1
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Kitano Y, Shinozuka T. Inhibition of Na V1.7: the possibility of ideal analgesics. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:895-920. [PMID: 36092147 PMCID: PMC9384491 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00081d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The selective inhibition of NaV1.7 is a promising strategy for developing novel analgesic agents with fewer adverse effects. Although the potent selective inhibition of NaV1.7 has been recently achieved, multiple NaV1.7 inhibitors failed in clinical development. In this review, the relationship between preclinical in vivo efficacy and NaV1.7 coverage among three types of voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) inhibitors, namely conventional VGSC inhibitors, sulphonamides and acyl sulphonamides, is discussed. By demonstrating the PK/PD discrepancy of preclinical studies versus in vivo models and clinical results, the potential reasons behind the disconnect between preclinical results and clinical outcomes are discussed together with strategies for developing ideal analgesic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Kitano
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd. 1-2-58 Hiromachi Shinagawa-ku Tokyo 140-8710 Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Shinozuka
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd. 1-2-58 Hiromachi Shinagawa-ku Tokyo 140-8710 Japan
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2
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Screening an In-House Isoquinoline Alkaloids Library for New Blockers of Voltage-Gated Na+ Channels Using Voltage Sensor Fluorescent Probes: Hits and Biases. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134133. [PMID: 35807390 PMCID: PMC9268414 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated Na+ (NaV) channels are significant therapeutic targets for the treatment of cardiac and neurological disorders, thus promoting the search for novel NaV channel ligands. With the objective of discovering new blockers of NaV channel ligands, we screened an In-House vegetal alkaloid library using fluorescence cell-based assays. We screened 62 isoquinoline alkaloids (IA) for their ability to decrease the FRET signal of voltage sensor probes (VSP), which were induced by the activation of NaV channels with batrachotoxin (BTX) in GH3b6 cells. This led to the selection of five IA: liriodenine, oxostephanine, thalmiculine, protopine, and bebeerine, inhibiting the BTX-induced VSP signal with micromolar IC50. These five alkaloids were then assayed using the Na+ fluorescent probe ANG-2 and the patch-clamp technique. Only oxostephanine and liriodenine were able to inhibit the BTX-induced ANG-2 signal in HEK293-hNaV1.3 cells. Indeed, liriodenine and oxostephanine decreased the effects of BTX on Na+ currents elicited by the hNaV1.3 channel, suggesting that conformation change induced by BTX binding could induce a bias in fluorescent assays. However, among the five IA selected in the VSP assay, only bebeerine exhibited strong inhibitory effects against Na+ currents elicited by the hNav1.2 and hNav1.6 channels, with IC50 values below 10 µM. So far, bebeerine is the first BBIQ to have been reported to block NaV channels, with promising therapeutical applications.
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3
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Sun S, Jia Q, Zenova AY, Lin S, Hussainkhel A, Mezeyova J, Chang E, Goodchild SJ, Xie Z, Lindgren A, de Boer G, Kwan R, Khakh K, Sojo L, Bichler P, Johnson JP, Empfield JR, Cohen CJ, Dehnhardt CM, Dean R. Identification of aryl sulfonamides as novel and potent inhibitors of Na V1.5. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 45:128133. [PMID: 34044121 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of novel aryl sulfonamides that exhibit potent inhibition of NaV1.5. Unlike local anesthetics that are currently used for treatment of Long QT Syndrome 3 (LQT-3), the most potent compound (-)-6 in this series shows high selectivity over hERG and other cardiac ion channels and has a low brain to plasma ratio to minimize CNS side effects. Compound (-)-6 is also effective inshortening prolonged action potential durations (APDs) in a pharmacological model of LQT-3 syndrome in pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs). Unlike most aryl sulfonamide NaV inhibitors that bind to the channel voltage sensors, these NaV1.5 inhibitors bind to the local anesthetic binding site in the central pore of the channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyi Sun
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada.
| | - Qi Jia
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Alla Y Zenova
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Sophia Lin
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Angela Hussainkhel
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Janette Mezeyova
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Elaine Chang
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Samuel J Goodchild
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Zhiwei Xie
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Andrea Lindgren
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Gina de Boer
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Rainbow Kwan
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Kuldip Khakh
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Luis Sojo
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Paul Bichler
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - J P Johnson
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - James R Empfield
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | - Charles J Cohen
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
| | | | - Richard Dean
- Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 200-3650 Gilmore Way, Burnaby, BC V5G 4W8, Canada
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4
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Tanaka K, Kobayashi H, Suzuki S, Shibuya S, Kimoto H, Domon Y, Kubota K, Kitano Y, Yokoyama T, Shimizugawa A, Koishi R, Fujiwara C, Asano D, Shinozuka T. Discovery of a Novel Class of State-Dependent Na<sub>V</sub>1.7 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2020; 68:653-663. