chemistry
- Genetic Vectors/metabolism
- Humans
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/genetics
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Animal/therapy
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/genetics
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/therapy
- Mutation
- Protein Engineering
- Species Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Nance
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Dongsheng Duan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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A Haploid Genetic Screen Identifies Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans Supporting Rift Valley Fever Virus Infection. J Virol 2015; 90:1414-23. [PMID: 26581979 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02055-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) causes recurrent insect-borne epizootics throughout the African continent, and infection of humans can lead to a lethal hemorrhagic fever syndrome. Deep mutagenesis of haploid human cells was used to identify host factors required for RVFV infection. This screen identified a suite of enzymes involved in glycosaminoglycan (GAG) biogenesis and transport, including several components of the cis-oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex, one of the central components of Golgi complex trafficking. In addition, disruption of PTAR1 led to RVFV resistance as well as reduced heparan sulfate surface levels, consistent with recent observations that PTAR1-deficient cells exhibit altered Golgi complex morphology and glycosylation defects. A variety of biochemical and genetic approaches were utilized to show that both pathogenic and attenuated RVFV strains require GAGs for efficient infection on some, but not all, cell types, with the block to infection being at the level of virion attachment. Examination of other members of the Bunyaviridae family for GAG-dependent infection suggested that the interaction with GAGs is not universal among bunyaviruses, indicating that these viruses, as well as RVFV on certain cell types, employ additional unidentified virion attachment factors and/or receptors. IMPORTANCE Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an emerging pathogen that can cause severe disease in humans and animals. Epizootics among livestock populations lead to high mortality rates and can be economically devastating. Human epidemics of Rift Valley fever, often initiated by contact with infected animals, are characterized by a febrile disease that sometimes leads to encephalitis or hemorrhagic fever. The global burden of the pathogen is increasing because it has recently disseminated beyond Africa, which is of particular concern because the virus can be transmitted by widely distributed mosquito species. There are no FDA-licensed vaccines or antiviral agents with activity against RVFV, and details of its life cycle and interaction with host cells are not well characterized. We used the power of genetic screening in human cells and found that RVFV utilizes glycosaminoglycans to attach to host cells. This furthers our understanding of the virus and informs the development of antiviral therapeutics.
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Hepatocyte Heparan Sulfate Is Required for Adeno-Associated Virus 2 but Dispensable for Adenovirus 5 Liver Transduction In Vivo. J Virol 2015; 90:412-20. [PMID: 26491162 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01939-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) and adenovirus 5 (Ad5) are promising gene therapy vectors. Both display liver tropism and are currently thought to enter hepatocytes in vivo through cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). To test directly this hypothesis, we created mice that lack Ext1, an enzyme required for heparan sulfate biosynthesis, in hepatocytes. Ext1(HEP) mutant mice exhibit an 8-fold reduction of heparan sulfate in primary hepatocytes and a 5-fold reduction of heparan sulfate in whole liver tissue. Conditional hepatocyte Ext1 gene deletion greatly reduced AAV2 liver transduction following intravenous injection. Ad5 transduction requires blood coagulation factor X (FX); FX binds to the Ad5 capsid hexon protein and bridges the virus to HSPGs on the cell surface. Ad5.FX transduction was abrogated in primary hepatocytes from Ext1(HEP) mice. However, in contrast to the case with AAV2, Ad5 transduction was not significantly reduced in the livers of Ext1(HEP) mice. FX remained essential for Ad5 transduction in vivo in Ext1(HEP) mice. We conclude that while AAV2 requires HSPGs for entry into mouse hepatocytes, HSPGs are dispensable for Ad5 hepatocyte transduction in vivo. This study reopens the question of how adenovirus enters cells in vivo. IMPORTANCE Our understanding of how viruses enter cells, and how they can be used as therapeutic vectors to manage disease, begins with identification of the cell surface receptors to which viruses bind and which mediate viral entry. Both adeno-associated virus 2 and adenovirus 5 are currently thought to enter hepatocytes in vivo through heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). However, direct evidence for these conclusions is lacking. Experiments presented herein, in which hepatic heparan sulfate synthesis was genetically abolished, demonstrated that HSPGs are not likely to function as hepatocyte Ad5 receptors in vivo. The data also demonstrate that HSPGs are required for hepatocyte transduction by AAV2. These results reopen the question of the identity of the Ad5 receptor in vivo and emphasize the necessity of demonstrating the nature of the receptor by genetic means, both for understanding Ad5 entry into cells in vivo and for optimization of Ad5 vectors as therapeutic agents.