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c20-00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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François-Moutal L, Dustrude ET, Wang Y, Brustovetsky T, Dorame A, Ju W, Moutal A, Perez-Miller S, Brustovetsky N, Gokhale V, Khanna M, Khanna R. Inhibition of the Ubc9 E2 SUMO-conjugating enzyme-CRMP2 interaction decreases NaV1.7 currents and reverses experimental neuropathic pain. Pain 2018; 159:2115-2127. [PMID: 29847471 PMCID: PMC6150792 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that destruction of the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) modification site in the axonal collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2) was sufficient to selectively decrease trafficking of the voltage-gated sodium channel NaV1.7 and reverse neuropathic pain. Here, we further interrogate the biophysical nature of the interaction between CRMP2 and the SUMOylation machinery, and test the hypothesis that a rationally designed CRMP2 SUMOylation motif (CSM) peptide can interrupt E2 SUMO-conjugating enzyme Ubc9-dependent modification of CRMP2 leading to a similar suppression of NaV1.7 currents. Microscale thermophoresis and amplified luminescent proximity homogeneous alpha assay revealed a low micromolar binding affinity between CRMP2 and Ubc9. A heptamer peptide harboring CRMP2's SUMO motif, also bound with similar affinity to Ubc9, disrupted the CRMP2-Ubc9 interaction in a concentration-dependent manner. Importantly, incubation of a tat-conjugated cell-penetrating peptide (t-CSM) decreased sodium currents, predominantly NaV1.7, in a model neuronal cell line. Dialysis of t-CSM peptide reduced CRMP2 SUMOylation and blocked surface trafficking of NaV1.7 in rat sensory neurons. Fluorescence dye-based imaging in rat sensory neurons demonstrated inhibition of sodium influx in the presence of t-CSM peptide; by contrast, calcium influx was unaffected. Finally, t-CSM effectively reversed persistent mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity induced by a spinal nerve injury, a model of neuropathic pain. Structural modeling has now identified a pocket-harboring CRMP2's SUMOylation motif that, when targeted through computational screening of ligands/molecules, is expected to identify small molecules that will biochemically and functionally target CRMP2's SUMOylation to reduce NaV1.7 currents and reverse neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liberty François-Moutal
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona 85724
| | - Erik T. Dustrude
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona 85724
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona 85724
| | - Tatiana Brustovetsky
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Angie Dorame
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona 85724
| | - Weina Ju
- Department of Neurology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin Province, China
- Department of Pharmacology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Aubin Moutal
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona 85724
| | - Samantha Perez-Miller
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona 85724
| | - Nickolay Brustovetsky
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Vijay Gokhale
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona 85724
| | - May Khanna
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona 85724
- The Center for Innovation in Brain Sciences, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona 85724
| | - Rajesh Khanna
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona 85724
- Neuroscience Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona 85724
- The Center for Innovation in Brain Sciences, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona 85724
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6
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Vetter I, Deuis JR, Mueller A, Israel MR, Starobova H, Zhang A, Rash LD, Mobli M. NaV1.7 as a pain target – From gene to pharmacology. Pharmacol Ther 2017; 172:73-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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7
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Asiedu MN, Han C, Dib-Hajj SD, Waxman SG, Price TJ, Dussor G. The AMPK Activator A769662 Blocks Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels: Discovery of a Novel Pharmacophore with Potential Utility for Analgesic Development. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169882. [PMID: 28118359 PMCID: PMC5261566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC) regulate neuronal excitability by governing action potential (AP) generation and propagation. Recent studies have revealed that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activators decrease sensory neuron excitability, potentially by preventing sodium (Na+) channel phosphorylation by kinases such as ERK or via modulation of translation regulation pathways. The direct positive allosteric modulator A769662 displays substantially greater efficacy than other AMPK activators in decreasing sensory neuron excitability suggesting additional mechanisms of action. Here, we show that A769662 acutely inhibits AP firing stimulated by ramp current injection in rat trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons. PT1, a structurally dissimilar AMPK activator that reduces nerve growth factor (NGF) -induced hyperexcitability, has no influence on AP firing in TG neurons upon acute application. In voltage-clamp recordings, application of A769662 reduces VGSC current amplitudes. These findings, based on acute A769662 application, suggest a direct channel blocking effect. Indeed, A769662 dose-dependently blocks VGSC in rat TG neurons and in Nav1.7-transfected cells with an IC50 of ~ 10 μM. A769662 neither displayed use-dependent inhibition nor interacted with the local anesthetic (LA) binding site. Popliteal fossa administration of A769662 decreased noxious thermal responses with a peak effect at 5 mins demonstrating an analgesic effect. These data indicate that in addition to AMPK activation, A769662 acts as a direct blocker/modulator of VGSCs, a potential mechanism enhancing the analgesic property of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina N. Asiedu
- University of Arizona, Department of Pharmacology, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Richardson, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chongyang Han
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, and Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare System, Rehabilitation Research Center, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Sulayman D. Dib-Hajj
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, and Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare System, Rehabilitation Research Center, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Stephen G. Waxman
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, and Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare System, Rehabilitation Research Center, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Theodore J. Price
- University of Arizona, Department of Pharmacology, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Richardson, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gregory Dussor
- University of Arizona, Department of Pharmacology, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- University of Texas at Dallas, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Richardson, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Voltage-gated sodium channels and pain-related disorders. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016; 130:2257-2265. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20160041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are heteromeric transmembrane protein complexes. Nine homologous members, SCN1A–11A, make up the VGSC gene family. Sodium channel isoforms display a wide range of kinetic properties endowing different neuronal types with distinctly varied firing properties. Among the VGSCs isoforms, Nav1.7, Nav1.8 and Nav1.9 are preferentially expressed in the peripheral nervous system. These isoforms are known to be crucial in the conduction of nociceptive stimuli with mutations in these channels thought to be the underlying cause of a variety of heritable pain disorders. This review provides an overview of the current literature concerning the role of VGSCs in the generation of pain and heritable pain disorders.
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9
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Bagal SK, Marron BE, Owen RM, Storer RI, Swain NA. Voltage gated sodium channels as drug discovery targets. Channels (Austin) 2016; 9:360-6. [PMID: 26646477 PMCID: PMC4850042 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2015.1079674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels are a family of transmembrane ion channel proteins. They function by forming a gated, water-filled pore to help establish and control cell membrane potential via control of the flow of ions between the intracellular and the extracellular environments. Blockade of NaVs has been successfully accomplished in the clinic to enable control of pathological firing patterns that occur in a diverse range of conditions such as chronic pain, epilepsy, and cardiac arrhythmias. First generation sodium channel modulator drugs, despite low inherent subtype selectivity, preferentially act on over-excited cells which reduces undesirable side effects in the clinic. However, the limited therapeutic indices observed with the first generation demanded a new generation of sodium channel inhibitors. The structure, function and the state of the art in sodium channel modulator drug discovery are discussed in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharan K Bagal
- a Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer ; Great Abington , Cambridge , UK
| | - Brian E Marron
- b Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer ; Durham , NC USA
| | - Robert M Owen
- a Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer ; Great Abington , Cambridge , UK
| | - R Ian Storer
- a Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer ; Great Abington , Cambridge , UK
| | - Nigel A Swain
- a Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry; Pfizer ; Great Abington , Cambridge , UK
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Tibbs GR, Posson DJ, Goldstein PA. Voltage-Gated Ion Channels in the PNS: Novel Therapies for Neuropathic Pain? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:522-542. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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11
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Cerne R, Wakulchik M, Krambis MJ, Burris KD, Priest BT. IonWorks Barracuda Assay for Assessment of State-Dependent Sodium Channel Modulators. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2016; 14:84-92. [PMID: 26844665 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2015.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels represent important drug targets. The implementation of higher throughput electrophysiology assays is necessary to characterize the interaction of test compounds with several conformational states of the channel, but has presented significant challenges. We describe a novel high throughput approach to assess the effects of test agents on voltage-gated sodium currents. The multiple protocol mode of the automated electrophysiology instrument IonWorks Barracuda was used to control the level of inactivation and monitor current stability. Good temporal stability of currents and spatial uniformity of inactivation were obtained by optimizing the experimental conditions. The resulting assay allowed for robust assessment of state-dependent effects of test agents and enabled direct comparison of compound potency across several sodium channel subtypes at equivalent levels of inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rok Cerne
- Eli Lilly & Company , Indianapolis, Indiana
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12
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Cui HL, Chouthaiwale PV, Yin F, Tanaka F. Catalytic asymmetric hetero-Diels–Alder reactions of enones with isatins to access functionalized spirooxindole tetrahydropyrans: scope, derivatization, and discovery of bioactives. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:1777-83. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02393a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Concise hetero-Diels–Alder reactions were developed to provide various functionalized spirooxindole tetrahydropyrans useful for the discovery of bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Lei Cui
- Chemistry and Chemical Bioengineering Unit
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University
- Onna
- Japan
| | - Pandurang V. Chouthaiwale
- Chemistry and Chemical Bioengineering Unit
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University
- Onna
- Japan
| | - Feng Yin
- Chemistry and Chemical Bioengineering Unit
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University
- Onna
- Japan
| | - Fujie Tanaka
- Chemistry and Chemical Bioengineering Unit
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University
- Onna
- Japan
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Inhibitors of voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.7: patent applications since 2010. Pharm Pat Anal 2014; 3:509-21. [DOI: 10.4155/ppa.14.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
There has been intense interest in developing inhibitors of the sodium channel Nav1.7 because genetic studies have established very strong validation for the efficacy to alleviate both inflammatory and neuropathic pain. This review summarizes patent applications targeting Nav1.7 since 2010 until May, 2014. We have classified the patents into three categories as follows: small molecules with well-defined molecular selectivity among sodium channel isoforms; biologicals with well-defined molecular selectivity; and, small molecules that inhibit Nav1.7 with unknown molecular selectivity. Most of the review is dedicated to small molecule selective compounds.
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14
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Bagal SK, Chapman ML, Marron BE, Prime R, Storer RI, Swain NA. Recent progress in sodium channel modulators for pain. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3690-9. [PMID: 25060923 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels (Navs) are an important family of transmembrane ion channel proteins and Nav drug discovery is an exciting field. Pharmaceutical investment in Navs for pain therapeutics has expanded exponentially due to genetic data such as SCN10A mutations and an improved ability to establish an effective screen sequence for example IonWorks Barracuda®, Synchropatch® and Qube®. Moreover, emerging clinical data (AZD-3161, XEN402, CNV1014802, PF-05089771, PF-04531083) combined with recent breakthroughs in Nav structural biology pave the way for a future of fruitful prospective Nav drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharan K Bagal
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Neusentis, The Portway Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GS, UK.
| | - Mark L Chapman
- Electrophysiology, Pfizer Neusentis, 4222 Emperor Blvd., Durham, NC, USA
| | - Brian E Marron
- Chemistry, Pfizer Neusentis, 4222 Emperor Blvd., Durham, NC, USA
| | - Rebecca Prime
- Electrophysiology, Pfizer Neusentis, The Portway Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GS, UK
| | - R Ian Storer
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Neusentis, The Portway Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GS, UK
| | - Nigel A Swain
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Neusentis, The Portway Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GS, UK
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15
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Heimann D, Lötsch J, Hummel T, Doehring A, Oertel BG. Linkage between increased nociception and olfaction via a SCN9A haplotype. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68654. [PMID: 23874707 PMCID: PMC3707874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Mutations reducing the function of Nav1.7 sodium channels entail diminished pain perception and olfactory acuity, suggesting a link between nociception and olfaction at ion channel level. We hypothesized that if such link exists, it should work in both directions and gain-of-function Nav1.7 mutations known to be associated with increased pain perception should also increase olfactory acuity. METHODS SCN9A variants were assessed known to enhance pain perception and found more frequently in the average population. Specifically, carriers of SCN9A variants rs41268673C>A (P610T; n = 14) or rs6746030C>T (R1150W; n = 21) were compared with non-carriers (n = 40). Olfactory function was quantified by assessing odor threshold, odor discrimination and odor identification using an established olfactory test. Nociception was assessed by measuring pain thresholds to experimental nociceptive stimuli (punctate and blunt mechanical pressure, heat and electrical stimuli). RESULTS The number of carried alleles of the non-mutated SCN9A haplotype rs41268673C/rs6746030C was significantly associated with the comparatively highest olfactory threshold (0 alleles: threshold at phenylethylethanol dilution step 12 of 16 (n = 1), 1 allele: 10.6±2.6 (n = 34), 2 alleles: 9.5±2.1 (n = 40)). The same SCN9A haplotype determined the pain threshold to blunt pressure stimuli (0 alleles: 21.1 N/m(2), 1 allele: 29.8±10.4 N/m(2), 2 alleles: 33.5±10.2 N/m(2)). CONCLUSIONS The findings established a working link between nociception and olfaction via Nav1.7 in the gain-of-function direction. Hence, together with the known reduced olfaction and pain in loss-of-function mutations, a bidirectional genetic functional association between nociception and olfaction exists at Nav1.7 level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Heimann
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe - University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jörn Lötsch
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe - University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute of Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology - Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (IME-TMP), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Dresden Medical School, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexandra Doehring
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe - University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bruno G. Oertel
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe - University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute of Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology - Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (IME-TMP), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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16
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Synthesis and biological characterization of synthetic analogs of Huwentoxin-IV (Mu-theraphotoxin-Hh2a), a neuronal tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium channel inhibitor. Toxicon 2013; 71:57-65. [PMID: 23726857 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Huwentoxin-IV (HWTX-IV, also named Mu-theraphotoxin-Hh2a) is a typical inhibitor cystine knot peptide isolated from the venom of Chinese tarantula Ornithoctonus huwena and is found to inhibit tetrodotoxin-sensitive (TTX-S) sodium channels from mammalian sensory neurons. This peptide binds to neurotoxin receptor site 4 located at the extracellular S3-S4 linker of domain II in neuronal sodium channels. However, the molecular surface of HWTX-IV interaction with sodium channels remains unknown. In this study, we synthesized HWTX-IV and three mutants (T28D, R29A and Q34D) and characterized their functions on TTX-S sodium channels from adult rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Analysis of liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry and circular dichroism spectrum indicated that all four synthetic peptides are properly folded. Synthetic HWTX-IV exhibited the same activity as native HWTX-IV, while three mutations reduced toxin binding affinities by 10-200 fold, indicating that the basic or vicinal polar residues Thr²⁸, Arg²⁹, and Gln³⁴ in C-terminus might play critical roles in the interaction of HWTX-IV with TTX-S sodium channels.