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Rey-Rico A, Venkatesan JK, Frisch J, Schmitt G, Monge-Marcet A, Lopez-Chicon P, Mata A, Semino C, Madry H, Cucchiarini M. Effective and durable genetic modification of human mesenchymal stem cells via controlled release of rAAV vectors from self-assembling peptide hydrogels with a maintained differentiation potency. Acta Biomater 2015; 18:118-27. [PMID: 25712390 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Controlling the release of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors from biocompatible materials is a novel, attractive approach to increase the residence time and effectiveness of a gene carrier at a defined target site. Self-assembling peptides have an ability to form stable hydrogels and encapsulate cells upon exposure to physiological pH and ionic strength. Here, we examined the capacity of the peptide hydrogel RAD16-I in a pure (RAD) form or combined with hyaluronic acid (RAD-HA) to release rAAV vectors as a means to genetically modify primary human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), a potent source of cells for regenerative medicine. Specifically, we demonstrate the ability of the systems to efficiently encapsulate and release rAAV vectors in a sustained, controlled manner for the effective transduction of hMSCs (up to 80%) without deleterious effects on cell viability (up to 100%) or on their potential for chondrogenic differentiation over time (up to 21days). The present study demonstrates that RAD16-I is an advantageous material with tunable properties to control the release of rAAV vectors as a promising tool to develop new, improved therapeutic approaches for tissue engineering in vivo.
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29
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Abstract
A large number of viruses, including many human pathogens, bind cell-surface glycans during the initial steps of infection. Viral glycan receptors such as glycosaminoglycans and sialic acid-containing carbohydrates are often negatively charged, but neutral glycans such as histo-blood group antigens can also function as receptors. The engagement of glycans facilitates attachment and entry and, consequently, is often a key determinant of the host range, tissue tropism, pathogenicity, and transmissibility of viruses. Here, we review current knowledge about virus-glycan interactions using representative crystal structures of viral attachment proteins in complex with glycans. We illuminate the determinants of specificity utilized by different glycan-binding viruses and explore the potential of these interactions for switching receptor specificities within or even between glycan classes. A detailed understanding of these parameters is important for the prediction of binding sites where structural information is not available, and is invaluable for the development of antiviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa J Ströh
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Thilo Stehle
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; .,Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
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30
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Differential adeno-associated virus serotype-specific interaction patterns with synthetic heparins and other glycans. J Virol 2013; 88:2991-3003. [PMID: 24371066 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03371-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
All currently identified primary receptors of adeno-associated virus (AAV) are glycans. Depending on the AAV serotype, these carbohydrates range from heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG), through glycans with terminal α2-3 or α2-6 sialic acids, to terminal galactose moieties. Receptor identification has largely relied on binding to natural compounds, defined glycan-presenting cell lines, or enzyme-mediated glycan modifications. Here, we describe a comparative binding analysis of highly purified, fluorescent-dye-labeled AAV vectors of various serotypes on arrays displaying over 600 different glycans and on a specialized array with natural and synthetic heparins. Few glycans bind AAV specifically in a serotype-dependent manner. Differential glycan binding was detected for the described sialic acid-binding AAV serotypes 1, 6, 5, and 4. The natural heparin binding serotypes AAV2, -3, -6, and -13 displayed differential binding to selected synthetic heparins. AAV7, -8, -rh.10, and -12 did not bind to any of the glycans present on the arrays. For discrimination of AAV serotypes 1 to 6 and 13, minimal binding moieties are identified. This is the first study to differentiate the natural mixed heparin binding AAV serotypes 2, 3, 6, and 13 by differential binding to specific synthetic heparins. Also, sialic acid binding AAVs display differential glycan binding specificities. The findings are relevant for further dissection of AAV host cell interaction. Moreover, the definition of single AAV-discriminating glycan binders opens the possibility for glycan microarray-based discrimination of AAV serotypes in gene therapy.
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31
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Xie Q, Spilman M, Meyer NL, Lerch TF, Stagg SM, Chapman MS. Electron microscopy analysis of a disaccharide analog complex reveals receptor interactions of adeno-associated virus. J Struct Biol 2013; 184:129-35. [PMID: 24036405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistic studies of macromolecular complexes often feature X-ray structures of complexes with bound ligands. The attachment of adeno-associated virus (AAV) to cell surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) is an example that has not proven amenable to crystallography, because the binding of GAG analogs disrupts lattice contacts. The interactions of AAV with GAGs are of interest in mediating the cell specificity of AAV-based gene therapy vectors. Previous electron microscopy led to differing conclusions on the exact binding site and the existence of large ligand-induced conformational changes in the virus. Conformational changes are expected during cell entry, but it has remained unclear whether the electron microscopy provided evidence of their induction by GAG-binding. Taking advantage of automated data collection, careful processing and new methods of structure refinement, the structure of AAV-DJ complexed with sucrose octasulfate is determined by electron microscopy difference map analysis to 4.8Å resolution. At this higher resolution, individual sulfate groups are discernible, providing a stereochemical validation of map interpretation, and highlighting interactions with two surface arginines that have been implicated in genetic studies. Conformational changes induced by the SOS are modest and limited to the loop most directly interacting with the ligand. While the resolution attainable will depend on sample order and other factors, there are an increasing number of macromolecular complexes that can be studied by cryo-electron microscopy at resolutions beyond 5Å, for which the approaches used here could be used to characterize the binding of inhibitors and other small molecule effectors when crystallography is not tractable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xie
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health &v Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
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