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Pérez-Medina C, Patel N, Robson M, Badar A, Lythgoe MF, Årstad E. Evaluation of a 125I-labelled benzazepinone derived voltage-gated sodium channel blocker for imaging with SPECT. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:9474-80. [PMID: 23117159 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26695d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are a family of transmembrane proteins that mediate fast neurotransmission, and are integral to sustain physiological conditions and higher cognitive functions. Imaging of VGSCs in vivo holds promise as a tool to elucidate operational functions in the brain and to aid the treatment of a wide range of neurological diseases. To assess the suitability of 1-benzazepin-2-one derived VGSC blockers for imaging, we have prepared a (125)I-labelled analogue of BNZA and evaluated the tracer in vivo. In an automated patch-clamp assay, a diastereomeric mixture of the non-radioactive compound blocked the Na(v)1.2 and Na(v)1.7 VGSC isoforms with IC(50) values of 4.1 ± 1.5 μM and 0.25 ± 0.07 μM, respectively. [(3)H]BTX displacement studies revealed a three-fold difference in affinity between the two diastereomers. Iodo-destannylation of a tin precursor with iodine-125 afforded the two diastereomerically pure tracers, which were used to assess binding to VGSCs in vivo by comparing their tissue distributions in mice. Whilst the results point to a lack of VGSC binding in vivo, SPECT imaging revealed highly localized uptake in the interscapular region, an area typically associated with brown adipose tissue, which in addition to high metabolic stability of the iodinated tracer, demonstrate the potential of 1-benzazepin-2-ones for in vivo imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Pérez-Medina
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Nuclear Medicine, UCL, 235 Euston Road (T-5), NW1 2BU London, United Kingdom
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Dib-Hajj SD, Yang Y, Black JA, Waxman SG. The NaV1.7 sodium channel: from molecule to man. Nat Rev Neurosci 2012; 14:49-62. [DOI: 10.1038/nrn3404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Eijkelkamp N, Linley JE, Baker MD, Minett MS, Cregg R, Werdehausen R, Rugiero F, Wood JN. Neurological perspectives on voltage-gated sodium channels. Brain 2012; 135:2585-612. [PMID: 22961543 PMCID: PMC3437034 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of voltage-gated sodium channels has long been linked to disorders of neuronal excitability such as epilepsy and chronic pain. Recent genetic studies have now expanded the role of sodium channels in health and disease, to include autism, migraine, multiple sclerosis, cancer as well as muscle and immune system disorders. Transgenic mouse models have proved useful in understanding the physiological role of individual sodium channels, and there has been significant progress in the development of subtype selective inhibitors of sodium channels. This review will outline the functions and roles of specific sodium channels in electrical signalling and disease, focusing on neurological aspects. We also discuss recent advances in the development of selective sodium channel inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Eijkelkamp
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Bagal SK, Brown AD, Cox PJ, Omoto K, Owen RM, Pryde DC, Sidders B, Skerratt SE, Stevens EB, Storer RI, Swain NA. Ion Channels as Therapeutic Targets: A Drug Discovery Perspective. J Med Chem 2012; 56:593-624. [DOI: 10.1021/jm3011433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharan K. Bagal
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Neusentis, The Portway Building, Granta Park,
Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GS, U.K
| | - Alan D. Brown
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Neusentis, The Portway Building, Granta Park,
Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GS, U.K
| | - Peter J. Cox
- Pfizer Neusentis, The
Portway Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21
6GS, U.K
| | - Kiyoyuki Omoto
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Neusentis, The Portway Building, Granta Park,
Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GS, U.K
| | - Robert M. Owen
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Neusentis, The Portway Building, Granta Park,
Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GS, U.K
| | - David C. Pryde
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Neusentis, The Portway Building, Granta Park,
Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GS, U.K
| | - Benjamin Sidders
- Pfizer Neusentis, The
Portway Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21
6GS, U.K
| | - Sarah E. Skerratt
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Neusentis, The Portway Building, Granta Park,
Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GS, U.K
| | - Edward B. Stevens
- Pfizer Neusentis, The
Portway Building, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21
6GS, U.K
| | - R. Ian Storer
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Neusentis, The Portway Building, Granta Park,
Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GS, U.K
| | - Nigel A. Swain
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Neusentis, The Portway Building, Granta Park,
Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GS, U.K
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Desaphy JF, Carbonara R, Costanza T, Lentini G, Cavalluzzi MM, Bruno C, Franchini C, Camerino DC. Molecular Dissection of Lubeluzole Use–Dependent Block of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels Discloses New Therapeutic Potentials. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 83:406-15. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.080804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Marked difference in saxitoxin and tetrodotoxin affinity for the human nociceptive voltage-gated sodium channel (Nav1.7) [corrected]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:18102-7. [PMID: 23077250 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1206952109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human nociceptive voltage-gated sodium channel (Na(v)1.7), a target of significant interest for the development of antinociceptive agents, is blocked by low nanomolar concentrations of (-)-tetrodotoxin(TTX) but not (+)-saxitoxin (STX) and (+)-gonyautoxin-III (GTX-III). These findings question the long-accepted view that the 1.7 isoform is both tetrodotoxin- and saxitoxin-sensitive and identify the outer pore region of the channel as a possible target for the design of Na(v)1.7-selective inhibitors. Single- and double-point amino acid mutagenesis studies along with whole-cell electrophysiology recordings establish two domain III residues (T1398 and I1399), which occur as methionine and aspartate in other Na(v) isoforms, as critical determinants of STX and gonyautoxin-III binding affinity. An advanced homology model of the Na(v) pore region is used to provide a structural rationalization for these surprising results.
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Nardi A, Damann N, Hertrampf T, Kless A. Advances in targeting voltage-gated sodium channels with small molecules. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:1712-40. [PMID: 22945552 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Blockade of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) has been used successfully in the clinic to enable control of pathological firing patterns that occur in conditions as diverse as chronic pain, epilepsy, and arrhythmias. Herein we review the state of the art in marketed sodium channel inhibitors, including a brief compendium of their binding sites and of the cellular and molecular biology of sodium channels. Despite the preferential action of this drug class toward over-excited cells, which significantly limits potential undesired side effects on other cells, the need to develop a second generation of sodium channel inhibitors to overcome their critical clinical shortcomings is apparent. Current approaches in drug discovery to deliver novel and truly innovative sodium channel inhibitors is next presented by surveying the most recent medicinal chemistry breakthroughs in the field of small molecules and developments in automated patch-clamp platforms. Various strategies aimed at identifying small molecules that target either particular isoforms of sodium channels involved in specific diseases or anomalous sodium channel currents, irrespective of the isoform by which they have been generated, are critically discussed and revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Nardi
- Global Drug Discovery, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Grünenthal, Zieglerstrasse 6, 52078 Aachen, Germany.
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24
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Borsook D. ‘Hot Feet – Hot Brain’: Gene and brain dysfunction in erythromelalgia. Pain 2012; 153:945-947. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2012.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Sheets PL, Jarecki BW, Cummins TR. Lidocaine reduces the transition to slow inactivation in Na(v)1.7 voltage-gated sodium channels. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:719-30. [PMID: 21232038 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01209.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The primary use of local anaesthetics is to prevent or relieve pain by reversibly preventing action potential propagation through the inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels. The tetrodotoxin-sensitive voltage-gated sodium channel subtype Na(v)1.7, abundantly expressed in pain-sensing neurons, plays a crucial role in perception and transmission of painful stimuli and in inherited chronic pain syndromes. Understanding the interaction of lidocaine with Na(v)1.7 channels could provide valuable insight into the drug's action in alleviating pain in distinct patient populations. The aim of this study was to determine how lidocaine interacts with multiple inactivated conformations of Na(v)1.7 channels. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We investigated the interactions of lidocaine with wild-type Na(v)1.7 channels and a paroxysmal extreme pain disorder mutation (I1461T) that destabilizes fast inactivation. Whole cell patch clamp recordings were used to examine the activity of channels expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. KEY RESULTS Depolarizing pulses that increased slow inactivation of Na(v)1.7 channels also reduced lidocaine inhibition. Lidocaine enhanced recovery of Na(v)1.7 channels from prolonged depolarizing pulses by decreasing slow inactivation. A paroxysmal extreme pain disorder mutation that destabilizes fast inactivation of Na(v)1.7 channels decreased lidocaine inhibition. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Lidocaine decreased the transition of Na(v)1.7 channels to the slow inactivated state. The fast inactivation gate (domain III-IV linker) is important for potentiating the interaction of lidocaine with the Na(v)1.7 channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick L Sheets
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Lewis RJ, Dutertre S, Vetter I, Christie MJ. Conus Venom Peptide Pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 2012; 64:259-98. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.005322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Kaczorowski GJ, Garcia ML, Bode J, Hess SD, Patel UA. The importance of being profiled: improving drug candidate safety and efficacy using ion channel profiling. Front Pharmacol 2011; 2:78. [PMID: 22171219 PMCID: PMC3236397 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2011.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Profiling of putative lead compounds against a representative panel of relevant enzymes, receptors, ion channels, and transporters is a pragmatic approach to establish a preliminary view of potential issues that might later hamper development. An early idea of which off-target activities must be minimized can save valuable time and money during the preclinical lead optimization phase if pivotal questions are asked beyond the usual profiling at hERG. The best data for critical evaluation of activity at ion channels is obtained using functional assays, since binding assays cannot detect all interactions and do not provide information on whether the interaction is that of an agonist, antagonist, or allosteric modulator. For ion channels present in human cardiac muscle, depending on the required throughput, manual-, or automated-patch-clamp methodologies can be easily used to evaluate compounds individually to accurately reveal any potential liabilities. The issue of expanding screening capacity against a cardiac panel has recently been addressed by developing a series of robust, high-throughput, cell-based counter-screening assays employing fluorescence-based readouts. Similar assay development approaches can be used to configure panels of efficacy assays that can be used to assess selectivity within a family of related ion channels, such as Nav1.X channels. This overview discusses the benefits of in vitro assays, specific decision points where profiling can be of immediate benefit, and highlights the development and validation of patch-clamp and fluorescence-based profiling assays for ion channels (for examples of fluorescence-based assays, see Bhave et al., 2010; and for high-throughput patch-clamp assays see Mathes, 2006; Schrøder et al., 2008).
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Shinohara R, Akimoto T, Iwamoto O, Hirokawa T, Yotsu-Yamashita M, Yamaoka K, Nagasawa K. Synthesis of skeletal analogues of saxitoxin derivatives and evaluation of their inhibitory activity on sodium ion channels Na(V)1.4 and Na(V)1.5. Chemistry 2011; 17:12144-52. [PMID: 21922571 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal analogues of saxitoxin (STX) that possess a fused-type tricyclic ring system, designated FD-STX, were synthesized as candidate sodium ion channel modulators. Three kinds of FD-STX derivatives 4a-c with different substitution at C13 were synthesized, and their inhibitory activity on sodium ion channels was examined by means of cell-based assay. (-)-FD-STX (4a) and (-)-FD-dcSTX (4b), which showed moderate inhibitory activity, were further evaluated by the use of the patch-clamp method in cells that expressed Na(V)1.4 (a tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium channel subtype) and Na(V)1.5 (a tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channel subtype). These compounds showed moderate inhibitory activity towards Na(V)1.4, and weaker inhibitory activity towards Na(V)1.5. Uniquely, however, the inhibition of Na(V)1.5 by (-)-FD-dcSTX (4b) was "irreversible".
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Shinohara
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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Bregman H, Berry L, Buchanan JL, Chen A, Du B, Feric E, Hierl M, Huang L, Immke D, Janosky B, Johnson D, Li X, Ligutti J, Liu D, Malmberg A, Matson D, McDermott J, Miu P, Nguyen HN, Patel VF, Waldon D, Wilenkin B, Zheng XM, Zou A, McDonough SI, DiMauro EF. Identification of a Potent, State-Dependent Inhibitor of Nav1.7 with Oral Efficacy in the Formalin Model of Persistent Pain. J Med Chem 2011; 54:4427-45. [DOI: 10.1021/jm200018k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Howard Bregman
- Department of Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and §Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Lead Discovery, and ⊥Department of Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Loren Berry
- Department of Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and §Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Lead Discovery, and ⊥Department of Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - John L. Buchanan
- Department of Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and §Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Lead Discovery, and ⊥Department of Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - April Chen
- Department of Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and §Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Lead Discovery, and ⊥Department of Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Bingfan Du
- Department of Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and §Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Lead Discovery, and ⊥Department of Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Elma Feric
- Department of Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and §Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Lead Discovery, and ⊥Department of Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Markus Hierl
- Department of Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and §Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Lead Discovery, and ⊥Department of Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Liyue Huang
- Department of Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and §Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Lead Discovery, and ⊥Department of Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - David Immke
- Department of Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and §Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Lead Discovery, and ⊥Department of Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Brett Janosky
- Department of Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and §Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Lead Discovery, and ⊥Department of Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Danielle Johnson
- Department of Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and §Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Lead Discovery, and ⊥Department of Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Xingwen Li
- Department of Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and §Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Lead Discovery, and ⊥Department of Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Joseph Ligutti
- Department of Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and §Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Lead Discovery, and ⊥Department of Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and §Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Lead Discovery, and ⊥Department of Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Annika Malmberg
- Department of Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and §Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Lead Discovery, and ⊥Department of Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - David Matson
- Department of Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and §Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Lead Discovery, and ⊥Department of Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Jeff McDermott
- Department of Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and §Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Lead Discovery, and ⊥Department of Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Peter Miu
- Department of Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and §Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Lead Discovery, and ⊥Department of Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Hanh Nho Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and §Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Lead Discovery, and ⊥Department of Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Vinod F. Patel
- Department of Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and §Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Lead Discovery, and ⊥Department of Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Daniel Waldon
- Department of Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and §Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Lead Discovery, and ⊥Department of Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Ben Wilenkin
- Department of Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and §Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Lead Discovery, and ⊥Department of Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Xiao Mei Zheng
- Department of Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and §Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Lead Discovery, and ⊥Department of Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Anruo Zou
- Department of Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and §Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Lead Discovery, and ⊥Department of Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Stefan I. McDonough
- Department of Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and §Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Lead Discovery, and ⊥Department of Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Erin F. DiMauro
- Department of Chemistry Research and Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, and §Department of Neuroscience, Amgen Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Lead Discovery, and ⊥Department of Neuroscience, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
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30
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Recent Advances Toward Pain Therapeutics. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386009-5.00025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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31
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Choi JS, Boralevi F, Brissaud O, Sánchez-Martín J, Te Morsche RHM, Dib-Hajj SD, Drenth JPH, Waxman SG. Paroxysmal extreme pain disorder: a molecular lesion of peripheral neurons. Nat Rev Neurol 2010; 7:51-5. [PMID: 21079636 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2010.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND a 3-month-old male infant presented, beginning on the second day of life, with paroxysmal painful events that started with tonic contraction of the whole body followed by erythematous harlequin-type color changes. INVESTIGATIONS screening of the SCN9A gene, which encodes the voltage-gated sodium channel Na(V)1.7, identified a new mutation, Gly1607Arg, located within the domain IV S4 voltage sensor. Whole-cell patch-clamp analysis demonstrated functional effects of the mutant channel that included impaired inactivation-a hallmark of paroxysmal extreme pain disorder (PEPD). DIAGNOSIS the patient was diagnosed as having PEPD, an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by severe rectal pain triggered by defecation or perineal stimulation, usually followed by ocular or submaxillary pain. Erythematous flushing, sometimes in a harlequin pattern, can be a prominent feature of this condition. MANAGEMENT treatment with carbamazepine (10 mg/kg/day) for approximately 3 months was ineffective in this case, and the parents made a decision to discontinue the drug. The mother was instructed to avoid painful stimuli that could trigger an episode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sung Choi
- Yale University Neuroscience and Regeneration Research Center, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Avenue, Building 34, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
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Camerino DC, Desaphy JF. Grand challenge for ion channels: an underexploited resource for therapeutics. Front Pharmacol 2010; 1:113. [PMID: 21607064 PMCID: PMC3095370 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2010.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Conte Camerino
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Bari "Aldo Moro" Bari, Italy
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Lenkey N, Karoly R, Epresi N, Vizi E, Mike A. Binding of sodium channel inhibitors to hyperpolarized and depolarized conformations of the channel. Neuropharmacology 2010; 60:191-200. [PMID: 20713065 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sodium channels are inhibited by a chemically diverse group of compounds. In the last decade entirely new structural classes with superior properties have been discovered, and novel therapeutic uses of sodium channel inhibitors (SCIs) have been suggested. Many promising novel drug candidates have been described and characterized. Published structure-activity relationship studies, pharmacophore models, and mutagenesis studies seem to lag behind, dealing with only a limited group of inhibitor compounds. The abundance of novel compounds requires an organized comparison of drug potencies. The affinity of sodium channel inhibitors can vary typically ten- to thousand-fold depending on the voltage protocol; therefore comparison of electrophysiology data is difficult. In this study we describe a method for standardization of these data with the help of a simple model of state-dependence. We derived hyperpolarized (resting) and depolarized (generally termed "inactivated") state affinities for the studied drugs, which made the measurements comparable. We show a rank order of SCIs based on resting and inactivated affinity values. In an attempt to define basic chemical requirements for sodium channel inhibitor activity we investigated the dependence of both resting and inactivated state affinities on individual chemical descriptors. Lipophilicity (most often expressed by the logP value) is the single most important determinant of SCI potency. We investigated the independent impact of several other calculated chemical properties by standardizing drug potencies for logP values. By combining these two approaches: standardization of affinity values, and standardization of potencies, we concluded that while resting affinity is mostly determined by lipophilicity, inactivated state affinity is determined by a more complex interaction of chemical properties, including hydrogen bond acceptors, aromatic rings, and molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Lenkey
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O.B. 67, H-1450 Budapest, Hungary
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Ghelardini C, Desaphy JF, Muraglia M, Corbo F, Matucci R, Dipalma A, Bertucci C, Pistolozzi M, Nesi M, Norcini M, Franchini C, Camerino DC. Effects of a new potent analog of tocainide on hNav1.7 sodium channels and in vivo neuropathic pain models. Neuroscience 2010; 169:863-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Isoform-selective voltage-gated Na+ channel modulators as next-generation analgesics. Future Med Chem 2010; 2:775-90. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.10.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
For many patients the current therapies for controlling chronic pain are inadequate. This has driven the search for analgesics with improved efficacy and side effect profiles. Some anticonvulsants have voltage-gated Na+ channels (VGSCs) as their molecular targets and are used to treat pain, but the efficacy seen is marginal and the drugs are generally poorly tolerated. The clinically used VGSC-modulating analgesics show no isoform selectivity, which probably limits their use. Thus, focus has fallen on VGSCs expressed selectively by primary afferent neurons and the search for isoform-selective drugs. In this review, we describe developments in our understanding of the biology of VGSCs, screening technologies and the pharmacological properties of VGSC modulators with promise as analgesics. Also highlighted are the challenges associated with targeting isoform-selective VGSCs.
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Abstract
Neuropathic pain, a severe chronic pain condition characterized by a complex pathophysiology, is a largely unmet medical need. Ion channels, which underlie cell excitability, are heavily implicated in the biological mechanisms that generate and sustain neuropathic pain. This review highlights the biological evidence supporting the involvement of voltage-, proton- and ligand-gated ion channels in the neuropathic pain setting. Ion channel modulators at different research or development stages are reviewed and referenced. Ion channel modulation is one of the main avenues to achieve novel, improved neuropathic pain treatments. Voltage-gated sodium and calcium channel and glutamate receptor modulators are likely to produce new, improved agents in the future. Rationally targeting subtypes of known ion channels, tackling recently discovered ion channel targets or combining drugs with different mechanism of action will be primary sources of new drugs in the longer term.
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Abstract
Drugs inhibiting voltage-gated sodium channels have long been used as analgesics, beginning with the use of local anaesthetics for sensory blockade and then with the discovery that Nav-blocking anticonvulsants also have benefit for pain therapy. These drugs were discovered without knowledge of their molecular target, using traditional pharmacological methods, and their clinical utility is limited by relatively narrow therapeutic windows. Until recently, attempts to develop improved inhibitors using modern molecular-targeted screening approaches have met with limited success. However, in the last few years there has been renewed activity following the discovery of human Nav1.7 mutations that cause striking insensitivity to pain. Together with recent advances in the technologies required to prosecute ion channels as drug targets, this has led to significant progress being made. This article reviews these developments and summarises current findings with these emerging new Nav inhibitors, highlighting some of the unanswered questions and the challenges that remain before they can be developed for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Clare
- Cell-Based Assays Group, Millipore Corporation, St Charles, Missouri 63304, USA.
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38
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Kemp MI. Structural trends among second-generation voltage-gated sodium channel blockers. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2010; 49:81-111. [PMID: 20855039 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(10)49003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark I Kemp
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Sandwich, Kent, UK
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Onkal R, Djamgoz MB. Molecular pharmacology of voltage-gated sodium channel expression in metastatic disease: Clinical potential of neonatal Nav1.5 in breast cancer. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 625:206-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels are key to the initiation and propagation of action potentials in electrically excitable cells. Molecular characterization has shown there to be nine functional members of the family, with a high degree of sequence homology between the channels. This homology translates into similar biophysical and pharmacological properties. Confidence in some of the channels as drug targets has been boosted by the discovery of human mutations in the genes encoding a number of them, which give rise to clinical conditions commensurate with the changes predicted from the altered channel biophysics. As a result, they have received much attention for their therapeutic potential. Sodium channels represent well-precedented drug targets as antidysrhythmics, anticonvulsants and local anaesthetics provide good clinical efficacy, driven through pharmacology at these channels. However, electrophysiological characterization of clinically useful compounds in recombinant expression systems shows them to be weak, with poor selectivity between channel types. This has led to the search for subtype-selective modulators, which offer the promise of treatments with improved clinical efficacy and better toleration. Despite developments in high-throughput electrophysiology platforms, this has proven very challenging. Structural biology is beginning to offer us a greater understanding of the three-dimensional structure of voltage-gated ion channels, bringing with it the opportunity to do real structure-based drug design in the future. This discipline is still in its infancy, but developments with the expression and purification of prokaryotic sodium channels offer the promise of structure-based drug design in the not too distant future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve England
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Kent, UK.
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Bhattacharya A, Wickenden AD, Chaplan SR. Sodium channel blockers for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Neurotherapeutics 2009; 6:663-78. [PMID: 19789071 PMCID: PMC5084288 DOI: 10.1016/j.nurt.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs that block voltage-gated sodium channels are efficacious in the management of neuropathic pain. Accordingly, this class of ion channels has been a major focus of analgesic research both in academia and in the pharmaceutical/biotechnology industry. In this article, we review the history of the use of sodium channel blockers, describe the current status of sodium channel drug discovery, highlight the challenges and hurdles to attain sodium channel subtype selectivity, and review the potential usefulness of selective sodium channel blockers in neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindya Bhattacharya
- grid.417429.dPain & Related Disorders Team, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, 92121 San Diego, CA
| | - Alan D. Wickenden
- grid.417429.dPain & Related Disorders Team, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, 92121 San Diego, CA
| | - Sandra R. Chaplan
- grid.417429.dPain & Related Disorders Team, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, LLC, 3210 Merryfield Row, 92121 San Diego, CA
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McGowan E, Hoyt SB, Li X, Lyons KA, Abbadie C. A Peripherally Acting Nav1.7 Sodium Channel Blocker Reverses Hyperalgesia and Allodynia on Rat Models of Inflammatory and Neuropathic Pain. Anesth Analg 2009; 109:951-8. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e3181b01b02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Docherty RJ, Farmer CE. The pharmacology of voltage-gated sodium channels in sensory neurones. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2009:519-61. [PMID: 19655117 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-79090-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are vital for the normal functioning of most excitable cells. At least nine distinct functional subtypes of VGSCs are recognized, corresponding to nine genes for their pore-forming alpha-subunits. These have different developmental expression patterns, different tissue distributions in the adult and are differentially regulated at the cellular level by receptor-coupled cell signalling systems. Unsurprisingly, VGSC blockers are found to be useful as drugs in diverse clinical applications where excessive excitability of tissue leads to pathological dysfunction, e.g. epilepsy or cardiac tachyarrhythmias. The effects of most clinically useful VGSC blockers are use-dependent, i.e. their efficacy depends on channel activity. In addition, many natural toxins have been discovered that interact with VGSCs in complex ways and they have been used as experimental probes to study the structure and function of the channels and to better understand how drugs interact with the channels. Here we have attempted to summarize the properties of VGSCs in sensory neurones, discuss how they are regulated by cell signalling systems and we have considered briefly current concepts of their physiological function. We discuss in detail how drugs and toxins interact with archetypal VGSCs and where possible consider how they act on VGSCs in peripheral sensory neurones. Increasingly, drugs that block VGSCs are being used as systemic analgesic agents in chronic pain syndromes, but the full potential for VGSC blockers in this indication is yet to be realized and other applications in sensory dysfunction are also possible. Drugs targeting VGSC subtypes in sensory neurones are likely to provide novel systemic analgesics that are tissue-specific and perhaps even disease-specific, providing much-needed novel therapeutic approaches for the relief of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reginald J Docherty
- Neurorestoration Group, Wolfson CARD, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE In essentially all areas of pain medicine, treatments with improved effectiveness are needed. Though gains have been made in recent years, suffering from acute postoperative pain, low back pain, cancer-related pain, and pain from other causes remains problematic. On the other hand, both science and industry are approaching the problem with ever more sophisticated techniques. Though not currently in our armamentarium, it seems likely that at some point we will be faced with the situation where profoundly effective broad-spectrum analgesic therapies are available to our patients. Depending on their mechanisms of action, there may be significant downsides to the use of these new medications. The objective of this report was to explore the consequences of developing profoundly effective analgesic agents. METHODS This report reviews some of the recent advancements in our march toward developing profoundly effective analgesics and some of the pitfalls we might anticipate will be associated with these agents. Specifically, the issue of pain as an essential protective mechanism is explored. The causes and consequences of inherited neuropathies associated with pain insensitivity are reviewed. RESULTS The ability to appreciate internal and external stimuli as painful is critical to humans. The loss of this ability has profound adverse consequences which in their extreme can be life threatening. Significant social issues might arise from the availability of profoundly effective analgesics. A structure for managing the introduction of these agents into clinical practice is suggested. DISCUSSION By anticipating the likely clinical properties of profoundly effective analgesics we place ourselves in best position to guide their development, assure their safety, and oversee their use. The early collaboration of industry, scientists, clinicians, and regulatory authorities may be the best course.
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England S. Voltage-gated sodium channels: the search for subtype-selective analgesics. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008; 17:1849-64. [DOI: 10.1517/13543780802514559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Schmalhofer WA, Calhoun J, Burrows R, Bailey T, Kohler MG, Weinglass AB, Kaczorowski GJ, Garcia ML, Koltzenburg M, Priest BT. ProTx-II, a selective inhibitor of NaV1.7 sodium channels, blocks action potential propagation in nociceptors. Mol Pharmacol 2008; 74:1476-84. [PMID: 18728100 DOI: 10.1124/mol.108.047670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium (Na(V)1) channels play a critical role in modulating the excitability of sensory neurons, and human genetic evidence points to Na(V)1.7 as an essential contributor to pain signaling. Human loss-of-function mutations in SCN9A, the gene encoding Na(V)1.7, cause channelopathy-associated indifference to pain (CIP), whereas gain-of-function mutations are associated with two inherited painful neuropathies. Although the human genetic data make Na(V)1.7 an attractive target for the development of analgesics, pharmacological proof-of-concept in experimental pain models requires Na(V)1.7-selective channel blockers. Here, we show that the tarantula venom peptide ProTx-II selectively interacts with Na(V)1.7 channels, inhibiting Na(V)1.7 with an IC(50) value of 0.3 nM, compared with IC(50) values of 30 to 150 nM for other heterologously expressed Na(V)1 subtypes. This subtype selectivity was abolished by a point mutation in DIIS3. It is interesting that application of ProTx-II to desheathed cutaneous nerves completely blocked the C-fiber compound action potential at concentrations that had little effect on Abeta-fiber conduction. ProTx-II application had little effect on action potential propagation of the intact nerve, which may explain why ProTx-II was not efficacious in rodent models of acute and inflammatory pain. Mono-iodo-ProTx-II ((125)I-ProTx-II) binds with high affinity (K(d) = 0.3 nM) to recombinant hNa(V)1.7 channels. Binding of (125)I-ProTx-II is insensitive to the presence of other well characterized Na(V)1 channel modulators, suggesting that ProTx-II binds to a novel site, which may be more conducive to conferring subtype selectivity than the site occupied by traditional local anesthetics and anticonvulsants. Thus, the (125)I-ProTx-II binding assay, described here, offers a new tool in the search for novel Na(V)1.7-selective blockers.
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47
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Childers WE, Gilbert AM, Kennedy JD, Whiteside GT. Advances in the development of novel analgesics. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.18.9.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Kaczorowski GJ, McManus OB, Priest BT, Garcia ML. Ion channels as drug targets: the next GPCRs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 131:399-405. [PMID: 18411331 PMCID: PMC2346569 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.200709946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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49
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An Interview with Gregory J. Kaczorowski, Ph.D., Senior Director, Department of Ion Channels, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2008; 6:137-42. [DOI: 10.1089/adt.2008.9993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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50
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Hoyt SB, London C, Wyvratt MJ, Fisher MH, Cashen DE, Felix JP, Garcia ML, Li X, Lyons KA, Euan MacIntyre D, Martin WJ, Priest BT, Smith MM, Warren VA, Williams BS, Kaczorowski GJ, Parsons WH. 3-Amino-1,5-benzodiazepinones: Potent, state-dependent sodium channel blockers with anti-epileptic activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:1963-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.01.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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